taxonID	type	description	language	source
A627585D9F3C5013FF2DF939FB2BEC08.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Neotype — MZUSP 115087, SL 106 mm, Cananéia, São Paulo, 25 ° 00 ’ 45 ” S, 47 ° 56 ’ 07 ” W. Other material. MZUSP 30333, 31446, 4, SL 71 – 101.5 mm, Brazil, Amapá: approximately 1 ° 26 ’ N, 52 ° 01 ’ W; MZUSP 77667, 20, SL 24.5 – 52 mm, Pará: Salvaterra, Praia do Jubim, 0 ° 45 ’ 31.6 ” S, 48 ° 30 ’ 51.6 ” W; MZUSP 67402 - 03, 3, SL 135 – 156 mm, Maranhão: Ilha de São Luís, Rio Curuçá, approximately 2 ° 31 ’ S, 44 ° 16 ’ W; MZUSP 67409, 67408, 67404, 4, SL 142 – 171 mm, Alagoas: Lagoa Mundaú, 9 ° 38 ’ 28 ” S, 35 ° 46 ’ 44 ” W, MZUSP 51159, 2, SL 144 and 183 mm, Coqueiro Seco, 09 ° 38 ’ 14 ” S, 35 ° 47 ’ 07 ” W; MZUSP 115075,1, SL 209 mm, Maceió, 9 ° 24 ’ S, 35 ° 31 ’ W; MZUSP 67336, 30, SL 78 – 100 mm, Bahia: mouth of Rio Paraguaçu, near Maragogipe, 12 ° 7.5 ’ S, 38 ° 09 ’ W; MZUSP 115076, 1, SL 100 mm, Rio de Janeiro: Baía da Ilha Grande, 23 ° 09 ’ 07.5 ” S, 44 ° 13 ’ 44 ” W; MZUSP 15076, 2, SL 64 and 66 mm, Atafona, 21 ° 36 ’ S, 41 ° 01 ’ W; MZUSP 67319, 27, SL 22 – 88 mm, Atafona, Ilha da Convivência, 21 ° 36 ’ S, 41 ° 02 ’ W; MZUSP 43717, 67383, 67393, 67406, MZUSP 115078) 10, SL 52 – 193 mm, São Paulo: Cananéia, 25 ° 00 ’ 45 ” S, 47 ° 56 ’ 07 ” W; MZUSP 67407, 2, SL 172 and 182 mm, Cananéia, Ilha do Cardoso, 25 ° 07 ’ 54 ” S, 47 ° 57 ’ 59 ” W; MZUSP 67322, 1, SL 156 mm, Iguape, Rio Ribeira de Iguape, 24 ° 30 ’ 29 ” S, 47 ° 31 ’ 39 ” W; MZUSP 67317, 3, SL 155 – 200 mm, Santos, Praia do Embaré, 23 ° 58 ’ 23 S, 46 ° 19 ’ 26 ” W; MZUSP 15079,1, SL 32 mm, Praia Grande, 24 ° 00 ’ 31.8 ” S 46 ° 24 ’ 44 ” W; MZUSP 67526, 3, SL 88 – 107 mm, Santa Catarina: Ibiraquera, Barra da Lagoa de Ibiraquera, 28 ° 07 ’ 44 ” S, 48 ° 39 ’ 50.2 ” W; MZUSP 67411 - 12, 20, SL 27 – 64 mm, Rio Grande do Sul: Laguna dos Patos, approximately 31 ° 09 ’ S, 51 ° 25 ’ W.	en	Menezes, Naércio A., Nirchio, Mauro, Oliveira, Cláudio De, Siccharamirez, Raquel (2015): Taxonomic review of the species of Mugil (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae) from the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America, with integration of morphological, cytogenetic and molecular data. Zootaxa 3918 (1): 1-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.1.1
A627585D9F3C5013FF2DF939FB2BEC08.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Mugil brevirostris is the only species from the study area having the pectoral fin reaching to, or extending slightly beyond, the vertical through the dorsal-fin origin (vs. tip of the pectoral fin not reaching the vertical through the dorsal-fin origin). Mugil brevirostris is additionally distinguished from M. liza, M. curvidens and M. trichodon in having 3 spines and 9 branched anal fin rays in adults or 2 spines, 1 unbranched and 9 branched anal fin rays in juveniles (vs. 3 spines and 8 branched anal fin rays in adults or 2 spines, 1 unbranched and 8 branched anal fin rays in juveniles) and from M. incilis in having the dorsal-fin origin located midway between the snout tip and the caudal-fin base and 35 – 38 oblique scale rows between the dorsal limit of the pectoral-fin base to the caudal-fin base (vs. the dorsal-fin origin closer to the snout tip than to the caudal-fin base and 41 – 44 oblique scale rows from the dorsal origin of the pectoral fin base to the caudal-fin base). Mugil brevirostris additionally differs from M. margaritae in having 35 – 38 oblique scale rows from the dorsal limit of the pectoral-fin base to the caudal base (vs. 40 – 44 oblique scale rows from the dorsal limit of the pectoral-fin base to the caudal-fin base), and from M. curema and M. rubrioculus by having the pectoral fin with 2 unbranched and 12 – 14, usually 13 branched rays (vs. 2 unbranched and 14 – 16, usually 15 branched rays).	en	Menezes, Naércio A., Nirchio, Mauro, Oliveira, Cláudio De, Siccharamirez, Raquel (2015): Taxonomic review of the species of Mugil (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae) from the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America, with integration of morphological, cytogenetic and molecular data. Zootaxa 3918 (1): 1-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.1.1
A627585D9F3C5013FF2DF939FB2BEC08.taxon	description	Description. Morphometric data presented in Table 1. Maximum examined body length 209 mm SL. Body elongate, compressed and moderately deep compared to congeners. Greatest body depth at vertical through spinous dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head and body slightly convex along tip of snout, straight from vertical through anterior border of orbit to vertical through spinous dorsal-fin origin, slightly convex from that point to caudal peduncle, concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of head and body convex from tip of lower jaw to caudal peduncle, concave along caudal peduncle. Orbital diameter greater than snout length. Eye covered with adipose tissue, except for narrow oval-shaped central area in adults. Adipose tissue small to almost absent in specimens shorter than 30 – 35 mm SL. Anterior spinous dorsal fin with 4 slender spines connected by membrane, n = 138. Spinous dorsal fin-origin about midway between snout tip and caudal-fin base. Posterior soft dorsal-fin rays in specimens smaller than 30 – 35 mm SL ii, 7, n = 45; i, 8 in adult specimens, n = 93. Unbranched pectoral-fin rays ii; first ray much smaller than second; branched rays 12 – 14, 13, n = 138. Tip of pectoral fins reaching to, or extending slightly beyond, vertical through spinous dorsal-fin origin. Pelvic fin I, 5. Tip of pelvic fins reaching vertical through base of third dorsal-fin spine. Anal fin in specimens smaller than 30 – 35 mm SL II, i, 9; III, 9 in adult specimens, n = 138. Mouth subterminal. Tip of maxilla falling short of vertical through anterior border of orbit. Teeth unicuspid, spatulate with slightly curved tips (Fig. 1 A), external teeth on upper lip larger than inner teeth. Single row of close set finer teeth on lower lip smaller than upper lip teeth. Characters n range mean SD Scales spinoid; spines well-developed and projecting on surface of scales (Fig. 1 B). Transverse scale rows from dorsal limit of pectoral fin base to caudal-fin base 33 – 39, 36.7, n = 113. Horizontal scale rows from spinous dorsal-fin origin to pelvic-fin origin 12 – 14, 12.6, n = 112. Horizontal scale rows around caudal peduncle 18 – 19,18.5, n = 122. Soft dorsal and anal fins densely scaled except for narrow scaleless distal margin. Basal portion of pectoral fin fully covered by small scales extending between interradial membranes, but not reaching distal margin of fin. Modified axilla scale dorsal to pectoral-fin base about 3 times as long as pectoral fin in 218 mm SL specimen (MZUSP 115075). Modified axilla scale dorsal to pelvic fin about twice as long as pelvic fin in same specimen. Gill rakers close set, 21 – 75 on ceratobranchial portion of first arch; rakers increasing in number ontogenetically (Fig. 2). Color in alcohol. Body dark dorsally, with dark color fading ventrally towards midlateral region, whitish on abdominal region. Spinous dorsal, pelvic and anal fins pale, with few scattered dark chromatophores. Soft dorsal, pectorals and caudal fins with numerous scattered dark chromatophores. Anterodorsal basal portion of pectoral fin with small dark spot covering basal portions of unbranched rays and of five dorsalmost branched rays. Cytogenetic and molecular data. Cytogenetic data unavailable. Molecular analyzes showed that the number of nucleotide differences between Mugil brevirostris and the remaining analyzed species ranges from 10.0 to 64.0 (16 S) and 62.3 to 109.9 (COI) (Tables 2 to 5). The genetic distance between this species and the remaining analyzed species ranged from 0.017 to 0.127 (16 S) and 0.104 to 0.215 (COI) (tables 6 and 7). The dendrogram in Figure 3 shows that this species is genetically most similar to Mugil sp. TABLE 2. Nucleotide differences observed in COI gene among the samples analyzed. Data of Mugil liza and M. cephalus introduced for comparisons 4 13 22 28 31 37 40 43 47 49 55 58 64 65 67 71 76 79 82 85 91 92 94 97 100 103 109 112 Mugil cephalus I - - - - - - - - - - A C A G U C U A U C U C A A C C U U Mugil cephalus II - - - - - - - - - -. U ..... A / G U / C ......... Mugil cephalus III - - - - - - - - - - ... G / A .... C ......... Mugil cephalus IV - - - - - - - - - -. U ... C / U. A / G ........... liza C G C C A A U U C A. U ...... U / C .......... trichodon G A U U G A A C C C .. G. C U C ...... G U U C .. rubrioculus A G C A U / C G U C C A C U .... C G .... G ...... brevirostris A G C A U G U C U A C / U U A / G. C. C. C G C. G C U ... Mugil sp. G A U U G G A C C A U U G. C. C. C G .. G C .. C .. incilis G / A A / G U A G / A A G C C U .. G ... C .. U C U G ... C C. curema A G U A G A G C C A. U G. C. C ... C U ... U C C. margaritae G A U A G A G C C A. U G ... C ......... C C. curvidens C G C G A A A C C A .. G. C. C ... C. G. U ... 118 121 127 130 133 139 142 145 148 151 160 163 166 169 172 175 178 181 184 187 190 193 194 196 197 199 203 205 Mugil cephalus I A C A A U U A A C U A A A C G U / C G C C A U A C A G U C A Mugil cephalus II ... G ......... U. C .. U ..... A ... Mugil cephalus III ... G ......... U. C ........ A ... Mugil cephalus IV ... G ......... U. C ............. liza ... G ......... U ............... trichodon C U G C C C .. U C. G. U. C C G U U C ... A C ... rubrioculus. U. C. C .... G .... C .. U. C. U. A .... brevirostris ... C. C U .. C. G. U. C .... C G U. A ... Mugil sp. ... C. C U .. C. G. U. C .... C. U. A C ... incilis ... C C C. G U C G G U .. C .... C .. G. C U G. curema .. G C C C. G U C G G .. A C .... C. U .. C U G. margaritae .. G C C C .. U C G G U .. C .... C. U .. C U G. curvidens ... C C C ... C .. C. A ..... C .... C U. ...... continued on the next page TABLE 2. (Continued) 208 209 211 214 220 223 226 229 232 235 241 244 247 250 256 262 263 265 268 271 277 280 283 286 287 289 292 298 Mugil cephalus I A A C A U U A U U C A U C A C U C U C A C U C U C A U G Mugil cephalus II .. U G. C ...... U G .... U ......... Mugil cephalus III ..... C .. C ... U G .... U ......... Mugil cephalus IV .. U G. C ...... U G .... U ....... C. liza .. U G U / C ... C .... G .... U ........ trichodon G. U .... A ...... U ... U C .. U. C / U G A C rubrioculus G C G. C. G A C U. C .. C / U U / C. G. C / U .. U. U. A A brevirostris G C. G C C. A C U G C ... C. G U C. C .. U. A. Mugil sp. G C G G C C. A C U ..... C. G U C. C .. U G A A incilis G. U .. C. A C U. C ... C. A. C ... C. G C A curema G. U. C C. A C U. C ..... A U C ... C .. C A margaritae G. U .. C. A C U. C U ... U A U U .. C / U C .. C A curvidens G. U .... A C U. C U ... U A U C U .. C .. A A 301 304 307 308 310 313 316 319 325 328 331 334 337 340 343 344 346 349 350 352 355 356 358 361 364 367 370 373 Mugil cephalus I A A G G U G A A A G U U U C A U A C A C C C G C C C A G Mugil cephalus II .. A .................... U .... Mugil cephalus III .. A .. G / A. G ..... A ......... U .... Mugil cephalus IV .. A .... G. A ............. U ... A liza .. A .... G ............... U .... trichodon .... A. G. G. C. C ....... U U A. U .. A rubrioculus G. A U A. C .. A .. C U C C. A G ... U. U U. A brevirostris G. A U A. C .. A C C C U C C G A G ... U. U .. A Mugil sp. G. A U A. C. G A C C C U U C G G G U U. U. U U. A incilis. U .. A. U G. A .. C U. C G. G ... A .. U G A curema. U .. A. U A / G. A .. C G .. G. G .... U. U G A margaritae. U .. G A U .. A .. C G. C G U G ...... U. A curvidens .... A A C .. A .. C G. C G A G U .. G / A .. U G A ...... continued on the next page TABLE 2. (Continued) 376 379 385 388 391 394 400 403 404 406 409 412 415 418 424 425 430 433 436 439 442 445 451 454 455 457 460 463 Mugil cephalus I U U C C U C C U / C C U G G U C U U C U U C U U A C A C U A Mugil cephalus II .. U .... C .. A U ............... G Mugil cephalus III ....... C .. A U ............... G Mugil cephalus IV ... U ... C .. A U .... U ...... C / U ... G. liza ....... C .. A U ......... U / C ..... G. trichodon. C G U C U A C U A A U. U .. U A. U ... U. U C G. rubrioculus ...... U. U A G / A .. U. C U C C .... U. U. G. brevirostris C. U .. U. C U G A. C U. C U ..... U U C U. G Mugil sp. .. U ... U C U G A U. U C C U .... C C U C U ... incilis. A .. C. A C. A A U. U .. G C .. C. C C / U C. C G. curema .... C. A C. A A U. U. C G / A ... U / C. C U C. C G. margaritae ...... A C. A A U. U .. G ... C. C U C U C G. curvidens .. U U C. G .. G A U. U ..... U C C C U C U C G 469 472 475 476 477 478 481 484 487 490 493 496 499 502 505 508 511 514 515 517 520 523 526 529 532 535 538 539 Mugil cephalus I U A U A C U U A U A / G A C U C G A U C C A U C U A C U U U Mugil cephalus II ............................ Mugil cephalus III .. U / C ........... A ........ G .... Mugil cephalus IV C ........ R / G / A .... A .............. liza ......... G .... A .............. trichodon A C .. U. C .... U .. U .. U U G ... U .. C C. rubrioculus C G. C U C C. C G U. C. C .. U U .... C .. C C. brevirostris .. C C U C C .. G .... U ..... C U. C U C C C Mugil sp. .. C C U C C ....... C ...... U. C. C C C. incilis. C C. U C G ... G U C U C. C U ... U C U .. C .. curema. U .. U C A / G G. G. U C U U. C U ... U C U .. C .. margaritae. U .. U C G G. G G U C. U G C U ... U C U .. C .. curvidens C C C. U C. G C .. U .. U .. U. G .. C C .... ...... continued on the next page TABLE 3. (Continued) 251 252 253 254 255 256 258 261 262 263 264 265 266 268 270 271 272 275 276 277 279 280 Mugil cephalus I G U C A A A A U C C C U U A C A G A A U A C Mugil cephalus II ......... U .. C ...... C .. Mugil cephalus III ............ C ...... C .. Mugil cephalus IV ......... U .. C ...... C .. Mugil lza ......... U .. C ...... C .. trichodon .. U G. C. C .. U A A - U ...... U rubrioculus .... G C. C .. A C A - G. A. G .. U brevirostris .... G C. C .. A C A - A. A. G. G U Mugil sp .... G C. C. U A. A - A. A. G .. U incilis .. - .. U .. U .. C A U U G A .. A .. curema ..... C .... U C A C U. A A / G G C. U margaritae ..... C .... U C A C U. A. G C. U curvidens A C ... C G A .. U. A C .. A. G ... 281 283 287 288 289 290 295 296 297 298 299 300 306 307 324 328 330 331 341 342 348 349 Mugil cephalus I A A - A A C U U C C A C A G / U U C G A G C C U Mugil cephalus II .. - ................... Mugil cephalus III .. - ................... Mugil cephalus IV .. - .... C ........ A ..... liza .. - ................... trichodon U U - ....... C. U. G. A G A ... rubrioculus. U A. C .... U C. C. G U A. A. U C brevirostris U U A. C .... U C. C. G U A. A U. C Mugil sp U U A. C .... U C. C. G U A U A U. C incilis. U G. U U. C U. C. U. G. A G A U. C curema. U A G C U C ... C. U. G. A G A .. C margaritae. U A G C ..... C. U. G. A G A U U C curvidens U U A. U .. C .. C U U. G U A G A .. C .... .. continued on the next page Distribution. Specimens of Mugil brevirostris that have been examined in this study were found at area from the northern (Amapá) to the southern Brazilian coast (Rio Grande do Sul). This species is captured together with M. curvidens, M. curema, M. incilis, and M. rubrioculus along all its distributional range (Fig. 4).	en	Menezes, Naércio A., Nirchio, Mauro, Oliveira, Cláudio De, Siccharamirez, Raquel (2015): Taxonomic review of the species of Mugil (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae) from the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America, with integration of morphological, cytogenetic and molecular data. Zootaxa 3918 (1): 1-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.1.1
A627585D9F3C5013FF2DF939FB2BEC08.taxon	discussion	Remarks. No specimen that could be identified as type-material of Querimana brevirostris was found in the collection of the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, despite a careful, approximately six months search by Marcelo Britto, ichthyologist and curator of that institution. One specimen (MNRJ 2021) in very poor condition which had been identified by Alípio de Miranda Ribeiro as Querimana brevirostris, but not cited as a type, is smaller (total length = 30 mm) than specimens used by Ribeiro, 1915 in his original description (several specimens from an unknown locality in Brazil measuring 53 mm in length). Nine specimens (MNRJ 2977) from Baía da Guanabara, Rio de Janeiro, SL 32 – 37.5 mm, also identified as Querimana bevirostris are rather Mugil curvidens Valenciennes. In Ribeiro’s original description there is a clear reference to the tip of the pectoral fins reaching the vertical through the origin of the first dorsal-fin spine and the presence of 33 “ lateral line ” scales. The only species of Mugil that has long pectoral fins, reaching to, or extending slightly beyond, the vertical through the base of the first dorsal-fin spine is Mugil hospes Jordan & Culver, described from Sinaloa, Mexico, Pacific Ocean. However, two examined paratypes of this species (SU 28290, SL 166 mm and USNM 47446, SL 160 mm), have respectively 43 and 45 lateral series scales along the sides of the body. Given that the specimens from Brazil identified as Mugil gaimardianus by Menezes & Figueiredo (1985) and Mugil sp. by Menezes et al. (2003) and all specimens herein examined characteristically have the tip of the pectoral fins reaching to, and sometimes extending slightly beyond, the vertical through the origin of the first dorsal-fin spine and 33 – 39 lateral series scales, they should be considered as Mugil brevirostris (Ribeiro, 1915). Since the the type series of this species is lost, one of the M. brevirostris specimens we have examined in the present study (MZUSP 115087, SL 106 mm) from Cananéia, São Paulo is herein designated as neotype in order to resolve the uncertainty about the identity of the species.	en	Menezes, Naércio A., Nirchio, Mauro, Oliveira, Cláudio De, Siccharamirez, Raquel (2015): Taxonomic review of the species of Mugil (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae) from the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America, with integration of morphological, cytogenetic and molecular data. Zootaxa 3918 (1): 1-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.1.1
A627585D9F2E500FFF2DFDA0FBF7EC0A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. MZUSP 67337, 46, SL 34 – 61 mm, Brazil, Pará: Marapanim, 0 ° 42 ’ S, 47 ° 42 ’ W; MZUSP 67328, 4, SL 115 – 130 mm, Maranhão, Ilha São Luís, Rio Curuçá, approximately 2 ° 31 ’ S, 44 ° 16 ’ W; MZUSP 48096, 5, SL 38 – 62 mm, Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Ponta do Morcego, 5 ° 47 ’ 56.4 ” S, 35 ° 12 ’ 16.6 ” W; LBP 4934, 1, SL 185 mm, Pernambuco: Tamandaré, 08 ° 40 ’ 31 ” S, 35 ° 06 ’ S, 35 ° 06 ’ 44 ” W; MZUSP 42029, 1, SL 142 mm, Alagoas, Coqueiro Seco, Canal de Cadoz, 9 ° 24 ’ 54.7 ” S, 35 ° 31 ’ 16.5 ” W; MZUSP 67334, 3, SL 139 – 155 mm, 67333, 5, SL 130 – 145 mm, 67396, 4, SL 115 – 207 mm, Maceió: Lagoa Mundaú, 9 ° 38 ’ 28 ” S, 35 ° 46 ’ 44 ” W; MZUSP 67520, 2 SL 56.5 and 63 mm, Praia da Avenida, 9 ° 35 ’ 26 ” S, 35 ° 47 ’ 58 ” W; MZUSP 115073, 3, 230 – 267 mm, Barra de Santo Antônio 9 ° 24 ’ 16.8 ” S, 35 ° 31 ’ 47 ” W; MZUSP 67400, 67398, 8, SL 110 – 250 mm, Sergipe: Rio Sergipe, 10 ° 51 ’ 49.8 ” S, 37 ° 01 ’ 53 ” W; MZUSP 67382, 17, SL 45 – 131 mm, Aracaju, 10 ° 51 ’ 49.8 ” S, 37 ° 01 ’ 55 ” W; MZUSP 51724, 3, SL 113 – 118 mm, Bahia: Nova Viçosa, Rio Peruípe, Porto de Nova Viçosa, 17 ° 54 ’ S, 39 ° 22 ’ W; MZUSP 60776, 5, SL 19 – 84, Caravelas, 17 ° 43 ’ S, 39 ° 14 ’ W; MZUSP 67373, 1, SL 55 mm, Salvador, Rio Vermelho, 13 ° 00 ’ 40.5 ” S, 38 ° 29 ’ 19.2 ” W; MZUSP 67358, 1, SL 28.5 mm, Ilha de Itaparica, Rio Penha, 9 ° 24 ’ 57.5 ” S, 40 ° 31 ’ 12.8 ” W; MZUSP 67359, 16, SL 31 – 29 mm, Maragogipe, Barra do Paraguaçu, 12 ° 45 ’ S, 38 ° 56 ’ W; MZUSP 67316, 102687 4, SL 118.5 – 200 mm, Ilhéus, 14 ° 48 ’ 49.2 ” S, 39 ° 02 ’ 0.7 ” W; MZUSP 82166, 1, SL 145 mm, between Valença and Itacaré, approximately 13 ° 59 ’ S, 39 ° 02 ’ W; MZUSP 67374, 18, 43 – 52 mm, Espírito Santo: Guarapari, Praia dos Namorados, 28, SL 31 – 98 mm, 20 ° 33 ’ 11.5 ” S, 40 ° 29 ’ 19.1 ” W; MZUSP 673853, SL 55 – 121 mm, Santa Leopoldina, Rio Santa Maria da Vitória, 20 ° 4 ’ S, 40 ° 44 ’ W; MZUSP 1330, 1, SL 220 mm, Linhares, Rio Doce, 20 ° 11 ’ S, 40 ° 5 ’ W; MZUSP 67324, 4, SL 126 – 167, Lagoa Nova, 19 ° 24 ’ S, 40 ° 1 ’ W; MZUSP 60348, 45, SL 76 – 244 mm, Rio de Janeiro: Ilha Grande, Baía da Ilha Grande, 23 ° 09 ’ 07.5 ” S, 44 ° 13 ’ 44 ” W; MZUSP 29296, 28295, 27871, 4, SL 124 – 250 mm, Itaguaí, Foz do Rio da Guarda, 22 ° 52 ’ S, 43 ° 46 ’ W; MZUSP 67340, 16, SL 20 – 282, Rio Paraíba do Sul, 21 ° 48 ’ S, 41 ° 45 ’ W; MZUSP 44942, 1, SL 300 mm, Nova Iguaçu, Rio Guandu, 22 ° 46 ’ S, 43 ° 26 ’ W; MZUSP 67391, 2, SL 130 and 190 mm, Cabo Frio, Lagoa Araruama, 22 ° 52 ’ 22.6 ” S, 42 ° 00 ’ 29.7 ” W; MZUSP 67386, 2, SL 116 and 148 mm, Arraial do Cabo, 22 ° 58 ’ 56.2 ” S, 42 ° 01 ’ 14 ” W; MZUSP 67329, 6, SL 65 – 104 mm, Atafona, Pontal 21 ° 36 ’ S, 41 ° 01 ’ W; MZUSP 67355, 3, SL 50 – 87.5 mm, Ilha da Convivência, 21 ° 36 ’ S, 41 ° 02 ’ W; MZUSP 67339, 9, SL 71 – 88 mm, Ilha do Lima, 21 ° 42 ’ S, 41 ° 01 ’ W; MZUSP 67360, 2, SL 64 and 69 mm, São Fidélis, Córrego Pedra d’Água, 21 ° 04 ’ S, 41 ° 45 ’ W; MZUSP 2359, 1195, 2, SL 193 and 224 mm, São Paulo: Santos, 23 ° 57 ’ 14.5 ” S, 46 ° 20 ’ 07 ” W; MZUSP 108257, 1, SL 255 mm, Praia Grande, 24 ° 01 ’ 40.8 ” S, 46 ° 32 ’ W; MZUSP 58719, 1 SL 232 mm, Peruibe, Rio Itinguaçu, 24 ° 18 ’ 44.8 ” S, 47 ° 00 ’ 06 ” W; LBP 10004, 25, SL 48 – 205 mm, Bertioga, 23 ° 51 ’ 38 ” S, 46 ° 09 ’ 10.5 ” W; MZUSP 67390, 67395, 67397, 67325, 67326, 13, SL 164 – 264 mm, Cananéia, 25 ° 00 ’ 53.7 ” S, 47 ° 56 ’ 04 ” W, LBP 7573, 1, SL 220 mm, Cananéia, 26 ° 06 ’ 34 ” S, 47 ° 17.2 ” W; MZUSP 115074, 10, SL 21 – 245 mm, Ilha do Cardoso, Cananéia, 25 ° 07 ’ 54 ” S, 47 ° 57 ’ 59 ” W; MZUSP 67363, 67338, 13, SL 36 – 255 mm, São Vicente, 23 ° 57 ’ 48.5 ” S, 46 ° 29 ’ 14.6 ” W; MZUSP 67331, 11, SL 77 – 103.5 mm, Caraguatatuba, 23 ° 36 ’ 47 ” S, 45 ° 24 ’ 46 ” W; MZUSP 107459, 23, SL 28 – 97 mm, Ubatuba, núcleo Picinguaba, riacho Canto da Paciência, 23 ° 22 ’ 48.6 ” S, 44 ° 50 ’ 20.3 ” W; MZUSP 67345, 16, SL 37 – 60 mm, Ubatuba, Praia do Itaguá, 23 ° 27 ’ 20.3 ” S, 45 ° 10.3 ’ W; MZUSP 67323, 1, SL 220 mm, Ubatuba, 23 ° 22 ’ 17 ” S, 45 ° 01 ’ 07 ” W; MZUSP 67354, 7, SL 65 – 190 mm, Boca do rio da Lagoa, 23 ° 09 ’ 7.9 ” S, 46 ° 42 ’ 6.3 ” W; MZUSP 67392, 674201, SL 164 and 156 mm, São Sebastião, 23 ° 47 ’ 44 ” S, 45 ° 26 ’ 53 ” W; MZUSP 13343, 1, SL 212 mm, Santa Catarina: Florianopólis, Rio Biguaçu, 27 ° 29 ’ S, 48 ° 39 ’ 55 ” W; MZUSP 14315 - 14316, 14318 - 14321, 14323 - 14324 14326, 67367, 67371, 67387, 27, SL 40 – 212 mm, Rio Grande do Sul: Tramandaí, 29 ° 59 ’ S, 50 ° 07 ’ W.	en	Menezes, Naércio A., Nirchio, Mauro, Oliveira, Cláudio De, Siccharamirez, Raquel (2015): Taxonomic review of the species of Mugil (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae) from the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America, with integration of morphological, cytogenetic and molecular data. Zootaxa 3918 (1): 1-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.1.1
A627585D9F2E500FFF2DFDA0FBF7EC0A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Mugil curema differs from congeners from the study area except M. brevirostris, M. incilis, M. margaritae, and M. rubrioculus in having an anal fin with 3 spines and 9 – 10 branched rays in adults or 2 spines, 1 unbranched and 9 – 10 branched rays in juvenile (vs. 3 spines and 8 branched rays in adults or 2 spines, 1 unbranched and 8 branched rays in juveniles). Mugil curema is distinguished from M. brevirostris in having the pectoral fin not reaching of the vertical through the origin of the first dorsal-fin spine (vs. reaching to, or extending slightly beyond, the vertical through the origin of the first dorsal-fin spine), and from M. incilis in having the origin of the first dorsal-fin spine midway between the snout tip and the caudal-fin base (vs. origin of the first dorsal-fin spine much closer to the snout tip than the caudal-fin base) and 35 – 39 oblique scales from the dorsal limit of the pectoral-fin base to the caudal-fin base (vs. 43 – 47 oblique scale rows from the dorsal limit of the pectoral-fin base to the caudal-fin base). Mugil curema differs from M. margaritae in having 35 – 39 oblique scales rows from the dorsal limit of the pectoral-fin base to the caudal-fin base (vs. 40 – 44 oblique scale rows from the dorsal limit of the pectoral-fin base to the caudal-fin base) and from M. rubrioculus in having the anterodorsal portion of second dorsal fin uniformly dark or just slightly darker than remainder of fin, but not forming a spot (vs. a conspicuous black spot on the anterodorsal portion of the second dorsal fin), and a conspicuous dark spot extending over most of the basal portion of the pectoral fin (vs. basal portion of the pectoral fin overall dark or with small inconspicuous dark spot).	en	Menezes, Naércio A., Nirchio, Mauro, Oliveira, Cláudio De, Siccharamirez, Raquel (2015): Taxonomic review of the species of Mugil (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae) from the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America, with integration of morphological, cytogenetic and molecular data. Zootaxa 3918 (1): 1-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.1.1
A627585D9F2E500FFF2DFDA0FBF7EC0A.taxon	description	Description. Morphometric data presented in Table 8. Maximum examined body length 300 mm SL. Body elongate, compressed, deep compared to congeners. Greatest body depth at vertical through spinous dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head and body slightly convex along tip of snout, convex from vertical through anterior border of orbit to caudal peduncle, slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of head and body strongly convex from tip of lower jaw to caudal peduncle, straight to slightly concave along caudal peduncle, to vertical through caudal-fin base. Orbital diameter greater than snout length. Eye largely covered by adipose tissue, leaving only narrow oval-shaped central area uncovered in adults. Adipose tissue almost absent in specimens smaller than 30 – 35 mm SL. Anterior spinous dorsal fin with 4 slender spines connected by membrane, n = 454. Spinous dorsal fin-origin about midway between snout tip and caudal-fin base. Posterior soft dorsal-fin rays ii, 7, n = 45 in specimens smaller than 30 – 35 mm SL; i, 8 in adults, n = 410. Unbranched pectoral-fin rays ii, first ray much smaller than second; branched rays 14 – 16, 14.8, n = 454. Tip of pectoral fins not reaching vertical through spinous dorsal-fin origin, but only to vertical slightly beyond pelvic-fin base. Pelvic fin with I, 5. Tip of pelvic-fin reaching vertical through base of second dorsal-fin spine. Anal fin in specimens smaller than 30 – 35 mm SL II, i, 9 – 10; III, 9 – 10 in adults, n = 454. Mouth subterminal. Tip of maxilla extending slightly beyond vertical through anterior border of orbit. Teeth unicuspid, spatulate with slightly curved tips (Fig. 5 A); external teeth on upper lip larger than inner teeth. Single row of close set, finer teeth on lower lip smaller than upper lip teeth. Scales spinoid; spines rudimentary on surface of scales, not projecting posteriorly along margin of scales (Fig. 5 B). Transverse scale rows from dorsal limit of pectoral-fin base to caudal-fin base 34 – 39, 37.1, n = 399. Horizontal scale rows from spinous dorsal-fin origin to pelvic-fin origin 12 – 13, 12.6, n = 392. Horizontal scale rows around caudal peduncle 17 – 18, 17.7, n = 379. Soft dorsal and anal fins densely scaled except for narrow scaleless distal margin. Basal portion of pectoral fin fully covered by small scales extending between interradial membranes but not reaching distal margin of fin. Modified axilla scale dorsal to pectoral-fin base about 2.5 times as long as pectoral fin in 215 mm SL specimen (MZUSP 114037). Modified axilla scale dorsal to pelvic fin half length of pelvic fin in same specimen. Gill rakers close set; 20 – 75 rakers on ceratobranchial portion of first arch; rakers increasing in number ontogenetically (Fig. 2) Color in alcohol. Body dark above with dark color fading ventrally midlateral region, whitish on abdominal region. Spinous dorsal, pelvic and anal fins pale with few scattered dark chromatophores. Soft dorsal fin dark with anterodorsal tip darker than remainder of fin. Pectoral and caudal fins profusely covered with dark chromatophores. Anterodorsal basal portion of pectoral fin with relatively long, dark spot covering basal portions of unbranched rays and 9 – 10 dorsalmost branched rays, vertically elongate whitish spot under it extending through bases of remaining ventralmost branched rays. Distal margin of caudal fin darker than remainder of fin. Cytogenetic and molecular data. Chromosome data of specimens from coastal waters of the Paranaguá Bay, Paraná State, Brazil show a karyotype with chromosome complement 2 n = 28, composed of 20 M + 4 ST + 4 A (Nirchio et al., 2005) that corresponds to the caryotype originally described for the species from Louisiana, USA by Le Grande & Fitzsimons (1976). C-banding in specimens from Brazil display only pericentrometric heterochromatic blocks on AG-NORs located on the telomeric region of the short arm of the subtelocentric chromosome pair number 11. Molecular analyses showed that the number of nucleotide differences between Mugil curema and the remaining analysed species ranges from 26.6 to 64.3 (16 S) and 39.8 to 104.8 (COI) (Tables 2 to 5). The genetic distance between this species and the remaining analyzed species ranged from 0.057 to 0.130 (16 S) and 0.064 to 0.186 (COI) (Tables 6 and 7). The dendrogram in Figure 1 shows that this species is genetically most similar to M. margaritae.	en	Menezes, Naércio A., Nirchio, Mauro, Oliveira, Cláudio De, Siccharamirez, Raquel (2015): Taxonomic review of the species of Mugil (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae) from the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America, with integration of morphological, cytogenetic and molecular data. Zootaxa 3918 (1): 1-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.1.1
