taxonID	type	description	language	source
2BA6B5458204877AA0C12B4D5805644D.taxon	description	Text Figures 28, 29, 30, and 31 Worker. - Length 7 to 8.5 mm. Similar to the worker of P. aethiops but smaller, smoother and more shining, and much more finely punctate, with the frontal carinae somewhat farther apart and more nearly parallel. The mandibles have less oblique apical borders and are smooth and shining and sparsely punctate, not coarsely striated as in aethiops; the mesonotum is shorter and semicircular; the epinotum in profile somewhat lower and more rounded; the petiole bears on its ventral surface a single large acute, backwardly directed spine, instead of two spines, and the postpetiole has in the same relative position a smaller spine of similar shape, representing the larger, blunter projection of aethiops. The erect hairs and pubescence on the body are distinctly more abundant in latifrons, and the clypeus has a conspicuous fringe of yellow ciliary bristles, which are not developed in aethiops, and the antennal scapes have a row of long scattered hairs on their anterior surfaces. There is no difference in coloration. Female. - Length nearly 12 mm. Closely resembling the worker and differing by the same characters from the female of aethiops. The head and thorax are more slender than in the latter species and the petiolar and postpetiolar nodes are narrower and less submarginate on the sides. The pilosity and pubescence are much less developed on the body than in the worker, though the clypeus has conspicuous yellow ciliary bristles and the antennal scapes have a few long hairs along their anterior surfaces. The wings are blackened like those of aethiops. Described from numerous workers and a single female taken from a colony at Niangara (Lang and Chapin), also in hollow twigs of a Barteria, presumably B. fistulosa. This species appears to be confined to western Africa; its distribution is still imperfectly known. The larval stages are quite as remarkable as those of P. aethiops and exhibit four stages as follows. The trophidium, or first stage larva, shown in Fig. 29 a-b, is very hypocephalie, the prothoracic segment being greatly enlarged and projecting anteriorly. Stained preparations in toto and sections show that the portion of the fat-body in this segment is heavily charged with urate crystals, so that it undoubtedly functions as a storage kidney till the Malpighian vessels are sufficiently developed to excrete. The first and second pairs of prothoracic appendages of the xthiops larva are absent, but the third pair is very large and embraces the sides of the head. The meso- and metathoracic segments each bear a pair of slender, pointed appendages, the first abdominal segment a huge leg-like pair which are swollen and fusiform at the base and running out into a slender process which forms an obtuse angle with the basal portion. The sternal region between these appendages is protuberant and its cuticular covering, like that of the four pairs of appendages, is minutely prickly, unlike the smooth cuticle of the remainder of the body. Sections show that both the four pairs of appendages and the sternal swelling are exudate organs, though the prothoracic and abdominal pairs are evidently much more important than the others. The prothoracic appendages are filled with blood and very little fat-tissue, but their hypodermis is much thickened and consists of crowded cells arranged in peculiar clusters. In section, the abdominal appendages appear as in Fig. 30. The fusiform base is filled with large, clear trophocytes, or fat-cells, some of which in the middle of the swelling may be filled with urate crystals, like those in the prothoracic storage kidney, but the slender, tubular distal portion contains a granular liquid which can only be regarded as an exudate derived from the trophocytes in the basal enlargement. This exudate is evidently filtered through the thin cuticle covering the appendage by pressure, for there is a rather elaborate system of muscles, as in the aethiops larva, surrounding the bases of the appendages and capable of subjecting then contents to pressure. The head is small and has soft, blunt, rudimentary and unchitinized mandibles and the labium bears a pair of long, palp-like appendages, which project forward in the deep depression between the head and the swollen sternal portion of the first abdominal segment. These are probably also exudatoria and seem roughly to correspond to the unpaired tentacle of the aethiops larva. The structure of the mouth-parts shows that the larva in this stage is fed with liquid food regurgitated by the workers. The convex dorsal surface is beset with sparse, curved bristles of uniform thickness, with blunt tips. The segmentation of the body is indistinct and its posterior end curves forward and terminates in a large tubercle with the anal orifice just anterior to its base. The Malpighian vessels have only just begun to develop at the blind end of the proctenteron where it abuts on the posterior end of the large, elliptical mesenteron, or stomach, but no salivaiy glands can be detected. In the second stage larva (Fig. 31 a) the body is more elongate and cylindrical and the four pairs of appendages can still be recognized though considerably smaller in proportion to the remainder of the body. The mandibles arc becoming chitinized. Many of the long hairs on the dorsal surface are still present, but a general covering of short, sparse hairs has made its appearance. The third stage larva (Fig. 31 b) is larger and still more elongate and cylindrical and shows a further regressive development of the exudatoria. Those on the meso- and metathoracic segments have disappeared and the abdominal pair has short broad bases with the distal portions attenuated to slender points. The labial appendages have also disappeared. The mandibles are well developed and chitinized, and the larva is now fed with pellets of crashed insects, like the aethiops larva in the corresponding stage. These pellets were found still in situ in several of the alcoholic specimens as represented in the figure (Fig. 31 b). The pellet lies in the deep pocket between the head and the sternal protuberance of the first abdominal segment and is, therefore, within easy reach of the mandibles and labium of the larva. Cleared preparations show that the salivary glands have made their appearance, though they are small and slender. The anterior end of a fourth stage or adult larva is shown in Fig. 31 c. The exudatoria of the prothoracic segment now appear merely as a pair of welts or folds embracing the sides of the head and continuous with the more dorsal portions of their segment, which is relatively smaller and less projecting than in the preceding stages. The appendages of the first abdominal segment are still distinct but their distal portions are reduced to mere points, sometimes absent in larvae just before pupation, and the sternal swelling is much less prominent. In this stage the larva resembles that of Tetraponera throughout its various stages. In the third and fourth stages of the latifrons larva, as in the corresponding stages of xthiops, the salivary glands probably furnish secretions which are useful both in the extra-intestinal digestion of the food-pellet and as exudates that can be imbibed by the workers.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
04B7D0141D4CBB02EDF77E91B4DD35B2.taxon	description	Worker monomorphic, dimorphic, or polymorphic, often very strongly so; the soldier form having a very large head and strong mandibles. Frontal carinae nearly always separated, rarely close together; divergent or slightly convergent behind and rarely lobed anteriorly; usually the clypeus is wedged in between the frontal carinae; in the Metaponini and a few other forms the clypeus is not prolonged back, its posterior margin being rounded. Antennae from 4 - to 12 - jointed, often with a distinct club. Ocelli frequently absent in the ordinary worker, though in strongly dimorphic species they may still be more or less distinct in the soldier. Pedicel formed by the petiole and the postpetiole; very rarely (Melissotarsus) the postpetiole is nearly as wide as the basal segment of the gaster. Stridulatory organ usually present at the base of the gaster. Sting developed. Spurs of the middle and hind tibiae in the majority of cases simple or absent; pectinate in the Metaponini and Myrmicini only. Gizzard simple and tubular in most genera and of a very primitive type compared with the conditions in the Dolichoderinae, Camponotinae, and Pseudomyrminae. Female usually winged and larger than the worker; in a few cases ergatoid; true dichthadiiform queens are not known, but in some parasitic genera (Anergates, Anergatides) the gaster of the fertile female becomes enormously distended. Male usually with the copulatory armature partly exserted; entirely retractile in a few genera of the Solenopsidini only. Anal segment with cerci. In a few cases (as in certain species of Cardiocondyla) ergatoid, wingless males are known, sometimes together with winged individuals. Antennae almost always 13 - jointed, even when the worker and female have very few antennal joints (11 - jointed in Stereomyrmex and Cataulacus; 12 - jointed in Metapone, certain Attini, Meranoplini, etc.). The venation of the fore wing offers much diversity. In some genera the more primitive type is still retained, with a closed radial, two closed cubital cells, and a closed discoidal cell, but all degrees of reduction are met with. When there is only one cubital cell, the cubitus may be united with the radius by means of a long intercubitus (type of Solenopsis) or the intercubitus may disappear, the cubitus and radius being fused in a spot or for some distance (type of Formica). Larva thick-bodied, orthocephalic, without exudatory papillae around the mouth. The body is, as a rule, abundantly covered with chitinous hairs of very different kinds; dorsal oncochaetae often present. Nymphs never enclosed in a cocoon.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
04B7D0141D4CBB02EDF77E91B4DD35B2.taxon	discussion	The Myrmicinae is the largest subfamily of ants, containing over 120 genera and many thousands of described species, races, and varieties, nearly as many as the other six subfamilies together. As would be expected, the taxonomic arrangement of this maze is exceedingly difficult and it is no wonder that such keen myrmecologists as Forel and Emery have not yet succeeded in reaching satisfactory results and are obliged to modify their views at every turn of the road. For practical and other reasons, have felt at liberty to change somewhat the classification proposed by Emery, 1 though have followed him in the main. Have united the two tribes Solenopsidini and Pheidologetini, which pass repeatedly into each other and are merely separated by the shape of the radial cell (closed in the Pheidologetini; open in the Solenopsidini), a character the value of which seems to have been overrated by Emery. Have also accepted Forel's tribe Proattini and, furthermore, separated Stegomyrmex from the Dacetini as an independent tribe. The very peculiar genus Archaeomyrmex, recently discovered by Mann in the Fiji Islands, must also constitute a distinct tribe, which I have provisionally placed between the Myrmecinini and Meranoplini. The habits in this subfamily offer no less diversity than the structure. The majority of the species are carnivorous or partly so; but many others are granivorous, the most prominent in this respect being the members of Messor and allied genera (Novomessor, Veromessor, Oxyopomyrmex, Pogonomyrmex, many species of Pheidole, etc.). In these ants the nest often contains spacious granaries full of seeds. Many myrmicine ants are attracted by sugary substances such as are furnished by the nectaries of flowers or various extrafloral plant organs. Often, also, they attend aphids, coccids, psyllids, or leafhoppers for the sake of the honeydew they excrete. The New World " leaf-cutting " or " fungusgrowing " ants of the tribe Attini feed exclusively on the food-bodies (" bromatia ") producd by fungi cultivated in their nests. There are also many cases of social parasitism which, in its most extreme form, has lead to the disappearance of the worker caste (Wheeleriella, Epixenus, Epipheidole, Sympheidole, Epaecus, Anergates, Anergatides, and probably several other genera of which only males and females are known). Temporary social parasitism is probably the rule in some species of Aphaenogaster and in the Malagasy and Indomalayan subgenus Oxygyne of Crematogaster.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
2914DE6B3E028526767DE4211B6D475D.taxon	description	Small ants with the worker strongly dimorphic, the two forms being designated as the worker and soldier. In a few species these phases are connected by intermediates (mediae). Soldier with very large head, subrectangular or subcordate, more or less deeply notched or excised behind and with a distinct occipital furrow, on each side of which the occipital region is convex. Clypeus short, depressed, carinate or ecarinate but not elevated in the middle, the anterior border entire or notched in the middle, the posterior border extending back between the frontal carinae, which vary in length, being short in some species and in others greatly prolonged backward and forming the inner borders of more or less distinct scrobes for the antennae. Frontal area usually distinct, deeply impressed. Mandibles large, convex, usually with two apical and two basal teeth, separated by a toothless diastema. Antennae 12 - jointed; the funiculus with long first joint; joints 2 to 8 small and narrow; the three terminal joints forming a well-developed club. Thorax small, usually with distinct promesonotal and mesoepinotal sutures and pronounced mesoepinotal constriction; the pro- and mesonotum raised, more or less convex, the humeri sometimes prominent, the mesonotum often with a transverse welt or torus; the metanotum sometimes represented by a distinct sclerite; the epinotum armed with spines or teeth, in profile with distinct basal and declivous outline. Petiole small and narrow, pedunculate anteriorly, the node posterior, compressed anteroposteriorly, its superior border sometimes emarginate, the ventral surface unarmed. Postpetiole broader than the petiole, convex and rounded above, contracted behind, the sides often produced as angles or conules, more rarely as spines. Gaster rather small, broadly elliptical or subcircular. Femora more or less thickened in the middle; middle and hind tibiae without spurs; tarsal claws simple. Worker smaller than the soldier but very similar in the structure of the thorax, pedicel, and gaster; the head, however, much smaller, not grooved nor deeply excised posteriorly; the antennae longer; the mandibles less convex, with evenly denticulate apical borders. The pro- and mesonotum are proportionally less convex, and the petiole and postpetiole are more slender. Female resembling the soldier but larger; the head proportionally smaller and shorter, usually not longer than broad and not broader than the thorax; the occiput only broadly and feebly excised. Thorax broad and massive; the mesonotum flat, overarching the pronotum in front. Epinotal spines shorter and stouter; petiole and postpetiole more massive; gaster much larger and more elongate than in the soldier. Wings long, with a discoidal cell, two closed cubital cells, and an open radial cell. Male decidedly smaller and more slender than the female, the head small, with large, convex eyes and ocelli; mandibles small but dentate. Clypeus longer than in the soldier. Antennae 13 - jointed; the scapes very short, scarcely longer than the second Funicular joint, first joint sub globular. Thorax broad; the mesonotum flattened, without Mayrian furrows, anteriorly overarching the small pronotum; epinotum unarmed. Petiole and postpetiole slender, with low nodes. Gaster slender, elongate. Genital appendages small. Cerci present. Legs long and slender. Wing venation as in the female.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
2914DE6B3E028526767DE4211B6D475D.taxon	distribution	The species of this very large and difficult genus are distributed over the tropics and warmer temperate areas of both hemispheres (Map 20). In the Nearctic Region the northernmost range is southern New England and Oregon; in the Palearctic, Japan and northern Italy; in the southern hemisphere it reaches Argentina and Tasmania. Emery has divided the genus into a number of subgenera and has rejected a couple of subgenera, Allopheidole and Cardiopheidole, described by Forel and myself. The various groups have been characterized by Emery in a recently published portion of the ' Genera Insectorum' on the Myrmicinae.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
2914DE6B3E028526767DE4211B6D475D.taxon	distribution	The species of this very large and difficult genus are distributed over the tropics and warmer temperate areas of both hemispheres (Map 20). In the Nearctic Region the northernmost range is southern New England and Oregon; in the Palearctic, Japan and northern Italy; in the southern hemisphere it reaches Argentina and Tasmania. Emery has divided the genus into a number of subgenera and has rejected a couple of subgenera, Allopheidole and Cardiopheidole, described by Forel and myself. The various groups have been characterized by Emery in a recently published portion of the ' Genera Insectorum' on the Myrmicinae.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
2914DE6B3E028526767DE4211B6D475D.taxon	biology_ecology	Nearly all the species of Pheidole nest in the ground, either under stones and logs or in crater or small mound nests. Many species feed exclusively on insects and often have a peculiar fecal odor precisely like that of the Dorylinae, which also have an insect diet; but many species are harvesters and store the chambers of their nests with the seeds of small herbaceous plants. This is especially true of the desert species of Pheidole. In some species in Australia and the southern United States, the soldiers take on the function of repletes and store in their crops sweet liquid for the use of the colony during periods of food and water scarcity. One species, Pheidole megacephala, has been carried to all parts of the tropics and has become a great pest in and about dwellings and plantations as it assiduously cultivates coccids on many economic plants and ruthlessly destroys and replaces the native ant-faunas. This has been observed in the Madeira Islands, Hawaii, Australia, and the West Indies. In all probability P. megacephala is of Ethiopian or Malagasy origin, as it shows a great development of subspecies and varieties in these two regions and nowhere else.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
1BB72B8269C91C15263570583BD21A4D.taxon	description	Soldier. - Length 4.5 to 5 mm. Allied to P. caffra Emery. Head a little longer than broad, scarcely narrowed in front, with straight sides and deeply excised posterior border, the vertex convex, the occipital region distinctly depressed, the occipital and frontal groove shallow. Eyes small, broadly elliptical, rather flat, at the anterior third of the sides of the head. Mandibles convex with bluntly bidentate tips. Clypeus flat, carinate, its anterior border notched in the middle. Frontal area small, subtriangular, deeply impressed, without median cannula. Frontal carinae not strongly diverging behind, prolonged backward as a pair of rugae to the posterior fifth of the head and forming the inner borders of flat, scrobe-like impressions for the antennae. The latter slender, their scapes distinctly flattened but not dilated at the base, extending to nearly half the distance between the eyes and the posterior corners of the head; club shorter than the remainder of the funiculus; joints 2 to 8 distinctly longer than broad. Pro- and mesonotum not separated by a suture, convex; humeri prominent; mesonotum with strong transverse torus; mesoepinotal constriction very sharp and deep; epinotum broader than long, its base straight and horizontal, as long as the declivity, dorsally with a broad longitudinal groove; the spines acute, stout at the base, as long as the base of the epinotum and as long as their distance apart, directed upward and somewhat backward and distinctly curved downward Petiole twice as long as broad, scarcely broader behind than in front, with nearly straight sides; in profile with long, feebly concave anterior and short, vertical posterior surface to the node, the superior border transverse, sharp and feebly emarginate. Postpetiole nearly three times as broad as the petiole, broader than long, very convex and rounded above, the sides bluntly angular in the middle. Gaster smaller than the head, subcircular, its anterior border slightly truncated, the dorsal surface somewhat depressed. Legs long, femora thickened in the middle. Subopaque; mandibles, clypeus, frontal area, and posterior half of gaster smooth and shining. Mandibles coarsely and sparsely punctate; coarsely rugose at the base. Clypeus very finely rugulose, especially on the sides. Head densely and finely, but not deeply punctate, longitudinally rugose, the rugae being rather widely separated and subsiding on the posterior fifth of the head; the posterior fourth also with a few large, shallow, elongate foveolae. Thorax, pedicel, and anterior half of gaster more opaque than the head, finely and densely punctate; the pronotum also finely and rather asymmetrically transversely rugulose. Mesoepinotal constriction with sharp longitudinal carinulae or rugae; declivity of epinotum transversely rugose above. Basal half of gaster with sparse, elongate, piligerous elevations. Legs smooth and shining. Hairs coarse, pointed, fulvous, long, and erect, lacking on the thorax and sides of head, sparse on the pedicel and gaster and front of head; short and closely appressed on the legs and antennae. Deep piceous, almost black; mandibles, clypeus, cheeks, and appendages castaneous; the funiculi, tips of scapes, tibiae, tarsi, and articulations of the legs paler and more reddish. Worker. - Length 3 to 3.5 mm. Head (without the mandibles) nearly circular, the occipital border strongly marginate. Eyes rather small but convex, just in front of the middle of the sides of the head. Mandibles long, deflected, their external borders concave, their tips with two prominent teeth, the remainder of the apical border finely denticulate. Antennae long and slender, the scapes extending fully one-third their length beyond the occipital border of the head. Clypeus rather flat in the middle, ecarinate, its anterior border entire and broadly rounded. Thorax resembling that of the soldier, but the humeri not prominent, the torus of the mesonotum is feebler, the epinotal spines are more slender, and distinctly shorter than the base of the epinotum and more curved than in the soldier. Petiole more slender, the node lower, more conical, its superior border not emarginate, scarcely more than twice as long as broad. Postpetiole campanulate, as long as broad, broader behind than in front. Gaster elongate elliptical, with truncated anterior border, its dorsal surface convex. Legs long and slender. Shining; mandibles very finely and densely striolate. Clypeus, head, thorax, and pedicel densely punctate or reticulate; the head somewhat smoother and more shining in the middle anteriorly; the sides of the pronotum smooth and polished; cheeks and sides of front with a few longitudinal rugules. Base of first gastric segment sculptured much as in the soldier. Hairs less coarse than in the soldier, present also on the thorax; hairs on the legs and antennae longer and more abundant, on the scapes abundant and oblique. Color very much like that of the soldier.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
1BB72B8269C91C15263570583BD21A4D.taxon	materials_examined	Described from four soldiers and twenty-one workers from Akenge (Lang and Chapin), all taken from the stomachs of toads (Bufo polycercus and funereus) and frogs (Arthroleptis variabilis).	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
1BB72B8269C91C15263570583BD21A4D.taxon	discussion	This species is certainly distinct from caffra in the greater size and different shape of the head of the soldier, the long acute and curved epinotal spines and different shape of the thorax. It is evidently a Rain Forest insect, whereas caffra seems to be confined to dry country.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
17ECD54ABF60F127998EB974C324E812.taxon	materials_examined	Medje, [[ soldier ]], [[ worker ]]; Bafwabaka, [[ soldier ]], [[ worker ]] (Lang and Chapin); Walikale to Lubutu, [[ worker ]], [[ worker ]], [[ queen ]], " taken from a colony under bark of a fallen tree trunk " (J. Bequaert). I refer numerous specimens from these localities to Santschi's variety, because they are of very small size and dark color, the soldiers measuring only 3.5 to 4 mm., the workers 2 to 2.5 mm.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
