taxonID	type	description	language	source
A7629F4DFFEBFFF8FF54FF54E273FAA2.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: Adult male, UFRGS 5932; collected on the 10 th of January 2011 by T. S. Kunz and R. F. Bressan, in the rocky seashore of Praia da Vila (Morro do Farol; 28 º 14 ’ 20 ’’ S / 48 º 39 ’ 10 ’’ W), municipality of Imbituba, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Paratypes: 10 males (MCP 18947 - 49; UFRGS 5044, 5092, 5203, 5225, 5302, 5354, 5358) and 14 females (MCP 18944 - 46; UFRGS 5043, 5045, 5093, 5164 - 65, 5205 - 07, 5357, 5545 - 46), all collected in the type locality by T. S. Kunz between December 2008 and January 2011.	en	Kunz, Tobias Saraiva, Borges-Martins, Márcio (2013): A new microendemic species of Tropidurus (Squamata: Tropiduridae) from southern Brazil and revalidation of Tropidurus catalanensis Gudynas & Skuk, 1983. Zootaxa 3681 (4): 413-439, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3681.4.6
A7629F4DFFEBFFF8FF54FF54E273FAA2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Tropidurus imbituba sp. nov. is distinguished from all other species of the torquatus group, except from T. catalanensis and T. torquatus, by having folds and pockets of the type “ A ” (sensu Rodrigues 1987). From T. catalanensis it differs in lower dorsal scales counts; from T. catalanensis and T. torquatus, by the distinctive bronze or orange coloration of the venter and sides of the trunk and neck in adult males (yellow in the chest and throat in T. catalanensis and white or cream in T. torquatus). In relation to T. torquatus, the new species presents broad overlap in meristic characters with specimens from the Cerrados, differing in coloration (venter orange-bronze in T. imbituba sp. nov.; white or cream in T. torquatus). From specimens of the mountain ranges of Rio de Janeiro, it is well distinguished by meristic characters (dorsals, gulars, SAB); and from the coastal ones, it differs in attaining larger body size (SVL of the larger male of the new species is 125.8 mm, while the larger male of the coastal populations of eastern Brazil attained 107 mm.).	en	Kunz, Tobias Saraiva, Borges-Martins, Márcio (2013): A new microendemic species of Tropidurus (Squamata: Tropiduridae) from southern Brazil and revalidation of Tropidurus catalanensis Gudynas & Skuk, 1983. Zootaxa 3681 (4): 413-439, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3681.4.6
A7629F4DFFEBFFF8FF54FF54E273FAA2.taxon	description	Description of holotype. Adult male, 122.7 mm SVL; intact tail, 206 mm; head length 28.2 mm; head width 25 mm; head height 17.1 mm; frontal scales of the head irregular and convex; nasals in contact with rostral and separated by a minimum of two scales; 3 canthals; anteriormost canthal separated from supralabials by one row of lorilabials; 9 infralabials; 5 enlarged supralabials to below center of eye, followed by 6 elongated scales to the commissure of mouth, of which the posterior five are very small; 5 th supralabial in contact with the subocular; 7 spines in the preauricular fringe; 5 angulate, enlarged postmentals; first postmental in contact with first infralabial; first postmental not contacting one another; subocular separated from the preauricular fringe by a minimum of 10 scales; interparietal irregular, longer than wide; 10 scales in the medial line between interparietal and rostral; superciliary composed by two series, the anterior one with 5 scales and the posterior one with 2, separated by one scale overlapped by scales of the two series; two rows of enlarged supraoculars, 9 in the first row and 6 in the second row (Figure 9). Antehumeral fold present; two pockets under oblique neck fold; three axillary granular pockets; inguinal granular pocket present; scales of the sides of the neck much smaller than the adjacent dorsals; 100 keeled and mucronate dorsals; 94 scales around midbody; 81 ventrals; 53 gular scales; 20 scales on the dorsum of tibia; 25 subdigital lamellae under fourth finger; 31 subdigital lamellae under fourth toe; subdigital lamellae tricarinate; black, thick and strongly curved claws; femoral and preanal patches of black pigmented glandular scales present; without midventral patch of black pigmented glandular scales. Variation within type series: Head length 21 – 25 % of SVL; tail length 60 – 64 % of total length; largest male 125.8 mm SVL; largest female 86.7 mm SVL; smaller gravid female (with oviductal eggs) 74.9 mm SVL. Frontal scales of head convex in adults; 2 – 4 scales between nasals; rostral contacting nasals in 44 % of specimens; 10 – 13 scales between rostral and interparietal; 2 – 3 scale rows of enlarged supraoculars, generally three; 7 – 9 enlarged supraoculars in the first row; 5 – 6 supralabials to below centre of eye, generally 5, followed by 4 – 8 (generally 5) small elongated scales to the commissure of mouth; supralabials contacting subocular in 68 % of specimens, generally with 5 th and less frequently with 6 th, 7 th or both; 7 – 10 infralabials, generally 8 – 9; 6 – 8 spines in the preauricular fringe; 8 – 11 scales between the subocular and the preauricular fringe, generally 9 – 10; mental polygonal, followed by 3 – 5 enlarged postmentals; first postmentals contacting one another in only one specimens (UFRGS 5354); 2 – 4 canthals, generally 3; 43 – 55 gular scales (mean 50.8 ± 3.0, n = 25). Two mite pockets under the oblique neck fold, the upper pocket is well developed and the lower one is poorly developed; antehumeral fold present; 2 – 3 axillary pockets, generally 3; inguinal granular pocket present; 27 – 33 subdigital lamellae under fourth toe (mean 30 ± 1.5, n = 25); 20 – 26 scales on the dorsum of tibia (mean 22.5 ± 1.4, n = 25). 