A627585D9F2E500FFF2DFDA0FBF7EC0A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mugil curema is known throughout the study area (Fig. 6), but specimens from the southern Caribbean, Uruguay and Argentina were unavailable for study. This species has been captured with M. brevirostris, M. curvidens, M. incilis and M. rubrioculus at many sites within the study area.	en	Menezes, Naércio A., Nirchio, Mauro, Oliveira, Cláudio De, Siccharamirez, Raquel (2015): Taxonomic review of the species of Mugil (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae) from the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America, with integration of morphological, cytogenetic and molecular data. Zootaxa 3918 (1): 1-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.1.1
A627585D9F2A500BFF2DFDA0FF02EF28.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. MNHN 2012 - 0400, SL 69.9 mm, herein designated as lectotype; MNHN A- 3226, 4, 57.5 – 60.1 mm, herein designated as paralectotypes; MZUSP 115080, 3, SL 54 – 87 mm, Brazil, Pará: Marapanim, 0 ° 42 ’ S, 47 ° 42 ’ W; MZUSP 115081, 4, SL 27 – 57 mm, Rio Grande do Norte: Ponta do Morcego, 5 ° 47 ’ S, 35 ° 11 ’ W; MZUSP 115083, 2, SL 35 and 38 mm, Pernambuco: Ponta de Pedras 7 ° 37 ’ 32.6 ” S, 34 ° 48 ’ 51.5 ” W; MZUSP 42030, 1, SL 148 mm: Coqueiro Seco, Canal do Cadajós, 9 ° 24 ’ 54.7 ” S, 35 ° 31 ’ 16.5 ” W; MZUSP 103994, 1, SL 191 mm SL, Barra de Santo Antônio, 9 ° 24 ’ 16.8 ” S, 35 ° 31 ’ 47 ” W; MZUSP 67449, 5, SL 147 – 196 mm, Lagoa Mundaú, 9 ° 38 ’ 35.5 ” S, 35 ° 46 ’ 44 ” W; MZUSP 67454, 1, 121 mm, Sergipe: Rio Sergipe, 10 ° 51 ’ 49.8 ” S, 37 ° 01 ’ 53 ” W; MZUSP 67448, 16, SL 45 – 96 mm, Bahia: Ilha de Itaparica, Rio Penha, 13 ° 00 ’ 50 ” S, 38 ° 44 ’ 01 ” W; MZUSP 67456, 10, SL 40 – 69 mm, Arembepe, 12 ° 45 ’ 47 ” S, 38 ° 10 ’ 40 ” W; MZUSP 67450, 67451, 3, SL 97 – 138 mm, Salvador, Itapuã, 12 ° 56 ’ 48 ” S, 38 ° 22 ’ 28 ” W; MZUSP 67459, 3, SL 37 – 50 mm, Ilha de Itaparica, Mar Grande, 12 ° 59 ’ 30.5 ” S, 38 ° 41 ’ 25 ” W; MZUSP 67522, 1, SL 79 mm, Ilha de Itaparica, 13 ° 00 ’ S, 38 ° 44 ’ W; MZUSP 67465, 1, SL 73 mm, Ilhéus, 14 ° 47 ’ 45.5 ” S, 39 ° 02 ’ 77 ” W; MZUSP 60505, 5, SL 25 – 53 mm, Arquipélago dos Abrolhos, Ilha Siriba, 17 ° 55 ’ 34 ” S, 38 ° 56 ’ 07 ” W; MZUSP 114039, 8, SL 128 – 197 mm, Baía de Todos os Santos, Praia de Boa Viagem, 12 ° 56 ’ 06 ” S, 38 ° 30 ’ 35.5 ” W; MZUSP 115082, 2, SL 41 and 42 mm, Espírito Santo: Guarapari, Praia dos Namorados, 20 ° 40 ’ 12 ” S, 40 ° 29 ’ 43 ” W; MZUSP 115085,1, SL 77 mm, Rio de Janeiro: Atafona, Ilha do Lima, 21 ° 36 ’ S, 41 ° 01 ’ W; MZUSP 115085,1, SL 60 mm, Atafona, Pontal, 21 ° 06 ’ 33 ” S, 41 ° 06 ’ 06 ” W; MZUSP 115086, 2, SL 31 and 34 mm, 21 ° 30 ’ S, 41 ° 01 ’ W; MNRJ 2977, 8, SL 32 – 36 mm, Baía de Guanabara, approximately 22 ° 48 ’ 43 ” S, 43 ° 08 ’ 44 ” W.	en	Menezes, Naércio A., Nirchio, Mauro, Oliveira, Cláudio De, Siccharamirez, Raquel (2015): Taxonomic review of the species of Mugil (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae) from the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America, with integration of morphological, cytogenetic and molecular data. Zootaxa 3918 (1): 1-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.1.1
A627585D9F2A500BFF2DFDA0FF02EF28.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Mugil curvidens differs from congeners collected in the study area by the presence of conspicuously curved teeth on upper jaw (vs. teeth slightly curved on upper jaw) and from other species except M. trichodon and M. liza in having an anal fin with 3 spines and 8 branched rays in adults or 2 spines, 1 unbranched ray and 8 branched rays in juveniles (vs. 3 spines and 9 – 10 branched rays or 2 spines, 1 unbranched ray and 9 – 10 branched rays). Mugil curvidens is distinguished from M. trichodon by the presence of 1 unbranched ray and 8 branched rays in the second (soft) dorsal fin in adults or 2 unbranched and 7 branched rays in juveniles (vs. 1 unbranched ray and 7 branched rays in adults or 2 unbranched rays and 6 branched rays in juveniles) and from M. liza in having the second dorsal and the anal fins scaled except for their distal portions (vs. second dorsal and anal fins with the scales restricted to an anterior basal portion and a single posterior row of scales sometimes incomplete).	en	Menezes, Naércio A., Nirchio, Mauro, Oliveira, Cláudio De, Siccharamirez, Raquel (2015): Taxonomic review of the species of Mugil (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae) from the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America, with integration of morphological, cytogenetic and molecular data. Zootaxa 3918 (1): 1-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.1.1
A627585D9F2A500BFF2DFDA0FF02EF28.taxon	description	Description. Morphometric data presented in Table 9. Maximum examined body length 197 mm SL. Body elongate, compressed, moderately deep compared to congeners. Greatest body depth at vertical through spinous dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head and body convex from tip of snout to caudal peduncle, straight to slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of head and body convex from tip of lower jaw to anal-fin origin, slightly concave above caudal peduncle. Orbital diameter greater than snout length. Eye covered with adipose tissue, except for narrow oval-shaped central area in adults. Adipose tissue almost absent in specimens smaller than 30 – 35 mm SL. Anterior spinous dorsal fin with 4 slender spines connected by membrane, n = 96. Spinous dorsal fin-origin about midway between snout tip and caudal-fin base. Posterior soft dorsal-fin rays ii, 7, n = 24 in specimens smaller than 30 – 35 mm SL, i, 8 in adults, n = 72. Unbranched pectoral-fin rays ii, first ray much smaller than second; branched rays 13 – 15, 14, n = 96. Tip of pectoral fin falling short of spinous dorsal-fin origin; extending to vertical through about middle of pelvic fin. Pelvic fin I, 5. Tip of pelvic reaching vertical through base of first or second dorsal-fin spine. Anal fin with II, i, 8 in specimens smaller than 30 – 35 mm SL; III, 8 in adults, n = 96. Mouth subterminal. Tip of maxilla extending slightly beyond vertical through anterior border of orbit. Teeth unicuspid, spatulate with slightly enlarged and conspicuously curved tips (Fig. 7 A), visible with naked eyes in large specimens. External teeth on upper lip larger than scattered inner teeth. Single row of close set unicuspid finer teeth on lower lip. Scales spinoid; spines rudimentary on free surface of scales, projecting along margin of scales (Fig. 7 B). Transverse scale rows from dorsal limit of pectoral fin-base to caudal-fin base 32 – 36, 34, n = 86. Horizontal scale rows from spinous dorsal-fin origin to pelvic-fin origin 12 – 13, 11.6, n = 94. Horizontal scale rows around caudal peduncle 17 – 18, 17.4, n = 90. Soft dorsal and anal fins densely scaled except for narrow scaleless marginal area. Basal portion of pectoral fin largely covered by small scales extending between interradial membranes but not reaching distal margin of fin. Modified axilla scale dorsal to pectoral-fin base 3 times as long as pectoral fin in 200 mm SL specimen (MZUSP 114039). Modified axilla scale dorsal to pelvic fin 2.4 times as long as pelvic fin in same specimen. Gill rakers close set; 22 – 56 rakers on ceratobranchial portion of first arch, increasing in number ontogenetically (Fig. 2) Color in alcohol. Body dark dorsally; dark color fading ventrally towards midlateral region, whitish on abdominal region. Central portion of scales of longitudinal scale rows from midlateral region to dorsal midline of body darker, forming inconspicuous horizontal stripes in live or recently preserved specimens. Pelvic and anal fins pale with few scattered dark chromatophores. Spinous dorsal, soft dorsal, pectorals and caudal fins profusely covered with dark chromatophores. Distal margin of caudal fin darker than remaining parts of fin. Anterodorsal tip of soft dorsal fin with inconspicuous dark spot. Anterodorsal basal portion of pectoral fin with small dark spot extending over basal portions of unbranched rays, five dorsalmost branched rays and with vertically elongate whitish spot under it extending through bases of remaining ventralmost branched rays.	en	Menezes, Naércio A., Nirchio, Mauro, Oliveira, Cláudio De, Siccharamirez, Raquel (2015): Taxonomic review of the species of Mugil (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae) from the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America, with integration of morphological, cytogenetic and molecular data. Zootaxa 3918 (1): 1-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.1.1