17ECD54ABF60F127998EB974C324E812.taxon	description	The type of the species is considerably larger (soldier, 4.6 to 5 mm.; worker, 3 mm.). According to Santschi, the species varies much in stature and color. The females from Walikale measure 7 mm. and are dark brown, like the soldiers and workers, with dull yellowish brown wings. If I am correct in my interpretation, attenuata would more properly constitute a distinct subspecies.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
28C8E5E939DEC43FB837D1A0725996E0.taxon	description	Soldier. - Length 4 to 4.5 mm. Smaller than the typical bayeri, with the head of the same shape, but subopaque and with only the front and occiput somewhat shining. The occipital depression is less distinct than in the subspecies abyssinica Forel, and the rugae are anteriorly less numerous, coarser, and farther apart, but very fine and distinctly transverse on the occiput. The antennal scapes are shorter than in the typical bayeri, reaching only a little beyond the middle of the head. The suberect epinotal spines are not pointed as in abyssinica and bayeri but somewhat longer, of uniform thickness or even slightly enlarged at the tips, which are blunt. The base of the epinotum is not longer than broad. The postpetiole is somewhat narrower than in bayeri and abyssinica, with blunter lateral angles. Thorax, petiole, and postpetiole more finely rugulose-punctate than in abyssinica; gaster shining, with the base of the first segment subopaque and alutaceous. Color as in abyssinica, with the head and thorax ferruginous brown but varying in some specimens to pale ferruginous red, with the gaster black or brown and the base of the first segment and posterior borders of all the segments paler and more reddish or yellowish. Worker. - Length 2 mm. Smaller than the worker of bayeri. Head elliptical, without posterior corners, longer than broad. Antennal scapes extending two-fifths their length beyond the occipital border, which is rather sharply marginate. Shining; head and thorax finely reticulate; mesonotum, epinotum, petiole, and ventral and lateral portions of the postpetiole opaque and densely punctate. Ferruginous brown; head castaneous; mandibles except their teeth, yellowish.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
28C8E5E939DEC43FB837D1A0725996E0.taxon	materials_examined	Described from numerous specimens taken both by Lang and Bequaert at Thysville, apparently from the same colony, " nesting in sandy soil in the savannah. "	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
A2203D40C2F6AD9A4B2B361049FB61F0.taxon	description	Text Figure 32 Soldier. - Length 4 mm. Differing from the typical form and the subspecies bayeri in the sculpture of the head, the sharp longitudinal rugae between the prolonged frontal carinae being surrounded by the rugae from the sides of the head, which run up to the posterior corners, then turn at a right angle and run transversely on the occipital lobes to the occipital furrow. These rugae are quite as strong as those on the front, but denser. The head is a little longer and a little more depressed posteriorly than in the variety thysvillensis, the transverse welt of the mesonotum less pronounced; the blunt epinotal spines distinctly shorter. The sculpture of the thorax and pedicel and the color and pilosity are much as in that variety. Worker. - Length 1.8 mm. Very similar to the worker thysvillensis but the pronotum is smooth and shining and the epinotal spines are shorter, less obtuse, and more erect.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
A2203D40C2F6AD9A4B2B361049FB61F0.taxon	materials_examined	Four soldiers and a single worker from Yakuhiku, where they were found " nesting in a small mushroom-shaped termitarium " (Lang and Chapin).	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
0A0523EB6B40882B86FD6EF81B6616F7.taxon	materials_examined	A single soldier from Medje (Lang and Chapin), without further data, agrees veiy closely with Mayr's description of this species.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
5C37EFF460CA49D21EFD7C1B2DC9AAFA.taxon	materials_examined	A single imperfect soldier and five females, three of them winged, taken from the stomachs of a toad (Bufo regularis) and a frog (Rana ornatissima,) from Garamba (Lang and Chapin), appear to represent an undescribed variety or subspecies of kohli, the soldier being darker and having a distinctly narrower head. The pedicel, gaster and funiculi are, however, lacking in the single specimen of the soldier. It seems to be undesirable to base a new name on such defective material.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
037D1A5FD03B92C6CEC5E66D1FA65700.taxon	materials_examined	Niangara, [[ worker ]]; Akenge, [[ queen ]]; Stanleyville, [[ queen ]]; Banana, [[ soldier ]], [[ worker ]] (Lang and Chapin); Zambi, [[ soldier ]], [[ worker ]], [[ queen ]] (Bequaert and Lang); Matadi, [[ soldier ]], [[ worker ]]; Thysville, [[ worker ]]; Boma, [[ soldier ]], [[ worker ]], [[ queen ]]; Malela, [[ soldier ]], [[ worker ]], [[ queen ]] (J. Bequaert). All these specimens belong to the typical form of this well-known tropicopolitan pest. I have been unable to recognize among it If Forel's subspecies nkomoana, originally described from the vicinity of Stanleyville. In the colony taken at Zambi by Lang and Bequaert there are several specimens of an interesting Microdon larva, which is figured and described in Part VI. The female specimens from Akenge and Stanleyville, five in number, were taken from the stomach of a toad (Bufo polycercus) and a frog (Rana, mascareniensis).	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
0BD75862043AF16CE42C0D972BFA8A21.taxon	materials_examined	A soldier and several workers taken by Dr. Bequaert at Lesse from a colony nesting at the base of a papaya. It was on the head of one of the soldiers in this colony that he found a singular phorid fly, Plastophora aculeipes (Collin), subsequently referred to by H. Schmitz. 1	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
1A89A3D949A099D19AF92DBEE4182FE4.taxon	materials_examined	Six soldiers, five workers, and seven females, mostly winged, taken at Garamba (Lang and Chapin) from the stomachs of a toad (Bufo regularis) and two frogs (Rana ornatissima and Kassina senegalensis). The female is a little larger than the female of the typical megacephala, with the head and thorax more sharply sculptured and the color of the body, including the clypeus and mandibles, darker, almost black; the legs more yellowish, as in the worker.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
1A89A3D949A099D19AF92DBEE4182FE4.taxon	discussion	This is the host of the singular workerless parasitic ant, Anergatides kohli, recently described and figured by Wasmann from the vicinity of Stanleyville. 2	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
FCADC7F19F972627553A4A1DB7C13B17.taxon	materials_examined	Boma, [[ soldier ]], [[ worker ]], [[ queen ]]; Ngayu, [[ soldier ]], [[ worker ]]; Avakubi, [[ soldier ]], [[ worker ]]; Stanleyville, [[ soldier ]], [[ worker ]], [[ queen ]], [[ male ]]; Bolobo, [[ soldier ]], [[ worker ]]; Faradje, [[ soldier ]], [[ worker ]]; Zambi, [[ soldier ]], [[ worker ]], [[ queen ]]; Niapu, [[ soldier ]], [[ worker ]]; Garamba, [[ soldier ]], [[ worker ]]; Banana [[ soldier ]], [[ worker ]] (Lang and Chapin).	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
FCADC7F19F972627553A4A1DB7C13B17.taxon	distribution	A well-known and widely distributed Ethiopian form, apparently more abundant in the Belgian Congo than the typical P. megacephala. The specimens from various colonies show considerable variation in color, some being dark brown, others pale and more yellowish or reddish, especially those from Stanleyville and Banana. Mr. Lang gives the native name of the species as " tuegeke " and his notes give the nesting sites as " under heaps of decomposed, moist grass, " " in fallen stems of Hyphasne, " " in mushroom-shaped termitaria in swamps, " and " in the tops of termite mounds. "	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
9C2C0E5065251D6F46392EE657857FD6.taxon	description	Soldier. - Length 2.3 mm. Head shaped much as in P. megacephala, without the mandibles a little longer than broad, distinctly but not broadly depressed in the occipital region. Eyes small, flat, at the anterior third of the head. Clypeus flat, ecarinate. Frontal area small, impressed; frontal carinae diverging, reaching to the posterior third of the head, bounding distinct scrobes for the antennal scapes, which are half as long as the head. Funicular joints 2 to 8 distinctly broader than long, club longer than the remainder of the funiculus. Mandibles large and convex, coarsely bidentate at the tip. Thorax robust, pronotum very convex, with small but distinct humeral tubercles. Mesonotum falling almost vertically to the pronounced mesoepinotal constriction, with a slight transverse convexity in the middle. Epinotum broader than long, concave and sloping in the middle, its spines rather erect, shorter than the interval between their bases, with pointed tips. Petiole with rather high, anteroposteriorly compressed, distinctly emarginate node. Postpetiole only ope and one-half times as broad as the petiole, broader than long, with the sides angularly produced. Gaster much smaller than the head, elliptical, convex, with subtruncate anterior border. Legs stout, femora thickened in the middle. Shining; mandibles sparsely punctate; clypeus rather smooth in the middle, indistinctly rugulose on the sides; anterior two-thirds of head with sharp, but not coarse, longitudinal rugae; occipital lobes with small, sparse, piligerous punctures. Pronotum and gaster very smooth and shining; pedicel smooth but less polished; meso- and epinotum opaque, densely punctate. Hairs yellow, sparse, suberect on the body, short and appressed on the legs and antennal scapes. Castaneous; pronotum, first gastric segment, borders of clypeus, and mandibles blackish; remainder of mandibles and clypeus, cheeks and anterior portion of front, petiole and postpetiole yellowish red; legs brownish yellow; terminal gastric segments pale brown; posterior borders of all the gastric segments broadly yellowish. Worker. - Length 1.5 mm. Head subrectangular, as broad as long and as broad in front as behind, with very feebly convex sides and nearly straight posterior border. Eyes just in front of the middle. Mandibles with the entire apical border finely denticulate. Clypeus convex, with rounded, entire anterior border. Antennal scapes reaching beyond the posterior corners of the head to a distance equal to twice their diameter. Thorax shaped much as in the soldier, but the pronotum narrower and longer. Epinotal spines reduced to minute slender teeth scarcely longer than broad at their bases. Superior border of petiolar node straight and entire; postpetiole small, a little broader than the petiole, subglobular. Pilosity, sculpture, and color as in the soldier, but the head smooth and shining, with only the cheeks delicately longitudinally rugulose.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
9C2C0E5065251D6F46392EE657857FD6.taxon	materials_examined	Described from a single soldier and three workers taken by Lang from a colony nesting in a stem of Hyphaene at Malela.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
9C2C0E5065251D6F46392EE657857FD6.taxon	discussion	This form agrees with the typical minima in size and in most of its characters but the color is very different, the postpetiole is much narrower in proportion to the petiole in both soldier and worker, and the antennal scapes of the latter are decidedly longer. Santschi has described a variety, catella, from Nigeria and the Gold Coast, which is evidently colored like malelana but his description is too brief to enable me to judge of its other characters. He has also described a subspecies, corticicola, from the French Congo. The soldier of this form measures 3 mm., the worker 2.3 mm. Both are red or yellow and in the soldier the frontal carinae extend to the posterior quarter of the head.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
C2E93BFE24FEFA388A66DEB2A7B13393.taxon	description	Text Figure 33 Soldier. - Length 6 mm. Head large, subrectangular, 2 mm. broad and 2.3 mm. long, as broad in front as behind, with straight, parallel sides, deeply and angularly excised posterior border, with depressed occipital surface and faint depressions on the sides of the front for the antennal scapes. Occipital and frontal groove deep. Eyes small, flat, at, the anterior third of the head. Mandibles very convex, probably bluntly bidentate at apex but the apical borders are worn away in the specimen. Clypeus very short, concave and indistinctly carinate in the middle, swollen and convex on the sides; the anterior border rather deeply emarginata in the middle and sinuate on each side. Frontal carina, short, diverging; frontal area indistinct. Antennae small and slender; scapes when bent outward not reaching to the eyes, terete and slightly curved at the base; joints 2 to 8 only slightly longer than broad; club distinctly shorter than the remainder of the funiculus. Thorax small, much shorter than the head and less than half as wide through the pronotum, which is bluntly tuberculate on the sides both above and below. Mesonotum short, rapidly sloping to the pronounced mesocpinotal constriction, anteriorly with a feeble transverse impression and a small, sharp transverse ridge behind it. Epinotum distinctly broader than long, broadly concave and sloping in the middle, the base shorter than the declivity, marginate on the sides, the marginations continued into the spines which are short, acute, and erect, a little longer than broad at their bases, less than half as long as their interval. Petiole small and short, less than twice as long as broad, broader behind than in front, the node blunt, transverse, and emarginate in the middle. Postpetiole broader than long, its sides produced as short, acute, backwardly directed spines, the distance between the tips of which is about three times the width of the petiole. Gaster smaller than the head, elliptical, flattened dorsoventrally. Femora only moderately thickened in the middle. Shining; mandibles sparsely punctate in the middle, coarsely striated at the base and along the apical margins. Clypeus lugulose, irregularly in the middle, longitudinally on the sides. Anterior half of head longitudinally rugose, with punctate interrugal spaces, the punctures becoming more numerous on the very feeble scrobe-like depressions; posterior half of head very smooth and shining, with a few sparse, piligerous punctures. Thorax loosely rugose and somewhat reticulatepunctate on the sides, concavity of epinotum finely transversely striated. Petiole and postpetiole indistinctly punctate-rugulose, the latter smoother and shining above. Gaster and legs smooth and shining, with sparse, piligerous punctures. Hairs whitish, delicate, sparse, erect or suberect on the body, shorter, more abundant and appressed on the legs; almost absent on the scapes. Rich castaneous brown; gaster, except the base of the first segment, darker, almost black; legs and funiculi a little more reddish, the femora infuscated in the middle. Worker. - Length 2 mm. Head a little longer than broad, as broad in front as behind, with feebly convex sides and feebly concave posterior border. Eyes rather convex, just in front of the middle of the sides. Mandibles with the whole apical border very finely denticulate. Clypeus convex, its anterior border entire, broadly rounded. Antennal scapes extending fully one-fourth their length beyond the posterior border of the head. Thorax and petiole very similar to those of the soldier but the mesonotum more sloping and with much feebler transverse convexity. Postpetiole only one and one-half times as broad as the petiole, its sides produced as short angles or conules. Shining; mandibles finely and indistinctly striate; clypeus and cheeks longitudinally rugulose; area between the frontal carinae and the eyes reticulate, remainder of head very smooth and shining. Pronotum smooth and shining above, reticulate on the sides; meso- and epinotum subopaque, densely punctate; petiole and postpetiole more finely punctate, the nodes above smooth and shining like the gaster and legs. Pilosity and color much as in the soldier, but the fine appressed hairs on the scapes as abundant as on the legs.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
C2E93BFE24FEFA388A66DEB2A7B13393.taxon	materials_examined	Described from a single soldier and two workers taken at Banana by Lang and Chapin.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
C2E93BFE24FEFA388A66DEB2A7B13393.taxon	discussion	This species is related to P. schultzei Forel from the Kalahari Desert, as I find by comparison with cotypes received from Prof. Forel. The head of the schultzei soldier, however, has more convex sides, more rounded posterior corners, a less deeply excised posterior margin, less deeply impressed occipital groove, longer antennae, and a very different color, being yellowish red, with the legs and base of gaster yellow. The worker schultzei departs further from that of mylognatha in being more slender, with decidedly longer legs and antennae, in lacking spines on the epinotum and in having a longer postpetiole, which is scarcely angular on the sides. It is sordid or brownish yellow, with the head darker behind and on the sides.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
A35955D273FA77B099A7323D62552C63.taxon	description	Text, Figure. 34 Soldier. - Length 5 to 5.5 min. Head, excluding the mandibles, us broad as long (2.3 mm.), cordate, considerably broader behind than in front, and with the occipital border very deeply and arcuately excised. Behind the eyes the sides are convex but in front, feebly concave. Eyes small, moderately convex, situated just in front of the anterior third of the head. In profile the head is most convex in the middle both above and below, but depressed in the occipital region. Frontal and occipital groove distinct but rather shallow anteriorly. Mandibles large and convex, with two blunt teeth at the apex. Clypeus fiat, carinate, its anterior border emarginata in the middle, bluntly bidentate, sinuate on the sides. Frontal area large, subt. riangular, without a median earinula; frontal carina; short, diverging, continued back as delicate ruga; bordering an indistinct scrobe-likc depression for the antennal scapes. Antennae slender; scapes terete, curved at the base, reaching to the middle of the sides of the head; all the funicular joints longer than broad, club somewhat shorter than the remainder of the funiculus. Gula with a pair of very large, blunt teeth at. the anterior margin. Thorax short and robust, shorter than the head without the mandibles. Pronotum with very distinct and moderately acute humeral tubercles, mesonotum sloping to a deep mesoepinotal constriction, with a sharp transverse welt or ridge; epinotum broader than long, concave and sloping in the middle; spines acute, somewhat shorter than the base, a little longer than their interval, directed upward and slightly outward and backward, with their tips distinctly curved backward. Petiole very small, narrow, fully twice as long as broad, with subparallel sides, the node short, with acute transverse superior border, distinctly notched in the middle. Postpetiole three times as broad as the petiole, sub triangular, broader than long and broader behind than in front, with prominent, bluntly angular sides, its ventral surface with a distinct tooth, its dorsal surface convex and rounded. Gaster broadly elliptical, smaller than the head, Legs rather slender, femora only moderately thickened in the middle. Shining; mandibles sparsely punctate, striated at their bases. Head longitudinally rugose, the rugae sharp, widely separated and not very strong, the interrugal spaces with dense shallow punctures, most distinct on the space between two rugae representing a very feeble scrobe-like area. The rugae on the front diverge, passing to the summits of the occipital lobes. Sides of head with finer, denser rugae. Occipital lobes with large, scattered foveolae. Thorax, petiole and postpetiole covered with fine shallow punctures, more pronounced on the mesopleurae and extremely fine and dense on the petiole and postpetiole which are opaque. Pronotum transversely rugulose. Basal half of first gastric segment finely reticulate-punctate and less shining than the remainder of the gaster. Hairs reddish yellow, glistening, coarse, uneven, erect, and rather sparse on the body; short, sparse, and appressed on the scapes and legs. Rich ferruginous red; clypeus and borders of mandibles black; legs and antennae paler and more yellowish red; gaster infuscated on the sides and behind the first segment. Worker. - Length 3 to 3.5 mm. Head nearly circular, scarcely longer than broad, without posterior corners, occipital border strongly marginate. Mandibles large, their apical borders long and finely denticulate, with two larger terminal teeth. Clypeus convex, with rounded, entire anterior border. Eyes just in front of the middle of the head, moderately large and convex. Antennae slender, scapes extending about two-fifths their length beyond the occipital border. Thorax slender, the pronotum rather depressed above, bluntly tuberculate on the sides near the middle. Mesonotum long and sloping, with a broad transverse impression in front and a transverse swelling behind it. Mesoepinotal constriction deep and broad. Epinotum as broad as long, with subequal base and declivity, not concave in the middle as in the soldier. Spines longer, as long as the base and more strongly curved backward. Petiole similar to that of the soldier, but with a lower, blunter node. Postpetiole scarcely twice as broad as the petiole, longer than broad, rounded above and on the sides. Gaster distinctly smaller than the head. Legs slender. Shining; finely reticulate; mandibles finely and densely striate, lustrous; gaster more shining than the head and thorax; meso- and epinotum and ventral and lateral portions of the petiole and postpetiole subopaque, densely punctate. Pilosity much like that of the soldier, sparser on the body but more abundant on the legs. Color much paler, of a more yellowish red, or reddish yellow, with paler legs and brown gaster, the latter in most specimens yellowish at the base.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
A35955D273FA77B099A7323D62552C63.taxon	materials_examined	Described from numerous specimens of both phases taken by Lang and Chapin at Niapu " from nests in the rotten wood of fallen trees or in old roots. "	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
A35955D273FA77B099A7323D62552C63.taxon	discussion	This species is evidently related to P. areniphila Forel of the Kalahari Desert but is certainly distinct, being larger and differing in many details of structure and sculpture.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