99 – 113 dorsals in males (mean 104.9 ± 4.6, n = 11) and 102 – 116 in females (110.6 ± 3.7, n = 14); 87 – 109 SAB in males (mean 99.3 ± 5.6, n = 11) and 98 – 112 in females (mean 106.3 ± 4.2, n = 14); 70 – 89 ventrals (78.0 ± 5.3, n = 25). Color in life. Dorsal color is light gray, cryptic in relation to the local rocks, with a pattern of black paravertebral patches and numerous cream colored spots along the trunk and limbs; in large males the spots in the sides of the trunk and neck may be bronze or orange; some females are almost uniform gray; black antehumeral band occupying 5 – 11 scale rows, separated (rarely not) from the opposite one by up to 17 scales (mean 10.9 ± 4.0); venter bronze in adults, cream in juveniles; adult males have femoral and preanal patches of black pigmented glandular scales; some large males present few black pigmented glandular scales on venter, but none presented a well developed midventral patch; adults have black gular patches; chin cream; dark gular reticulations enclosing cream blotches in juveniles but usually not evident in adults.	en	Kunz, Tobias Saraiva, Borges-Martins, Márcio (2013): A new microendemic species of Tropidurus (Squamata: Tropiduridae) from southern Brazil and revalidation of Tropidurus catalanensis Gudynas & Skuk, 1983. Zootaxa 3681 (4): 413-439, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3681.4.6
A7629F4DFFEBFFF8FF54FF54E273FAA2.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Tupí-guarani language, meaning “ imbé in abundance ” (imbé = a name used for some species of lianas and other plants, and tuba = abundance) and refers to the type locality, the municipality of Imbituba, the only place where the species is known to occur. The name is used as an indeclinable noun in apposition.	en	Kunz, Tobias Saraiva, Borges-Martins, Márcio (2013): A new microendemic species of Tropidurus (Squamata: Tropiduridae) from southern Brazil and revalidation of Tropidurus catalanensis Gudynas & Skuk, 1983. Zootaxa 3681 (4): 413-439, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3681.4.6
A7629F4DFFEBFFF8FF54FF54E273FAA2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Restricted to a small and isolated granitic hill known as “ Morro do Farol ”, situated between Praia da Vila (Vila’s Beach) and the Port of Imbituba, in the municipality of Imbituba, southern coast of the state of Santa Catarina (28 º 14 ’ S / 48 º 39 ’ W). The hill is about 1200 x 500 m large and reaches 100 m a. s. l. and is surrounded by a large sandy coastal plain. Most of the adjacent plain is currently occupied by the city of Imbituba. Vegetation of Morro do Farol is composed mostly by shrubs and low herbs, similar to that of the adjacent open restingas, with many rocky outcrops, and by portions of Atlantic Forest with low canopy (about 10 m tall) due to the strong ocean influence, mainly on the higher portions and on the western slope. The surrounding plain was originally covered by open restingas and sand dunes near the ocean, turning gradually westward to lowland Atlantic Forest. There are, also, many swamps in these plains (Figures 11 – 12).	en	Kunz, Tobias Saraiva, Borges-Martins, Márcio (2013): A new microendemic species of Tropidurus (Squamata: Tropiduridae) from southern Brazil and revalidation of Tropidurus catalanensis Gudynas & Skuk, 1983. Zootaxa 3681 (4): 413-439, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3681.4.6
A7629F4DFFEBFFF8FF54FF54E273FAA2.taxon	discussion	Remarks. During the period of this study (2009 – 2011), we made several field expeditions to the coast of Santa Catarina searching for new Tropidurus populations. These expeditions included all rocky seashores near the Morro do Farol, Imbituba (e. g. Itapirubá, 28 º 20 ’ 24 ’’ S, 48 º 42 ’ 11 ’’ W; Pedra do Frade, 28 º 25 ’ 23 ’’ S, 48 º 44 ’ 26 ’’ W; Canto da Praia do Porto, 28 º 12 ’ 36 ’’ S, 48 º 39 ’ 49 ’’ W; Barra de Ibiraquera, 28 º 08 ’ 33 ’’ S, 48 º 38 ’ 30 ’’ W), including also a small island with an isthmus of only 80 m from Morro do Farol and distant places such as Farol de Santa Marta (28 º 36 ’ 13 ’’ S, 48 º 48 ’ 47 ’’ W) and Morro dos Conventos (28 º 56 ’ 03 ’’ S, 49 º 21 ’ 47 ’’ W). All these expeditions failed in localizing new populations. The distribution pattern of T. imbituba is uncommon among lizards from the Atlantic Coast of South America and we are unaware of other species of lizards with a similar