A627585D9F2A500BFF2DFDA0FF02EF28.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The syntypes from Bahia, Brazil, MNHN 3626 are in poor condition, but it is possible to determine the following values for the specimen herein designated as lectotype (MNHN 2012 - 0400, SL 67.9 mm, Fig. 8): dorsal fin I, 8; anal fin III, 8; scales from dorsal-fin origin to pelvic-fin origin 12; lateral series scales 35. Lectotype designation is necessary because a single specimen of the species was not fixed as holotype in its original description (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 2000, Article 74). The remaining syntypes, including the specimen from Ascension Island, MNHN- 3642 are herein considered paralectotypes. Cytogenetic and molecular data. Cytogenetic data not available. Molecular analyzes showed that the number of nucleotide differences between Mugil curvidens and the remaining analyzed species ranges from 31.0 to 69.0 (16 s) and 73.2 to 105.7 (COI) (Tables 2 to 5). The genetic distance between this species and the remaining analyzed species ranged from 0.056 to 0.139 (16 S) and 0.125 to 0.201 (COI) (tables 6 and 7). The dendrogram in Figure 3 shows that this species is genetically most similar to M. incilis, M. margaritae and M. curema.	en	Menezes, Naércio A., Nirchio, Mauro, Oliveira, Cláudio De, Siccharamirez, Raquel (2015): Taxonomic review of the species of Mugil (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae) from the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America, with integration of morphological, cytogenetic and molecular data. Zootaxa 3918 (1): 1-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.1.1
A627585D9F2A500BFF2DFDA0FF02EF28.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Within the study area, Mugil curvidens was collected only along the Brazilian coast, from Pará to Rio de Janeiro. It has been captured together with M. curema, M. incilis, and M. rubrioculus along the Brazilian coast (Fig. 4). No specimens of the species have been recently reported from the Southern Caribbean and Venezuela. The record of this species from the West Indies (Thomson, 1997: 489) is based on a single not well-preserved small specimen (BMNH 1861.11.7.3, SL 78.8 mm) that has 3 spines and 9 branched anal-fin rays (vs. 3 spines and 8 branched rays in M. curvidens). The presence of this species in Bermuda, the Bahamas and the Antilles (Harrison, 2003, 2007) should be confirmed and it is quite possible they are based on specimens of Mugil trichodon Poey, the only other mugilid species having II + i or III + 8 components in the anal fin with this and the dorsal fin almost fully scaled.	en	Menezes, Naércio A., Nirchio, Mauro, Oliveira, Cláudio De, Siccharamirez, Raquel (2015): Taxonomic review of the species of Mugil (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae) from the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America, with integration of morphological, cytogenetic and molecular data. Zootaxa 3918 (1): 1-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.1.1
A627585D9F295005FF2DFCBEFC5EE972.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. LBP 18386, 3, SL 139 – 175 mm, Brazil, Pará: Bragança, foz do Rio Caeté, 0 ° 56 ’ 48 ” S, 46 ° 37 ’ 02.4 ” W; LBP 9059, 2, SL 320 – 340, Vigia, 0 ° 51 ’ 43.2 ” S, 48 ° 08 ’ 21 ” W; MZUSP 77656, 1. SL 38 – 57, Praia do Mosqueiro, 1 ° 17 ’ 10.4 ” S, 48 ° 33 ’ 30.4 ” W; MZUSP 77667, 1, SL 98 mm Salvaterra, Praia do Jubim, 1 ° 03 ’ 32 ” S, 48 ° 33 ’ 30 ” W; MZUSP 67529, 1, SL 225 mm, Vigia, 0 ° 08 ’ 06.6 ” S, 48 ° 13 ’ 33 ” W; MZUSP 3743, 1, SL 170 mm, Belém, 1 ° 45 ’ S, 48 ° 46 ’ 06 ” W; MZUSP 67413 - 14, 3, 145 – 147 mm, Maranhão: Ilha de São Luís, Rio Curuçá, approximately 2 ° 31 ’ S, 44 ° 16 ’ W; MZUSP 43588, 1, SL 170 mm, Lagoa dos Viana, sistema Pindaré-Mirim, 3 ° 21 ’ 06.6 ” S, 48 ° 13 ’ 33 ” W; ECAM uncatalogued, 10, SL 112 – 234 mm, Venezuela: Isla de Margarita, Laguna La Acequia, Boca de Río, 10 ° 57 ’ 40 ” N, 64 ° 11 ’ 11 ” W.	en	Menezes, Naércio A., Nirchio, Mauro, Oliveira, Cláudio De, Siccharamirez, Raquel (2015): Taxonomic review of the species of Mugil (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae) from the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America, with integration of morphological, cytogenetic and molecular data. Zootaxa 3918 (1): 1-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.1.1
A627585D9F295005FF2DFCBEFC5EE972.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Mugil incilis is the only species from the study area having the dorsal-fin origin much closer to the snout tip than to the caudal-fin base and is further distinguished from M. liza, M. curvidens and M. trichodon in having 3 spines and 9 branched rays in adults or 2 spines, 1 unbranched ray and 9 branched rays in juveniles (vs. 3 spines and 8 branched rays in adults or 2 spines, 1 unbranched ray and 8 branched rays in juveniles), from M. curema, M. rubrioculus and M. brevirostris in having 41 – 44 oblique scale rows from the dorsal limit of the pectoral-fin base to the caudal-fin base (vs. 35 – 39 oblique scale rows from the dorsal limit of the pectoral-fin base to the caudal-fin base) and from M. margaritae in having 20 – 23 longitudinal scale rows around the caudal peduncle (vs. 17 – 18 longitudinal scale rows around the caudal peduncle).	en	Menezes, Naércio A., Nirchio, Mauro, Oliveira, Cláudio De, Siccharamirez, Raquel (2015): Taxonomic review of the species of Mugil (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae) from the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America, with integration of morphological, cytogenetic and molecular data. Zootaxa 3918 (1): 1-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.1.1
A627585D9F295005FF2DFCBEFC5EE972.taxon	description	Description. Morphometric data presented in Table 10. Maximum examined body length 340 mm SL. Body elongate, compressed and moderately deep compared to congeners. Greatest body depth at vertical through spinous dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head and body slightly convex along tip of snout, straight from vertical through anterior border of orbit to vertical through spinous dorsal-fin origin, slightly convex from that point to caudal peduncle, straight to slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of head and body convex from tip of lower jaw to pelvic-fin origin, straight from this point to anal-fin origin, slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Orbital diameter equal to snout length. Eye covered with adipose tissue, except for oval-shaped central area in adults. Adipose tissue almost absent in specimens smaller than 30 – 35 mm SL. Anterior spinous dorsal fin with 4 slender spines connected by membrane, n = 24. Spinous dorsal fin-origin closer to snout tip than to caudal base. Posterior soft dorsal-fin rays i, 8 in adults, n = 24. Unbranched pectoral-fin rays ii, first ray much smaller than second; branched rays 14 – 15, 14, 8, n = 24. Tip of pectoral-fin falling short of vertical through spinous dorsal-fin origin, extending to vertical through about one-third of pelvic fin-length. Pelvicfin rays with I, 5. Tip of pelvic-fin reaching vertical through base of fourth dorsal-fin spine. Anal fin with II, i, 8 in specimens smaller than 30 – 35 mm SL, III, 8 in adults, n = 24. Mouth subterminal. Tip of maxilla extending slightly beyond vertical through anterior border of orbit. Single row of minute, unicuspid, spatulate teeth with slightly curved tips on both lips (Fig. 9 A). Teeth on upper lip slightly larger and more widely spaced than slender teeth on lower lip. Scales spinoid, spines well-developed on surface of scales and projecting posteriorly along scale margin (Fig. 9 B). Transverse scale rows from dorsal limit of pectoral-fin base to caudal-fin base 42 – 47, 44.6, n = 23. Horizontal scale rows from spinous dorsal-fin origin to pelvic-fin origin 13 – 14, 13.7, n = 23. Horizontal scale rows around caudal peduncle 20 – 23, 21, n = 23. Soft dorsal and anal fins densely scaled except for narrow scaleless distal area. Basal portion of pectoral fin fully covered by small scales extending between interradial membranes but not reaching distal margin of fin. Modified axilla scale dorsal to pectoral-fin base about 2.5 times as long as pectoral fin in 175 mm SL specimen (LBP 9061). Modified axilla scale dorsal to pelvic fin twice as long as pelvic fin in same specimen. Gill rakers close set; 23 – 68 rakers on ceratobranchial portion of first arch, increasing in number ontogenetically (Fig. 2). Color in alcohol. Body dark dorsally; dark color fading ventrally towards midlateral region, whitish on abdominal region. Central portion of scales of longitudinal scale rows from midlateral region to dorsal midline of body slightly darker, forming inconspicuous horizontal stripes in live or recently preserved specimens. Pelvic and anal fins pale with few scattered dark chromatophores. Spinous dorsal, soft dorsal, pectorals and caudal fins with scattered dark chromatophores. Distal margin of caudal fin slightly darker than remaining parts of fin. Anterodorsal tip of soft dorsal fin dark. Anterodorsal basal portion of pectoral fin with small dark spot extending over basal portions of unbranched rays and ten dorsalmost branched rays, with vertically elongate whitish spot under it extending through bases of remaining ventralmost branched rays. Cytogenetic and molecular data. The chromosome complement of Mugil incilis is composed of 48 acrocentric chromosomes (FN = 48). The largest chromosome pairs, classified as number 1, show a subcentromeric secondary constriction. C-banding showed heterochromatic blocks at the centromeric / pericentromeric regions of all chromosomes, which were more conspicuous on chromosomes 1, given the C-positive signals include the secondary constrictions. AgNO 3 and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with 45 S rDNA demonstrated that the nucleolus organizer regions are indeed located on the secondary constrictions of chromosome pair number 1 with 5 S rDNA located on this same chromosome pair, near the NOR’s, though signals are closer to the centromeres and of smaller size, compared to those of the major ribosomal gene clusters (Hett et al., 2011). The molecular analyzes showed that the number of nucleotide differences between M. incilis and the remaining analyzed species ranges from 34.0 to 63.6 (16 S) and 97.7 to 106.9 (COI) (Tables 2 to 5). The genetic distance between this species and the remaining analyzed species ranged from, 0.061 to 0.148 (16 S) and 0.166 to 0.198 (COI) (tables 6 and 7). The dendrogram in Figure 1 shows that this species is genetically most similar to M. margaritae and M. curema.	en	Menezes, Naércio A., Nirchio, Mauro, Oliveira, Cláudio De, Siccharamirez, Raquel (2015): Taxonomic review of the species of Mugil (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae) from the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America, with integration of morphological, cytogenetic and molecular data. Zootaxa 3918 (1): 1-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.1.1