CFBFDF41D60DB4E497F90A124A0307E3.taxon	description	Plate VII; Text Figure 35 Soldier. - Length 5.5 to 6 mm. Head subrectangular, nearly 3 mm. long and very nearly as broad, scarcely broader behind than in front, with straight subparallel sides, rectangular anterior corners, deeply and angularly excised posterior border, and deep occipital and frontal groove. In profile the occipital region is very feebly depressed and the eyes are small, feebly convex, and at the anterior third of the sides. Gula anteriorly with prominent, blunt teeth. Mandibles convex, with two large apical and two basal teeth and a fewdenticles along the intermediate border. Clypeus convex and carinate in the middle, its anterior border broadly and feebly excised in the middle and sinuate on each side. Frontal carina; very short, diverging; frontal area distinct, with a median carinula. Antenna; slender, scapes reaching the middle of the head; funicular joints all longer than broad; club shorter than the remainder of the funiculus. Thorax shorter than the head, robust, through the pronotum nearly half as broad as the head, with very blunt humeri, convex and rounded in profile. Mesonotum sloping to the deep mesoepinotal constriction with merely a trace of a transverse convexity in the middle. Epinotum broader than long, concave and sloping in the middle, in profile with the base distinctly shorter than the declivity; spines short, suberect, acute, less than half as long as the base and about half as long as their interval. Petiole about one and one-half times as long as broad, broader behind than in front, with concave sides; node transverse, its superior border sharp, feebly excised in the middle. Postpetiole broader than long, about two and one-half times as broad as the petiole, its sides produced as short, acute, slightly backwardly directed spines, its ventral surface with a small, acute tooth. Gaster smaller than the head, subcircular or very broadly elliptical, somewhat, flat tened above. Legs with moderately thickened femora. Shining throughout; mandibles coarsely striate, smooth and coarsely punctate in the middle. Clypeus longitudinally rugulose, less distinctly in the middle than on the sides. Head rather finely and sharply longitudinally rugose, the rugae diverging on the front and continued to the posterior corners, where they meet the also slightlydivergent rugae between the frontal carinae and the eyes. The interrugal spaces are loosely reticulate. There are no transverse rugae on the occiput but only a finer continuation of the more anterior sculpture. Thorax, petiole, and postpetiole indistinctly and loosely punctate rugulose, the prothorax transversely; epinotum with fine, dense but shallow punctures, so that the surface is more opaque. Gaster with fine, sparse, piligerous punctures. Hairs yellowish, partly coarse, sparse, uneven and suberect and partly short, much more abundant, softer and appressed or subappressed like long, coarse pubescence. Legs with numerous short, oblique hairs; scapes with a few longer scattered and coarser hairs. Dark ferruginous red; mandibles, sides and border of clypeus, and frontal carinae, blackish; petiole, postpetiole, and gaster, except more or less of the base of the first segment, dark brown or blackish. Legs a little paler than the thorax. Worker. - Length 2.7 to 3 mm. Head subrectangular, as broad in front as behind, with straight, subparallel sides, rounded posterior corners and nearly straight posterior border. Eyes convex, at the middle of the sides. Mandibles rather large, deflected at the tip, with denticulate apical borders and two larger terminal teeth. Clypeus distinctly carinate, with the anterior border very feebly sinuate in the middle. Antennal scapes extending onethird their length beyond the posterior corners of the head. Thorax similar to that of the soldier, but more slender, especially through the pronotum. Base of epinotum a little longer than the declivity; spines slender, acute, eTect, about half as long as their interval. Petiole slender, twice as long as broad, scarcely broader behind than in front, with the sides only very faintly concave; node transverse, its border distinctly notched in the middle. Postpetiole twice as broad as the petiole, as long as broad, subglobose, not toothed on the ventral side. Gaster about as large as the head. Shining; mandibles subopaque, finely striatopunctate. Sides of head delicately longitudinally rugulose and reticulate. Thorax, petiole, and postpetiole finely and densely punctate, opaque; upper surface of pronotum and postpetiole smooth and shining. Gaster and legs shining, sparsely punctate. Pilosity like that of the soldier but less abundant. Antennal scapes, like the legs, with numerous oblique hairs. Brown; head darker above and behind; gaster, except the edges of the segments, middle portions of legs, fore coxae, and usually also the pronotum and upper surfaces of the petiolar nodes, darker than the posterior portion of the thorax.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
CFBFDF41D60DB4E497F90A124A0307E3.taxon	materials_examined	Described from numerous specimens taken by Lang, Chapin, and Bequaert at Zambi (type locality) and by the latter at Boma.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
CFBFDF41D60DB4E497F90A124A0307E3.taxon	discussion	This ant is certainly very closely related to P. sculpturata Mayr and might be regarded as a subspecies, but it will fit neither Mayr's description of the typical form from South Africa nor Santschi's and Forel's descriptions of the various subspecies from East and West Africa. Mr. Lang's note shows that it is a harvester. '' The nests were found on a dry hilt at the Post of Zambi in rocky soil. One of the entrances, the largest of three, can be distinctly seen in the photograph (Plate VII). The ants excavate their nests in the small amount of soil between the rocks and all or nearly all of them remain under ground during the day. They work during the night up to about 8 A. M. Then the workers may be seen moving along in files, accompanied by the soldiers, and the latter carry seeds for a distance of some fifteen yards. They come and go in different directions indicated by runways left between the accumulated masses of debris and distinctly visible in the photograph. The debris, consisting of seeds and chaff, lies about the nest to a depth of four centimeters and over an area of some sixty centimeters. It is very difficult to obtain a view of the interior of the nest on account of the rocky soil. Some of the kitchen-middens about the nest entrances contained the dried remains of various ants and Coleoptera. In another locality the same species of ant was seen to have collected seeds of entirely different plants but of about the same size. "	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
28FA3693183D9EF10199F7FEE4BA8880.taxon	materials_examined	Four soldiers from Faradje, without further data, and five workers from the stomach of a frog (Rana ornalissima) from Garamba agree veiy closely with Emery's description of the types from Abyssinia, but the workers are darker. Forel has described a variety, cubangensis, from Mossamedes and records it also from the Belgian Congo, but this form seems to be very close to the type. My specimens are not as large, since none of the soldiers measures more than 6 mm., whereas Forel gives the length of cubangensis as 7 mm. He describes the whole head as opaque, whereas my specimens have a pair of elliptical, very smooth, and shining areas on the vertex in the midst of the opaque and finely punctate sculpture (Fig. 36 a and b).	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
49733254020C315735DE8BC867BF3003.taxon	description	Small or medium-sized, coarsely hairy, brown or black ants, with monomorphic workers, which have 7 - jointed antennae, the funiculus enlarged toward the tip but not clavate and all the joints, except the first, considerably longer than wide. Mandibles moderately large, subtriangular, with coarsely dentate apical border. Clypeus broad and convex. Frontal area indistinct behind. Frontal carinae short, rather far apart, not strongly diverging posteriorly. Eyes not very large, convex, behind the middle of the head; ocelli absent. Thorax with indistinct or obsolete premesonotal suture; mesoepinotal suture deep, the mesoepinotal constriction pronounced; the sides of the mesonotum raised and subauriculate behind. Epinotum armed with a pair of long, acute spines, which are often lobate or expanded at the base; inferior corners of pronotum dentate or spined. Petiole with a long peduncle sharply marked off from the abrupt node, which is high and rounded, subcorneal, sometimes laterally compressed. Postpetiole shaped like the node of the petiole, strongly contracted posteriorly. Gaster subglobose, its basal segment somewhat truncate in front. Legs long; median and hind tibiae with simple spurs; tarsal claws simple. Female considerably larger than the worker. Head and antennae of very similar structure, the latter being 7 - jointed. Thorax robust; mesonotum and scutellum very convex, the pronotum vertical in front though well developed, the epinotum with stouter and broader spines than in the worker. Pedicel as in the worker. Gaster much more voluminous, longer than wide, convex above; the basal segment truncate anteriorly. Wings long, with strongly marked veins, the anterior pair with an open radial cell, a single cubital and a discoidal cell. Male nearly as large as the female but more slender. Antennae 13 - jointed, filiform, the scape short, about as long as the second funicular joint, the first joint very short, not swollen, the remaining joints all much longer than broad. Eyes large but not very convex; ocelli rather small. Mandibles small and vestigial, sublinear, with rounded edentate tips, which do not meet. Frontal carinae short. Mesonotum with Mayrian furrows; epinotum without spines. Petiole very long, its node low; that of the postpetiole of a similar shape, decidedly longer than broad. Gaster cordate, scarcely longer than broad, convex above, concave below. External genital appendages long and narrow, blade-like. Cerci present, but minute. Legs slender. Wings rather short, venation as in the female. This extraordinary genus may be recognized at once by the 7 - jointed antennae of the worker and female and the unique structure of the abdomen in the male. The species are distributed over the Ethiopian, Indomalayan, and Papuan Regions but do not enter Australia (Map 21). The majority of the species and the largest are Ethiopian. The large species form crater nests in the soil; some of the smaller, both in Africa and in the Orient, make small carton nests on the under sides of leaves.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
49733254020C315735DE8BC867BF3003.taxon	biology_ecology	One of Mr. Lang's photographs (Pl. VIII, fig. 1) of crater nests of M. eumenoides is very suggestive in connection with some observations of Petch 1 on the Indian and Ceylonese M. brunnea Saunders. This ant, he says, " brings up from its nest underground grains of sand and particles of earth through a small hole about a centimeter in diameter; it is generally observed on footpaths. These particles are at first arranged on one side of the hole in a crescentic mound about 3 centimeters high which curves round and slopes away to nothing on either side of the hole, the distance between the vanishing horns on the crescent being about 12 centimeters. The ants run up the slope from the hole with their burden and drop it over the ridge down the steeper outer side. The most striking feature of this is that when the hole is situated in the middle of a path, away from any bank, the ridge is always on the windward side of the hole. A smaller ridge of the same shape and in the same position is constructed by Pheidole (? nietneri Emery). If undisturbed Myrmicaria eventually constructs a complete funnel around the hole. " It would seem that the craters of M. eumenoides photographed by Mr. Lang were constructed in a spot protected from the wind or during a calm since they show no definite orientation of their steeper slopes.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
49733254020C315735DE8BC867BF3003.taxon	biology_ecology	One of Mr. Lang's photographs (Pl. VIII, fig. 1) of crater nests of M. eumenoides is very suggestive in connection with some observations of Petch 1 on the Indian and Ceylonese M. brunnea Saunders. This ant, he says, " brings up from its nest underground grains of sand and particles of earth through a small hole about a centimeter in diameter; it is generally observed on footpaths. These particles are at first arranged on one side of the hole in a crescentic mound about 3 centimeters high which curves round and slopes away to nothing on either side of the hole, the distance between the vanishing horns on the crescent being about 12 centimeters. The ants run up the slope from the hole with their burden and drop it over the ridge down the steeper outer side. The most striking feature of this is that when the hole is situated in the middle of a path, away from any bank, the ridge is always on the windward side of the hole. A smaller ridge of the same shape and in the same position is constructed by Pheidole (? nietneri Emery). If undisturbed Myrmicaria eventually constructs a complete funnel around the hole. " It would seem that the craters of M. eumenoides photographed by Mr. Lang were constructed in a spot protected from the wind or during a calm since they show no definite orientation of their steeper slopes.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
2BB9CA1D8D4791C2A93F785D82435CDE.taxon	description	Plate VIII, Figures 1 and 2 Malela, [[ worker ]]; Thysville, [[ worker ]]; Stanleyville, [[ queen ]], [[ male ]]; Avakubi, [[ worker ]], [[ queen ]]; Medje, [[ worker ]], [[ queen ]], [[ male ]]; Akenge, [[ worker ]]; Bafwabaka, [[ worker ]]; Ngayu, [[ worker ]]; Faradje, [[ worker ]], [[ queen ]] (Lang and Chapin); Walikale to Lubutu, [[ worker ]], [[ queen ]] (J. Bequaert); Yakuluku, [[ queen ]] (J. Rodhain). Seventy-five workers and one female from Bafwabaka, Ngayu, Medje, Akenge, and Stanleyville were taken from the stomachs of toads (Bufo regularis, B. funereus, and B. superciliaris); a single worker from Faradje was taken from the stomach of a frog (Rana occipitalis). Neither Forel nor Santschi seems to me to have recognized this form very explicitly. Several years ago I received from the former six workers labelled " Benguela (Buchner) " and, as Emery's ergatotypes bore the same label and were also received from Forel and as my specimens agree perfectly with Emery's description, I feel confident that they are cotypes. Later I received a worker and three dealated females from Gaboon (Staudinger) and, as Emery mentions specimens from the same locality, I believe that I have before me also the female of the true opaciventris. The workers measure about 5 to 6 mm. and are pale ferruginous brown, with the antennae, legs, and gaster more fuscous. The mandibles have oblique 5 - toothed blades; the clypeus is carinate. The epinotal spines are rather slender and very slightly bent downward, the base of the epinotum is less concave than in the typical eumenoides, the peduncle of the petiole is distinctly shorter and not longer than the node. The petiolar and postpetiolar nodes are laterally compressed and of the same height, the ventral surface of the postpetiole, unlike that of eumenoides, is swollen, and projecting and angular in front. The surface of the head and thorax is somewhat less shining than in eumenoides, the rugae on the front, pleurae, pro-, meso- and base of epinotum more sharply and regularly longitudinal and not reticulate. The gaster has the basal half or, in some specimens, the whole surface opaque and densely punctate, whereas it is smooth and shining in typical eumenoides. The nodes of the petiole and postpetiole have shining summits and in some specimens the sides of the petiole are also smooth and shining, in others like those of the postpetiole, finely punctate and even feebly longitudinally rugulose. In the female, which measures 13 mm., the petiole and postpetiole are sharply longitudinally rugose, the summit of the former concentrically rugose, the scutellum vermiculately rugose. Emery's description of the male, which I have not seen, includes no mention of characters that would distinguish it from the male of the typical eumenoides.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
2BB9CA1D8D4791C2A93F785D82435CDE.taxon	materials_examined	Numerous specimens from the various Congo localities cited above seem to me to be referable to Emery's subspecies, though they differ more or less in the sculpture of the petiole, postpetiole, and gaster and in being mostly of a darker color. They average larger than the specimens of variety congolensis and variety crucheti, the workers being 5 to 6.5 mm. The petiole and postpetiole, especially the latter, are nearly always more or less longitudinally rugulose on the sides, though sometimes merely punctate, as Emery remarks in the original description. The specimens from Walikale have the entire gaster opaque and punctate, whereas in others it is punctate usually only on the anterior half of the first segment. This character, however, varies in individuals from the same colony. Santschi says that the gaster of the worker is " entierement sculpte, mat, brun clair, " but Emery describes the gaster as fuscescent, with the anterior half of the first segment opaque.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
2BB9CA1D8D4791C2A93F785D82435CDE.taxon	discussion	Traegardhi and Arnoldi have described the nests of the typical eumenoides of East and South Africa. The latter's account runs as follows. The colonies of this species are usually very large, often comprising 1000 or more workers. The latter bite and sting fiercely, but the sting is rather blunt, and does not easily pierce the human skin. Although their gait is slow, they are nevertheless active insects, travelling over large areas in search of food, which seems to consist chiefly of other insects. They do not appear to be aphidicolous, nor to attend membracid or lepidopterous larvae for their secretions, yet they are known to harbour in their nests many myrmecophilous insects. A nest examined by me contained the following species of beetles: Allodinarda myrmicariae Brauns; Ogmocerus raffrayanus Brauns and Batrisus myrmecariophilus Brauns. The Botanical Gardens in Durban are infested with this species, but the examination of a large number of nests revealed only one species of myrmecophile, Allodinarda kohli Wasm.; which, however, was plentiful, as many as three dozen being taken in one nest. The nest has numerous entrances, and is surrounded by large heaps of excavated material, often covering an area of several square feet. Arnold 3 has also described and figured the puparium of a fly (possibly a form allied to Microdon?), with a peculiar tray covered with trichomes at the posterior end of the body, as occurring in the nest of M. eumenoides with the myrmecophilous beetles cited in the foregoing quotation. The following is his account of the migration of the colony and its guests to a new nest. I left this nest without filling up the hole, so that in about a week's time it was filled with rain after a heavy shower. The water must have filtered through the soil and almost saturated the nest, for it took nearly half an hour for all the water to disappear from the hole. This state of affairs had evidently made the nest so uncomfortable that the ants decided to move to new quarters about 9 feet away. They began to do this about seven o'clock that evening, or perhaps a little earlier, for the migration was in full swing when I came on the scene again at that hour. Remembering the reputation which this ant has for harboring guests, and also the observations made by various entomologists on some European ants which, when moving to a new nest, are in the habit of carrying their guests with them, I decided to watch this migration carefully. At first I could see no guests at all; the workers were carrying in their mandibles only their own larvae, pupae or males. In fact I was looking at the workers so attentively that I failed to notice their smaller companions on the road, to which my attention was directed by suddenly catching sight of a Lepismid running by. Going back then to the old nest, I saw at intervals various myrmecophiles crawling out of the pit made by my former excavation, and following the tracks of their hosts, to which they were guided, of course, by the sense of smell. These parasites included three different species of beetles, viz. a staphylinid, and two species of pselaphids, together with the common lepismid found in the nests of nearly all our ants. No time was wasted by any of these insects, for once over the brow of the pit, they continued straight along the narrow path leading to the new quarters. While on the march they were utterly ignored by their hosts, but on arriving at the entrance of the new nest, it was noticed that some of the pselaphids were seized by the ants dawdling around, and taken down into the nest. This change of dwelling took some hours to complete, for at midnight it was still in progress.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
2BB9CA1D8D4791C2A93F785D82435CDE.taxon	biology_ecology	Mr. Lang contributes the following note on the habits of the subspecies opaciventris at Avakubi: " These ants, called ' dufluguntu' by the natives, are very common and noticeable because they tend to congregate in great numbers about any piece of meat or a dead insect. On one occasion I saw them tear up and carry off a butterfly two inches in diameter in exactly two minutes and a half. They are harmless and therefore not feared by the natives. A young Manis, which I kept in captivity, enjoyed making a meal of them. The nests, as a rule built at the bases of trees or bushes, can be easily recognized by the mound of loose earth thrown up while the chambers are being excavated. The walls of the chambers are not hardened or smoothed as in the nests of some other ants. One nest which I examined extended seventeen inches below the surface. It had many ramifications, though most of the brood was found around the roots of the tree. The whole nest, when exposed, covered an area less than two feet in diameter. These ants build long tunnels open above or with small openings (one-eighth inch), surrounded by a heap of loose particles. One of these, more than an inch wide, crossed a certain road in several places. I have seen a number of these tunnels superimposed one above another so that I could drop a stick down thirteen inches. In these tunnels the ants travel back and forth in great numbers. "	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
175B51DB363945D72EF1EFBD49EEE3FE.taxon	discussion	This form is not represented among the material collected by Lang, Chapin, and Bequaert. Santschi regards it as an independent subspecies, but it seems to me to be merely a variety of opaciventris. Three cotypes of congolensis were given me by Forel. Comparison of these specimens, which were taken from the stomach of a scaly ant-eater (Manis temmincki) captured by Solon in the Lower Congo, with opaciventris show relatively slight differences. They are somewhat smaller, of a more sordid yellowish brown color (possibly due to the action of the gastric juices of the Manis), and with much the same sculpture and lower portion of the postpetiole. The epinotal spines, however, are decidedly more slender and more strongly deflected, a character not mentioned in Forel's original description, though noted by Santschi; the head is proportionally smaller and narrower, with straight cheeks, and the gaster is opaque only at the base of the first segment, the remainder being rather shining.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
29CD14FAE4D3F2BE9F95B1C4BEBEC406.taxon	materials_examined	Stanleyville, [[ worker ]]; Leopoldville, [[ worker ]]; Ngayu, [[ worker ]]; Avakubi, [[ worker ]] (Lang and Chapin). The workers from Avakubi, 22 in number, were taken from the stomachs of toads (Bufo regularis and B. funereus). I refer numerous specimens from these localities to the variety crucheti since they agree with Santschi's very brief description in size (5 to 5.5 mm.) and in having slender but straight epinotal spines. The petiolar node in my specimens is distinctly broader and less compressed laterally than in the typical eumenoides and not shorter than the peduncle. The surface of the petiole is not so smooth, though it is not longitudinally rugulose. I have received this same form in all three phases from Rev. Geo. Schwab, who took it at Metit, Cameroon. The female is very similar to that of the typical eumenoides, but the head is somewhat smaller, with slightly more prominent posterior corners and the gaster is entirely opaque and punctate, except the bases of the second and following segments. I am unable to detect any differences between the males of the two forms. Arnold describes the wings of the male eumenoides as paler than those of the female. This is certainly not the case in crucheti.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
AE694EB29B599916B4CAE41860BB41A3.taxon	description	Plate IX, Figures 1 and 2; Text Figure 37 Worker. - Length 6 to 7 mm. Of rather uniform stature and closely resembling eumenoides but a little more elongate. Head relatively smaller, as broad as long, excavated behind, convex above, flattened below. Mandibles 5 - toothed. Clypeus ccarinate, with entire anterior border. Eyes somewhat larger and more convex than in eumenoides. Thorax very similar but premesonotal suture very distinct, impressed, the mesonotal lobes less compressed, their posterior outline in profile less abrupt, more sloping so that the mesoepinotal impression, though deep, is shallower and less acute than in eumenoides and appears longer. Epinotal spines longer, slightly sinuous, with very feebly upturned points, directed backward and slightly outward. Base of epinotum longitudinally concave. Peduncle of the petiole longer than the node, which is thick and evenly rounded, not compressed laterally above. The ventral surface of the petiole armed below with two long, delicate hyaline spines, which curve towards each other and enclose an elliptical space. Postpetiolar node of the same size and shape as that of the petiole, its ventral surface straight in profile, not bulging nor angulate in front. Gaster and legs of the usual shape, the former with a straight, anterior border. Shining; mandibles coarsely longitudinally striated; clypeus smooth in the middle, with a few rugules on the sides. Rugosity of head, thorax, and pedicel much as in eumenoides, but the rugae on the dorsal surface of the head and thorax less numerous and less pronounced, without distinct anastomoses; sides of the head with finer and less distinct rugules, so that the surface is more shining. Gaster opaque and very finely punctate only at the extreme base above, otherwise shining. Legs and scapes shining, finely striate. Hairs dark brown, in length and arrangement much like those of eumenoides. Reddish brown; gaster brownish yellow; legs, including the coxae and lower pleurae, darker than the thorax. Mandibular teeth and antennae blackish. Described from numerous specimens taken at Garamba (Lang and Chapin) attending scale insects on the buds of a Protea which is shown in Plate IX.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
