identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
848E1832E43757E88AA91369A4D3641D.text	848E1832E43757E88AA91369A4D3641D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Garcinia (sect. Dicrananthera) section Dicrananthera Pierre	<div><p>Garcinia section Dicrananthera Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 1 (5): 8. 1883; M. Gaudeul et al., PhytoKeys 239: 95. 2024.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Garcinia thorelii Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 1 (4): t. 62. 1882.</p><p>Garcinia section Dicrananthera is distinguished by the presence of a pair of interpetiolar stipuliform structures (rare in Clusiaceae); leaves with prominent, widely spaced secondary veins and scalariform tertiary veins; axillary or terminal cymose inflorescences with three to many flowers [i. e., G. yaatapsap (3–5 - flowered), G. paucinervis (4–10 - flowered), G. stipulata (4–6 - flowered), G. nujiangensis (6–10 - flowered), and G. thorelii (20–40 - flowered thyrse)]; flowers with 4 sepals and 4 petals; male flowers with numerous stamens united into an annular mass encircling and attached to the pistillode (i. e., G. stipulata and G. yaatapsap) or united into 4 bundles surrounding the pistillode (i. e., G. nujiangensis, G. paucinervis, and G. thorelii), 2 - thecous anthers; 1–2 - locular ovaries; unlobed and smooth stigmas; and fruits with a smooth surface and unlobed. Distinguishing morphological characters reported here for this section were taken from Pierre 1882, Pitard 1910, Chun and How 1956, Jones 1980, Li 1981, Li et al. 2007, Stevens 2007, Gaudeul et al. 2024, and from our observations.</p><p>A section of five species worldwide (Gaudeul et al. 2024); one species in Thailand.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/848E1832E43757E88AA91369A4D3641D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Ngernsaengsaruay, Chatchai;Chanton, Pichet	Ngernsaengsaruay, Chatchai, Chanton, Pichet (2024): A taxonomic revision of Garcinia sections Dicrananthera and Macrostigma (Clusiaceae) in Thailand. PhytoKeys 248: 339-360, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.248.130311
16B5AEF400BE5EBE96DA9CED6629CA00.text	16B5AEF400BE5EBE96DA9CED6629CA00.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Garcinia (sect. Macrostigma) section Macrostigma Pierre	<div><p>Garcinia section Macrostigma Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 1 (6): 63. 1883; M. Gaudeul et al., PhytoKeys 239: 94. 2024.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Garcinia latissima Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1: 209. 1864.</p><p>Garcinia section Macrostigma is characterized by its axillary or terminal cymose inflorescences with two to many flowers (in a simple cyme or in fascicles of several simple cymes), or a solitary flower (in female flowers); 4 (– 5) - merous flowers [4 - merous, e. g., G. nuntasaenii; 5 - merous, e. g., G. phuongmaiensis, G. prainiana]; male flowers with numerous stamens united into a central column, sometimes lobed with lobes equaling number of petals [a single weakly 4 - lobed bundle, e. g., G. nuntasaenii], or into completely separate antepetalous bundles [united into 5 bundles, e. g., G. phuongmaiensis, G. prainiana]; androecium often adnate to the petals to varying degrees; 2 - thecous anthers; pistillode absent in male flowers, but rudimentary or well-developed pistillode present in some species; (– 3) 4–8 - locular ovaries; unlobed or lobed and smooth or papillate stigmas; and fruits with a smooth surface, unlobed or faintly, shallowly or deeply lobed. Distinguishing morphological characters of this section based on Gaudeul et al. 2024, which includes additional information.</p><p>A section of 29 species worldwide (Gaudeul et al. 2024); two species in Thailand (i. e., G. nuntasaenii and G. prainiana).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/16B5AEF400BE5EBE96DA9CED6629CA00	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Ngernsaengsaruay, Chatchai;Chanton, Pichet	Ngernsaengsaruay, Chatchai, Chanton, Pichet (2024): A taxonomic revision of Garcinia sections Dicrananthera and Macrostigma (Clusiaceae) in Thailand. PhytoKeys 248: 339-360, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.248.130311