A627585D9F295005FF2DFCBEFC5EE972.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mugil incilis is known from the Venezuelan coast to northern Brazil (Maranhão), always associated with low salinity water or even freshwater and has been captured together with M. trichodon and M. rubrioculus (Fig. 4)	en	Menezes, Naércio A., Nirchio, Mauro, Oliveira, Cláudio De, Siccharamirez, Raquel (2015): Taxonomic review of the species of Mugil (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae) from the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America, with integration of morphological, cytogenetic and molecular data. Zootaxa 3918 (1): 1-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.1.1
A627585D9F295005FF2DFCBEFC5EE972.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Examination of one specimen from Sapucaia, Rio Paraíba, Brazil (MNRJ 2150) identified by Ribeiro (1915) as Mugil incilis revealed it to be Mugil curema Valenciennes. The material from Ilha do Bom Jesus, Baía de Guanabara, Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ 3657, 5 specimens and MNRJ 3658, 12 specimens) also identified as M. incilis, actually represented M. curema and M. liza respectively. One specimen from San Bernardo / Zulia, Venezuela (LBP 6128) has the origin of the spinous dorsal fin closer to the tip of the snout than to the caudal-fin base, which is the main character that distinguishes Mugil incilis from all the other Mugil species. This specimen, however, has fewer transverse lateral series scales (39 vs. 42 – 47) and might represent a new species as indicated by Siccha-Ramirez et al. (2014: 91) based on molecular data. This specimen is included in the present analysis as Mugil sp. (tables 2 to 7).	en	Menezes, Naércio A., Nirchio, Mauro, Oliveira, Cláudio De, Siccharamirez, Raquel (2015): Taxonomic review of the species of Mugil (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae) from the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America, with integration of morphological, cytogenetic and molecular data. Zootaxa 3918 (1): 1-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.1.1
A627585D9F275000FF2DFA5AFB2FEC0B.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: MBUCV-V- 35725, SL 151 mm, Boca de Río / Nova Esparta, Isla Margarita, 10 ° 58 ’ 14 ” N, 64 ° 10 ’ 13 ” W, 2007, M. Nirchio. Paratypes: MBUCV-V- 35726 (11, SL 90 – 166 mm), MZUSP 115346 (4, SL 126 – 165 mm) collected with holotype; LBP 6129 (1, SL 265 mm), San Bernardo / Zulia, 11 ° 00 ’ 06 ” N, 71 ° 36 ’ 28 ” W, 2006, H. Briceño, M. Dávila & N. Flores.	en	Menezes, Naércio A., Nirchio, Mauro, Oliveira, Cláudio De, Siccharamirez, Raquel (2015): Taxonomic review of the species of Mugil (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae) from the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America, with integration of morphological, cytogenetic and molecular data. Zootaxa 3918 (1): 1-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.1.1
A627585D9F275000FF2DFA5AFB2FEC0B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Mugil margaritae is distinguished from M. liza, M. curvidens and M. trichodon in having 3 spines and 9 branched anal fin rays in adults or 2 spines, 1 unbranched and 9 branched anal fin rays in juveniles (vs. 3 spines and 8 branched anal fin rays in adults or 2 spines, 1 unbranched and 8 branched anal fin rays in juveniles). Mugil margaritae differs from M. incilis in having the dorsal-fin origin midway between the snout tip and the caudal-fin base and 17 – 18 longitudinal scale rows around the caudal peduncle (vs. the dorsal-fin origin much closer to the snout tip than to the caudal-fin base and 20 – 23 longitudinal scale rows around the caudal peduncle) and from M. brevirostris, M. curema and M. rubrioculus in having 40 – 44 oblique scale rows from the dorsal limit of the pectoral-fin base to the caudal-fin base and 13 – 15 (usually 14) longitudinal scale rows from the dorsal-fin origin to the pelvic-fin origin (vs. 35 – 39 oblique scale rows from the origin of the pectoral-fin limit to the caudal-fin base and 12 – 13, usually 13 oblique scale rows from the limit of the pectoral-fin base to the caudal-fin base)	en	Menezes, Naércio A., Nirchio, Mauro, Oliveira, Cláudio De, Siccharamirez, Raquel (2015): Taxonomic review of the species of Mugil (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae) from the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America, with integration of morphological, cytogenetic and molecular data. Zootaxa 3918 (1): 1-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.1.1
A627585D9F275000FF2DFA5AFB2FEC0B.taxon	description	Description. Morphometric data presented in table 11. Maximum examined body length 265 mm SL. Body elongate, compressed, moderately deep compared to congeners. Greatest body depth at vertical through spinous dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head and body convex from tip of snout to spinous dorsal-fin origin; straight from this point to soft dorsal-fin origin, slightly convex from this point to caudal peduncle, concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of head and body convex from tip of lower jaw to anal-fin origin, slightly concave from this point to vertical through caudal-fin base. Orbital diameter equal to snout length. Eye covered with adipose tissue, except for oval-shaped central area in adults. Adipose tissue almost absent in specimens smaller than 30 – 35 mm SL. Anterior spinous dorsal fin with 4 slender spines connected by membrane, n = 23. Spinous dorsal fin-origin about midway between snout tip and caudal-fin base. Posterior soft dorsal-fin rays i, 8 in adults, n = 23. Unbranched pectoral-fin rays ii, first ray much smaller than second; branched rays 13 – 15, 14.6 (15), n = 23. Tip of pectoral fin not reaching vertical through spinous dorsal-fin origin, extending to vertical through about middle of pelvic fin-length. Pelvic fin with I, 5. Tip of pelvic-fin reaching vertical through base of fourth dorsal-fin spine. Anal-fin rays with II, i, 9 in specimens smaller than 30 – 35 mm SL, III, 9 in adults, n = 23. Mouth subterminal. Tip of maxilla extending slightly beyond anterior border of orbit. Teeth on upper and lower lips minute, unicuspid, spatulate, with slightly curved tips (Fig. 10 A). External upper lip teeth larger than inner teeth. Single row of teeth smaller than upper lip teeth on lower lip. Scales spinoid, spines rudimentary on surface of scales, not projecting on scale margin (Fig. 10 B). Transverse scale rows from dorsal limit of pectoral-fin rays to caudal-fin base 40 – 44, 40.8 (40), n = 23. Horizontal scale rows from spinous dorsal-fin origin to pelvic-fin origin 13 – 15,14 (14), n = 23. Horizontal scale rows around caudal peduncle 17 – 18,17.9 (18), n = 23. Soft dorsal and anal fins densely scaled except for narrow scaleless distal area. Basal portion of pectoral fin fully covered by small scales extending between interradial membranes but not reaching distal margin of fin. Modified axilla scale dorsal to pectoral-fin 2.5 times as long as pectoral-fin length in holotype. Modified axilla scale dorsal to pelvic twice as long as pelvic fin in holotype. Gill rakers close set, 48 – 85 (71) on ceratobranchial portion of first arch, increasing in number ontogenetically (Fig. 2). Color in alcohol. Body dark dorsally; dark color fading ventrally towards midlateral portion of body, whitish on abdominal region. Central portion of scales of longitudinal scale rows from midbody to dorsal midline of body slightly darker than remainder of scales, forming inconspicuous horizontal stripes in live or recently preserved specimens. All fins pale, with few scattered dark chromatophores. Distal margin of caudal fin darker than remaining parts of fin. Anterodorsal basal portion of pectoral fin with relatively large dark spot extending over basal portions of ten dorsalmost branched rays, with vertically elongate whitish spot under it extending along bases of fourth through eleventh branched rays. Cytological and molecular data. The karyotype of Mugil margaritae possesses a complement of 2 N + 24 composed of 22 M + 2 SM chromosomes with a conserved arm number FN = 48. NORs are located on the telomeric region of the long arm of the metacentric chromosome pair N o 1 and C-bands are distributed on the pericentromeric and telomeric regions of all chromosomes with some chromosomes displaying intercalary heterochromatic blocks, some being more conspicuous (Nirchio et al., 2005). The molecular analyzes showed that the number of nucleotid differences between M. margaritae and the remaining analyzed species ranges from 8.7 to 64.0 (16 S) and 29.4 to 107.2 (COI) (tables 2 to 5). The genetic distance between this species and the remaining analyzed ones ranged from 0.015 to 0.129 (16 S) and 0.047 to 0.191 (COI) (tables 6 and 7). The dendrogram in Fig. 3 shows that this species is genetically most similar to M. curema.	en	Menezes, Naércio A., Nirchio, Mauro, Oliveira, Cláudio De, Siccharamirez, Raquel (2015): Taxonomic review of the species of Mugil (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae) from the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America, with integration of morphological, cytogenetic and molecular data. Zootaxa 3918 (1): 1-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.1.1