AE694EB29B599916B4CAE41860BB41A3.taxon	discussion	This form is so closely related to eumenoides that it might, perhaps, be regarded as a subspecies. It is easily recognized by the unique ventral appendages of the petiole. These are so brittle that they are easily broken off, but their basal insertions on the low hyaline lamella in the midventral line of the petiole are usually discernible. Evidently salambo is also related to M. striata Stitz, specimens of which I have not seen.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
83B644F5C3047232000610C3B9342B94.taxon	description	Worker. - Length 3 to 3.5 mm. Head through the eyes scarcely longer than broad, evenly rounded behind. Mandibles 4 - toothed. Clypeus ecarinate, convex, with entire, rounded anterior border. Frontal carinae subparallel. Eyes convex, just behind the middle of the head. Antennal scapes extending about two-fifths their length beyond the posterior border of the head; apical funicular joint fusiform, enlarged as in the typical exigua. Pronotum more flattened above, though bluntly angular on the sides and without inferior teeth. Promesonotal suture distinct. Mesonotum with a small but distinct tooth on each side in front and the posterior lobes larger, erect, and rather acute. Mesoepinotal impression very distinct and rather long. Epinotum not longer than broad, scarcely narrowed in front, its base longitudinally grooved in the middle, marginate on each side and not longer than the declivity, which is also marginate laterally; spines not longer than their distance apart at the base, straight, directed backward, upward, and outward, their tips not bent inward as in the typical exigua. Petiolar peduncle as long as the node, swollen at the spiracles; node longer than broad, as high as long, laterally compressed, constricted behind. Postpetiole longer than broad, broader and higher behind than in front, its node distinctly lower than that of the petiole. Anterior border of gaster straight or even slightly concave, with prominent anterior corners. Shining; mandibles subopaque, longitudinally striate. Clypeus smooth in the middle, delicately rugulose on the sides. Head smooth in the middle of the front, delicately and irregularly longitudinally rugulose on the sides, posteriorly reticulaterugose, but much less sharply than in the typical exigua. Pronotum with a few longitudinal rugae, sometimes absent in the middle line; in some specimens reticulatelyrugose over the whole surface, with very large meshes as in exigua. Sides of pronotum smooth and shining; meso- and metapleurae subopaque, longitudinally rugulose. Base of epinotum transversely rugulose, declivity smooth and shining. Pedicel, gaster, and legs smooth and shining, with very sparse and minute, piligerous punctures. Pilosity like that of the typical exigua, gray or whitish. Piceous, nearly black; tips of mandibles, peduncle of petiole, declivity of epinotum, base of postpetiole and in some specimens the whole gaster or only the base of the first segment brown.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
83B644F5C3047232000610C3B9342B94.taxon	materials_examined	Described from numerous specimens taken at Stanleyville (Lang and Chapin) " crawling about the base of an orange tree. "	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
83B644F5C3047232000610C3B9342B94.taxon	discussion	I have compared this form with two cotypes from Sierra Leone (Mocquerys), received many years ago from Andre, and a worker from Gaboon (Staudinger). The new subspecies differs in its much darker color, feebler sculpture, laterally more compressed petiolar node and in the shape of the mesonotum, which in the typical form of the species lacks the anterior tooth on each side and has only feeble indications of the posterior lobes. Forel has described a variety, rufiventris, from carton nests 3 to 4 cm. in diameter on leaves at St. Gabriel, Lumaliza, and Batiamponde (Kohl), all localities near Stanleyville. This form is larger (3.8 to 4.6 mm.) and, according to Forel, " differs from the type of Andre only in its paler, reddish abdomen and in having the head more elongate and narrower behind. " What Stitz has described as a distinct species, gracilis, is evidently nothing more than a subspecies of exigua, as is shown by a comparison of his and Forel's descriptions with the cotypes. Andre failed to mention the enlarged apical antennal joint, but it is very conspicuous in his specimens. Stitz says of the petiole: " Hinten schnuert sich von seiner Basis ein kleines, sekundaeres Knoetchen ab. " This seems to refer to the swelling of the peduncle at the spiracles, a swelling which is visible, though less accentuated in other species of the genus, when the peduncle is viewed directly from above. Forel, however, interprets Stitz's " secondary node " to mean the constricted portion of the segment behind the node. As neither Stitz nor Forel compared their specimens with Andrews cotypes, they were led to regard gracilis as a species.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
783A02FD42866494680B832DAA44020A.taxon	description	Worker minute, smooth, almost hairless. Clypeus projecting over the bases of the mandibles, steep in front, with rounded anterior border. Frontal area strongly impressed. Frontal carinae short and straight. Eyes well developed; ocelli lacking. Mandibles broad, triangular, dentate. Antennae 12 - jointed, with long first funicular joint and 3 - jointed club, the last joint very large. Promesonotal suture indistinct; mesoepinotal constriction well developed. Epinotum armed with spines or teeth. Petiole with long peduncle and small, rounded node. Postpetiole conspicuously large, cordate or transversely elliptical. Gaster formed in large part by the first segment. Female winged (except in C. emeryi Forel), somewhat larger than the worker; head of the same shape but with ocelli. Pronotum not covered by the mesoscutum in front. Petiole and postpetiole usually broader than in the worker. Wings with reduced venation; pterostigma near the middle of the costal border; one closed cubital cell; distal portions of radius and cubitus obsolete; brachius not developed beyond the nervulus but bending up into the submedius. According to Emery, the female of C. emeryi is wingless and has the posterior ocelli vestigial. Male usually ergatomorphic but winged in C. emeryi. In this form the antennae are 13 - jointed but in ergatomorphic males they are 10 - to 12 - jointed; with long scape and more indistinct club. Petiole and postpetiole resembling the corresponding segments of the female, in the male of emeryi much as in the worker.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
31F3BD53A790E464249E49D614F1E2D0.taxon	materials_examined	A single worker taken at Thysville by Bequaert. This minute ant is very widely distributed through the tropics of both hemispheres. It was originally described from the island of St. Thomas in the West Indies, but was later recorded from Syria, Madeira, Madagascar, and the East Indies. Arnold records it from South Africa and my collection contains specimens from the Bahamas, Cuba, Porto Rico, Jamaica, Bermuda, Tepic in Western Mexico, and Miami, Florida. According to Arnold it " is usually found nesting in grassy soil; the entrance to the nest is a minute hole, not surrounded by earth or other substances. "	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
8ABD70A829763E340B690564EAF12D23.taxon	description	Crematogaster is one of the largest and most sharply defined genera in the family Formicidae. The species are all small, with monomorphic worker, decidedly larger female, and the male usually as small as the worker. The worker and female have 10 - or 11 - jointed antennae, those of the male are usually 12 - jointed. All the phases can be readily recognized by the peculiar structure and articulation of the petiole and postpetiole. The former does not bear a node but is more or less flattened above, the latter is short and articulated to the anterodorsal surface of the gaster, instead of to its anterior end as in other ants. The gaster, moreover, is in the worker and male subtriangular or subcordate, with pointed tip, and its upper surface is concave or more or less flattened, its ventral surface more convex and protuberant. These peculiarities in the structure of the abdomen enable the workers of many species to turn the gaster forward over the thorax and head, so that they are sometimes called " acrobat ants. " As a rule, the sting is feebly developed. The anterior wings of the male and female have a discoidal and a single closed cubital cell. The species of Crematogaster all form populous colonies which nest in the ground, under stones, in logs, the cavities of living plants, or in peculiar carton nests attached to the branches or trunks of trees. This habit of making carton nests is best seen in the tropical species, but traces of it survive even in the species inhabiting temperate regions, such as the North American C. lineolata (Say). Many of the species have rank and disagreeable odors. The genus is cosmopolitan (Map 22), though the species scarcely enter the colder portions of the north and south temperate zones. Our common C. lineolata (Say) of North America occurs, however, as far north as Nova Scotia. The vast majority of species are confined to the tropics, being particularly numerous in the Neotropical and Ethiopian Regions. The African forms are so numerous and so variable that they constitute a veritable welter of subspecies and varieties. Mayr, Forel, Arnold, and Santschi have all dispaired of reducing this chaos to order. Unfortunately the portion of Arnold's work dealing with the South African species has been postponed by the war. He has, however, kindly written me concerning certain necessaly changes in the synonymy of several of the species and I have adopted his interpretations in the list of Ethiopian species (Part VIII). Dr. Santschi, who has given more attention to the African species of Crematogaster than any previous author, has generously examined and identified a series of all the Congo forms collected by Lang, Chapin, and Bequaert and has written the descriptions of several new forms. In the meantime he has published a revision of the subgenera of Crematogaster. 1 Forel was the first to begin the splitting of the genus, but Santschi has added several new subgenera. A translation of his table has been included in the key to the genera and subgenera of Myrmicinae. Santschi has arranged these various subgenera according to their natural affinities in the following sequence:	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
8ABD70A829763E340B690564EAF12D23.taxon	distribution	Of these, at least seven, Decacrema, Orthocrema, Sphaerocrema, Crematogaster, Atopogyne, Oxygyne, and Nematocrema occur in the Ethiopian Region. In the Congo material before me only Sphaerocrema, Crematogaster, Atopogyne, and Nematocrema are represented.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
2321DCAD2DBE861F9C07AFC7C2C64AE8.taxon	materials_examined	Numerous workers from Zambi (Bequaert), " nesting in a tree trunk. " The typical C. acaciae was originally taken by Keller in Somaliland in the swollen spines of acacias. Concerning one of the other varieties (generosa Santschi), Santschi writes me as follows: " I received from Mr. G. Arnold of the Rhodesian Museum under the name of C. brunneipennis Ern. Andre variety omniparens Forel some workers which differ only in their deeper color from what I have called acaciae variety generosa. The female of the latter form is very close to that of brunneipennis Ern. Andr 6, but the wings are even darker. I believe that brunneipennis should be regarded as a subspecies of C. acaciae. " That Santschi is correct in regarding both forms as cospecific is proved by a comparison of two cotype workers of brunneipennis from Sierra Leone (Mocquerys), sent me by Andre many years ago, with a cotype of received from Forel. Andre workers are smaller, with longer antennal scapes, smoother and more polished thorax, with somewhat more circular and less cordate petiole, smaller and more slender and more pointed epinotal spines, and darker gaster and head, but the resemblances are so close in other respects that I cannot regard the differences as more than subspecific. As brunneipennis has priority of publication, acaciae must be reduced in rank and not brunneipennis, as Santschi supposes. Whether omniparens is to be retained as a distinct subspecies or is to be attached as a variety to acaciae, I am unable to determine.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
784A03F01F2BF2C9AE4CDD735F0AB1FB.taxon	materials_examined	Bafwasende to Avakubi, [[ worker ]] (Lang and Chapin); Thysville, [[ worker ]] (J. Bequaert). The specimens from the former locality were collected on the road, without further data; those from Thysville were found " nesting in dry, dead wood, on the soil in the rocky savannah. " This and the following are merely color varieties of an extremely variable and widely distributed African and Malagasy species formerly known as C. tricolor Gerstaecker.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
DCBCB8A391D983943AB204BF2F7CF465.taxon	materials_examined	Many workers from Garamba (Lang and Chapin), without further data. Both this and the variety analis were originally described from the Belgian Congo. The varietv flaviventris has also been taken in Uganda (C. Alluaud).	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
AABCAE6B6E14DD9CB77D1162F0F48EE9.taxon	materials_examined	Zambi and Thysville, [[ worker ]] (J. Bequaert); near Lie, [[ worker ]]; Faradje, [[ worker ]] (Lang and Chapin). The specimens from Thysville were taken " from a nest in a tree-trunk in the rocky savannah; " those from Faradje " in a hollow tree. " The single specimen from near Lie was taken from the stomach of a toad (Bufo regularis).	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
7C9BBA39B05DC71D2EA498F18D660963.taxon	materials_examined	Numerous workers from the Oso River and Sitaweza (between Walikale and Lubutu) (J. Bequaert). Dr. Bequaert took this subspecies at the former locality in the hollow stalks of a myrmecophytic creeper (Uncaria africana variety myrmecophyta) growing along the shore of the Oso River between Walikale and Lubutu (Part IV), in the latter locality in the hollow stalks of another myrmecophyte (Cuviera angolensis) in the Rain Forest (Part IV).	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
7C9BBA39B05DC71D2EA498F18D660963.taxon	discussion	The following new variety of the subspecies impressa, though not from the Belgian Congo, was described by Santschi in connection with the forms of excisa which I sent him.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
4E55202083D4A9344FC9F06CAF86C1F2.taxon	description	" Worker. - Black; mandibles, funiculi and tarsi reddish brown. Dorsum of pronotum very densely punctate as in the typical impressa (Emery), the longitudinal rugae being feebly or not at all indicated. Head and thorax narrower. Premesonotal impression feebler as in euphrosyne, with a small carina on the front of the mesonotum, which is sharply marginate, less concave than in andrei (Forel) and more so than in impressa (Emery). Basal surface of the epinotum scarcely broader than the petiole. Spines almost as long as the interval between their bases. Anterior angles of petiole truncated as in andrei. Otherwise like impressa (Emery). " Dimbroko, Ivory Coast (Le Moult). " In impressa the funiculi are brownish black and in andrei the mesonotal carina is lacking. " (Santschi)	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
7AC4961D3B423858BE594AD0E342097B.taxon	description	" Worker. - Length 3.5 mm. More or less pale chestnut brown. Thorax narrow. Pronotum reticulate-punctate in the spaces between the fine longitudinal rugae. Mesonotum feebly carinate in front. Resembles the variety brazzai Santschi, 1 but the latter has a broader thorax, without carina and the sculpture of the thorax is merely reticulate. " (Santschi) K-Tiginally described as a subspecies of C. impressa and given in our catalogue (Part VIII) as C. menilekii subspecies occidentalis variety brazzai.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
7AC4961D3B423858BE594AD0E342097B.taxon	materials_examined	Faradje (type locality) and Thysville (Lang and Chapin). The specimens at Faradje were found " nesting in hollow twigs. Snails (Pachnodus herbigradus Pilsbry) were found estivating in the same twigs inhabited by the ants and often in such numbers as to clog the passages. " Camponotus foraminosus was found in similar hollow branches together with the same snails (see p. 248).	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
8665729FEB2B4BF4BCC3FAB81433545F.taxon	materials_examined	Numerous workers from Yakuluku (Lang and Chapin) " found nesting in the cavities of small mushroom-shaped termitaria. "	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
4D284E105557003732C956866EA58009.taxon	materials_examined	Panga and Faradje, [[ worker ]] (Lang and Chapin). The specimens from Panga were found inhabiting the hollow twigs of Barteria fistulosa (see Part IV), those from Faradje were associated with aphids.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
95587D0F15A35E5AFA870C8E3E41394F.taxon	description	" Worker. - Length 3 to 3.5 mm. Pale brown; thorax less sculptured than in the typical impressiceps. Frontal groove deeply impressed. Stature less variable and smaller than in the typical form of the species and larger than in the variety longiscapa Stitz, but the scape also extends beyond the occiput as in that variety. " (Santschi)	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
95587D0F15A35E5AFA870C8E3E41394F.taxon	materials_examined	Numerous specimens from Malela (type locality) and Kunga (Lang, Chapin, and J. Bequaert); those at Kunga found nesting in the hollow internodes of the myrmecophyte Cuviera species (Part IV); the specimens from Malela " living in a small carton nest, about 9 cm. long, fixed upon a stalk of Raphia. "	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
80A17F593AD8F464518C669ED97BC947.taxon	description	" Worker. - Length 3.2 to 4 mm. Pale brownish yellow; head, gaster, and appendages shining; thorax and petiole nearly opaque. Front and sides of head finely striate, the remainder with a few punctures. Anterior border of head and the corners obliquely truncated. Postpetiole narrower than in the typical menilekii, completely sulcate in the middle, forming two ovoidal eminences. Gaster broader than the head. Allied to C. alulai Emery and C. menilekii subspecies satan (Forel). " (Santschi)	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
80A17F593AD8F464518C669ED97BC947.taxon	materials_examined	Numerous workers from Malela (Lang, Chapin, and J. Bequaert), with the following note: " Ants living in the stalks of Papyrus and making carton nests in their crowns. The workers swarm out in great masses and let themselves drop on the intruder. They bite furiously and it is difficult to get rid of them, as they work themselves upward on the body, attacking by preference the softer parts of the skin. " 1	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
D93831AB22DAF984E42CCC47DCCD7597.taxon	description	" Worker. - Length 4 mm. Rather dull yellow; gaster, postpetiole and femora yellowish brown; tips of the epinotal spines brownish black. In other respects like the type of the species and the var. mutabilis (Santschi), but the median impression of the pronotum is feebler. The dark tips of the spines contrast with the pale color of the thorax. " (Santschi)	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
D93831AB22DAF984E42CCC47DCCD7597.taxon	materials_examined	A dozen workers from Yakuluku (Lang and Chapin).	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
D93831AB22DAF984E42CCC47DCCD7597.taxon	materials_examined	A dozen workers from Yakuluku (Lang and Chapin).	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
C049DD40EF73AC4354920589BA1ACB79.taxon	description	Text Figure 38	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
C049DD40EF73AC4354920589BA1ACB79.taxon	materials_examined	Akenge, [[ worker ]]; Stanleyville, [[ worker ]]; Lukolela to Basoko, [[ worker ]] (Lang and Chapin). The specimens from Stanleyville were taken in twigs of Barteria fistulosa (Part IV); those from Lukolela were found running over fire-wood. Three specimens from Akenge were taken from the stomach of a toad (Bufo polycercus).	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
C049DD40EF73AC4354920589BA1ACB79.taxon	materials_examined	Akenge, [[ worker ]]; Stanleyville, [[ worker ]]; Lukolela to Basoko, [[ worker ]] (Lang and Chapin). The specimens from Stanleyville were taken in twigs of Barteria fistulosa (Part IV); those from Lukolela were found running over fire-wood. Three specimens from Akenge were taken from the stomach of a toad (Bufo polycercus).	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
9C07C88BE44CFA6FF4E524596D896313.taxon	description	Text Figure 39	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
9C07C88BE44CFA6FF4E524596D896313.taxon	materials_examined	Numerous workers from Yakuluku and Garamba (Lang and Chapin). According to a note accompanying the specimens from the latter locality, this ant " builds small carton nests on the blades of grass. It is common in swamps, from three to five feet above water level. "	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
9C07C88BE44CFA6FF4E524596D896313.taxon	materials_examined	Numerous workers from Yakuluku and Garamba (Lang and Chapin). According to a note accompanying the specimens from the latter locality, this ant " builds small carton nests on the blades of grass. It is common in swamps, from three to five feet above water level. "	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
532E127D2E30F711DD0998F2FE33994C.taxon	description	" Female (undescribed). - Length 8 mm. Thorax smooth and shining like the posterior half of the head and that of the worker, except its upper surface and the sides of the epinotum which have rugae as in the worker. Head rectangular, a little longer than broad, scarcely arcuate laterally. The eyes occupy nearly the middle third of the sides and the scapes barely extend beyond its posterior fourth. Clypeus with a strong median impression near its anterior border. Thorax as broad as the head. Epinotum nearly vertical, but the insertion of the spines is marked by an angular ridge which occupies nearly the upper half of the sides of the segment. Petiole as in the worker, with a tooth beneath. Wings 7 mm. long, hyaline, with brownish veins. Otherwise like the worker. " (Santschi)	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
532E127D2E30F711DD0998F2FE33994C.taxon	materials_examined	Numerous workers and a few females from Stanleyville (Lang, Chapin, and J. Bequaert), without further data.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
FD8133F9CD50BB369B9F950FC924F88F.taxon	materials_examined	Numerous workers taken by Dr. Bequaert in the Rain Forest on the Tshopo River, near Stanleyville, in the hollow stems of Plectronia Laurentii (Part IV).	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
B2167009B0C753866CE9BACB05E58A8D.taxon	materials_examined	Many workers and a few females taken by Dr. Bequaert at Pale (Niembo, between Warikale and Lubutu) from the myrmecodomatia of Plectronia Laurentii (Part IV) and at Leopoldville in the rudimentary leaf pouches of Randia physophylla (Part IV); also by Lang and Chapin at Stanleyville in the stem cavities of Cuviera angolensis (Part IV.)	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
B2167009B0C753866CE9BACB05E58A8D.taxon	description	The female of this form is black and striated as in the typical C. africana.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
188D5FA25F2CC132327C06C29A62E4F8.taxon	materials_examined	A number of workers taken by Dr. Bequaert at Leopoldville in the hollow stems of a Barteria Dewevrei (Part IV).	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