distribution in that region. We believe that the sandy plains and dunes surrounding Morro do Farol represent barriers to the dispersal of these lizards. Morro do Farol is a relatively well preserved area, neighboring a marine conservation unit, the “ Área de Proteção Ambiental da Baleia Franca ”. However, there is a great amount of tourists in summer and it is adjacent to the Port of Imbituba which is expected to expand in a few years. A portion of the western slope of Morro do Farol is already occupied by activities of the port. Considering the extremely restricted distribution and a expected decline of habitat quality and extension, T. imbituba can be categorized as Critically Endangered (CR), according to criteria B 1 a + b (iii) (known and estimated area of occurrence <100 km 2 and presence of relevant human impacts) of the IUCN Red List (IUCN 2001).	en	Kunz, Tobias Saraiva, Borges-Martins, Márcio (2013): A new microendemic species of Tropidurus (Squamata: Tropiduridae) from southern Brazil and revalidation of Tropidurus catalanensis Gudynas & Skuk, 1983. Zootaxa 3681 (4): 413-439, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3681.4.6
A7629F4DFFECFFE6FF54FB35E385FE00.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Uruguay (MNHN) 3489; male, from a hill near route nº 30 and Arroyo Catalán Grande (airline), Departamento de Artigas, Uruguay; collected 30 March 1983 by L. Amato, E. Gudynas and G. Skuk; by designation on the original description (Figure 13).	en	Kunz, Tobias Saraiva, Borges-Martins, Márcio (2013): A new microendemic species of Tropidurus (Squamata: Tropiduridae) from southern Brazil and revalidation of Tropidurus catalanensis Gudynas & Skuk, 1983. Zootaxa 3681 (4): 413-439, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3681.4.6
A7629F4DFFECFFE6FF54FB35E385FE00.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Tropidurus catalanensis is distinguished from all congeners, except those of the torquatus group, by lacking a middorsal scale row and by having imbricate and keeled dorsal scales. From those of the torquatus group, except from T. torquatus and T. imbituba sp. nov., it can be distinguished by having folds and pockets of the type “ A ” (sensu Rodrigues 1987). From T. imbituba sp. nov. and T. torquatus, it differs in the yellow coloration of the chest and throat, more intense in adult males. From T. imbituba sp. nov. it also differs, with little overlap, in dorsal scale counts, ranging 104 – 130 (mean 116.9 ± 4.8) in males and 110 – 140 (mean 126.7 ± 6.8) in females, while in T. imbituba it ranges 99 – 113 (mean 104.9 ± 4.6) in males and 102 – 116 (mean 110.6 ± 3.7) in females.	en	Kunz, Tobias Saraiva, Borges-Martins, Márcio (2013): A new microendemic species of Tropidurus (Squamata: Tropiduridae) from southern Brazil and revalidation of Tropidurus catalanensis Gudynas & Skuk, 1983. Zootaxa 3681 (4): 413-439, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3681.4.6
A7629F4DFFECFFE6FF54FB35E385FE00.taxon	description	Variation. Head length 21 – 25 % of SVL; tail length 58 – 64 % of total length; largest male presented 127.9 mm SVL; Smaller male with opaque and convoluted efferent ducts presented 79.1 mm SVL; largest female presented 98.8 mm SVL and the smaller female with oviductal eggs presented 72.7 mm SVL. Frontal scales of the head generally convex in adults; 2 – 4 scales between the nasals; rostral contacting nasals in 37.3 % of specimens; 10 – 15 scales between rostral and interparietal; 2 – 4 scale rows of enlarged supraoculars, generally three; 6 – 9 enlarged supraoculars in the first row (examples of the supraocular scuttelation patterns are in Gudynas & Skuk 1983, p. 4, fig. 1; Cei 1993, p. 319, fig. 49 A; and Cei 2003, p. 135, fig. 2 F); 4 – 7 supralabials to bellow the center of eye generally 5, followed by 3 – 7 (generally 4 – 5) small elongated scales to the commissure of mouth; supralabials contacting subocular in 60 % of specimens, generally with 5 th or 6 th (rarely with both), and less frequently with 4 th or 7 th; 6 – 10 infralabials, generally 8 – 9; preauricular fringe with 4 – 9 spines, generally 7; 9 – 15 scales between the subocular and the preauricular fringe, generally 11 – 12; mental triangular or polygonal, followed by 2 – 5 (generally 3 – 4) angulated postmentals; first postmentals contacting one another in 13.8 % of specimens; 2 – 4 canthals, generally 3; 46 – 65 gular scales (mean 56.6 ± 3.8, n = 216) (47 – 64 in Gudynas & Skuk 1983). Two mite pockets under the oblique neck fold, the upper pocket is well developed and the lower one is poorly developed; antehumeral fold present; 2 – 3 axillary pockets, generally two; inguinal granular pocket present; 24 – 34 subdigital lamellae on the fourth toe (mean 29 ± 1.9, n = 216) (26 – 32 in Gudynas & Skuk 1983); 18 – 25 scales on the dorsum of tibia (mean 21.6 ± 1.3, n = 217), usually 21 – 23. In the original description, Gudynas and Skuk (1983) stated that there were no significant sexual differences, thus, presenting all meristic and morphometric variables grouped