D5FC3CF09433530A86FAD95ABDDD8B9A.text	D5FC3CF09433530A86FAD95ABDDD8B9A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Garcinia nuntasaenii Ngerns. & Suddee	<div><p>1. Garcinia nuntasaenii Ngerns. &amp; Suddee, Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 44 (2): 134. figs 1, 2, 3. 2016; Tagane et al., Edinburgh J. Bot. 75 (1): 110. fig. 2 G. 2018.</p><p>Fig. 5</p><p>Type.</p><p>Thailand • Bueng Kan Province, Bung Khla District, Phu Wua Wildlife Sanctuary, fr., 13 Dec 2008, N. Nuntasaen 10 (holotype BKF!; isotype BKF!) .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Habit shrub, 1–2 m tall; latex white, turning pale yellow, sticky; branches decussate, horizontal or nearly horizontal; branchlets green, 4 - angular, glabrous. Bark green when young, turning dark brown when mature, smooth, usually lenticellate; inner bark pale yellow. Terminal bud concealed between the bases of the uppermost pair of petioles. Leaves decussate; lamina lanceolate-ovate, ovate or elliptic, 6–17 × 3–7.5 cm, apex acuminate or acute and rigid, base subcordate, margin thick, entire and slightly undulate (repand), coriaceous, slightly bullate or bullate, apical part of leaves conduplicate, twisted and recurved, glossy dark green above, paler below, glabrous on both surfaces, midrib shallowly grooved above, raised as a prominent ridge below, secondary veins 12–20 each side, curving towards the margin and connected in distinct loops and united into an intramarginal vein, flattened above, slightly raised below, conspicuous on both surfaces, intersecondary veins conspicuous, veinlets reticulate, visible on both surfaces, interrupted long wavy lines present, of differing lengths, nearly parallel to the midrib, running across the secondary veins to the apex, visible below; petiole green, 0.2–1 cm long, not grooved, transversely rugose, glabrous, with a basal appendage clasping the branchlet; young leaves red. Inflorescences terminal or at leafless nodes (in axils of fallen leaves), cymose. Flowers unisexual, plants dioecious, 4 - merous, fully open flowers 0.8–1 cm in diam.; bracteoles narrowly triangular or triangular, 2–10 × 1.5–2.5 mm, apex acute or acuminate, somewhat thick; pedicels short; sepals 4 and petals 4, decussate, pale yellow or creamish white, somewhat thick; sepals obovate or elliptic, 3–6 × 2.5–3.5 mm, concave, apex rounded; petals broadly obovate, 5.5–8.5 × 3.5–7 mm, apex rounded, apical part recurved. Flower buds: sepals pink or pink-pale yellow. Male flowers in fascicles of several simple cymes; stamens numerous, united into a single weakly 4 - lobed bundle; filaments very short; anthers 0.3–0.5 mm long; pistillode usually absent. Female flowers usually in a cluster of 3 flowers (a simple cyme); staminodes numerous, united into a single weakly 4 - lobed bundle, surrounding the ovary; pistil fungiform; ovary depressed globose, 1.5–2 × 2–3 mm, shallowly 4–6 - lobed, 4–6 - locular; stigma convex, hemispherical, 1.5–2 × 2.5–3.5 mm, papillate. Fruits berries, depressed globose, 0.5–0.7 × 1–2 cm, 4–6 - lobed, green with white dots, turning red when ripe, smooth, glabrous, glossy, with persistent sepals; persistent stigma circular, flat, radiately lobed or unlobed; fruiting stalk 2–4 mm. long. Seeds 4–6, with fleshy pulp. The description of this species is based on Ngernsaengsaruay and Suddee 2016, which includes additional information.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Central Laos and North-Eastern Thailand.</p><p>Distribution in Thailand.</p><p>North-Eastern: Bueng Kan, Nakhon Phanom.</p><p>Habitat and ecology.</p><p>It is found in dry evergreen forests, 150–220 m amsl.</p><p>Phenology.</p><p>Flowering and fruiting more than once; flowering in December to July; fruiting in December to April.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Garcinia nuntasaenii is known only from four localities in Bueng Kan and Nakhon Phanom Provinces, North-Eastern Thailand and Nam Kading National Protected Area, Laos. All occurrences are in small populations. It has a small EOO of 796.87 km 2 and a relatively small AOO of 16 km 2. Because of its number of localities, and because the roots of this species are used for medicinal purpose by nearby villagers in Thailand, the population is suspected to be declining. We therefore suggest the conservation status Endangered [EN B 2 ab (v)].</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet of Garcinia nuntasaenii honours Mr Narong Nuntasaen, a staff member and a plant collector of BKF, who collected the type specimen.</p><p>Vernacular names.</p><p>Chang nga ek (ช ้ างงาเอก) (Bueng Kan, Nakhon Phanom).</p><p>Uses.</p><p>The fruits are edible (from the specimen M. Norsaengsri &amp; N. Tathana 8630). The roots are locally used for medicinal purposes (Ngernsaengsaruay personal observation).</p><p>Note.