taxonID	type	description	language	source
A96987DC2628FFF72001F963FB07FD47.taxon	description	Not Neolithodes brodiei. — Thatje & Lörz, 2005: 335 [NIWA 3435 = Paralomis stevensi sp. nov].	en	Ahyong, Shane T., Dawson, Elliot W. (2006): Lithodidae from the Ross Sea, Antarctica, with descriptions of two new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura). Zootaxa 1303: 45-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173679
A96987DC2628FFF72001F963FB07FD47.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE: NIWA 3434, male (cl 141.5 mm, cw 124.1 mm, tcl 159 mm), N of Sturge I., Balleny Is., 67 ° 13.22 – 11.97 ’ S, 164 ° 17.78 – 14.87 ’ E, 522 – 538 m, TAN 0402 / 226, RV Tangaroa, 3 Mar 2004. PARATYPES: NIWA 3433, 1 male (cl 120.0 mm, cw 108.7 mm, tcl 144.0 mm), seamount W of Sturge I., Balleny Is., 67 ° 26.09 – 26.37 ’ S, 163 ° 52.98 – 51.79 ’ E, 124 – 170 m, TAN 0402 / 235, RV Tangaroa, 4 Mar 2004; NMNZ CR 11002, 2 males (cl 101.7 – 103.6, cw 91.6 – 95.2, tcl 124.1 – 131.8 mm), between Scott and Balleny Is., 67 ° 08 – 06 ’ S, 170 ° 54 – 47 ’ E, 900 – 1160 m, RV San Aotea II, trip 2010, haul 180, E. Winslade, 14 Feb 2005; NMNZ CR 11003, 1 male (cl 136.6, cw 131.1, tcl 183.3 mm), near Scott I., 68 ° 23 – 21 ’ S, 179 ° 53 – 57 ’ E, 1337 – 1050 m, RV San Aotea II, trip 2010, haul 137 B, on hook, B, E. Winslade, 31 Jan 2005.	en	Ahyong, Shane T., Dawson, Elliot W. (2006): Lithodidae from the Ross Sea, Antarctica, with descriptions of two new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura). Zootaxa 1303: 45-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173679
A96987DC2628FFF72001F963FB07FD47.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis of adults. Carapace dorsal surface with thick, conical spines and scattered, widely separated granules or minute secondary spines; longest spine not exceeding 0.2 times carapace length. Rostrum 0.1 – 0.3 times carapace length; ventral surface smooth. Posterior orbital margin near vertical; outer orbital spine slender, reaching to but not beyond cornea. Scaphocerite shorter than fourth antennal segment. Major cheliped palm with prominent dorsal and lateral spines; dactylus with convex dorsal margin, slightly longer than dorsal margin of palm. Ambulatory legs spinose, secondary spines absent or sparsely distributed; meri ovate in cross­section, shorter than carapace; propodi subcylindrical in cross­section; dactyli distinctly longer than half propodal length.	en	Ahyong, Shane T., Dawson, Elliot W. (2006): Lithodidae from the Ross Sea, Antarctica, with descriptions of two new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura). Zootaxa 1303: 45-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173679
A96987DC2628FFF72001F963FB07FD47.taxon	description	Description. Carapace: Pyriform, about 1.1 times longer than wide; dorsal surface armed with thick, conical spines and scattered, widely separated granules or minute secondary spines, surface otherwise smooth; longest spine shorter than 0.2 carapace length. Gastric region bearing 6 large spines forming transverse hexagon; with 2 near transverse rows of 3 smaller spines, first across centre of hexagon and second slightly anterior to hexagon. Hepatic spine strong, anterolaterally directed; margin between outer orbital spine and hepatic spine with 2 or 3 spines. Branchial regions with 8 or 9 large dorsal spines in addition to scattered smaller secondary spines; margins with 13 large spines in addition to several smaller spines. Cardiac region with 4 equal spines of similar size to gastric spines and pair of smaller spines near intestinal region. Intestinal region with 2 upright spines in transverse row and 2 smaller posterior directed spines. Pterygostomian region spinose or tuberculate, with small distal spine. Rostrum and orbit: Rostrum 0.1 – 0.3 times carapace length; median spine nearly horizontal, with pair of divergent dorsal spines and smaller pair of basal spines; ventral surface smooth. Posterior orbital margin near vertical; outer orbital spine slender, reaching to but not beyond cornea (when eyes directed forwards). Anterolateral spine about half as long as outer orbital spine. Ocular peduncle: longer than cornea; with scattered dorsal granules or spinules. Antennule: peduncle unarmed, reaching anteriorly beyond antennal peduncle by about half­length of distal antennular peduncle segment. Antenna: basal antennal segment with small anterolateral spine; outer margin of second segment with small basal spine and long slender spine that reaches beyond end of fourth segment but not beyond midlength; third segment with sharp to angular inner distal tooth; scaphocerite minute, shorter than fourth segment, apex sharp to blunt; fourth segment unarmed, about half as long as fifth segment. Abdomen: Second abdominal somite with 10 long spines and several smaller spines on median plate; submedian plate with 4 or 5 long spines on posterior border and 2 – 4 shorter