for both sexes. Our data do not corroborate this statement in relation to dorsal scales and SAB. Males present 104 – 130 imbricate, mucronate and keeled dorsals (mean 116.9 ± 4.8, n = 103), while females present 110 – 140 (mean 126.7 ± 6.8, n = 110). Specimens from lowlands of southwestern Rio Grande do Sul and the vicinities of the mouth of the Paraguay River (northern Argentina and southern Paraguay) present the lowest means (113.2 ± 4.6 in males; 122.4 ± 4.7 in females) while those of the valleys of the upper Uruguay Basin present the highest means (119.8 ± 4.3 in males; 130.4 ± 5.5 in females). Gudynas and Skuk (1983) presented vertebral and paravertebral scale counts, which ranged, respectively, 107 – 131 and 110 – 142. Since lizards of the torquatus group lack a vertebral crest or enlarged vertebral scale rows, distinguishing vertebrals and paravertebrals is difficult, but these values are similar to what we found in our dorsal counts. SAB ranged 91 – 116 (mean 103.4 ± 5.4, n = 97) in males, and 103 – 131 (mean 115.9 ± 6.6, n = 105) in females (89 – 121 in the original description, for males and females grouped). As for dorsals, specimens from the lowlands of southwestern Rio Grande do Sul, northeastern Argentina and southern Paraguay present the lowest means (99.5 ± 3.2 in males, 110.5 ± 3.7 in females), and those of the upper Uruguay Basin, the highest means (106.5 ± 4.5 in males, 119.4 ± 5.6 in females). Ventrals 72 – 103 (mean 86.2 ± 6.1, n = 214; the original description didn’t present variation of this character). Color in life. Dorsal color is brown, gray or greenish, with an irregular pattern of black paravertebral patches and many yellow or cream spots in the dorsum of the trunk and limbs; yellow or cream spots are more numerous in males; black antehumeral band occupying 4 – 10 scale rows, separated from the opposite one by 3 – 35 scales (mean 15.7 ± 6.3); venter white or cream; adult males with femoral and preanal patches of black pigmented glandular scales; presence of midventral patches variable but rarely lacking in specimens larger than 100 mm SVL; temporal region usually bluish; adults with black gular patches; chin yellow with dark reticulations enclosing yellow blotches; yellow pigment reaches the chest and sometimes the infra and supralabials; yellow pigment lacking in juveniles and usually less evident, or lacking, in females.	en	Kunz, Tobias Saraiva, Borges-Martins, Márcio (2013): A new microendemic species of Tropidurus (Squamata: Tropiduridae) from southern Brazil and revalidation of Tropidurus catalanensis Gudynas & Skuk, 1983. Zootaxa 3681 (4): 413-439, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3681.4.6
A7629F4DFFECFFE6FF54FB35E385FE00.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Northwestern Uruguay, northeastern Argentina, southern Paraguay and southern Brazil, reaching southwestern São Paulo and southeastern Mato Grosso do Sul extremes. In northwestern Uruguay and southwestern Rio Grande do Sul, the species is found on isolated rocky hills of low altitude regionally known as “ cerros ”. These hills are sparsely distributed along wide areas of campos (grassland) of the Pampa Biome. In the remaining areas, species distribution follows the course of the main tributaries of the Paraná and Uruguay Rivers (La Plata Basin). Along the valleys and canyons of these rivers, the species occurs mainly on isolated populations in rocky outcrops among areas originally covered by seasonal forests.	en	Kunz, Tobias Saraiva, Borges-Martins, Márcio (2013): A new microendemic species of Tropidurus (Squamata: Tropiduridae) from southern Brazil and revalidation of Tropidurus catalanensis Gudynas & Skuk, 1983. Zootaxa 3681 (4): 413-439, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3681.4.6
A7629F4DFFECFFE6FF54FB35E385FE00.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The distribution of T. catalanensis in southern Brazil shows an interesting pattern, in association with river valleys and very restricted and localized populations, sometimes a hundred kilometers apart from other populations. The lack of gene flow between these populations is evidenced by some differences in meristic characters. For example, specimens from upstream of the Iguaçu river present, with high frequency, contact of the first post-mental with the opposite one (and, in this case, there is no contact of the gular scales with the mental scale). The frequency of this condition decreases downstream toward its mouth, and is rare in all other analyzed populations. Other variable condition is the contact between the nasals and the rostral scale, which is very frequent in some populations from southwestern Rio Grande do Sul (e. g. from São Francisco de Assis) and in those from Foz do Iguaçu (state of Paraná), but not frequent in other populations. Populations of the river valleys inhabit rocky outcrops with abundant crevices. This punctual distribution pattern, at least in the low meanders of the Southern Brazilian Plateau, seems to indicate that the current climatic