</p><p>Garcinia nuntasaenii is similar to G. phuongmaiensis in its habit (shrubs); sticky white latex, turning pale yellow when exposed to the air; 4 - angular branchlets, especially when young; coriaceous, bullate, shiny dark green, subcordate leaves with a short petiole; flower size, c. 1 cm in diam.; and the color of fruits, turning red when ripe, but differs in having 4 - merous flowers [vs (4 –) 5 - merous flowers]; pale yellow or creamish white petals (vs white petals); 4–6 - lobed fruits (vs 3–4 - lobed fruits); and is also distributed in Central Laos and North-Eastern Thailand (vs distributed in Central Vietnam). The morphological characteristics and distribution of G. phuongmaiensis were taken from Tuan et al. (2023).</p><p>Additional specimens examined.</p><p>Thailand. North-Eastern • Bueng Kan [Phu Wua Wildlife Sanctuary, Bung Khla District, fl., 8 Nov 1996 ( Garcinia sp.), C. Niyomdham 4910 (BKF) • ibid., fl., 27 Aug. 2001 ( Garcinia sp.), R. Pooma et al. 2791 (BKF) • ibid., ♂ fl., 1 Jan 2008 (spirit specimen), N. Nuntasaen 11 (BKF) • ibid., fr., 27 Dec 2011 ( Garcinia sp.), M. Norsaengsri &amp; N. Tathana 8630 (BKF, QBG) • ibid., 12 Feb 2015, M. Poopath 981-1, 981-2 (BKF) • ibid., ♀ fl., 24 Jul 2015, C. Ngernsaengsaruay &amp; N. Meeprom 754 (BKF) • The Upper Northeast Wild Plants Conservation Center, Bung Khla District, ♂ fl., 24 Jul 2015, C. Ngernsaengsaruay &amp; N. Meeprom 750, 751 (BKF) • ibid., ♀ fl., 24 Jul 2015, C. Ngernsaengsaruay &amp; N. Meeprom 752, 753 (BKF)] • Nakhon Phanom [Ban Phaeng District, Phu Langka National Park (Narong Nuntasaen own observation)] .</p><p>Laos • Bolikhamxay [ Nam Kading National Protected Area, ♂ fl., L 8 • ibid., fl. &amp; fr., L 431 • ibid., L 1034 (Tagane et al. 2018) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D5FC3CF09433530A86FAD95ABDDD8B9A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Ngernsaengsaruay, Chatchai;Chanton, Pichet	Ngernsaengsaruay, Chatchai, Chanton, Pichet (2024): A taxonomic revision of Garcinia sections Dicrananthera and Macrostigma (Clusiaceae) in Thailand. PhytoKeys 248: 339-360, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.248.130311
6D5026F191765A6DB8F6C721079CB3DC.text	6D5026F191765A6DB8F6C721079CB3DC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Garcinia prainiana King	<div><p>2. Garcinia prainiana King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 59 (2): 171. 1890; Vesque in A. DC. &amp; C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 329. 1893; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 1: 180. 1922; Corner, Wayside Trees Mal. 1: 320. fig. 112. ed. 2. 1952; Corner &amp; Watan., Ill. Guide Trop. Pl.: t. 193. 1969; Whitmore in Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 220. 1973; I. M. Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 47 (1): 263. 1995; Ngernsaengsaruay et al., PeerJ, DOI 10.7717/peerj.16572: 28. figs 13, 14, 15. 2023.</p><p>Fig. 6</p><p>Type.</p><p>Peninsular Malaysia • Perak, Kuala Dipang (originally ‘‘ Kwala Dipang’ ’ on the label; originally published ‘‘ Kwala Dynong’ ’), fl., February 1885, B. Scortechini 1796 (lectotype designated by Ngernsaengsaruay et al. 2023 b: 28, CAL [CAL 0000005844, photo seen]; isolectotypes K [K 000677678!], P [P 04701324, photo seen]) .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Habit evergreen trees, 3–12 m tall, 15–75 cm GBH; latex white, sticky; branches decussate, horizontal or nearly horizontal; branchlets 4 - ridged, glabrous. Bark pale brown, grayish brown or blackish brown, smooth or slightly rough; inner bark pale yellow. Terminal bud concealed between the bases of the uppermost pair of petioles. Leaves decussate; lamina elliptic, oblong or elliptic-oblong, sometimes narrowly oblong, 12.5–27.5 × 5.5–11.5 cm, apex acute or obtuse, base subcordate, often subamplexicaul, margin repand and slightly revolute, coriaceous, bullate or slightly bullate, shiny dark green above, paler below, glabrous on both surfaces, midrib flattened above, raised as a prominent ridge below, secondary veins 9–20 each side, curving towards the margin and connected in distinct loops and united into an intramarginal vein, flattened above, raised below, conspicuous on both surfaces, intersecondary veins conspicuous, veinlets reticulate, visible on both surfaces, interrupted long wavy lines present, of differing lengths, nearly parallel to the midrib, running across the secondary veins to the apex, visible below; petiole green, 1.5–6 mm long, 2–5 mm in diam., not grooved, transversely rugose, glabrous, with a basal