EE1C5FE62745EAF37A7E5F4B7DFB3069.taxon	materials_examined	Numerous workers taken by Dr. Bequaert at Leopoldville in the peculiarly inflated stipules of a species of Uragoga, a rubiaceous plant (Part IV). The spaces inhabited by the ants are not true nests but merely kraals or stables for Coccidae, as no larvae or pupae were found in the structures.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
14A91C69EE4DCE3A67E15D2FD88821FD.taxon	description	" Worker. - " Length 3.5 mm. " Pale castaneous. Epinotum, postpetiole, and posterior half of gaster of a deeper castaneous tint, passing to reddish brown. A spot on the vertex and the appendages dark brown, the tibiae and metatarsi blackish, the tarsi and the extremity of the thorax reticulate, the epinotum more finely, with some fine longitudinal rugae on the whole basal surface. Sides of the mesonotum regularly reticulatepunctate. Sides of the pronotum more shining and of the epinotum longitudinally striate. Petiole finely reticulate; gaster finely shagreened, almost smooth. The pubescence is rather well developed on the head, the gaster, and the appendages, sparse on the thorax. The hairs are very sparse, except around the mouth and at the tip of the gaster. Head square, with rather convex sides and straight posterior border. Eyes at the middle of the sides. Frontal area short, feebly impressed behind. Frontal carinae developed. Clypeus slightly convex, with rather arched anterior border. Mandibles striate-punctate, with four blackish teeth. The pronotum forms with the basal surface of the mesonotum a plane surface with a contour like that of C. castanea Smith. Sides of the basal surface of the mesonotum blunt, not marginate, with the anterior eminence scarcely indicated. Promesonotal suture little or not at all impressed. Sides of the pronotum marginate. Declivity of mesonotum oblique, feebly concave from right to left, above with marginate sides. Mesoepinotal furrow moderately deep. Basal surface of epinotum trapezoidal, its length equal to its width anteriorly in the small worker. It is convex in front, more feebly behind. The spines are as short as a fifth of the interval between their bases, which is concave. They are directed backward and slightly outward. Declivity as long as two-thirds of the basal surface and forming with it an angle of about 145 °. Petiole trapezoidal, as broad as long, and as broad as the epinotum. Last antennal joint reddish. A fine and dense striation disposed as in africana (Mayr) but more or less effaced on the front, vertex and occiput, where the reflection is more shining than silky. Epinotum transversely striate-rugose. Petiole smooth, postpetiole and gaster very finely shagreened, almost shining. The head is, moreover, punctate as in africana and much less smooth in the individuals with large head. " The head, which varies in size independently of the rest of the body, which is almost invariable, is sometimes longer than broad and scarcely emarginate behind, sometimes broader than long, strongly concave behind and with convex sides. Eyes more posterior than in africana. Frontal area narrow, strongly impressed and shining. Mandibles punctate, feebly striate. Mesoepinotal impression stronger than in africana, the pronotum less marginate anteriorly. Mesonotum carinate, more elongate and with the declivous surface much less abrupt than in africana, with longer epinotal spines, even longer than in the variety variegata (Mayr) and a little farther apart. Petiole and postpetiole as in africana. " (Santschi)	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
14A91C69EE4DCE3A67E15D2FD88821FD.taxon	materials_examined	Numerous workers taken at the village of Mosekowa between Walikale and Lubutu by Dr. Bequaert from the peculiar pouches of Macaranga saccifera (Part IV) growing in the Rain Forest. As only adult ants and no brood were found in the pouches, Dr. Bequaert does not regard them as true nests. The openings of the pouches were not closed with fibrous carton.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
D74852E94F3141A199C1D7E5173A25DB.taxon	materials_examined	Numerous workers taken by Dr. Bequaert at Masongo, between Walikale and Lubutu, in the cavities of the branches of a species of Sarcocephalus related to S. sambucinus (Part IV).	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
4D7BD95A2985C056BA63BAFCCCE3C6CB.taxon	description	Plate X	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
4D7BD95A2985C056BA63BAFCCCE3C6CB.taxon	materials_examined	Stanleyville, [[ queen ]]; Medje, [[ worker ]], [[ queen ]]; Niapu, [[ worker ]]; Ambelokudi, [[ worker ]], [[ queen ]]; Niangara, [[ worker ]] (Lang and Chapin); Leopoldville, [[ worker ]] (J. Bequaert).	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
4D7BD95A2985C056BA63BAFCCCE3C6CB.taxon	biology_ecology	The beautiful carton nest of this ant is shown in Plate X, from a fine photograph taken by Mr. Lang at Ambelokudi. " It was built along the trunk of a tree near the ground. The ants, especially when squeezed, gave off a stench like certain bugs. They came out of the nest in great numbers and let themselves drop to the ground. "	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
4D7BD95A2985C056BA63BAFCCCE3C6CB.taxon	description	The female C. depressa is very aberrant in the form of the head, which is large, flat, and rectangular, with peculiar mandibles. It has long been known and has been repeatedly renamed, but only recently has it been correlated with the cospecific worker.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
BC31C9AEB61590AAA7C14C97B95F898F.taxon	description	Plate XI, Figures 1 and 2; Plate XII, Figures 1 and 2; Plate Xlii, Figure 1	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
BC31C9AEB61590AAA7C14C97B95F898F.taxon	materials_examined	Medje, [[ worker ]]; Avakubi, [[ worker ]]; Stanleyville, [[ worker ]], [[ queen ]], [[ male ]] (Lang and Chapin).	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
BC31C9AEB61590AAA7C14C97B95F898F.taxon	discussion	According to Santschi (in litt.), " this form represents the extreme limit of the subgenus Atopogyne. The worker has a feeble groove on the postpetiole, and the premesonotal impression is feeble. Moreover, the female is brown, smooth, and shining, with spined epinotum, very different from the female of C. africana (Mayr) and the variety zeta (Forel). "	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
BC31C9AEB61590AAA7C14C97B95F898F.taxon	biology_ecology	The specimens from Avakubi were collected by the natives, who call this ant " lona. " The carton nests are shown in PlateXI and XII. Concerning the specimens from Stanleyville, Mr. Lang writes: " These small black ants are very common. They build carton nests in trees, on the trunks of which they travel up and down in uninterrupted columns. At the slightest disturbance the nest is covered with workers. They appear and move so rapidly that it is very difficult to study them, especially as they sting disagreeably. Large numbers of nests may be found in the same tree, sometimes as low as ten feet from the ground, or even in bushes as well as in the tops of the tallest trees, living or dead. They have almost any shape, depending on their position, whether in forks of the branches or about twigs. In the latter situations they resemble mere lumps. The more regular nests, however, are somewhat conical, like the tops of termite hills and are placed upright on the boughs. In color, the carton is grayish or dark brown. In size, the structures are rarely more than two feet in height and about a foot in diameter. Their cells are irregular, the walls of the chambers being from 1 to 3 mm. thick, and there are many entrances and exits. Though very light, the nests are so tough that slices can be chopped off with a hatchet without breaking the remainder. The carton seems to be made from the fibres of rotten leaves worked up with secretions from the oral glands of the workers. The chambers are> often full of brood, which is not confined to any particular part of the nest. The rufous females were present in such numbers that twenty or more could be lifted at a time clinging to one another on the points of the tweezers. "	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
DF8030BE53B6BA421C0D52FF17680F6D.taxon	materials_examined	A few workers from Avakubi and a female from Stanleyville (Lang and Chapin).	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
EFEE774EEBD3CC02DBFA33D75447203F.taxon	materials_examined	A single female from Stanleyville (Lang and Chapin), apparently taken at light, seems to be referable to this, the typical form of the species.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
3E0B580895D1539940AD149C43E7CE36.taxon	description	Plate Xlii, Figure 2 and Plate XIV	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
3E0B580895D1539940AD149C43E7CE36.taxon	materials_examined	Bengamisa, [[ worker ]], [[ queen ]]; Manamana, [[ worker ]], [[ queen ]]; Kwamouth, [[ worker ]]; Ngayu, [[ worker ]], [[ queen ]] (Lang and Chapin). Numerous specimens from all these localities. The specimens from Bengamisa were accompanied by the photograph of the nest shown in Plate XIV, and the following note: " Ants from a pendent nest in very hard, woody carton. These nests are very common in the Rain Forest. They often fall to the ground but, in spite of the great moisture, resist disintegration fairly well. The ants leave as soon as the nest has dropped. The nests are precisely like those of some termites in shape and material, so that it is often impossible to decide from their external appearance which insect inhabits them. The internal cellular structure is very irregular and seems to follow no particular plan. The larva? and pupse are found in any of the cavities. The nest represented in the photograph was fixed to several creepers and was practically swaying in the wind about twenty-five feet above the ground. Size and shape vary much according to the situation of the structure. " The following note accompanies the specimens from Kwamouth, together with the photograph shown in Plate XIII, fig. 2: " Black ants taken from a nest hanging on a tree about nine feet from the ground. This nest was cone-shaped and was fastened to several small branches in such a manner as to sway when it was struck with a stick. The ants raise their abdomens and sting quite furiously when annoyed. The nest is rough on the outside and very irregular, with a great many exits. The internal cellular structure resembles crumpled leaves overlapping one another like the shingles covering a roof. The walls separating the chambers are very thin, only one-eighth to one-sixteenth of an inch in thickness. The whole of the nest that was photographed was about eighteen inches long and eleven inches broad on top. The brood was abundant in the lowermost chambers. The ants dropped by hundreds to the ground when the nest was hit. "	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
E25525133A8D241BCA52067AC6BD254E.taxon	description	The numerous species of this large and difficult genus are all small but form populous colonies, commonly with several fertile females. The worker is usually monomorphic, in the subgenera Parholcomyrmex and Holcomyrmex tending more or less to dimorphism. Clypeus abrupt, not sharply marked off from the frontal area, with two longitudinal welts or ridges of ten bordering an impressed median area and terminating anteriorly in projections or teeth. (These welts are fused in the subgenus Syllophopsis). Mandibles narrow, with few teeth. Maxillary palpi 1 - to 2 - jointed, labial palpi 2 - jointed. Antennae 12 - jointed, in a few subgenera 11 - jointed, in one species (M. decamerum) 10 - jointed, the club typically 3 - jointed, but sometimes 4 - jointed or indistinct. Promesonotal suture obsolete, the mesonotum more or less impressed at the mesoepinotal suture, the epinotum nearly always unarmed. Petiole pedunculate, with high node; postpetiole lower, rounded. Tibial spurs simple or lacking. The female is always much larger than the worker, in some species wingless; in one Australian form (subapterum) with vestigial wings. Venation like that of Formica, with a discoidal cell, rarely without. The male is smaller than the female, always winged, with 13 - jointed antennae. Mesonotum usually without Mayrian furrows, genital appendages completely retractile.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
E25525133A8D241BCA52067AC6BD254E.taxon	discussion	The division of the genus was begun by Forel when he established the subgenus Martia. Emery 1 has recently revised the grouping of species and has established several additional subgenera. Viehmeyer has also proposed a subgenus Corynomyrmex, and Santschi has since added the subgenera Syllophopsis and Isolcomyrmex. In a more recent paper, 2 Santschi proposes to give Syllophopsis generic rank. These subgenera (see the key, Part VII) may be arranged more or less according to their natural affinities in the following sequence:	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
E25525133A8D241BCA52067AC6BD254E.taxon	distribution	The genus Monomorium, though cosmopolitan and of even wider distribution than Crematogaster since it occurs even in New Zealand and Patagonia, is represented by the great majority of species in the Old World. The Neotropical Region possesses only a few species of the typical subgenus Monomorium and the species of Martia, which are not known to occur elsewhere. The subgenera Notomyrmex, Adlerzia, and Chelaner are exclusively Australian. Anillomyrma is monotypic and known only from Ceylon. Isolcomyrmex and Syllophopsis are exclusively Ethiopian. Xeromyrmex is properly African but spreads into the Palearctic and Indian Regions. Holcomyrmex, Parholcomyrmex, and especially Monomorium, sensu stricto, are more widely distributed. Several of the species of Monomorium, sensu stricto, (minutum, floricola, pharaonis), Xeromyrmex (salomonis), and Parholcomyrmex (gracillimum, destructor) have been widely disseminated by commerce. The species of Holcomyrmex are harvesting ants of dry regions and this is true of certain Australian species which are allied to Parholcomyrmex, though I assign them to a new subgenus Protholcomyrmex (with the type Monomorium rothsteini Forel) to be described in a later paper.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
6D2550DEB45735148D8CD61A56865BE9.taxon	materials_examined	Several workers from Leopoldville (Lang and Chapin), found " living beneath a log, " and two from Garamba, taken from the stomach of a toad (Bufo regularis). This species is apparently widely distributed in the Ethiopian Region.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
95B1F27B35269715A7CBDC90C075C249.taxon	materials_examined	Numerous workers and females from Stanleyville and Thysville (Lang and Chapin). This is the well-known, little, red house ant, spread by commerce throughout the world.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
5F6CC0C3C83447E68E1163855A9BA02D.taxon	materials_examined	Several workers from Yakuluku (Lang and Chapin); found living in small mushroom-shaped termitaria. The typical form of the species is widely distributed in Asia Minor, Arabia, Central Asia, India, etc., and is evidently spreading to other parts of the Old World tropics (Africa, Java, Laysan, etc.). According to Emery, it occurs in the desert of Algiers, nesting under stones. The subspecies robustius was originally described from Somaliland. Yakuluku is in the dry portion of the Belgian Congo towards the type locality.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
5C28793BB1008446FB91BAEA4FC3D5AB.taxon	materials_examined	Many workers from Niapu and Garamba (Lang and Chapin). Those from Niapu " came in thousands to the body of a dead bird. They had their nest in a cleared place about thirty yards away. The following day they had moved their nest to the base of a decomposed root but towards evening had returned to their original nest. This extended about two feet below the surface of the soil. " At Garamba the species was found " making crater nests about three inches high about the stalks of grasses in a dry plain (savannah) with few trees. " Thirteen specimens from this locality were taken from the stomach of a toad (Bufo regularis).	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
10627FC64A4048855A86AF2280D00AEC.taxon	description	A large and difficult genus of mostly hypogaeic ants; usually with very small, pale workers and much larger and dark-colored females and males. The workers are usually monomorphic but in a few species, such as punctaticeps Mayr, saevissima (Smith) and geminata (Fabricius), distinctly polymorphic. Antennae 10 - jointed, first funicular joint large, club large, distinctly 2 - jointed, the last joint very long. Mandibles narrow, with few (usually 4) teeth. Clypeus raised in the middle and projecting anteriorly, with two diverging ridges, or carinae, each in all but a few species terminating anteriorly in a strong tooth flanked by a smaller tooth on the side. Frontal carinae short, somewhat diverging behind. Eyes small, often minute or vestigial; ocelli very rarely present. Promesonotal suture indistinct, mesoepinotal suture well developed. Thorax more or less impressed at the latter. Epinotum always unarmed. Petiole with short peduncle and high, rounded node; postpetiole rounded, much lower than the petiolar node. The female has 11 - jointed (rarely 10 - jointed) antennae and moderately large eyes and ocelli. Fore wings with one cubital and one discoidal cell; radial cell open. The male is somewhat smaller than the female, with 12 - jointed antennae. Scape very short, first funicular joint globular. Eyes and ocelli very large and prominent. Mesonotum without Mayrian furrows. Postpetiole campanulate; first gastric segment large; legs slender.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
10627FC64A4048855A86AF2280D00AEC.taxon	distribution	The genus Solenopsis is cosmopolitan, but represented by the greatest number of species in the Neotropical Region. There are a few forms even in Australia. The species with small, nearly blind, yellow workers, like S. fugax (Latreille) of Eurasia and S. molesta (Say) of North America, are hypogaeic and usually live in the nests of other ants and termites, feeding on their brood (cleptobiosis). Some species, however, (punctaticeps, saevissima, geminata, gayi, etc.) live in large independent colonies. S. saevissima and geminata, the well-known " fire-ants " of the tropics, sting very severely. They have well-developed eyes and lead an epigaeic life, not only feeding on insects and other animal food but also harvesting seeds or destroying the tender shoots or fruits of plants.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
B8B0D31ADE7AB84277AAAF24877550E0.taxon	description	Worker. - Length 2 to 2.8 mm. Apparently less polymorphic than the typical punctaticeps and the subspecies caffra Forel and therefore more like the subspecies erythrxa Emery. Head in all the individuals rectangular, with straight sides, as broad in front as behind, not longer than broad in the largest, distinctly longer in the smallest individuals. Median teeth of the clypeus long and slender, lateral teeth obsolete or indicated only by feeble projections. Petiolar node broader than the petiole, its upper border straight and transverse .. Sculpture much as in typical punctaticeps and the hairs almost as abundant as in that form, but much shorter and less erect, especially on the head. Color yellowish brown, legs and antennae yellow; mandibular teeth dark brown. Small workers scarcely paler. Male. - Length 4.3 mm. Head with very large eyes and ocelli, the latter extremely prominent; without the mandibles broader than long. Mandibles with 3 denticles. Antennal scapes nearly as long as the first two funicular joints together. Thorax broadly elliptical, slightly flattened above, only slightly longer than broad, much broader than the head. Epinotum bluntly subangular in profile, the base distinctly longer than the declivity. Nodes of petiole very low, rounded. Wings rather long; legs very slender. Smooth and shining; head subopaque and finely longitudinally striate behind. Hairs sparser and more reclinate than in the worker. Brown; head black around the ocelli; mandibles, antennae and legs yellowish. Wings rather opaque brownish hyaline, with very distinct brown veins and pterostigma.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
B8B0D31ADE7AB84277AAAF24877550E0.taxon	materials_examined	Described from twenty workers and a single male from Vankerckhovenville (Lang and Chapin), on the Kibali River or Upper Uele. The specimens were living in small craters in the soil and were seen feeding on dead insects.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
B8B0D31ADE7AB84277AAAF24877550E0.taxon	discussion	Emery 1 has recently revised the various subspecies and varieties of S. punctaticeps. The form described above is certainly distinct. I am not sure that I have seen the largest workers, although the series of specimens is rather large. The single male is smaller and much paler than that of the typical punctaticeps, which is described by Arnold as " black " and as measuring 5 mm. He found that the typical form of the species lives in large colonies, independent of other ants or termites, though it is hypogaeic, " rarely coming to the surface except in dull weather. "	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
B24B7AB76BF6CFAC21D871DB27A06E26.taxon	description	In this genus the worker phase is strongly dimorphic, being represented by a minute worker proper and a much larger soldier, both with 10 - jointed antennae and distinctly 2 - jointed antennal club. The head of the soldier is large, suboblong and, in some species, furnished with a ridge with a slight tooth-like projection on each side near the occipital border. Maxillary and labial palpi 2 - jointed. Mandibles 5 - or 6 - toothed. Clypeus without teeth and usually without carinae. Eyes reduced to a few facets, the anterior ocellus well developed, the lateral ocelli absent. Pro- and mesonotum high and convex; epinotum short, unarmed or with small teeth. Promeso- and mesoepinotal sutures distinct. Petiole with a short peduncle, its node rather low and transverse; postpetiole also transverse, somewhat broader than the petiole. Gaster large, elongate, as long as the remainder of the body. Legs short. In the worker the head is small, scarcely longer than broad, without ocelli and with the eyes even more reduced than in the soldier, the gaster smaller, not elongate. Female larger than the soldier, but with shorter head. Antennae 11 - jointed, but also with a 2 - jointed club. Thorax elongate elliptical, mesonotum seen from above covering the pronotum. Wings long, with a closed radial cell, a discoidal and one cubital cell. Male smaller than the female, not larger than the soldier, with long, filiform, 13 - jointed antennae, the scape very short, the first funicular joint not swollen, not broader than the succeeding joints. Outer genital valve long, narrow, acuminately rounded at the tip; middle valve with a short, hollow, subtriangular, external ramus, and an extremely narrow, rather long internal ramus terminating in a hook; inner valve with three ridges, the mesial of which is strongly dentate and with its point directed obliquely to the base of the valve.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
B24B7AB76BF6CFAC21D871DB27A06E26.taxon	discussion	The genotype, A. nossindambo Forel, was described from males and females taken in Madagascar many years ago. Sikora later found the soldiers and workers in a termitarium at Amparafaravantsiv in the same island. Forel therefore expressed the opinion that the species of Aeromyrma must be cleptobiotic. The fact that Emery found a worker attached to the tarsus of a female is suggestive in connection with conditions in Carebara (vide infra, p. 171). For many years the genus was supposed to be monotypic and peculiar to Madagascar, but within recent years eight species and a variety have been described from the Ethiopian Region; Forel has also described a species from Sumatra (Map 23). A single soldier in the collection made by Lang and Chapin is certainly different from any of the species known in that phase. I describe it as new, although it may prove to be the soldier of one of the species based on workers.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