condition is unfavorable for the species (see Behling et al. 2009 for evidences of the climate dynamics of southern Brazil during the Holocene). These rocky outcrops represent the only natural open habitats among these river valleys, originally covered with seasonal forests. In addition, these river valleys and canyons retain milder climatic conditions in relation to the higher portions of the plateau. Despite the intense deforestation of the seasonal forests in southern Brazil, these populations have not expanded their occupation beyond the limits of the outcrops, pending in favor of the argument that the current climatic condition is unfavorable for the species expansion, at least in the Southern Brazilian Plateau. This situation is quite contrasting with the alleged opportunism of these lizards that, according to Rodrigues (1987), being good colonizers, would be expanding its distribution favored by deforestations (at least for the torquatus populations in the state of São Paulo). In fact, there is evidence to believe that the opposite is occurring in southern Brazil. Apparently, some populations have disappeared after the formation of reservoirs for hydroelectric dams on the Iguaçu River, in the state of Paraná (R. S. Bérnils, personal communication) and in the upper Uruguay Basin in the border of the states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul (M. Borges-Martins, personal observation). Viability of populations of these saxicolous lizards could be conditioned to the maintenance of adequate habitats. In the surroundings of the Quebra-Queixo hydroelectric dam, on the Chapecó river (a large tributary of the Uruguay river), where rocks and crevices are very abundant, the species is also still abundant. For populations from southwestern Rio Grande do Sul, expansion of Eucalyptus spp. plantations in the vicinities of the rocky outcrops could result in shading and affect the viability of some of these populations (personal observations; see Pillar et al. 2009 for a discussion on the conservation of the southern Brazilian “ campos ”). It is worth considering that the mainly saxicolous habit of the populations from Southern Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay (Gudynas & Skuk 1983; Cei 1993; this study) differs in what Cei (1993) observed for populations from Corrientes (Argentina), allegedly more arboreal. Still, the Atlas of Alvarez et al. (2002) shows that these populations are also distributed exclusively along the Parana River and in the vicinities of the Paraguay River mouth, both rivers of the La Plata Basin, as are the remaining populations.	en	Kunz, Tobias Saraiva, Borges-Martins, Márcio (2013): A new microendemic species of Tropidurus (Squamata: Tropiduridae) from southern Brazil and revalidation of Tropidurus catalanensis Gudynas & Skuk, 1983. Zootaxa 3681 (4): 413-439, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3681.4.6
A7629F4DFFF1FFE2FF54FDE7E3A7F99F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Tropidurus torquatus is diagnosable from all congeners, except those of the torquatus group, by lacking a middorsal scale row and by having imbricate and keeled dorsal scales. From those of the torquatus group, except for T. catalanensis and T. imbituba sp. nov., it can be distinguished by having two mite pockets under the oblique neck fold, the upper pocket is well developed and the lower is poorly developed; two or three axillary pockets; and inguinal granular pocket present (type “ A ” sensu Rodrigues 1987). As presently recognized T. torquatus can be distinguished from T. catalanensis and T. imbituba only on the base of coloration characters which are best developed on adult males. From T. catalanensis it differs in not having yellow coloration on chest and mental region, while from T. imbituba it differs in not having orange-bronze coloration on the venter and sides of the trunk.	en	Kunz, Tobias Saraiva, Borges-Martins, Márcio (2013): A new microendemic species of Tropidurus (Squamata: Tropiduridae) from southern Brazil and revalidation of Tropidurus catalanensis Gudynas & Skuk, 1983. Zootaxa 3681 (4): 413-439, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3681.4.6
A7629F4DFFF1FFE2FF54FDE7E3A7F99F.taxon	description	Variation. Head length 20 – 25 % of SVL; tail 57 – 64 % of total length. Frontal scales of the head generally flat, eventually concave and, in this case, most frequently in males from Cerrado and the mountain ranges of Rio de Janeiro. Number of scales between the nasals 2 – 4; rostral contacting nasals in 25.4 % of the specimens from Cerrado and in 60.6 % and 70.6 %, respectively, of specimens from coast and from the mountain ranges of Rio de Janeiro; 9 – 15 scales between rostral and interparietal; 2 – 4 scale rows of enlarged supraoculars, generally three; 6 – 9 enlarged supraoculars in the first row of specimens from the coast and from the mountain ranges of Rio de Janeiro and 6 – 11 in specimens from Cerrado (examples of the supraocular scuttelation patterns in some populations are in Rodrigues 