appendage clasping the branchlet; young leaves shiny pale green. Inflorescences terminal, sometimes on short, leafless lateral branchlets, cymose, usually in dense fascicles of several to many flowers. Flowers unisexual, plants dioecious, 5 - merous, fully open flowers with spreading petals; bracteolate; sepals 5 and petals 5, quincuncial, coriaceous, glabrous. Male flowers 2.5–3.5 cm in diam.; bracteoles pale green, triangular 2.3–4.5 × 1.8–3.7 mm, apex acute, conduplicate with a central keel; pedicel pinkish green, reddish green or greenish red, 3–6 mm long, 2.5–4 mm in diam., widened at the apical part, terete, glabrous; sepals pinkish green, reddish green or greenish red, concave, broadly ovate or suborbicular 4.8–8 × 5–7.8 mm, unequal, apex rounded; petals variable in color: pale yellow, yellowish pink, yellowish red, pinkish red, pink or red, broadly obovate or obovate, 0.8–1.4 × 0.6–1.1 cm, subequal, sometimes unequal, apex rounded; stamens numerous, united into 5 bundles surrounding a pistillode, antepetalous, 1.7–4.2 mm long, each bundle 1.2–4 mm wide, pale yellow, pink or red; filaments fused throughout their entire length; anthers yellow, 0.3–0.6 mm long; pistillode fungiform, 5.5–7.5 mm long; sterile stigma pale yellow, pink or red, sessile, convex, indistinctly lobed, 5–6 mm in diam., papillate. Female flowers 2.5–4 cm in diam.; bracteoles and pedicel same as in male flowers; sepals and petals same as or slightly larger than in male flowers; staminodes absent; pistil fungiform, 6–8.5 mm long; ovary pale green, depressed globose 4–6 × 4.5–6.5 mm, unlobed, glabrous, 5–8 - locular; stigma pale yellow, pink or red, sessile, convex, weakly 5–8 - lobed or indistinctly lobed, 5–7 mm in diam., papillate. Fruits berries, depressed globose or depressed subglobose, sometimes globose, 2–3.5 × 2–5.3 cm, sometimes oblique, asymmetrical, unlobed, slightly concave or flattened at the apex, green, turning greenish yellow, bright yellow, orangish yellow and bright orange when ripe, smooth, glabrous, glossy, then exocarp becoming dark brownish black and slightly sinuously wrinkled when dry, pericarp 3.5–8 mm thick, exocarp thin; persistent stigma dark brown or blackish brown, circular, button-like, 0.6–1.1 cm in diam., slightly concave or flattened, weakly 5–8 - lobed or indistinctly lobed, papillate; persistent sepals pale green, turning yellowish green and orangish green, larger than in flowering material; fruiting stalk green, thick, 0.4–1.5 cm long, 3–6 mm in diam., Seeds 1–6, often aborted, brown, broadly ellipsoid, ellipsoid or subglobose, 0.9–1.6 × 0.7–1.4 cm, with pale orange fleshy pulp. The description of this species was taken from Ngernsaengsaruay et al. 2023 b.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Known only from Peninsular Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia. It is widely distributed in Peninsular Malaysia (Perlis, Kedah, Penang, Perak, Kelantan, Terengganu, Pahang, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Malacca, Johor) (Corner 1952; Whitmore 1973; Turner 1995; Azuan and Salma 2018). It can be found mainly in Pahang, Perak, and Negeri Sembilan (Syazwani 2020).</p><p>Distribution in Thailand.</p><p>Peninsular: Yala (Than To), Narathiwat (Waeng, Su-ngai Kolok).</p><p>Habitat and ecology.</p><p>It is found in tropical lowland evergreen rain forests, occasionally along streams, 30–200 m amsl. It is also cultivated in villages and botanical gardens.</p><p>In Peninsular Malaysia, it occurs in lowland and hill forests, on hillsides and ridges up to elevations of 1,000 m amsl. It is also cultivated in villages (Whitmore 1973; Syazwani 2020; from the specimen T. C. Whitmore Kep. FRI 4018).</p><p>Phenology.</p><p>Flowering and fruiting more than once; flowering nearly throughout the year, usually in February to May; fruiting April to June and September to December.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>LC (Ngernsaengsaruay et al. 2023 b).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet of Garcinia prainiana refers to Sir David Prain (1857–1944), a British botanist, a herbarium curator of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta (1887–1898), and a director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (1905–1922) (Stafleu and Cowan 1983).</p><p>Vernacular names.</p><p>Chupu (จ ู ป ู) (Malay-Narathiwat); Cerapu, Chekau, Chepu, Cherapu, Cherpu, Cherupu, Chupak, Chupu, Kechupu, Kecupu, Menchepu, Menchupu (Malay); Button mangosteen (English).</p><p>Uses.