A627585D9F275000FF2DFA5AFB2FEC0B.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species is named after Isla Margarita, Venezuela, a locality where the type species was collected.	en	Menezes, Naércio A., Nirchio, Mauro, Oliveira, Cláudio De, Siccharamirez, Raquel (2015): Taxonomic review of the species of Mugil (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae) from the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America, with integration of morphological, cytogenetic and molecular data. Zootaxa 3918 (1): 1-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.1.1
A627585D9F275000FF2DFA5AFB2FEC0B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mugil margaritae is known from two localities along the Venezuelan coast (Fig. 4) and was captured together with M. trichodon, M. rubrioculus and M. incilis at one of these two localities.	en	Menezes, Naércio A., Nirchio, Mauro, Oliveira, Cláudio De, Siccharamirez, Raquel (2015): Taxonomic review of the species of Mugil (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae) from the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America, with integration of morphological, cytogenetic and molecular data. Zootaxa 3918 (1): 1-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.1.1
A627585D9F225002FF2DFF81FE80E848.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. LBP 6063, 1, SL 212, Venezuela: Isla de Margarita, Boca de Río / Novas Esparta, 10 ° 57 ’ 39.6 ” N, 64 ° 10 ’ 26.4 ” W; LBP 4933, 2, SL 203 – 237 mm, Brasil: Pernambuco, Rio Formoso, 08 ° 40 ’ 31 ” S, 35 ° 06 ’ 44 ” W; Bahia, Porto Seguro, 16 ° 26 ’ 31 ” S, 39 ° 00 ’ 52 ” W; LBP 9060, 5, SL 151 – 183 mm, Pará: Bragança, foz do Rio Caeté, 0 ° 56 ’ 48.5 ” S, 46 ° 37 ’ 02.4 ” W.	en	Menezes, Naércio A., Nirchio, Mauro, Oliveira, Cláudio De, Siccharamirez, Raquel (2015): Taxonomic review of the species of Mugil (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae) from the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America, with integration of morphological, cytogenetic and molecular data. Zootaxa 3918 (1): 1-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.1.1
A627585D9F225002FF2DFF81FE80E848.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Mugil rubrioculus is distinguished from M. liza, M. curvidens and M. trichodon in having 3 spines and 9 branched anal fin rays in adults or 2 spines, 1 unbranched and 9 branched anal fin rays in juveniles (vs. 3 spines and 8 branched anal fin rays in adults or 2 spines, 1 unbranched and 8 branched anal fin rays in juveniles). Mugil rubrioculus differs from M. incilis in having the dorsal-fin origin midway between the snout tip and the caudal-fin base and 35 – 38 oblique scale rows between the dorsal limit of the pectoral-fin base to the caudal-fin base (vs the dorsal-fin origin closer to the snout tip than to the caudal-fin base and 41 – 44 oblique scale rows from the dorsal limit of the pectoral fin base to the caudal-fin base). Mugil rubrioculus is distinguished from M. margaritae in having 35 – 38 oblique scale rows from the dorsal limit of the pectoral-fin base to the caudal-fin base (vs. 40 – 44 oblique scale rows from the dorsal limit of the pectoral-fin base to the caudal-fin base) and from M. curema by the presence of a conspicuous black spot on the anterodorsal portion of the second (soft) dorsal fin contrasting with the lighter color of the remainder of the fin, the basal portion of the pectoral fin dusky or with a small inconspicuous dark spot and the iris orange-reddish in live or recently preserved specimens (vs. anterodorsal portion of the second dorsal fin uniformly dark or slightly darker than the remainder of the fin, but not bearing a distinct dark spot, a conspicuous dark spot extending over most of the basal portion of the pectoral fin and the iris not orange-reddish in live or recently preserved specimens).	en	Menezes, Naércio A., Nirchio, Mauro, Oliveira, Cláudio De, Siccharamirez, Raquel (2015): Taxonomic review of the species of Mugil (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae) from the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America, with integration of morphological, cytogenetic and molecular data. Zootaxa 3918 (1): 1-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.1.1
A627585D9F225002FF2DFF81FE80E848.taxon	description	Description. Morphometric data presented in Table 12. Maximum examined body length 260 mm SL. Body elongate, compressed, moderately deep compared to congeners. Greatest body depth at vertical through spinous dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head and body slightly convex along tip of snout, straight from vertical through anterior border of orbit to vertical through spinous dorsal-fin origin, slightly convex from that point to caudal peduncle, concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of head and body convex from tip of lower jaw to analfin origin, slightly concave from this point to vertical through caudal-fin base. Orbital diameter greater than snout length. Eye covered in adults with adipose tissue, except for oval-shaped central area. Adipose tissue almost absent in specimens smaller than 30 – 35 mm SL. Anterior spinous dorsal fin with 4 slender spines connected by membrane, n = 9. Spinous dorsal fin-origin about midway between snout tip and caudal-fin base. Posterior soft dorsal-fin rays i, 8 in adults, n = 9. Unbranched pectoral-fin rays ii, first ray much smaller than second ray; branched rays 14 – 15, 14.8, n = 9. Tip of pectoral fin not reaching vertical through spinous dorsal-fin origin, extending to vertical through about one-third of pelvic-fin length. Pelvic fin with I, 5. Tip of pelvic fin reaching vertical through spinous dorsal-fin origin. Anal fin with II, i, 8 in specimens smaller than 30 – 35 mm SL; III, 8 in adults, n = 9. Mouth subterminal. Tip of maxilla extending to vertical through anterior border of orbit. Single row of minute, unicuspid, spatulate teeth with slightly curved tips on both lips (Fig. 11 A). Teeth on upper lip slightly larger and more widely spaced than slender teeth on lower lip. Scales spinoid, spines rudimentary on surface of scales, not projecting along scale margin (Fig. 11 B). Transverse scale rows from dorsal origin of pectoral-fin rays to caudal base 35 – 38, 36.8, n = 9. Horizontal scale rows from spinous dorsal-fin origin to pelvic-fin origin 12 – 13, 12.8, n = 9. Horizontal scale rows around caudal peduncle 17 – 18, 17.8, n = 9. Soft dorsal and anal fins densely scaled except for narrow scaleless distal area. Basal portion of pectoral fin fully covered with small scales extending between interradial membranes, but not reaching distal margin of fin. Modified axilla scale dorsal to pectoral-fin base 2.5 times as long as pectoral fin in 255 mm SL specimen (LBP 6849). Modified axilla scale dorsal to pelvic fin 1.8 times as long as pelvic fin in same specimen. Gill rakers close set, 65 – 71 on ceratobranquial portion of first arch, increasing in number ontogenetically (Fig. 2) Color in alcohol. Body dark dorsally, dark color fading ventrally towards midlateral portion of body, whitish on abdominal region. Central portion of scales of longitudinal scale rows from midbody to dorsal midline of body darker than remainder of scales, forming inconspicuous horizontal stripes in live or recently preserved specimens. Spinous dorsal, pelvic and anal fins pale with few scattered dark chromatophores. Soft dorsal, pectoral and caudal fins profusely covered with dark chromatophores. Distal margin of caudal fin darker than remaining parts of fin. Anterodorsal portion of soft dorsal fin with conspicuous dark spot. Anterodorsal basal portion of pectoral fin with small dark spot extending over basal portions of unbranched rays and of eight dorsalmost branched rays, vertically elongate whitish spot under it extending through bases of remaining ventralmost branched rays. Cytogenetic and molecular data. Mugil rubrioculus exhibits a karyotype 2 n = 48 with exclusively acrocentric chromosomes (NF = 48), one pair of NORs interstitially located on chromosome pair number 8 and constitutive chromatin distributed in pericentromeric position of all chromosomes (Nirchio et al., 2007) The molecular analyses showed that the number of nucleotide differences between M. rubrioculus and the remaining analyzed species ranges from 40.0 to 64.0 (16 S) and 97.2 to 114.2 (COI) (tables 2 to 5). The genetic distance between this and remaining analyzed species ranged from 0.073 to 0.125 (16 S) and 0.176 to 0.203 (COI) (tables 6 and 7). The dendrogram in Figure 3 shows that this species is more similar to Mugil sp. and M. brevirostris.	en	Menezes, Naércio A., Nirchio, Mauro, Oliveira, Cláudio De, Siccharamirez, Raquel (2015): Taxonomic review of the species of Mugil (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae) from the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America, with integration of morphological, cytogenetic and molecular data. Zootaxa 3918 (1): 1-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.1.1
A627585D9F225002FF2DFF81FE80E848.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Within the study area this species is known from the South Caribbean (Venezuela) and from the northern Brazilian coast (Pará to Bahia) where it has been captured together with M. curema, M. incilis, and M. curvidens (Fig. 4).	en	Menezes, Naércio A., Nirchio, Mauro, Oliveira, Cláudio De, Siccharamirez, Raquel (2015): Taxonomic review of the species of Mugil (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae) from the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America, with integration of morphological, cytogenetic and molecular data. Zootaxa 3918 (1): 1-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.1.1