1987, p. 194, fig. 28 C-H; Cei 1993, p. 319, fig. 49 B; and Cei 2003, p. 135, fig. 2 G); 4 – 7 supralabials to below the center of eye, generally 5, followed by 3 – 7 small elongated scales to the commissure of mouth; supralabials contacting subocular in 51.6 % of specimens from the coast; in 82.4 % of specimens from the mountain ranges of Rio de Janeiro; and in 41 % of specimens from Cerrado; in the three cases, contact is generally with the 5 th supralabial, or less frequently with the 4 th, 6 th or 7 th; in some cases subocular is in contact with both 5 th and 6 th or 6 th and 7 th supralabials; 7 – 11 infralabials, generally 8 – 9; preauricular fringe with 5 – 8 spines (4 – 8 according to Rodrigues 1987), generally 6 – 7; 8 – 14 scales between the subocular and the preauricular fringe; mental generally triangular or polygonal in the coast and in the mountain ranges of Rio de Janeiro; mental generally presents a bell-like shape (laterally curved) in specimens of the Cerrado group of populations; 3 – 5 postmentals (3 – 4 in Rodrigues 1987); first postmentals contacting one another in 6.9 % of specimens; 2 – 4 canthals, generally 3; 42 – 58 gular scales (51.1 ± 3.3, n = 70) in specimens from Cerrado, 49 – 63 (57.6 ± 4.6, n = 16) in those from the mountain ranges of Rio de Janeiro and 41 – 61 (49.4 ± 3.9, n = 32) in the coast. Two mite pockets under the oblique neck fold, the upper pocket is well developed and the lower is poorly developed; antehumeral fold present; two or three axillary pockets; inguinal granular pocket present; 26 – 35 subdigital lamellae on the fourth toe; 17 – 33 scales on the dorsum of tibia (20 – 33 in the coastal populations and 17 – 24 in those from Cerrado and the mountain ranges of Rio de Janeiro). Dorsals imbricate, mucronate and keeled, 95 – 140 (89 – 144 according to Rodrigues 1987); 95 – 125 in coastal populations (102 – 121 in males, 102 – 115 in females; we couldn’t determine the sex of the specimen MHNCI 3648, a juvenile from Ilhéus, Bahia, which presents 95 dorsals, the lowest value considering all analyzed groups); 107 – 140 in the mountain ranges of Rio de Janeiro (107 – 128 in males, 124 – 140 in females); 100 – 136 in Cerrado (100 – 120 in males, 102 – 136 in females). 86 – 130 scale rows around midbody (76 – 143 according to Rodrigues 1987); 92 – 117 in coastal populations (92 – 117 in males, 102 – 117 in females); 100 – 130 in the mountain ranges of Rio de Janeiro (100 – 119 in males, 123 – 130 in females); 86 – 114 in specimens from Cerrado (86 – 105 in males, 91 – 114 in females). 70 – 97 smooth ventrals. Color in life. The dorsal pattern in coastal populations is light gray with a very variable pattern of white and dark spots (Figure 18). In the populations from the mountain ranges of Rio de Janeiro and Cerrado, ground color is browner or greenish. Those from the mountain ranges of Rio de Janeiro are very dimorphic in coloration, adult males showing numerous black and cream spots (Figure 19), while females are almost uniform gray or brown, with few spots. A black antehumeral band occupying 5 – 15 scale rows in coastal populations, separated or not from the opposite one by up to 25 scales (mean 14,2 ± 5,9); this band occupies 5 – 13 scale rows in specimens from the mountain ranges of Rio de Janeiro and is separated or not from its opposite one by up to 18 scales (11,5 ± 6,3); and 3 – 10 scale rows, separated or not from its opposite one by up to 18 scales (10,2 ± 5,4) in specimens from Cerrado. Venter white or cream. Adult males whit femoral and preanal patches of black pigmented glandular scales. Presence of midventral patches variable in specimens of all populations analyzed but usually present in the largest males (Rodrigues 1987 stated that this condition was variable only in the coastal populations and always present in the “ inland ” populations). Adults with black gular patches, more developed in males. Chin white or cream, with dark reticulations enclosing white or cream blotches more evident in juveniles.	en	Kunz, Tobias Saraiva, Borges-Martins, Márcio (2013): A new microendemic species of Tropidurus (Squamata: Tropiduridae) from southern Brazil and revalidation of Tropidurus catalanensis Gudynas & Skuk, 1983. Zootaxa 3681 (4): 413-439, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3681.4.6
A7629F4DFFF1FFE2FF54FDE7E3A7F99F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. From north and northwestern state of São Paulo, northward to the limits of the Cerrado formations in Tocantins. West to Mato Grosso and east it reaches the coast from the city of Rio de Janeiro to Bahia (about 50 km south of Salvador, according to Rodrigues 1987). Recently the species was reported for the coast of São Paulo but it was considered a recent occupation as a result of the human expansion in areas along the coast (De Sena et al. 2008).	en	Kunz, Tobias Saraiva, Borges-Martins, Márcio (2013): A new microendemic species of Tropidurus (Squamata: Tropiduridae) from southern Brazil and revalidation of Tropidurus catalanensis Gudynas & Skuk, 1983. Zootaxa 3681 (4): 413-439, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3681.4.6