</p><p>Garcinia prainiana is locally cultivated for its fruits in peninsular Thailand. The fruits (pericarp and fleshy pulp surrounding the seeds) are edible and have a sour or sweet-sour taste. It is also grown in some botanical gardens as an ornamental plant to provide botanical education.</p><p>In Peninsular Malaysia, it is commonly cultivated in village gardens. The ripe fruits are edible and are sometimes used fresh in beverages (Allen 1965; Burkill et al. 1966). The pulp of fruits has high antioxidant content of about 91.9 % and vitamin C content of about 27.3 mg per 100 g fresh weight (Azuan and Salma 2018). In a traditional Malay recipe, the raw fruits are described as being cooked with dried fish (Zawiah and Othaman 2012). The wood is used for house building (Allen 1965; Burkill et al. 1966). It is an excellent ornamental plant for use in landscape gardens in parks (National Parks Flora and Fauna Web 2023).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>According to Ngernsaengsaruay et al. (2023 b), the male flowers of Garcinia prainiana were reported to have a small ring-shaped disk surrounding the base of the pistillode. However, in this study, we re-examined the flowers, and a small ring-shaped disk is absent.</p><p>Garcinia prainiana is also similar to G. phuongmaiensis in having coriaceous, bullate, shiny dark green, subcordate, subamplexicaul leaves with a short petiole; 5 - merous flowers; and numerous stamens, united into 5 antepetalous bundles surrounding a pistillode, but differs in relatively larger habit as a 3–12 m tall tree (vs smaller habit, shrubs, 1–3 m tall); larger leaves, 12.5–27.5 × 5.5–11.5 cm (vs smaller leaves, 4–11 × 2.5–5 cm); larger flowers, 2.5–4 cm in diam. (vs smaller flowers, c. 1 cm in diam.); variable in color of petals: pale yellow, yellowish pink, yellowish red, pinkish red, pink or red (vs white petals); staminodes absent (vs present); unlobed fruits, turning bright yellow, orangish yellow and bright orange when ripe (vs shallowly 3–4 - lobed fruits, turning bright red when ripe); seeds with pale orange fleshy pulp (vs seeds with white fleshy pulp); and is distributed in Peninsular Malaysia and Peninsular Thailand (vs Central Vietnam). The morphological characteristics and distribution of G. phuongmaiensis were taken from Tuan et al. (2023).</p><p>Vesque (1893) placed Garcinia prainiana with species of G. section Xanthochymus (subgenus Xanthochymus), and this placement was followed by Jones (1980). However, the flowers of G. prainiana have a pistillode and lack receptacular disks and antepetalous appendages, unlike those found in other G. section Xanthochymus species (e. g., G. dulcis, G. subelliptica Merr.) or other species in “ lineage A ”. These flowers, with staminal phalanges adnate to the petals, and G. prainiana ’ s branching, adaxial, exudate-containing canal pattern agree with the molecular data and support its placement within a subclade (clade 9) of “ lineage B ” with which it shares many features (Sweeney 2008). More recently, Gaudeul et al. (2024) reported that in addition to molecular data, G. prainiana has morphology that supports its placement into G. section Macrostigma .</p><p>Additional specimens examined.</p><p>Thailand. Central • Nakhon Nayok [Phrueksaphan Thepparat Botanicical Garden, Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy, cultivated, 31 May 2019, C. Ngernsaengsaruay &amp; W. Boonthasak G 30-31052019 (BKF) ; Peninsular • Trang [Khao Chong Botanical Garden, Chong Subdistrict, Na Yong District, cultivated, 16 Feb 2022, C. Ngernsaengsaruay et al. G 32-16022022 (BKF)] • Yala [Chulabhorn Phatthana 7 Project, Than To District, near waterfall, 27 Nov 2019, C. Ngernsaengsaruay &amp; G. Sichaikhan G 31-27112019 (BKF)] • Narathiwat [Hala-BalaWildlife Sanctuary, Ban Bala, Lo Chut Subdistrict, Waeng District, ♂ fl., 13 May 2005 (as Garcinia sp.), M. Poopath 274 (BKF) • Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary, Waeng District, fr., 22 Sep 2005, C. Niyomdham &amp; P. Puudjaa 7593 (BKF) • Su-ngai Kolok District, fr., 20 Apr 2002, U. Upho 556 (QBG) • Su-ngai Kolok District, fl., cultivated, 20 May 2003, U. Upho 550 (BKF)] .