5C2B08DE7A715982A0626360FD94EEB6.taxon	description	Text Figure 40 Soldier. - Length 2.5 mm. Head suboblong, nearly one and one-half times as long as broad, with feebly convex sides and rather deeply and angularly excised posterior border. Anterior ocellus well developed; eyes very small, consisting of about six ommatidia, situated at the anterior third of the head. Posterior corners of the latter with a low but distinct ridge produced on each side into a minute tooth. Mandibles convex, with 4 small, subequal, rather acute apical teeth, and a large blunt and flattened basal tooth. Clypeus flat, ecarinate, its anterior border feebly and sinuately excised in the middle, its posterior portion narrow, rectangular, extending back between the diverging frontal carina .. Frontal groove distinct. Antennae 10 - jointcd; scapes rather slender and curved at the base, reaching to the middle of the sides of the head; joints 2 to 7 of the funiculus minute, subequal, nearly as broad as long (somewhat too long in the figure); club a little shorter than the remainder of the funiculus, with the basal joint longer than broad and about one-third as long as the terminal joint. Thorax decidedly shorter and narrower than the head; pro- and mesonotum convex, steep in front, rounded above; premesonotal suture distinct; mesonotum subcircular; metanotal sclerite distinct. In profile the dorsal outline of the mesonotum slopes backward continuously with the base of the epinotum without a distinct impression at the mesoepinotal suture. Epinotum with a small tooth on each side, its declivity longer than its base, rather steeply sloping. Petiolar node compressed antcropostcriorly, in profile with a rather angular summit, from above transverse; postpetiole transversely elliptical and somewhat broader than the petiole, with a blunt ventral tooth. Gaster voluminous, distended with a transparent liquid, elongate elliptical, longer than the remainder of the body, its anterior border straight in the middle. Legs short. Subopaque; mandibles, posterior portion of clypeus, frontal area, mesonotum, and gaster shining; mandibles sparsely and indistinctly punctate; head finely and regularly longitudinally rugulose; sparsely and rather coarsely punctate posteriorly; gaster with fine, scattered, piligerous punctures. Hairs yellowish, moderately abundant, suberect, of uneven length, most conspicuous on the dorsal surface; very short, dense and appressed on the appendages. Ferruginous red; legs and antenna: paler and more yellowish; gaster dark brown above, with the venter and bases and apical borders of the segments broadly yellowish.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
5C2B08DE7A715982A0626360FD94EEB6.taxon	materials_examined	Described from a single specimen taken by Lang and Chapin at Malela " from a small mushroom-shaped termitarium, " probably belonging to a colony of Eutermes fungifaber Sjoestedt.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
5C2B08DE7A715982A0626360FD94EEB6.taxon	discussion	A. petulca differs from africana Forel from the Kalahari in its slightly smaller size, darker color, in having the postpetiole only slightly broader than the petiole (nearly twice as broad in africana), in possessing epinotal teeth and longitudinal rugae on the head. In africana the head is finely reticulate and the remainder of the body is evidently more shining than in petulca. In nossindambo the head is broader and less sharply rugulose, the thorax is more deeply impressed at the mesoepinotal suture, the antennal scapes are much shorter, the anterior ocellus is smaller and the color is paler. Forel states that the gaster of the africana, soldier is " transparent yellow, " which indicates that it was full of a clear liquid as in petulca. This condition is seen also in the soldiers of many species of Pheidole in Australia and in our Southern States and seems to indicate that this caste in the two genera mentioned often functions as replete or foodstorage individuals as in the honey ants (Myrmecocystus, Leptomyrmex, Melophorus, Plagiolepis, and Prenolepis). Emery 1 believes that Aeromyrma, should be reduced to the rank of a subgenus under Oligomyrmex " because in 0. debilis Santschi the worker has 9 - jointed, whereas the soldier (and probably also the female) has 10 - jointed antennae, so that if one wished to distinguish the groups as heretofore, the worker of 0. debilis would be classified in the genus Oligomyrmex, the soldier in the genus Aeromyrma. " While admitting that the two genera are very closely related, I prefer to retain Aeromyrma as an independent genus until the species are better known. Probably there are important differences in habit between the species of the two groups. At any rate, A. nossindambo and petulca are cleptobiotic with termites, whereas two or three species of Oligomyrmex which I collected in Australia were always found nesting in small cavities in rotten logs quite apart from termites.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
ED8109C2C6D3C78459B7010C6C8B6641.taxon	materials_examined	A single winged female from Akenge, taken from the stomach of a frog (Arthroleptis variabilis), cannot at the present time be referred to any of the described species, mostly known from soldiers and workers.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
2FD773A15F89F8968FC8A4311FFA790E.taxon	description	Worker minute, monomorphic, yellow, without eyes or ocelli; antennae 9 - jointed, joints 2 to 6 very small, the two terminal joints forming a large and distinct club, with very long last joint. Mandibles with oblique 3 - or 4 - toothed apical margins. Frontal carinae short; frontal groove and frontal area absent. Clypeus simple, unarmed, without carinae. Epinotum unarmed. Petiole with a short peduncle, its node higher and larger than that of the postpetiole; both nodes from above transverse, subelliptical. Female enormously larger than the worker, dark-colored, with well-developed eyes and ocelli. Antennae short, 10 - jointed, the funiculi without a distinct club, their joints 2 to 5 not much narrower than the remaining joints. Thorax large and robust, convex above, higher than the head, the mesonotum anteriorly more or less overarching the small pronotum, with well-developed parapsidal furrows. Epinotum unarmed, or with low flattened lobes or protuberances on the sides. Tarsi densely clothed with short, stiff bristles. Wings large, the anterior pair rather pointed, with one cubital, a discoidal, and a closed radial cell and a well-developed pterostigma. Male somewhat smaller than the female, but similarly colored, with long, 13 - jointed antennae, scapes short, first funicular joint not swollen nor globular, remaining joints long and cylindrical. Mesonotum large, without Mavrian furrows. Nodes of petiole and postpetiole only feebly developed.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
2FD773A15F89F8968FC8A4311FFA790E.taxon	discussion	The genus Carebara (Map 24) is represented by seven species in the Ethiopian and two in the Indochinese Region (C. lignata Westwood and C. castanea F. Smith). Santschi described some females and males taken in French Guiana as Carebara carinata. 1 The former measure 12 to 12.8 mm., the latter 9.3 mm. He is of the opinion that the species hitherto referred to the Neotropical genus Tranopelta, originally founded by Mayr on male specimens, are also to be referred to Carebara. Forel, however, in his description of the workers of T. gilva Mayr variety brunnea shows that. Mayr's genus is perfectly distinct. These workers are somewhat dimorphic, have eyes, and both the workers and females have 11 - jointed antennae, with a 3 - jointed clava. The male alone is very similar to Carebara, especially to the male of C. osborni described below. These characters are all evident in a series of worker, male and female cotypes of brunnea in my collection. Emery 2 had previously based another Neotropical genus, Carebarella, on females and males of a species (C. bicolor) from Brazil and Peru. He also described a worker from Ega, Brazil, under the name Oligomyrmex anophthalmus.. At first sight the occurrence of species of Carebara and Oligomyrmex in South America seems veiy doubtful. During a recent trip to British Guiana I was able to secure all three phases of a new subspecies of Santschi's C. carinata and of the typical form of Tranopelta gilva. The worker of the former shows that it is without a doubt a true Carebara, and Prof. Emery, to whom I sent specimens for comparison with his Oligomyrmex anophthalmus, writes me that the latter, though specifically distinct, belongs to the same genus. It should therefore be known as Carebara anophthalma. The new subspecies of carinata was taken in a large termitarium of Syntermes dirus Klug, and it is interesting to note that of all the Neotropical termites this is most like the large Termes species with which the Ethiopian Carebarae live (vide infra). I took Tranopelta gilva, however, in the deeper parts of the nest of the large ponerine, Paraponera clavata (Fabricius), and also living independently with coccids under bark. Emery has placed Tranopelta and Carebarella with Diplomorium and Solenopsis in the tribe Solenopsidini and has made a tribe Pheidologetini for the genera Pheidologeton, Aneleus, Lecanomyrma, Oligomyrmex (including the subgenera Aeromyrma and Octella), Erebomyrma, Psedalgus, and Carebara. It would seem to be more natural to include all these forms in the single tribe Solenopsidini. Evidently Carebara, in the diminution of the antennal joints and the loss of the eyes in the worker, in the secondary reduction of this caste to monomorphism, and the secondary enormous enlargement of the females and males, represents the most extreme development of the whole series of genera, which probably started from forms like the existing species of Pheidologeton. Since the volumes of bodies of the same shape vary as the cubes of their diameter, a female Carebara vidua measuring 24 mm. would be 4096 times as large as the cospecific worker, which measures only 1.5 mm., if the two insects were of the same shape. But the female is a much stouter insect in proportion to her length than the worker, so that she must be nearly 5000 times as large. And this disproportion occurs not only among individuals of the same species but of the same sex and among the offspring of the same mother! The only other insects which exhibit a like disproportion are the workers and physogastric queens of the very termites with which Carebara lives as a predatory parasite. The extraordinary differences in stature between the workers and sexual phases of Carebara are undoubtedly correlated with interesting habits of the species. Haviland 1 was the first to show that C. vidua lives in the masonry of the large nests of Termes natalensis in Natal. He discovered the minute workers but was unable to elucidate the relations of the ants to the termites. Forel {loco citato), inferring from analogy with our northern cleptobiotic species of Solenopsis (S. fugax, molesta, etc.) advanced the hypothesis that the Carebara colonies live in cavities of their own in the masonry of the termitaria and that these cavities are connected with the galleries of the termites by means of very tenuous passages through which the Carebara workers, but not the termites, can pass. The Carebara workers, probably remaining unnoticed on account of their small size, prey on the termites with impunity and are therefore able to rear such huge sexual forms. The larvae of these are so voluminous that they could not be moved by the workers and are so soft and vulnerable that they would have to be reared in chambers inaccessible to the termites. Although no detailed observations on the relations of the two species have been published, the subsequent accounts of observers in the field go to confirm Forel's inferences.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
2FD773A15F89F8968FC8A4311FFA790E.taxon	biology_ecology	Bequaert 1 has witnessed the marriage flight of Carebara junodi Forel. He says: This species is remarkable on account of the extraordinary disproportion between the female and the workers. In the Katanga it lives in the mound-shaped nests of Acanthotermes spiniger. October 6, 1911, I witnessed at Sankisia a nuptial flight of this ant. It was at the very beginning of the rainy season and on the two preceding days it had rained abundantly. Toward noon numerous winged females were flying about everywhere in the savannah; they came from a certain number of termitaria, the sides of which were covered with fabulous numbers of the very small workers of the same species. I did not see copulation but, in the evening, I captured several males at light but no females. The following days the phenomenon was not repeated. The huge Carebara females are, among the aborigines of the Congo, a muchsought-for delicacy. Hence they take advantage of the nuptial flight to collect a great number of individuals. The swollen portion of the abdomen alone is utilized. They eat it either roasted or raw. Dr. Bequaert informs me that his attention was directed to the marriage flight described above by the excitement of the congregated natives who were actually filling pails with the torn-off gasters of the females. Each Carebara colony gave off hundreds of females and the number of workers that covered a termitarium during the flight must have run into the millions. The workers of Carebara, like those of other hypogseic ants (Erebomyrma, Acanthomyops, etc.), apparently come to the surface of the soil only while the nuptial flight is in progress.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
2FD773A15F89F8968FC8A4311FFA790E.taxon	description	Arnold 2 adds the following interesting note to his description of Carebara vidua. It is probable that the dense tufts of hairs on the tarsi of the female serve an important purpose - that of enabling some of the minute workers to attach. themselves to the body of the female when the latter is about to leave the parental nest. Several specimens of the female have been taken by me with one or more workers biting into the dorsal fimbriae. I am inclined to suspect that the young queen cannot start a new nest without the help of one or more of the workers from the old nest, on account of the size of her mouth-parts, which would probably be too large and clumsy to tend the tiny larvae of her first brood, and that it is therefore essential that she should have with her some workers which are able to feed the larvae by conveying to them the nourishment from the mouth of the queen. I find that the workers also attach themselves to the tarsi of the males. Two specimens of this sex referable to C. vidua., evidently taken at fight and sent me by Mr. C. C. Gowdey from Kampala, Uganda, each bear two workers firmly attached by their mandibles to the tarsal hairs. Such workers must, of course, perish with their carriers, unless they can manage to pass over to the legs of the females during copulation.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
FB677F085AF2AF46E86A98CB29F748FB.taxon	description	Female. - Length 13 mm.; wings 14 mm. Head broader than long, narrower in front, with straight posterior border and rounded posterior corners. Eyes rather large, on the sides, twice as long as the straight cheeks; ocelli large, in deep impressions. Mandibles with 6 graduated teeth, the apical tooth large. Clypeus rather evenly convex, slightly depressed in the middle behind; its anterior border entire and broadly rounded. Frontal area large, semicircular, convex; frontal groove deeply impressed; frontal carinae slightly lobed, diverging behind. Antennae short, 10 - jointed; scapes reaching only to the posterior orbits; funicular joints 2 to 4 a little broader than long, fifth joint as long as broad, remaining joints longer than broad, the three terminal joints forming an indistinct clava as long as the remainder of the funiculus. Thorax long and narrow, elliptical from above; mesonotum distinctly longer than ' broad, distinctly overarching the pronotum in front, with sharply marked parapsidal furrows. Epinotum in profile rectangular, with the declivity longer than the base, abruptly sloping, somewhat concave in the middle, on each side with a marginate projection which forms the bluntly rectangular outline of the epinotum in profile. Petiole from above a little longer than broad, in profile with straight ventral outline and rather low, rounded node, the anterior slope of which is feebly concave. Postpetiole twice as broad as the petiole, nearly twice as broad as long, very slightly flattened above and on the sides, with a distinct transverse impression anteriorly on the ventral surface. Gaster broadly and regularly elliptical, slightly flattened above and below. Legs rather short, hind metatarsi about three-fifths as long as the hind tibiae. Shining; sides of epinotum, petiole and postpetiole more opaque; mandibles very coarsely rugose-punctate; remainder of body with umbilicate punctures, which are smaller and sparser on the thorax and gaster than on the clypeus and head. Between these punctures there are more numerous, very minute but sharp punctures. Clypeus transversely rugulose, especially behind; front of head very finely longitudinally striate. Base and declivity of epinotum very finely transversely striate. Antennal scapes and legs finely punctate. Almost hairless; only a few short, yellowish hairs towards the tips of the antennae, on the mandibles, mouth-parts, border of clypeus and a patch of more numerous hairs at the tip of the gaster. Deep castaneous; gaster, scutellum, pedicel and sides of epinotum blackish. Wings uniformly infuscate, with dark brown veins and pterostigma, the veins narrowly bordered with blackish.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
FB677F085AF2AF46E86A98CB29F748FB.taxon	materials_examined	A single specimen taken at light at Stanleyville (Lang and Chapin).	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
FB677F085AF2AF46E86A98CB29F748FB.taxon	discussion	The species is evidently very different from all the described African species, except sicheli Mayr, but this form, judging from Mayr's description, is less shining, of a paler color, with small but distinct hairs arising from the coarse punctures on the body, the clypeus has a shallow longitudinal impression and is merely punctate and the sides of the epinotum are finely longitudinally striate. The study of more material of both forms may show that langi is to be regarded as a subspecies of sicheli.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
B393ABDE72C1BDA5C8968735C988422E.taxon	description	Plate XV; Text Figure 41 Worker. - Length 0.8 to 1 mm. Head subrectangular, slightly longer than broad, as broad in front as behind, with nearly straight posterior and very feebly and evenly rounded lateral borders. Eyes absent. Mandibles convex, with oblique 4 - toothed apical borders. Antennae 9 - jointed, the scapes reaching to the middle of the sides of the head; funicular joints 2 to 6 very small, slightly broader than long (too long in the figure), terminal joint longer than the remainder of the funiculus (too short in the figure). Thorax narrower than the head; pro- and mesonotum flattened above, suboctagonal, a little longer than broad; epinotum subcuboidal, of the same height as the promesonotum but narrower, as long as broad, the base and declivity subequal in profile, meeting at a right angle, the base not marginate on the sides, the declivity in the middle sloping and longer than the base. Mesoepinotal suture very distinct but not impressed. Petiolar node as long as broad, subglobular, peduncle short; postpetiole not broader than the petiole, with much smaller node. Gaster and legs of the usual shape. Shining; mandibles finely and sparsely punctate; head and thorax above coarsely punctate, the latter more sparsely; punctures on the remainder of the body finer and sparser. Hairs pale yellow, short, subappressed, not very abundant, most distinct on the gaster. Pale brownish yellow, mandibular teeth and anterior border of clypeus darker brown. Female (dealated). - Length 8 mm. Head, including the mandibles, as long as broad, broader behind than in front, with feebly convex posterior border, rounded posterior corners and straight cheeks. Eyes not very convex, on the sides of the head. Ocelli large, in deep impressions. Mandibles large, with oblique, 4 - toothed apical borders. Clypeus with a broad longitudinal median impression, its anterior border broadly and sinuately emarginate in the middle. Frontal area absent, represented only by the impressed anterior end of the rather deep frontal groove. Frontal carinae slightly flattened, scarcely diverging behind. Antennae short, 10 - jointed, scapes reaching to the posterior orbits; funicular joints 2 to 5 broader than long; joint 6 as long as broad, joint 7 somewhat more than half as long as joint 8, the terminal joint equal to joints 7 and 8 together. Thorax robust, longer than broad, broader than the head; the mesonotum convex, longer than broad, in front scarcely overarching the vertical pronotum, parapsidal furrows very distinct. Epinotum longitudinally grooved in the middle, with short base and a much longer, abrupt, rather flat declivity, bordered on each side by a large, flat, rounded and marginate lobe or crest. Petiolar node from above broadly oval, nearly as long as broad, evenly convex and rounded above, its anterior slope with a median blunt convexity, its ventral border in profile slightly concave in the middle. Postpetiole from above a little broader than the petiole, about one and two-thirds times as broad as long, convex above in front. Gaster broadly elliptical, somewhat flattened dorsally and ventrally. Legs rather short. Shining; mandibles, head, epinotum, and sides and ventral portions of petiole and postpetiole more opaque. Mandibles very coarsely striatopunctate. Clypeus irregularly and indistinctly rugulose, somewhat transversely in the middle. Head coarsely and umbilicately punctate, finely striate in the spaces between the punctures. Mesonotum, scutellum, mesopleurae, gaster, and nodes of petiole and postpetiole covered with umbilicate punctures of the same size as those on the head but sparser and with the shining interspaces very minutely and sparsely punctate. Opaque portions of epinotum and pedicel very finely striate. Legs with larger and minute punctures like the gaster, but the larger punctures are smaller and denser. Antennal scapes finely and densely punctate. Hairs yellow, short, bristly, suberect, rather uniformly distributed over the body, arising from the large umbilicate punctures, longer on the gula and tip of the gaster, more abundant on the latter; very short, delicate and appressed on the legs and scapes. Reddish brown; gaster and legs somewhat paler; mesonotum with indistinct traces of castaneous stripes, especially posteriorly. Mandibular teeth blackish. Male. - Length 7 to 7.5 mm. Head through the eyes much broader than long, broadest at the median transverse diameter, short and rounded behind. Eyes very large; ocelli large and prominent. Mandibles narrow, 3 - toothed. Clypeus very convex and rounded in the middle with projecting, entire anterior border. Antennae 13 - jointed, long, filiform, of uniform thickness; scapes about three times as long as the first funicular joint, which is as broad as long but not swollen; remaining joints cylindrical, fully three times as long as broad, the terminal joint longer. Thorax robust, nearly as broad as long, through the wing insertions slightly broader than the head, convex above, in front somewhat overarching the pronotum. Epinotum short, shaped like that of the female, but without the marginate projections on the sides. Petiole resembling that of the female but with node scarcely developed; postpetiole much less convex, longer in proportion to its length. Gaster rather slender, scarcely flattened above; external genitalia voluminous, more or less exserted, the outer valves large, rounded at their tips. Legs slender. Subopaque; scutellum, gaster, and upper surfaces of petiolar and postpetiolar nodes shining. Mandibles, head, thorax, and pedicel very finely and densely punctate; gaster also with fine but sparser punctures, those on the scutellum coarser but not so dense as on the remainder of the thorax. Hairs finer, much shorter, and denser and more appressed on all parts of the body than in the female. Brown; ocellar region black. Wings brownish, rather opaque, with the veins and pterostigma of the same color as the body.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
B393ABDE72C1BDA5C8968735C988422E.taxon	materials_examined	Described from four workers, one female, and numerous males taken from a single colony at Niangara (Lang and Chapin) in the mound of a termite (Termes natalensis Haviland). According to Mr. Lang, the specimens were found " south of Niangara in one of the grass-covered termite hills which give the treeless landscape of the savannah its characteristic appearance (Plate XV). These hills extend as far as the eye can reach. They are never very high - rarely more than twelve feet - though they may attain a diameter of fifty feet at the base. Usually they appear as mere undulations of the ground, covered with grass which may be as much as ten feet high. The Carebara queen, males and workers were living in a flattened chamber about three feet above the general level of the soil near the center of a medium-sized termitarium. "	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