A7629F4DFFF1FFE2FF54FDE7E3A7F99F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. At least three forms are included under Tropidurus torquatus. From east to west, a group of lizards inhabits mainly the coastal restingas from Bahia to Rio de Janeiro. This form corresponds to Tropidurus torquatus strictu sensu, since the species was described based on lizards from these populations. There is another form in the mountainous region in the border of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais. This region was, originally, predominantly covered with Atlantic Rainforest and it is supposed that these populations were originally restricted to open enclaves in the midst of forests, such as large rock outcrops. Westward, in the Brazilian central plateau, there is a third set of populations inhabiting mainly the Cerrado domains. Coastal populations from eastern Brazil seem to have a continuous distribution along the coastal restingas, where these lizards are very abundant. However, these populations are not morphologically homogenous as evidenced by tibia counts, which shows clinal variation, diminishing from south to north. Rodrigues (1987) provided a plausible explanation for the great variation found in the coastal populations, based on sea level fluctuations. It is important to note that the coastal distribution of torquatus includes several islands and, there, most of the available habitats are rocks. One of these populations, from Abrolhos Archipelago, was described by Gray (1845) as Taraguira darwinii. A difference between the saxicolous populations, including the insular ones, and the coastal sand-dwelling populations is the shape of the claws, thick and strongly curved in the saxicolous forms and long and thin in the psammophilous forms. However, some specimens collected in the coast in habitats other than the restingas also presented thicker claws, although all other characteristics are still identical to those from the restingas. Therefore, it is a much variable characteristic with little value in understanding differentiation patterns, as already noted by Rodrigues (1987). Rodrigues found lizards with long and thin claws only in the coast. However, we found lizards with this character in our group from Central Brazil (Cerrado group). These populations are probably the most generalist form in relation to habitat use and seem to have a continuous distribution in this broad area, which can explain the relative homogeneity of this group. In many areas of Cerrado, T. torquatus uses tree trunks, termite mounds, and even urban areas as much as, or more frequently than rocks (Rodrigues 1987; Nogueira 2006; personal observations). According to Nogueira et al. (2005) and Nogueira (2006), the Cerrado populations of T. torquatus are associated with the border of galery forests, where they use mainly tree trunks, rarely occurring in the large and continuous areas of open Cerrados (savannas). Taxonomic and biogeographic comments. In the first taxonomic revision of the Tropidurus torquatus group, Rodrigues (1987) noted morphological differences between the coastal populations of torquatus and the remaining “ inland ” populations. However, as he could not find a geographic structure for all the variation found, he preferred to keep them as a single species. This author based his analysis on the sympatric occurrence of lizards with distinct fold and pocket patterns, delimiting very large and heterogeneous areas of simpatry, as he pointed out. Besides lacking a representative group of the southernmost populations attributable to torquatus, the joint analysis of morphologically distinct populations, grouped within large sympatry areas, may have prevented the recognition of geographic patterns. Geographic distribution of most Tropidurus species, particularly those in the torquatus group, is strongly associated to the great South American diagonal of open formations (from northeast to southwest, respectively, the Caatinga, Cerrado and Chaco) (Vanzolini 1972, 1974; Rodrigues 1987; Zanella 2010). Some evidences suggest recent speciation processes in the genus. Harvey and Gutberlet (1998) described three new Tropidurus species from the Serranía de Huanchaca, Bolivia, an isolated mountain range overlapping the northeastern border of Bolivia and Brazil, in a transitional area between the Amazon and the Cerrado morphoclimatic domains. These authors suggested that their new species probably shared recent ancestors with Tropidurus currently distributed in open formations at low elevations along the Andes of Argentina and southern Bolivia, forming pairs of possible sister species (T. etheridgei – T. chromatops, T. melanopleurus Boulenger, 1902 – T. callathelys Harvey & Gutberlet, 1998 and T. spinulosus [cope, 1862] – T. xanthochilus Harvey & Gutberlet, 1998), and that a single historical event may account for the evolution of each species pair from common ancestors previously distributed across