</p><p>Peninsular Malaysia • Perak [ Kwala Dipang, ♂ fl., Dec 1896, C. Curtis 3273 (K [K 000677679]) • Kg Kepayang near Ipoh, fr., 30 Oct 1971, Syed Abu Bakar Kep. FRI 20440 (L [L 2417220])] • Pahang [ Su-ngai Bertam at Kuala Mensum, fl., 2 Jun 1971, T. C. Whitmore Kep. FRI 20091 (L [L 2417222]) • Path leading to Kuala Mensum from Boh Tea, Cameron Highlands, fr. 24 Sep 1971, H. S. Loh Kep. FRI 19187 (L [L 2417221]) • Cameron Highlands Road, fr., 18 Jan 1982, K. M. Kochummen Kep. FRI 29377 (L [L 2417225]) • Kelantan [0.5 mile east of Gua Musang, fr., 14 Jul 1967, T. C. Whitmore Kep. FRI 4018 (L [L 2417226]) • Su-ngai Lebir, below Kuala Relai at Jentah, fl., 24 Apr 1976, B. C. Stone &amp; M. Sidek 12426 (BKF, L [L 2417224], US [US 02961246]) • Su-ngai Long off Su-ngai Pergau, Jeli, fr., 26 Sep 1986, A. Latiff et al. ALM 1856 (L [L 3806490], PSU) • Ketam, Cicar Tinggi, Kampung Bata, Pasir Mas, ♀ fl. &amp; fr., 1 Aug 1992, A. Noorsiha et al. Kep. FRI 39214 (L [L 3878683]) • Pasir Putih, fl., 23 Oct 1992, H. Husmady et al. Kep. FRI 39551 (L [L 3806959]) • near Brooke Camp, Gua Musang, fl., 2 Jun 1994, H. Husmady et al. Kep. FRI 41841 (L [L 2417223])].</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6D5026F191765A6DB8F6C721079CB3DC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Ngernsaengsaruay, Chatchai;Chanton, Pichet	Ngernsaengsaruay, Chatchai, Chanton, Pichet (2024): A taxonomic revision of Garcinia sections Dicrananthera and Macrostigma (Clusiaceae) in Thailand. PhytoKeys 248: 339-360, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.248.130311
1FDFE9AAA70D59CBB98DD22DF551CCBE.text	1FDFE9AAA70D59CBB98DD22DF551CCBE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Garcinia thorelii Pierre	<div><p>Garcinia thorelii Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 1 (4): t. 62. 1882; Vesque, Epharmosis 2: 16. t. 146. fig. 77. 1889 et in A. DC. &amp; C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 367. 1893; Engl. in Engl. &amp; Prantl, Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3 (6): 236. 1893; Pit. in Lecomte et al., Fl. Indo-Chine 1 (4): 301. 1910; Craib, Fl. Siam. 1 (1): 118. 1925; Gagnep. in Gagnep., Fl. Indo-Chine Suppl.: 260. 1943; S. W. Jones, Morphology and Major Taxonomy of Garcinia (Guttiferae), Ph. D. Thesis (unpublished): 375. fig. 7 / 13. 1980.</p><p>Figs 1, 2, 3</p><p>Type.</p><p>Laos • Paklai, fl. &amp; fr., Expedition Mekong 1866–1868, C. Thorel 3365 (lectotype designated here P [P 04701082!]; isolectotypes [P 04701076!, P 04701080!, P 04701081!, P 04701083!], K [K 000677688!].</p><p>Description.</p><p>Habit evergreen tree, 8–20 m tall, 50–180 cm GBH; latex yellow, sticky; branches decussate, horizontal or nearly horizontal; branchlets green, 4 - angular, glabrous. Bark reddish brown or brown, cracked or shallowly fissured; inner bark pale brown. Terminal bud concealed between the bases of the uppermost pair of petioles. Stipuliform structures 2, interpetiolar, caducous, triangular, 1.2–2.7 × 1–2.8 mm, apex acute. Leaves decussate; lamina elliptic, narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate-obovate, 7.5–18 × 3–7.5 cm, apex acuminate or acute, base cuneate or obtuse, margin repand, coriaceous, dark green above, paler below, glabrous on both surfaces, midrib shallowly grooved or flattened above, raised below, secondary veins 5–10 each side, curving towards the margin and connected in distinct loops and united into an intramarginal vein, flattened above, slightly raised below, intersecondary veins usually absent, tertiary veins scalariform, veinlets reticulate, visible below, interrupted long wavy lines (glandular wavy lines, also called exudate containing canals) present, of differing lengths, running across the secondary veins to the apex, faint; petiole green, 0.6–1.5 cm long, grooved above, slightly transversely rugose, glabrous, with a basal appendage clasping the branchlet. Inflorescences axillary or at leafless nodes (in axils of fallen leaves), a short thyrse of many flowers, 2–2.5 cm long; bracts caducous, triangular, 0.6–2 mm long, apex acute; peduncle 5–8 mm long, 4 - angular; rachis 0.8–2 cm long, 4 - angular. Flowers unisexual, plants dioecious, 4 - merous, fully open flowers 0.5–1.5 cm in diam.; bracteoles caducous, triangular, 0.8–1.5 mm long, apex acute; pedicels 2–4 mm long; sepals 4 and petals 4, decussate, glabrous; sepals pale green, not concave, triangular, 1–2.5 × 1–2.5 mm, subequal, apex obtuse; petals pale yellow or creamish white, concave, suborbicular, obovate or broadly elliptic, 3–5.5 × 2–4.5 mm, subequal, apex rounded, margin irregularly dentate. Male flowers: stamens numerous united into 4 bundles surrounding a pistillode, bundles 1.3–2.8 × 0.6–2 mm; filaments very short; anthers small; pistillode fungiform (mushroom-shaped), 2–3 mm long; rudimentary ovary slender, cylindrical, 0.5–1.5 mm long; sterile stigma pale yellow, sessile, convex, unlobed, 0.8–1.5 mm in diam., papillate. Female flowers: staminodes absent; pistil fungiform, 2.5–3 mm long; ovary ellipsoid, c. 1.5 mm long, glabrous, 1–2 - locular; stigma convex, unlobed, 1.5–2 mm in diam., smooth. Fruits berries, ellipsoid or broadly ellipsoid, 1.5–2.5 × 1–2 cm, green, smooth, glabrous, with persistent sepals; persistent stigma convex, unlobed, 2.5–4 mm in diam., smooth; fruiting stalks 2–5 mm long, glabrous. Seeds 1, ellipsoid, 1.5–2 × 1–1.2 cm, with a thin fleshy pulp.