B393ABDE72C1BDA5C8968735C988422E.taxon	discussion	C. osborni, though a true Carebara, is entirely unlike any of the known species in the small size of all the phases. In this respect and in the color of the male and female it approaches the species of the genus Oligomyrmex.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
CACB4CF5C919E50FA74DF8B97E9A8FE3.taxon	materials_examined	Niangara, [[ queen ]]; Faradje, [[ queen ]] (Lang and Chapin); Yakuluku, [[ male ]] (J. Rodhain). The specimens from Niangara have the gaster black and therefore belong to the variety dux of Forel; one specimen from Faradje has the gaster castaneous and is therefore transitional to Santschii variety abdominalis. Arnold has shown that these color differences are merely nest variations, so that they may be relegated to the synonymy of vidua.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
707CF73F5B3718CC388C36FD905D07A6.taxon	discussion	The worker of this peculiar genus which is closely related to Carebara and Oligomyrmex, is monomorphic, minute, brownish yellow, with the eyes reduced to one or two ommatidia placed near the anterior third of the sides of the head. Ocelli absent. Maxillary and labial palpi each 2 - jointed. Mandibles rather narrow, with oblique 4 - toothed apical borders. Clypeus convex and projecting in the middle, extending back between the frontal carinae, with a pair of longitudinal carinae, which converge somewhat behind but do not terminate in teeth anteriorly. Antennae rather stout, resembling those of Carebara, 9 - jointed, with joints 2 to 6 of the funiculus small and transverse, the club large and distinct, 2 - jointed. Thorax short and broad; the pronotum with rather angular humeri. Premesonotal suture lacking and, in the African species, with the mesoepinotal suture scarcely indicated. Epinotum sloping, the declivity on each side with a low vesiculate lamina resembling in structure the epinotal laminae of certain species of Strumigenys.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
707CF73F5B3718CC388C36FD905D07A6.taxon	description	The female is considerably larger than the worker, with well-developed eyes and ocelli and 10 - jointed antennae, the club of the latter being 3 - jointed and longer than the remainder of the funiculus. Mandibles 5 - toothed. Clypeus convex, ecarinate. Thorax short, high, and arched, much broader than the head. Wings unknown. The male has not been seen.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
707CF73F5B3718CC388C36FD905D07A6.taxon	discussion	Forel founded this genus on P. escherichi, a species discovered by Escherich in a small cavity in a mound of Termes obscuriceps at Peradenyia, Ceylon. The minute workers were " running about on the back of their huge queen, like lice. " Santschi in 1913 described as Oligomyrmex infimus from French Guinea the worker of a second species, which he later (1914) recognized as a Paedalgus. The following species is very similar.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
CFA62ADD321B8501616D1FD3E5C68E57.taxon	description	Plate XVI; Text Figures 42 and 43 Worker. - Length 1 mm. Head subrectangular, a little longer than broad, nearly as broad in front as behind, with feebly rounded sides and feebly excavated posterior border. Eyes very small, situated at the anterior third of the head. Mandibles rather narrow, with four subequal teeth. Clypeus convex in the middle, bicarinate, with the anterior border projecting and truncated in the middle, narrow on the sides. Antennae robust, scapes reaching to the second third of the sides of the head; funicular joints 2 to 6 subequal, much broader than long, together but little longer than the first joint; basal joint of club slightly longer than broad, less than one-third as long as the apical, which is nearly as long as the remainder of the funiculus. Thorax narrower and somewhat shorter than the head, broad in front, narrowed in the epinotal region, with subangular humeri; its dorsal surface in profile straight and horizontal to the base of the sloping, very bluntly angular epinotum, without promesonotal and mesoepinotal sutures; the epinotal declivity on each side with a low, subtriangular, vesiculate lamina. Petiole with a short, stout peduncle, its node high, rounded, about one and one-half times as broad as long, transversely elliptical from above. Postpetiole smaller than the petiole, its node much lower, only a little broader, a little less than twice as broad as long. Caster elliptical, its anterior border concave in the middle. Legs rather short. Head, thorax, petiole, and postpetiole opaque, covered with shallow, saucershaped punctures, arranged in regular rows on the head and each bearing in its center a short hair. Upper surfaces of petiolar and postpetiolar nodes smoother and somewhat shining. Gaster and legs very smooth and shining, with minute, sparse, piligerous punctures. Mandibles and antennae subopaque, the former sparsely and coarsely punctate. Hairs yellow, short, bristly, suberect, longer on the clypeus and gaster. There is a long bristle at each humeral angle, one on each side of the mesonotum near the base of the epinotum and one on each side of the petiolar and postpetiolar nodes. Brownish yellow; legs and antennae a little paler; mandibles and clypeus a little darker.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
CFA62ADD321B8501616D1FD3E5C68E57.taxon	materials_examined	Described from numerous specimens taken from a single colony at Malela by Lang, Chapin, and Bequaert in a mound-shaped termitarium of Acanthotertnes militaris (Hagen). The latter contained beautiful fungus-gardens, which are shown in Plate XVI. The cavities inhabited by the Paedalgus colony were in the walls of the fungus chambers at a spot corresponding to the upper right hand corner of the figure.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
CFA62ADD321B8501616D1FD3E5C68E57.taxon	discussion	P. termitolestes is certainly very close to Santschii infimus but differs in its somewhat larger size (infimus measures only 0.8 mm.) and in having the head longer than broad, with shorter and stouter scapes, a somewhat longer thorax, less transverse petiolar and postpetiolar nodes, and in having the promesonotum opaque. The specimens of the new species were accompanied by great numbers of worker larvae and pupae and nearly adult female larvae. They are white, nearly spherical, with short neck, small head, and very feebly developed mouth-parts, indicating that they are fed by the tiny workers with regurgitated liquid food. They are not " glabres, " as Santschi describes the larvae of P. infimus, but covered uniformly with short, stiff, sparse hairs, each of which has two recurved branches (Fig. 43 a and b). Even in alcohol, the larvae cling compactly together in masses by means of these hooks. When stained and cleared, the larvae are seen to possess unusually voluminous salivary glands. The youngest individuals, scarcely 0.2 mm. long, have the receptacle full of clear secretion (Fig. 43 a). In older larvae (Fig. 43 b), the secretion after dehydration forms great masses in the receptacles and lumen of the glands. As these organs are not used in spinning a cocoon, it is very probable that the secretion, like the exudate of Viticicola, and Pachysima larvae described above, is elaborated and used as a food for the workers (trophallaxis). The observations of Lang, Chapin, and Bequaert show that the African species of Paedalgus have the same habits as the Ceylonese P. escherichi and as the species of Carebara. Since, however, the majority of African termites cultivate fungus-gardens, the interesting question as to whether the minute workers of Paedalgus feed on the termites, on the fungus mycelium, or on both can be answered only by future observations on artificial compound nests of the ants and their hosts.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
877DC0F978354A6C517920273F23DFF7.taxon	description	Worker variable in size, but only feebly polymorphic, with 12 - jointed antennae and 3 - jointed antennal club. Clypeus subtriangular; moderately and evenly convex, its anterior border feebly notched in the middle and on the sides. Frontal area and groove distinct. Frontal carinae far apart, in the large workers continued back some distance as diverging ridges bordering scrobe-like impressions for the antennal scapes. Mandibles triangular, convex, with toothed apical margins. Eyes small, flat, nearly circular, placed near the middle of the sides of the head. Ocelli absent. Pronotum flattened above with rectangular humeri. Promesonotal suture indistinct. Mesonotum bituberculate; separated from the epinotum by a wide and deep constriction. Epinotum armed with two long diverging spines; its base bituberculate anteriorly. Petiole and postpetiole very small, the node of the former bispinose above; postpetiole transverse with distinct anterior angles. Legs long and stout, femora incrassated in the middle; middle and hind tibiae without spurs. Gaster broadly elliptical, somewhat compressed dorsoventrally. Body without erect hairs; pubescence extremely short and sparse, appressed. Female considerably larger than the worker. Scrobe-like impressions of the head more distinct. Antennae 12 - jointed. Eyes small, but larger than in the worker; ocelli very small, close together. Thorax short, through the wing insertions slightly narrower than the head. Pronotum visible from above as the mesonotum is rather small and flat. Epinotum abrupt, without distinct base and without spines. Petiolar spines reduced to two blunt tubercles. Gaster large, elongate, convex above and below, nearly as long as the remainder of the body. Anterior wings with a discoidal, a single cubital and a closed radial cell, with a distinct intercubitus (Solenopsis-type). Male with short, stout, denticulate mandibles. Head broad and long, much broader than the thorax and with marginate occipital border. Clypeus carinate. Frontal carinae strongly diverging. Eyes rather small, occupying only about one-fifth of the sides of the head. Antennae 13 - jointed; scapes very short, scarcely two and onehalf times as long as broad; first funicular joint as broad as long, not swollen; remaining joints cylindrical. Epinotum and petiole unarmed. External genital valves long, triangular, pointed at the tip. Wings as in the female.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
877DC0F978354A6C517920273F23DFF7.taxon	discussion	This remarkable genus contains only a single species, which is widely distributed over the Ethiopian Region though not occurring elsewhere (Map 25).	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
D1E854B1ED12960FB0E3A782F5B1F98D.taxon	materials_examined	Faradje, [[ worker ]], [[ queen ]]; Lukolela to Basoko, [[ worker ]]; Akenge, [[ worker ]]; Medje, [[ worker ]] (Lang and Chapin); Matadi, [[ worker ]] (J. Bequaert).	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
D1E854B1ED12960FB0E3A782F5B1F98D.taxon	discussion	This species is so variable that it is doubtful whether Forel's variety curvispina and Santschii variety australis can be retained. The small workers among all the specimens before me have the epinotal spines more or less curved and directed backward, whereas in the large workers they are straight, more erect and more diverging. Besides the material from the localities cited above, I have specimens from the Congo, received from Ern, Andre, Delagoa Bay (P. Berthoud), Mwengwa, North West Rhodesia (H, Dollman), and Xalasi (C. W. Howard). There are also noticeable differences in the length and tenuity of the petiolar spines and in the strength of the cephalic and thoracic sculpture. The latter is noticeably strong in the specimens from Akenge, so that the head is scarcely shining in the occipital region.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
D1E854B1ED12960FB0E3A782F5B1F98D.taxon	biology_ecology	The specimens taken by Lang and Chapin were nesting in cavities in dead wood. Those taken by Dr. Bequaert were " sucking nectar from the flowers of a tree (Anacardiaceae) in the rocky savannah. " Arnold says of the variety curvispina, that " it is a slow ant, living in trees and mainly carnivorous in its diet. The nest is usually situated in a hollow stem, some distance above the ground. Like Crematogaster, these ants, when disturbed, exude a whitish and rather sticky secretion from the anal glands. It has not been found by me except in districts containing large trees. " Bequaert found the nest of the typical mocquerysi " in a cavity in the wood at the base of a fig-tree (River Lovoi, near Kikondja, October 18, 1911). " He writes further: " I captured the male and female of this species in copula, flying in bright daylight (at noon) at the beginning of October (beginning of the rainy season). " The male and female of the species was first described by Forel from these specimens taken by Bequaert in the Katanga.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
4D900999FC00FD5D68F037D2F11D20D9.taxon	materials_examined	Thirteen specimens from Malela (J. Bequaert) are referable to this form, which, I believe with Forel, is to be regarded merely as a subspecies of mocquerysi and not as an independent species. It is easily distinguished by its more shining head, coarser thoracic sculpture, and longer, stouter and, in the large workers, basally more flattened epinotal spines. The small workers have the spines slender, more curved, and more backwardly directed, just as in the small individuals of the true mocquerysi.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
4D900999FC00FD5D68F037D2F11D20D9.taxon	biology_ecology	The habits of cryptoceroides are evidently the same as those of the typical form, as it had been previously taken by Bequaert at Elisabethville in the Katanga " nesting in the rotten wood of a felled tree. "	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
8C4EF0B6FEE48541FC946AE6CD471B79.taxon	description	Text Figure 44 Worker. - Length 4.2 to 8 mm. Differing from the typical form of the subspecies in color. The small workers are entirely black instead of brown; the large ones black, with the head blood red, darkened on the vertex, the antennal scapes black, the funiculi dark brown, especially towards their tips, and the thorax in some apparently less mature individuals, deep castaneous. The medium and large workers have the flattened bases of the epinotal spines distinctly and often sharply angulate externally.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
8C4EF0B6FEE48541FC946AE6CD471B79.taxon	materials_examined	Numerous specimens collected between Lukolela and Basoko " on fire-wood " by Lang and Chapin.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
8C4EF0B6FEE48541FC946AE6CD471B79.taxon	materials_examined	Numerous specimens collected between Lukolela and Basoko " on fire-wood " by Lang and Chapin.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
E9281714AA8664DFC9BF36CF9D2F1F1C.taxon	description	Worker. - Body short and stout, somewhat flattened. Head broader behind than in front, convex above with frontal carinae far apart, diverging behind and prolonged backwards us the upper margins of deep scrobes above the eyes for the accommodation of the whole folded antennae. Eyes prominent, placed near the posterior corners of the head; ocelli absent. Clypeus short and steep. Mandibles small and stout, with a few subequal teeth. Antennae 9 - jointed, with a large 3 - jointed elub; the scapes thickened distally. Thorax short and broad, flattened above, the pro- and mesonotum marginate or lamellately expanded on the sides and behind, forming a disc with spined or toothed anterior corners and with the posterior margin lobed or toothed and overhanging the epinotum, which is very steep or vertical and usually armed with spines. Petiole squamiform, cuneate in profile. Postpetiole with a cuboidal, globose or squamiform node. Gaster large, oval or cordate, emarginate anteriorly at the articulation of the postpetiole. Body usually more or less opaque or subopaque and sculptured, covered with long, abundant and soft or Hexuous hairs. Female decidedly larger than the worker, with 9 - jointed antennae. Thorax stout; pronotum large and exposed above; mesonotum large and convex, rounded on the sides; epinotum unarmed. Fore wings with large pterostigma, a cubital, a discoidal and a closed radial cell. Male only slightly larger than the worker, rather slender, with 13 - jointcd antennae; the scape very short; the first funicular joint globose, the second not much longer than the scape. Head produced behind, with very prominent eyes and ocelli. Antennal scrobes absent. Mesonotum with Mayrian furrows, rounded and unarmed on the sides or behind. Epinotum abrupt, unarmed. Nodes of petiole low. Legs slender. Wings as in the female.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
E9281714AA8664DFC9BF36CF9D2F1F1C.taxon	distribution	This genus is confined to the Old World tropics and ranges over the Ethiopian, Malagasy, Indomalayan, and Australian Regions (Map 26), being represented by the greatest number of species in Australia. The species form moderately populous colonies which nest in the ground, either under stones or in small crater nests. Many of the Australian species which I have observed in the field are true harvesters, storing their nests with seeds. The same habit has been recorded for an Indian species, M. bicolor (Guerin). Arnold, however, says that the species he has observed in Rhodesia " appear to be mainly carnivorous in their diet, but are also fond of sugary substance and attend aphids and coccids on plants. " The workers move very slowly and readily curl up and " feign death " when handled.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
E9281714AA8664DFC9BF36CF9D2F1F1C.taxon	distribution	This genus is confined to the Old World tropics and ranges over the Ethiopian, Malagasy, Indomalayan, and Australian Regions (Map 26), being represented by the greatest number of species in Australia. The species form moderately populous colonies which nest in the ground, either under stones or in small crater nests. Many of the Australian species which I have observed in the field are true harvesters, storing their nests with seeds. The same habit has been recorded for an Indian species, M. bicolor (Guerin). Arnold, however, says that the species he has observed in Rhodesia " appear to be mainly carnivorous in their diet, but are also fond of sugary substance and attend aphids and coccids on plants. " The workers move very slowly and readily curl up and " feign death " when handled.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
6F1DEE6A5A762EB85DE2990BA3C61085.taxon	description	Text Figure 45 Worker. - Length 1.8 to 2 mm. Head subtrapezoidal, as broad as long, rather convex and rounded above, truncated behind. Mandibles with oblique, 4 - toothed apical borders. Clypeus rather flat, with a short median carina posteriorly. Frontal area transverse, crescentic. Scrobes deep, extending to the posterior corners of the head. Eyes rather large, convex. Antenna- robust; club distinctly longer than the remainder of the funiculus. Pro- and mesonotum transversely rectangular, slightly broader than the head without the eyes, about one and one-half times as broad as long (somewhat too long in the figure), with sharply dentate anterior corners, the sides distinctly emarginate at the mesoepinotal suture, which is straight and very distinct. Mesonotum roundedon the sides and narrowed to the posterior border, which bears four short, blunt, flattened teeth, the median pair heing smaller and more approximated. Epinotum vertical, unarmed, somewhat concave in the middle, with a longitudinal welt on each side representing the spines. Petiole cuneate in profile, the node much compressed anteroposteriorly, much higher than the length of the segment, narrowed and bluntly pointed above, higher than the postpetiolar node, which has a similar shape but is less compressed above and with broader, transverse border. Gaster large, convex above, pointed posteriorly, its anterior border excised in the middle. Legs rather stout. Shining; mandibles opaque, finely and indistinctly striatopunctate. Clypeus and upper surface of head longitudinally but not strongly rugulose, with indistinctly punctate-reticulate interrugal spaces. Cheeks longitudinally rugose. Truncated posterior surface of head rather regularly reticulate rugose. Pro- and mesonotum with similar sculpture but the rugae are feebler, so that the surface is more shining; sides of thorax and epinotum nearly smooth, as are also the petiole and postpetiole. First gastric segment evenly covered with shallow punctures interspersed with extremely minute punctures. Hairs white, delicate, soft, and abundant, forming a uniform erect fleece on the upper surface of the body, more oblique on the appendages, on the legs interspersed with a few exceptionally long hairs. Brown; upper surface of head and first gastric segment, except at the base, dark brown; mandibles, except the teeth, legs, and antennae brownish yellow. Female. - Length 4.5 to 4.8 mm. Head like that of the worker. Thorax broader than the head, about one and three-fourths times as long as broad; broadest through the pronotum, the sides of which are somewhat swollen, but have blunt, though distinct, teeth. Mesonotum somewhat broader than long. Petiole and postpetiole much as in the worker, but the postpetiolar node is thicker above in profile. Sculpture like that of the worker, but the mandibles coarsely striate and the sides of the thorax coarsely and irregularly reticulate rugose. Hairs yellow, coarser, and shorter, especially on the gaster, than in the worker. Color like that of the worker, but the mesonotum with three large, poorly defined, dark brown patches. Wings yellowish hyaline, with pale yellow veins and pterostigma. Male. - Length 2.5 mm. Head, including the eyes, as broad as long, very convex behind. Eyes and ocelli large and convex; cheeks very short. Clypeus convex in the middle. Antennal scapes scarcely more than twice as long as broad; first funicular joint globose, second somewhat longer than the scape but distinctly more slender than the third joint. Thorax short, broader than the head including the eyes. Mesonotum convex, with distinct Mayrian furrows. Epinotum like that of the worker, but more sloping. Petiole longer than high or broad, the node low, angular in profile, with subequal anterior and posterior slopes, the former straight, the latter slightly concave. Postpetiole as long as high, somewhat depressed above, transverse, broader than the petiole. Clypeus smooth and shining in the middle. Head subopaque, reticulate-rugulose. Pronotum and epinotum indistinctly punctate-rugulose, subopaque; mesopleurae smooth and shining; mesonotum and scutellum less smooth but shining, indistinctly punctate. Petiole longitudinally rugulose-punctate; postpetiole smoother. Gaster as in the worker but the large punctures are less distinct. Pilosity much as in the female, but the hairs on the body are even less even and on the legs are shorter and more appressed. Colored like the worker, but the antennae and legs are yellow. The veins and pterostigma of the wings are distinctly paler than in the female.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
6F1DEE6A5A762EB85DE2990BA3C61085.taxon	materials_examined	Described from numerous workers, five females, and six males taken at Avakubi (type locality) and a number of workers from Medje (Lang and Chapin). According to Mr. Lang, these ants " build small crater nests in the plantations. One crater was one and one-half inches high and four inches in diameter. The whole nest, three inches wide, extended beneath the surface to a depth of only six inches. The workers move very slowly. The native name is ' tungangele. ' Eight workers from Medje were taken from the stomach of a toad (Bufo funereus).	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
6F1DEE6A5A762EB85DE2990BA3C61085.taxon	discussion	I have described this form at length because it belongs to nanus Ern. Andre and is very closely related to Forel's subspecies nanior and its variety Jciboshanus and to inermis Emery. The last I regard as a subspecies of Andre's species. All of these are known only from the worker. M. nanus measures 2.75 to 3.25 mm. and has two small, acute, spiniform teeth on the epinotum. The subspecies nanior, though of the same size as soriculus (1.9 mm.), is described as having the promesonotum one and three-fourths times as broad as long, the variety Jciboshanus as being as large as the typical nanus, and inermis has the posterolateral corners of the mesonotum rectangular and, judging from Emery's figure, lacks the mesoepinotal suture. The various forms mentioned are from widely separated localities, nanus from Gaboon, inermis from Transvaal and Eritrea, nanior and kiboshanus from East Africa.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