A627585D9F20503EFF2DFB5EFC17EFE0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Mugil trichodon differs from congeners from the study area except M. curvidens and M. liza in having the anal fin with 3 spines and 8 branched rays in adults or 2 spines, 1 unbranched ray and 8 branched rays in juveniles (vs. 3 spines and 9 – 10 branched rays in adults or 2 spines, 1 unbranched ray and 9 – 10 branched rays in juveniles). Mugil trichodon is distinguished from M. curvidens by the presence of slightly curved teeth on upper jaw, 1 unbranched ray and 7 branched rays in the second (soft) dorsal fin in adults or 2 unbranched and 6 branched rays in juveniles (vs. teeth on upper jaw strongly cruved, 1 unbranched ray and 8 branched rays in adults or 2 unbranched rays and 7 branched rays in juveniles) and from M. liza in having the second dorsal and the anal fins scaled except distally (vs. second dorsal and anal fins with the scales restricted to an anterior basal portion and a single, sometimes incomplete posterior basal portion).	en	Menezes, Naércio A., Nirchio, Mauro, Oliveira, Cláudio De, Siccharamirez, Raquel (2015): Taxonomic review of the species of Mugil (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae) from the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America, with integration of morphological, cytogenetic and molecular data. Zootaxa 3918 (1): 1-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.1.1
A627585D9F20503EFF2DFB5EFC17EFE0.taxon	description	Description. Morphometric data presented in Table 13. Maximum examined body length 213 mm SL. Body elongate, compressed and moderately deep compared to congeners. Greatest body depth at vertical through spinous dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head and body convex along tip of snout, slightly convex from vertical through anterior border of orbit to spinous dorsal-fin origin, straight from this point to soft dorsal-fin origin, slightly convex from this point to caudal peduncle, slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of head and body convex from tip of lower jaw to termination of base of anal fin, straight to slightly concave from this point to vertical through caudal-fin base. Orbital diameter much larger than snout length. Eye covered with adipose tissue, except for narrow oval-shaped central area in adult specimens. Adipose tissue almost absent in specimens smaller than 30 – 35 mm SL. Anterior spinous dorsal fin with 4 slender spines connected by membrane, n = 17. Spinous dorsal fin-origin about midway between snout tip and caudal-fin base. Posterior soft dorsal-fin rays ii, 6, in specimens smaller than 30 – 35 mm SL, i, 7 in adults, n = 17. Unbranched pectoral-fin rays ii, first ray much smaller than second; branched rays 15, n = 17. Tip of pectoral fin not reaching vertical through spinous dorsal-fin origin, extending to vertical through about middle of pelvic fin. Pelvic fin rays with I, 5. Tip of pelvic-fin reaching vertical through spinous dorsal-fin origin. Anal fin rays with II, i, 8 in specimens smaller than 30 – 35 mm SL, III, 8 in adults, n = 17. Mouth subterminal. Tip of maxilla extending slightly beyond vertical through anterior border of orbit. Teeth unicuspid, spatulate with slightly curved tips (Fig. 12 A), visible with naked eye in large specimens. External teeth on upper lip larger that scattered fewer inner teeth. Single row of unicuspid close set finer teeth smaller that upper lip teeth. Scales spinoid, spines rudimentary on surface of scales and not projecting posteriorly on scale margin (Fig. 12 B). Transverse scale rows from dorsal limit of pectoral-fin base to caudal-fin base 30 – 33, 30.7, n = 17. Horizontal scale rows from spinous dorsal-fin origin to pelvic-fin origin 11 – 12, 11.05, n = 17. Horizontal scale rows around caudal peduncle 15 – 16, 15.2, n = 17. Soft dorsal and anal fins densely scaled except for narrow scaleless distal area. Basal portion of pectoral fin fully covered by small scales extending between interradial membranes but not reaching distal margin of fin. Modified axilla scale dorsal to pectoral-fin base 2.8 times as long as pectoral fin in 216 mm SL specimen (LBP 6066). Modified axilla scale dorsal to pelvic fin 2.5 times as long as pelvic fin in same specimen. Color in alcohol. Body dark dorsally, dark color fading ventrally towards midlateral region of body, whitish on abdominal region. Pelvic and anal fins pale with few scattered dark chromatophores. Spinous dorsal, soft dorsal, pectoral and caudal fins profusely covered with dark chromatophores. Distal margin of caudal fin darker than remaining parts of fin. Anterodorsal basal portion of pectoral fin with relatively large, dark spot extending over basal portions of unbranched rays and 10 dorsalmost branched rays. Cytological and molecular data. Mugil trichodon has a 2 n = 48 karyotype with entirely acrocentric chromosomes (arm number, NF + 48). The chromosomes gradually decrease in size such that the homologues could not be clearly distinguished, except pair 15, which shows a conspicuous secondary constriction. Heterochromatin blocks are mostly restricted to the centromeric regions of all chromosomes and some are more obvious than others. The chromosome pair characterized by a secondary constriction shows short heterochromatic arms. NOR signals correspond to secondary constriction and show significant intraindividual size variations between both homologous chromosomes (Nirchio et al., 2005). Molecular analyses showed that the number of nucleotide differences between M. trichodon and the remaining analyzed species range between 46.7 to 68.0 (16 S) and 94.5 to 116.9 (COI) (tables 2 to 5). The genetic distance between this species and the remaining analyzed ones ranged from 0.092 to 0.128 (16 S) and 0.172 to 0.210 (16 S) and 0.172 to 0.210 (tables 6 and 7). The dendrogram in Figure 1 indicates that this species is genetically most similar to M. rubrioculus, Mugil sp. and M. brevirostris.	en	Menezes, Naércio A., Nirchio, Mauro, Oliveira, Cláudio De, Siccharamirez, Raquel (2015): Taxonomic review of the species of Mugil (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae) from the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America, with integration of morphological, cytogenetic and molecular data. Zootaxa 3918 (1): 1-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.1.1
A627585D9F20503EFF2DFB5EFC17EFE0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Within the study area Mugil trichodon occurs only in the southern Caribbean area (Fig. 4) and along the Venezuelan coast was found together with M. margaritae, M. incilis and M. rubrioculus. Previous records of the species from Brazil (Menezes, 1983: 3, Menezes et al., 2003: 65) are based on specimens actually belonging to Mugil curvidens Valenciennes.	en	Menezes, Naércio A., Nirchio, Mauro, Oliveira, Cláudio De, Siccharamirez, Raquel (2015): Taxonomic review of the species of Mugil (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae) from the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America, with integration of morphological, cytogenetic and molecular data. Zootaxa 3918 (1): 1-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.1.1
A627585D9F20503EFF2DFB5EFC17EFE0.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The results obtained herein indicate that one of the problems involving mugilid taxonomy is related to previous identification of widely distributed species based on the assumption that morphological characters are very similar across the family (Thomson, 1997). However, given that most, if not all, the species live in coastal waters and are strongly dependent on local low salinity for growth and gonad maturation before moving off-shore to spawn and returning to coastal lagoons and other estuarine water bodies (Marin et al., 2003; González- Castro et al., 2011), it seemed unlikely that they would undertake the extensive migrations and have intense gene flow among populations from distant areas, which is prerequisite for the existence of single species in different portions of the world oceans. The best example is Mugil brevirostris (Ribeiro) recognized in the present paper as a species found along the Brazilian coast instead of Mugil hospes Jordan & Culver (not Jordan and Cuvier as it appears in Harrison, 2003), a species originally described from the Pacific Ocean (Sinaloa, Mexico) and that was previously applied to this population (Thomson, 1997; Harrison, 2003), simply because the differences between the two taxa were neglected. The almost worldwide distribution of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus and the wide distribution in Mugil curema Valenciennes indicated by Thomson (1997) has been recently questioned in molecular studies based on the analysis of mitochondrial-DNA sequences (Durand et al., 2012). Morphological (Menezes et al., 2010) and molecularbased studies (Siccha-Ramirez et al., 2014) demonstrated that Mugil liza Valenciennes is the name that must be used for the lebranche grey mullet in the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America, and so specific names such as M. cephalus and M. platanus do not apply to taxa found at that region. Mugil curema probably has a much more restricted distribution than that previously recognized (Eschmeyer, 2014), and since the lectotype is a specimen from Bahia, Brazil (Harrison, 1993) the name should be used only for the species occurring in Atlantic South America until a more comprehensive revision is completed. Including specimens identified as Mugil curema from Argentina, based on morphometric characters, González-Castro et al. (2012) found differences between M. curema populations from Mexico and Argentina and suggested that the South America form identified as M. curema probably represents a new species.	en	Menezes, Naércio A., Nirchio, Mauro, Oliveira, Cláudio De, Siccharamirez, Raquel (2015): Taxonomic review of the species of Mugil (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae) from the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America, with integration of morphological, cytogenetic and molecular data. Zootaxa 3918 (1): 1-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.1.1