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand (Fig. 4).</p><p>Distribution in Thailand.</p><p>Northern: Nan, Lamphun, Lampang, Phrae, Phitsanulok; North-Eastern: Phetchabun, Loei, Bueng Kan, Nakhon Phanom; Eastern: Chaiyaphum, Nakhon Ratchasima; South-Western: Kanchanaburi, Phetchaburi (Fig. 4).</p><p>Habitat and ecology.</p><p>It is found in dry evergreen forests, lower montane rain forests, mixed deciduous forests, often along streams, sometimes on limestone hills, 50–1,300 m amsl.</p><p>Phenology.</p><p>Flowering and fruiting more than once, nearly throughout the year.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Garcinia thorelii is distributed from Vietnam to Laos and Thailand. It is known from many localities and has a large EOO of 338,548.61 km 2 and a small AOO of 128 km 2. In Thailand, this species is known to be naturally distributed in four floristic regions and 13 provinces and has an EOO of 145,632.54 km 2 and an AOO of 96 km 2. Because of its number of localities and because it does not face any threat of extinction we therefore suggest the conservation status Least Concern (LC).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet of Garcinia thorelii honors Clovis Thorel (1833–1911), a French physician, botanist, and plant collector (Stafleu and Cowan 1986), who collected the type specimen of this species.</p><p>Vernacular names.</p><p>Kok (ก ๊ อก) (Phitsanulok, from the specimen A. F. G. Kerr 5816); Khrak khamin (ครากขม ิ ้ น), Ma da khi non (มะดะข ี ้ หนอน) (Northern); Mai khwak lueang (ไม ้ ขวากเหล ื อง) [Phrae, from the specimen Unknown s. n. (BKF 40333)]; Khi non (ข ี ้ หนอน) (Laos, from the specimen J. E. Vidal 5952).</p><p>Uses.</p><p>The wood is used for house construction [from the specimen Unknown s. n. (BKF 40333)].</p><p>Lectotypifications.</p><p>Garcinia thorelii was named by Pierre (1882: t. 62), who cited the specimen Thorel 3365 collected from Laos, Paklai. He did not choose a holotype nor did he mention the name of the herbarium where the specimen was housed. However, we located five sheets of C. Thorel 3365 at P [P 04701076, P 04701080, P 04701081, P 04701082, P 04701083] and one sheet at K [K 000677688], and following Art. 9.6 of the ICN (Turland et al. 2018), these are syntypes. The P [P 04701082] specimen is the best preserved and is selected here as the lectotype, following Art. 9.3 and 9.12 of the ICN (Turland et al. 2018).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>According to Jones 1980, the shape and size of leaves of Garcinia thorelii are narrowly elliptic, ovate or obovate and 18–20 × 6–9 cm. However, from our observations, we found the shape and size of leaves of this species can be elliptic, narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate-obovate and sometimes smaller, 7.5–18 × 3–7.5 cm.</p><p>According to Jones 1980, male flowers of this species have numerous stamens united into an annular mass around and attached to a pistillode in a narrow ring halfway up. However, from our examinations, the stamens are united into 4 bundles surrounding a pistillode. In the early stage of open flowers, the stamen bundles are attached to a pistillode (not spreading), then spreading in the fully open flowers.</p><p>According to Jones 1980, the shape and size of fruits of this species is narrowly ellipsoid and c. 1.5 × 0.6 cm. From our examinations, we found the shape and size of fruits of this species are ellipsoid or broadly ellipsoid and larger, 1.5–2.5 × 1–2 cm.</p><p>Additional specimens examined.