6C7B1F75003475E2C7B6F0494E42C965.taxon	description	Worker small, monomorphic. Head subrectangular, with rounded posterior corners, rather convex lateral borders, and convex, moderately large eyes at the middle of the sides. Ocelli absent. Mandibles triangular, their apical margins with numerous unequal teeth. Maxillary palpi 3 - jointed; labial palpi 2 - jointed. Clypeus convex; its anterior border entire or feebly notched in the middle; its posterior portion extending back between the frontal carinae; its sides not greatly narrowed and without a trenchant ridge in front of the antennal fovea. Frontal carinae short, rather far apart, diverging behind, not prolonged as borders of scrobe-like depressions. Antennae long and slender, 12 - jointed, with a 3 - jointed club, which is shorter than the remainder of the funiculus, terminal joint somewhat enlarged, as long as the two preceding joints together. Thorax rather long and slender, distinctly constricted in the mesoepinotal region, with very long straight epinotal spines, but without metasternal spines. Pronotum on each side above with a bluntly angular elevation, the inferior border broadly rounded. Peduncle of petiole long and slender, the node compressed anteroposteriorly, very slightly squamiform. Postpetiole small, scarcely broader than the petiole, constricted behind. Gaster ovate, rather small. Legs long and slender; middle and hind tibiae without spurs. Female similar to the worker, but larger. Thorax not broader than the head including the eyes; pronotum not covered by the anterior portion of the mesonotum, which is short and convex. Epinotum sloping, with stout spines. Abdomen shaped much as in the worker. Fore wings with a single cubital, a discoidal and a closed radial cell. Male nearly as large as the female. Head small, with prominent eyes and ocelli. Mandibles well developed, with several teeth. Antennae 11 - jointed, the second funicular joint representing three fused joints. Mesonotum without distinct Mayrian furrows. Petiolar node very low. Cerci distinct; hypopygium with a bluntly rounded point; external genital valves short and stout, obtusely pointed. Legs very slender. Wings as in the female.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
6C7B1F75003475E2C7B6F0494E42C965.taxon	discussion	I include in this genus also Mayr's M. africana., which is hardly more than a subspecies of aculeata. Emery placed both of these forms in Tetramorium. Their habitus is certainly that of certain forms of Macromischa, as Mayr observed, but Emery was right in excluding them from that Neotropical genus. Both species are confined to the rain forests of West Africa (Map 27) and do not, nest in the ground like the species of Tetramorium but build loose carton nests between leaves or on their under surfaces. Mayr claimed that the male aculeata has 11 - jointed antennae, but Emery, after examination of six specimens, maintained that these appendages are 10 - jointed and that Mayr's specimens must have been abnormal. There are four males in the Congo collection from two different localities and all of them have 11 - jointed antennae. Emery probably overlooked the third funicular joint, which is rather rigidly articulated with the second joint so that the suture can be distinctly seen only in a favorable light. The number of joints in the male antennae, the shape of the clypeus in the worker and female, the absence of spurs on the middle and hind tibiae, the long slender legs and antennae, the absence of the Mayrian furrows in the male, and the reduced number of palpal joints are all characters which seem to me to justify a new generic name. The peculiar habits, too, are important in this connection, although alone they would hardly justify a change in Emery's allocation of the species, since in a well-marked genus like Myrmicaria we have seen that some of the smaller species build carton nests on leaves whereas the larger species nest in the ground. The genus Tetramorium certainly becomes more homogeneous by the removal of the two Mayrian species.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
6C7B1F75003475E2C7B6F0494E42C965.taxon	discussion	I include in this genus also Mayr's M. africana., which is hardly more than a subspecies of aculeata. Emery placed both of these forms in Tetramorium. Their habitus is certainly that of certain forms of Macromischa, as Mayr observed, but Emery was right in excluding them from that Neotropical genus. Both species are confined to the rain forests of West Africa (Map 27) and do not, nest in the ground like the species of Tetramorium but build loose carton nests between leaves or on their under surfaces. Mayr claimed that the male aculeata has 11 - jointed antennae, but Emery, after examination of six specimens, maintained that these appendages are 10 - jointed and that Mayr's specimens must have been abnormal. There are four males in the Congo collection from two different localities and all of them have 11 - jointed antennae. Emery probably overlooked the third funicular joint, which is rather rigidly articulated with the second joint so that the suture can be distinctly seen only in a favorable light. The number of joints in the male antennae, the shape of the clypeus in the worker and female, the absence of spurs on the middle and hind tibiae, the long slender legs and antennae, the absence of the Mayrian furrows in the male, and the reduced number of palpal joints are all characters which seem to me to justify a new generic name. The peculiar habits, too, are important in this connection, although alone they would hardly justify a change in Emery's allocation of the species, since in a well-marked genus like Myrmicaria we have seen that some of the smaller species build carton nests on leaves whereas the larger species nest in the ground. The genus Tetramorium certainly becomes more homogeneous by the removal of the two Mayrian species.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
B409BCE6B24908DDAECDA977A8D29F08.taxon	description	Plate XVII, Figure 1	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
B409BCE6B24908DDAECDA977A8D29F08.taxon	materials_examined	Stanleyville, [[ worker ]]; Avakubi, [[ worker ]], [[ queen ]]; Bafuka, [[ worker ]]; Medje, [[ worker ]], [[ queen ]], [[ male ]]; Isangi, [[ queen ]]; Leopoldville, [[ worker ]] (Lang and Chapin); Bumba, [[ male ]] (J. Bequaert) Many workers and females and four males.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
B409BCE6B24908DDAECDA977A8D29F08.taxon	biology_ecology	The following note by Mr. Lang accompanies the specimens from Medje: " These ants build their nests by filling out interstices between neighboring leaves with a rough-looking, light mass of decomposed vegetable matter. They prefer densely leaved trees and there are sometimes several hundred nests on the same plant. If one touches the tree, the ants at once rush out of their nests in great numbers and hurry along the branches to reach the intruder. They cling to the human skin and double themselves up while biting and stinging. The result is rather painful and very annoying. There is no swelling but the pain endures for several minutes. All of the ants climb towards the head. The nests are often empty and contain only a few workers, but sometimes they are filled with brood and winged individuals. These ants have a strong odor, especially when rubbed between the fingers. " In the plate (Pl. XVII, fig. 1) two of the nests are shown, one in situ, the other with one of the two thick leaves between which it was built removed.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
B409BCE6B24908DDAECDA977A8D29F08.taxon	discussion	M. aculeatus is so common in the Congo that its nests have been seen by several previous observers. Santschi 1 says of these structures: " Their nest consists of the leaf of a tree or shrub rolled up and lined with a felt-work of very fine vegetable debris and of a mycelium bearing fructifications. It would be interesting to study this fungus where it grows and to ascertain whether or not it is used habitually by the ants as food and is cultivated for this purpose. " Commenting on the variety rubroflava, Forel 2 remarks that it was " found in nests woven of silk, fixed to leaves, and, according to Mr. Kohl, similar to those of Oecophylla and Polyrhachis. From this fact I conclude that the nest of T. aculeatum is probably only superposed on a woven tissue, i. e., it is a combination of carton and tissue, as I have proved to be the case in many species of Polyrhachis. " Examination of a nest of aculeatus preserved in alcohol by Mr. Lang and conversation with Dr. Bequaert, who is well acquainted with the habits of the ant in the Congo, have convinced me that both Santschi and Forel labor under a misapprehension in regard to the structure of the nest. It consists of particles of the most diverse vegetable substances, bits of bark, dead leaves, trichomes, etc., loosely felted together and invaded by fungus mycelium, but the latter bears nothing resembling fructifications or ambrosial bodies such as are found in the gardens of funguseating ants. Dr. Bequaert informs me that aculeatus often nests in forests that are inundated during the rainy season and, as fungus hyphae in such situations in the tropics grow readily on any dead vegetable matter, it is not surprising that we should find them invading the loose carton of the aculeatus nests. These hyphae were interpreted as silk by Forel and suggested to Santschi the possibility of the ant being mycetophagous.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
F8A16A57F42F98533F1AE15F051B3812.taxon	materials_examined	Numerous workers from Zambi (Lang and Chapin); one female from Stanleyville. This variety is smaller than the typical aculeatus, with somewhat shorter epinotal spines, less regularly sculptured and somewhat paler.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
2AB8E0FB178BD8089E0A0186402572CA.taxon	description	Worker small, monomorphic. Antennae 12 - jointed, with a 3 - jointed club. Clypeus narrowed on the sides where its posterior margin is raised in the form of a short trenchant ridge or carina as the anterior border of the antennal socket. Frontal carinae rather far apart, usually continued back some distance and often the full length of the head as subparallel ridges forming the inner borders of scrobes or demiscrobes for the accommodation of the antennal scapes. Maxillary palpi 4 - jointed; labial palpi 3 - jointed. Eyes well developed; ocelli absent. Mandibles rather large, triangular, their apical border with a few large and several small teeth. Premesonotal suture indistinct, mesoepinotal suture more or less distinct; mesoepinotal constriction usually feeble; epinotum with two spines or teeth and episterna usually spined or dentate. Petiole with a short but distinct peduncle and the node large, subcuboidal, rounded above, rarely squamiform; the postpetiole usually broader than the petiole. Legs rather short, middle and hind tibiae with small, simple spurs. Head, thorax, and petiole sculptured, usually rugose or reticulate rugose. Female resembling the worker, but somewhat larger. Pronotum usually very little exposed above; mesonotum and scutellum raised above the level of the pro- and epinotum, the latter with stouter and shorter spines than in the worker. Fore wing with one cubital, one discoidal, and a closed radial cell. Male slightly smaller than the female, with 10 - jointed, very exceptionally with 12 - or 13 - jointed antennae. Second funicular joint very long, representing a fusion of 4 joints. Head small, ocelli and eyes large. Mandibles small but dentate. Pronotum overarched by the mesonotum, which has distinct Mayrian furrows. Epinotum truncate and dentate. Wings as in the female.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
2AB8E0FB178BD8089E0A0186402572CA.taxon	discussion	This genus might be described as peculiar to the Old World, because nearly all the few species occuring in America (T. caespitum, simillimum, and guineense) are known to have been introduced by commerce. The group reaches its greatest development in the Ethiopian Region so far as the number of species, subspecies, and varieties is concerned. Arnold has included Triglyphothrix, Xiphomyrmex, and Decamorium as subgenera, but I have treated them as genera, though a few species with simple hairs may be assigned indifferently either to Tetramorium or Triglyphothrix. I have still further reduced the size of the genus Tetramorium by establishing a new genus, Macromischoides, for T. africanum and aculeatum (vide supra). The species of Tetramorium form moderately large colonies and nest in the ground, usually under stones or logs. One of the species, T. caespitum, has a remarkable distribution, ranging from Britain to Japan, around the shores of the Mediterranean, and reappearing at higher elevations on Mt. Kilimanjaro.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
2C6417287F00DE58767285142EB7A2C0.taxon	materials_examined	Two workers from Thysville (J. Bequaert) and two others from Garamba, taken from the stomach of a toad (Bufo regularis) by Lang and Chapin, are referable to this species, which is distributed over the whole African continent.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
5979A21CFD06914877A18C07D79D348B.taxon	description	Plate XVII, Figure 2	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
5979A21CFD06914877A18C07D79D348B.taxon	materials_examined	Numerous workers from Zambi (Lang, Chapin, and Bequaert), found making small nests in sand (Pl. XVII, fig. 2). According to Mr. Lang's notes, " the craters were often very regular, perfectly circular and composed of the excavated particles of white sand. The colony photographed shows three entrances close together. The nest extended about 50 cm. below the surface to just above a moist layer of sand. The territory in which the ants nest is evidently inundated during the rainy season (at high water), but now (during the dry season) the water is about four feet below the surface. One colony was seen covering small areas about as large as the hand; the nest entrance was oblique, running under an overlapping thin layer of sand. The ants were working at noon in fairly bright sunshine. When disturbed, they all disappeared inside the nest. The craters consisted entirely of fine white sand-grains, without admixture of food particles. "	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
312F3A8C4304CE8096A5D5F97E413517.taxon	materials_examined	Two workers from Ngayu, taken by Lang and Chapin from the stomach of a toad (Bufo superciliaris).	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
B325E3C37BA75EB85A6BFF2F1A778E7B.taxon	description	Worker. v - vLength nearly 4 mm. Decidedly larger than the typical guineense but of the same color, except that the head, thorax, petiole, and legs are concolorous and somewhat more brownish. Clypeal border distinctly emarginate in the middle; funicular joints 2 to 4 small, strongly transverse. There is a very distinct transverse crest to the pronotum like that described by Stitz for the subspecies cristatum. The epinotal spines are long, and stout, and curved forward as in the subspecies peutli Forel. The episternal spines are strongly curved upward and fully half as long as the epinotal spines. Petiolar node of the same shape in profile as in cristatum, with its anterior and posterior surfaces subequal, abrupt, distinctly concave and marginate above, but the node is much longer than in the typical guineense, broader behind than in front and with its dorsal surface roof-shaped as in peutli. Postpetiole robust, nearly as long as broad. Mandibles smooth and shining, with minute, scattered, indistinct punctures. Sculpture much coarser than in the typical guineense; clypeus with three prominent longitudinal carinae or rugae; the rugae on the head and thorax longitudinal but connected by reticulations; the sculpture of both nodes equally coarse and as coarse as that of the thorax. Anterior fourth of first gastric segment sharply longitudinally striate. Pilosity yellow, decidedly longer and coarser than in the typical guineense.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
B325E3C37BA75EB85A6BFF2F1A778E7B.taxon	materials_examined	Described from two specimens, one taken from the stomach of a toad (Bufo regularis), from Medje (Lang and Chapin). This form is so strongly marked that it might be called a species, but, as many of its characters are those of described subspecies of guineense and as I have seen only two specimens, I prefer to attach it provisionally to that species.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
4BD3CBA7FF881024B04C47539EBACD3E.taxon	materials_examined	A single worker taken by Dr. Bequaert at Masaki (between Masisi and Walikale) agrees very closely with Forel's description, except that the erect hairs on the body are coarser and not " wooly " and the gaster is not darker in the middle but uniformly yellowish brown like the remainder of the body. Dr. Bequaert took his specimen from one of the domatia of a Cuviera (probably C. angolensis), the other swellings of which were occupied by Engramma denticulatum Wheeler.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
BFC0F1B490EF4EC519B6CF4DD6B0B097.taxon	description	Worker. - Length 2.5 to 2.8 mm. Agreeing closely with Emery's description of the typical pusillum in size, sculpture, and coloration, but with the basal third or fourth of the first gastric segment densely punctate and nearly opaque, and with the epinotal teeth acute. The latter are distinctly larger than the metasternal teeth.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
BFC0F1B490EF4EC519B6CF4DD6B0B097.taxon	materials_examined	Described from fourteen workers taken from the stomach of a frog (Hemisus marmoratum) from Niangara (Lang and Chapin). The Abyssinian subspecies ghindanum Forel is slightly larger than this variety (at least this is true of several cotypes sent me by Prof. K. Escherich many years ago) and the opaque basal portion of the gaster is more extensive and finely striolate-punctate.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
B2052881754A365AC10B62A583399269.taxon	materials_examined	Plate XVIII, Figures 1 and 2 Numerous workers from Niapu (Lang and Chapin). The note accompanying the specimens states that they " form a ring of loose particles of soil about the entrance of their nests during the rainy season, each ant carrying the particle to a certain distance and then letting it drop and returning at once to the entrance. During the dry season they carry out the particles and food-remnants without attempting to construct a crater. The photographs (Pl. XVIII) show the difference in the appearance of the nest during the wet and dry seasons. These ants are very common, as about a dozen colonies were observed about the village of Niapu. They were usually situated along the paths or in clearings and seem to prefer dry soil. "	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
034B3DE93A70C6ADF3C7F8C8054CD84C.taxon	materials_examined	A single worker from Stanleyville (Lang and Chapin). This is a common tropicopolitan ant, now widely distributed by commerce.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
267477A09054CEFBCE5D10625756E001.taxon	materials_examined	A single worker taken by Dr. Bequaert at Thysville.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
479A14E84A8D261664E9F9B30301BE5F.taxon	discussion	This genus is very closely related to Tetramorium, differing only in having the antennae of the worker and female 11 - instead of 12 - jointed. The scrobes of the antennae are well developed in all the species known to me.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
479A14E84A8D261664E9F9B30301BE5F.taxon	distribution	The genus is widely distributed, being represented by a number of species in tropical Africa, Madagascar, the Indomalayan and Australian Regions and by one species, X. spinosus (Pergande), with several subspecies, in the Sonoran Province of North America. The various species nest in the ground, like Tetramorium, often in very populous colonies.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
406A0D7F3C076DB1FA82B7C65EE14909.taxon	materials_examined	Medje, [[ worker ]], [[ queen ]], [[ male ]]; Irumu, [[ queen ]] (Lang and Chapin).	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
406A0D7F3C076DB1FA82B7C65EE14909.taxon	discussion	Santschi has described all three phases of this species from the French Congo and has figured the worker and male. The specimens before me agree perfectly with his account. They bear no data beyond the localities.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
E7DFCD85B72459C5FCF6C6E4D9293249.taxon	description	Worker. - Length 1.8 to 2 mm. Smaller than the typical form, which measures 3.5 mm., with the mandibles red, the tarsi, middle and hind coxae and tips of fore coxae brownish yellow, and the remainder of the legs and the antennae reddish brown. The seventh funicular joint is as long as broad; the eyes smaller and more flattened than in the type, scarcely more than one-sixth as long as the side of the head, with the anterior orbits somewhat narrowed and bluntly pointed. The postpetiole is twice as broad as long, its node somewhat transverse and compressed anteroposteriorly, the petiolar nods also somewhat broader and more squamiform than in the type. In other respects agreeing very closely with Santschi's figure and description.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
E7DFCD85B72459C5FCF6C6E4D9293249.taxon	materials_examined	Described from numerous specimens taken at Akenge (Lang and Chapin) from a single colony in " a dark brown paper nest. " There is nothing to show that these specimens were not inhabiting the abandoned nest of some other ant. A single dealated female from Liberia in my collection belongs, in all probability, to this subspecies. It measures nearly 2.5 mm. and is very much like the worker. The larger eyes are not bluntly pointed in front, though rather flat. The thorax is small, with small mesonotum, bluntly pointed in front and not covering the pronotum, the epinotal spines are much stouter and further apart than in the worker, the petiolar node is broader, more squamiform and more transverse above, more sharply separated from the peduncle, and with its anterior surface decidedly concave. The color is the same as that of the worker, the body being brownish black with the appendages paler.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
F9BC2786E87E2883B14AFEBAF8B7B2E7.taxon	description	Worker small, allied to Tetramorium. Antennae 12 - jointed, with 3 - jointed club, as long as or slightly longer than the remainder of the funiculus. Maxillary palpi 3 - jointed; labial palpi 2 - jointed. Head broader behind than in front, with convex sides and small, moderately convex eyes at the middle of its transverse diameter. Ocelli absent. Clypeus flattened or moderately convex, ecarinate, its anterior border entire, a little produced, narrowed on the sides and bluntly ridged in front of the small antennal foveae. Frontal carinae short and more or less diverging; frontal area large but not impressed. Scrobes absent. Thorax short and stout, convex and rounded above, with feeble or obsolete promesonotal suture, somewhat constricted or impressed at the mesoepinotal suture, the epinotum unarmed. Petiole pedunculate, the node rounded, narrower than. the postpetiole, which is transversely elliptical and rounded above. Gaster oval, formed very largely by the first segment. Legs moderately long, femora not incrassate in the middle, the middle and hind tibia; with or without short simple spurs. Female somewhat larger than the worker, with 12 - jointed antennae but differing considerably in structural details in the various species. Fore wings with a cubital, a discoidal and an open radial cell. Male with 10 - jointed antennae and elongate second funicular joint, as in Tetramorium, and closely resembling the males of this genus also in other respects. Wings as in the female.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
F9BC2786E87E2883B14AFEBAF8B7B2E7.taxon	distribution	The species of this genus are confined to the Ethiopian Region (Map 28). A few Indian forms formerly referred to the genus have been recently placed by Emery in a new genus, Acidomyrmex, characterized by having very long, straight and diverging epinotal spines.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
E212FCD94D7BA62047F9A785C65C5B6C.taxon	materials_examined	Numerous workers taken at Thysville by Bequaert. These were found nesting in sandy soil in the savannah.	en	Wheeler, W. M. (1922): The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097