open formations of south-central South America. Relationship between the last two pairs, involving species of the spinulosus group, was later corroborated on the basis of molecular and morphological evidence (Harvey & Gutberlet 2000; Frost et al. 2001). Rodrigues (1987) attributed the great variability of the coastal populations of torquatus to the events of marine transgressions and regressions occurred after the last glaciation. It is possible that these events have also been of great importance to the evolution of T. imbituba, since in the recent past the hill where these lizards are isolated was an island in the periods of marine transgressions, when the ocean was above the current level (Horn Filho 2003; Leal 2005; Vieira et al. 2009). As Rodrigues pointed out, the physiognomy of the South American landscapes was very different at the end of the last glaciation, when the climate was cooler and arid, and the emerged area of the continent was much larger as a consequence of marine regression. One could hypothesize that a common ancestor of the coastal T. torquatus and T. imbituba had, in this period, a broad distribution along the Brazilian coast. However, the fact that imbituba was not able to colonize the adjacent restingas suggests that his ancestor was already a saxicolous form that possibly inhabited the granitic slopes of the Serra do Mar and Serra Geral, currently covered by the Atlantic Rain Forest. With the gradual shift to a more humid climate and the expansion of forests, these lizards had their habitat drastically reduced. Thus, T. imbituba is probably more related to T. catalanensis or the “ inland ” populations of T. torquatus than to the psammophilous form of the eastern Brazilian coast (T. torquatus stricto sensu). It is interesting to note that the restingas and sand dunes of the coastal plains of southern Santa Catarina share with the plains of Rio Grande do Sul and Uruguay typical faunistic elements of open areas of the Pampa Biome, while the hills and rocky seashores that break the continuity of these coastal plains present a typical fauna of the Atlantic Rainforest (Ghizoni et al. 2009; Kunz & Ghizoni 2011; Kunz et al. 2011). It seems that T. imbituba represents a relictual element of a period of semi-arid climate, when a typical open area fauna was able to occupy those hills, currently covered by forests. Other reptile species from open areas that inhabit these rocky seashores, like the skink Aspronema dorsivittatum (Cope, 1862) (Mabuyidae), are also able to occupy the sandy restingas. Rodrigues (1987) found two diversity patterns in the torquatus group. In the first group, from eastern South America, there is a large amount of species with restrict geographic distributions. In the second group, there is a low diversity but the species have wide geographic distributions. According to Rodrigues, species of the second group are related to Central Brazil, noting that none can be treated, without restrictions, as an animal of the great South American diagonal of open formations. Still, from northeast to southwest, there is T. hispidus inhabiting mainly the Caatingas, T. itambere, T. oreadicus and the populations of T. torquatus from central Brazil with wide distributions in the Cerrado Domains (noting that the torquatus distribution in Central Brazil seems to be more related to gallery forests than to the extensive savanna-like formations in the Cerrado; see Nogueira et al. 2005 and Nogueira 2006), and T. etheridgei mainly in the Chaco Domains, with some populations in the Cerrado. Tropidurus catalanensis has a parapatric distribution in relation to T. etheridgei (which occurs exclusively west of the Paraná Basin), with a more continuous distribution and less restricted to the river valleys in the Pampa Domains of southwestern Rio Grande do Sul and northwestern Uruguay, reaching marginally the Chaco Domains in the vicinities of the Paraná and Paraguay rivers (in the border of Argentina and Paraguay) and restricted to the river valleys and canyons of the Paraná-Uruguay Basin in the Paranaense Forest (sensu Morrone, 2001). The distribution patterns of T. catalanensis and T. imbituba sp. nov. seem to corroborate the two distribution patterns found by Rodrigues, and these can be strengthened with the recognition of specific status for the torquatus populations from the mountain ranges of southeastern Brazil (with probably restricted distribution) and for those from Central Brazil (with a broader distribution). However, further conclusions on the relationship of the species associated with the Tropidurus torquatus complex and their distributional patterns must await ongoing phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies of the Tropidurus torquatus group.	en	Kunz, Tobias Saraiva, Borges-Martins, Márcio (2013): A new microendemic species of Tropidurus (Squamata: Tropiduridae) from southern Brazil and revalidation of Tropidurus catalanensis Gudynas & Skuk, 1983. Zootaxa 3681 (4): 413-439, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3681.4.6