</p><p>Thailand. Northern • Nan [ Nam Haeng, young fr., 14 Jul 1926, Winit 1751 (BKF, K [K 003964565])] • Lamphun [along the trail to Tat Moei Waterfall, Doi Khun Tan National Park, Mae Tha District, fl., 29 Jun 1993 (as Garcinia hanburyi), J. F. Maxwell 93-728 (BKF, CMUB, L [L 2403744, L 2403745]) • Doi Khun Tan National Park, fl., 29 Apr 1994 (as G. hanburyi), J. F. Maxwell 94-562 (BKF, CMUB)] • Lampang [ Mae Saloi, fl., 29 Oct 1925, Winit 1492 (BKF, K [K 003964566]) • Chae Son National Park, Wang Nuea District, ♂ fl., 2 Jun 1996 (as G. hanburyi), J. F. Maxwell 96-792 (BKF, CMUB) • ibid., sterile, 3 Jun 2014 (as G. hanburyi), T. Riythiwigrom 1 (CMUB)] • Phrae [Locality unspecified, fl., 1912, Luang Vanpruk 279 (BKF, K [K 003964569]) • Locality unspecified, fl., s. d., Luang Vanpruk 514 (E [E 00839797], K [K 003964567]) • Huai Ta, Mae Song, fl., 28 May 1912, Luang Vanpruk 303 (BKF, K [K 003964568]) • Long District, fl., 12 Mar 1930, Winit 1909 (BKF, K [K 003964570]) • Thung Laeng Subdistrict, Long District, fr., 4 Feb 1963 ( Garcinia sp.), Unknown s. n. (BKF 40333) • Huai Rong Waterfall, fr., 19 Jun 1996 (as Garcinia sp.), R. Pooma &amp; P. Puudjaa 1400-1 (BKF) • Phitsanulok [ Nakhon Thai District, fl., 11 Apr 1922, A. F. G. Kerr 5816 (BM, E [E 00839798], K [K 003964572], P [P 04701077]) • Huai Sai, fl., 18 Jun 1967 (as Garcinia sp.), S. Phusomsaeng 241 (BKF, K [K 003964575], P [P 05062032]) • Political and Military School, Phu Hin Rong Kla National Park, Nakhon Thai District, ♂ fl., 30 Sep 2007, C. Ngernsaengsaruay G 56-30092007 (BKF, spirit material)] • Province unspecified [ Pa Hia, near Pang Pue, fl., 28 Mar 1914, A. F. G. Kerr 3174 (BM, E [E 00160901], K [K 003964571])] ; North-Eastern • Phetchabun [ Khao Paya Paw, fr., 4 Mar 1931, A. F. G. Kerr 20342 (BKF, BM, C, E [E 00160902], K) • Nam Nao National Park, fr., 8 Apr 1976 ( Garcinia sp.), Bunnak 3108 (BKF) • Wang Pong District, fr., 1 Feb 2001, T. Wongprasert 012-3 (BKF, L [L 3811042]) • Huai Phrom Laeng, Nam Nao National Park, fl., 18 Jan 2003 (as Garcinia sp.), P. Chantaranothai et al. 512003 (AAU) • along stream, Nam Nao National Park, fl., 28 May 2013 (as Garcinia sp.), C. Maknoi 5589 (QBG)] • Loei [ Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, sterile, 17 May 1998 (as Garcinia sp.), K. Chayamarit et al. 1480 (BKF) • Huai Baeng Forest Protection Station, Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Wang Saphung District, fr., 22 Jun 2003, T. Wongprasert 036-47 (BKF)] • Bueng Kan [Bueng Khong Long, Kinnari Waterfall, Phu Langka National Park, fr., 20 May 2014, S. Sirimongkol et al. 596 (BKF, K [K 003964580], L [L 4367330])] • Nakhon Phanom [ Tat Kham Waterfall, Phu Langka National Park, fr., 30 Oct 1998, T. Wongprasert s. n. (BKF 120854)] ; Eastern • Chaiyaphum [ Nam Phrom, fr., 10 Dec 1971 (as Garcinia sp.), C. F. van Beusekom et al. 4085 (BKF, C, K [K 003964578], P [P 05062035]) • Ban Nam Phrom, fr., 24 May 1974 (as Garcinia sp.), R. Geesink et al. 6910 (BKF, K [K 003964574], L [L 2409515]) • Phu Khiao, young fr., 3 Aug 1972 ( Garcinia sp.), K. Larsen et al. 31312 (BK, K [K 003964576], L [L 2409542]) • Phu Khiao Wildlife Sanctuary, fr., 8 Nov 1984 (as Garcinia sp.), G. Murata T- 50251 (BKF) • ibid., fr., 3 May 1997 (as Garcinia sp.), R. Pooma 1539 (BKF, CMUB) • Tabo – Huai Yai Wildlife Sanctuary, fr., 22 Aug 2019 (as Garcinia sp.), N. Boonruang 0350 (QBG)] • Nakhon Ratchasima [ Koa Lem, fl. &amp; fr., 12 Jan 1925, A. F. G. Kerr 9978 (BM, E [E 00839799], K [K 003964573], P [P 04701078]), 9979 (BM, P [P 04701079]) • Khao Yai National Park, fl. &amp; fr., 9 Apr 1974, T. Smitinand 12001 (BKF)] ; South-Western • Kanchanaburi [Erawan Waterfall, fl., 25 Jan 1962 (as Garcinia sp.), K. Larsen &amp; T. Smitinand 9271 (BKF, C, K [K 003964577]) • Sai Yok, fr., 26 Nov 1971 (as Garcinia sp.), C. F. van Beusekom et al. 3987 (BK, C, K [K 003964579], P [P 05062045]) • Vajiralongkorn Dam, Tha Khanun Subdistrict, Thong Pha Phum District, fl., 11 Jan 1985 (as Garcinia sp.), H. Koyama T- 49019 (BKF)] • Phetchaburi [ Mae Kradang La Waterfall, Kaeng Krachan National Park, Nong Ya Plong District, female fl. &amp; fr., Feb 2024, Y. Sirichamorn personal observation with photos] .</p><p>Vietnam • Tonkin [prov. de Lauyson, fr., 19 Dec 1913 (as Garcinia sp.), Unknown 29663 (P [P 04788166]) • Hoa-Binh, fr., 1 Nov 1929 (as G. bonii), M. Brillet unreadable number (P [P 04899809, P 04899810])] .</p><p>Laos • Luang Phrabang [Locality unspecified, fl., 20 Mar 1932 (as Garcinia sp.), Poilane 20452 (P [P 04899801])] • Sayaboury [Mekong River, Na Konken Village, ♂ fl., 28 Apr 2012, J. F. Maxwell 12-154 (CMUB, L [L 4345648])] • Vientiane [ Reservoir Nam Ngum, fr., 19 Oct 1974 ( Garcinia sp.), J. E. Vidal 5952 (P [P 05061722, P 05061726])] .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1FDFE9AAA70D59CBB98DD22DF551CCBE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Ngernsaengsaruay, Chatchai;Chanton, Pichet	Ngernsaengsaruay, Chatchai, Chanton, Pichet (2024): A taxonomic revision of Garcinia sections Dicrananthera and Macrostigma (Clusiaceae) in Thailand. PhytoKeys 248: 339-360, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.248.130311