spines on surface; lateral border of lateral plates with 6 – 8 teeth; surface and margins of remaining segments multispinose or nodulose; telson and penultimate segment spinose. Chelipeds: Major cheliped 1.3 – 1.6 times carapace length; minor cheliped 1.2 – 1.4 times carapace length. Coxa with blunt tubercles and tufts of setae, unarmed; ischiobasis with 4 or 5 stout ventral spines. Merus inner margin smooth or granular, with stout subdistal spine; ventral margin with two rows of stout spines, mesial row with 2 spines, lateral row with 4 spines; dorsal and lateral surface spinose, spines largest distally. Carpus with prominent spines on dorsal and lateral surfaces; dorsal margin with row of 4 or 5 stout spines; lateral margin with 2 or 3 rows of 4 or 5 stout spines of similar size to dorsal row; ventral margin small scattered acute tubercles. Upper palm length 1.1 – 1.2 times height (major chela), 1.3 – 1.4 times height (minor chela); prominently spinose on dorsal, lateral and ventral surfaces, inner surface with acute tubercles; dorsal margin with row of about 5 prominent conical spines; midlateral surface with 2 rows of 4 or 5 spines of similar size to dorsal row; ventral surface with 2 rows of about 6 or 7 spines, smaller than lateral and dorsal spines. Fingers with 2 or 3 basal spines and rows of tufts of golden setae. Fingers of major chela with occlusal margins corneous for slightly less than distal half, proximally with 3 calcareous nodules; dactylus dorsal margin convex, 1.2 – 1.4 times longer than dorsal margin of palm (apex broken in holotype). Fingers of minor chela with occlusal margins corneous for slightly more than distal half, proximally crenulate; dactylus dorsal margin convex, 1.5 – 1.8 times longer than dorsal margin of palm. Ambulatory legs: Segments spinose, surface between major spines smooth or with few, minute, sparsely distributed spines. Third ambulatory leg longest, 2.8 – 3.0 times carapace length. Distal margins of coxae with short spines, longest on third coxa. Ischiobasis with 3 or 4 distal spines and 2 or 3 smaller ventral spines. Merus ovate in cross section, shorter than carapace; 5.8 – 7.3 times longer than high; extensor margin with 8 or 9 spines in addition to paired distal spines; dorsal surface with row of 4 – 6 spines of similar size to extensor spines; flexor margin with 2 rows of 5 – 7 spines. Carpus slightly longer than half merus length; extensor margin with 5 or 6 spines, distal and second proximal spines longest, about twice as long as other spines; dorsal surface with 4 or 5 spines. Propodus ovate to subcircular in cross­section; about 0.9 merus length, 8.9 – 11.9 times longer than high; with 7 – 9 spines on extensor margin and 8 – 10 similar spines on dorsal surface; flexor margin with 6 – 10 smaller spines. Dactylus curved, rounded in cross section, with 4 – 6 small proximal spines, apex corneous; exceeding 0.6 propodus length. Colour in life. Deep red.	en	Ahyong, Shane T., Dawson, Elliot W. (2006): Lithodidae from the Ross Sea, Antarctica, with descriptions of two new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura). Zootaxa 1303: 45-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173679
A96987DC2628FFF72001F963FB07FD47.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named in honour of the late John Yaldwyn, in recognition of his important contributions to New Zealand and subantarctic zoology, including the systematics of the Lithodidae.	en	Ahyong, Shane T., Dawson, Elliot W. (2006): Lithodidae from the Ross Sea, Antarctica, with descriptions of two new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura). Zootaxa 1303: 45-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173679
A96987DC2628FFF72001F963FB07FD47.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Neolithodes yaldwyni sp. nov. belongs to the group of species in the genus in which the carapace and ambulatory legs at most bear scattered, minute secondary spines or tubercles amongst the primary dorsal spines. These species are: N. diomedeae (Benedict, 1895), N. capensis Stebbing, 1905, N. grimaldii (A. Milne Edwards & Bouvier, 1894) and N. vinogradovi Macpherson, 1988 b. Neolithodes diomedeae is distinguished from all others in the group by the shape of the cheliped fingers, which are triangular instead of rounded in cross­section and dorsally flattened or concave instead of convex. Neolithodes grimaldii and N. vinogradovi are readily distinguished from N. yaldwyni and N. capensis by the considerably longer dorsal spines in adults, many of which exceed half the carapace length. Thus, N. yaldwyni is closest to N. capensis, which it resembles in most respects. The strong resemblance between N. capensis and N. yaldwyni gave some pause to referring the latter to a new species, but the morphological differences between the two forms are consistent. Adult N. yaldwyni differ most obviously from N. capensis in the proportional lengths of the dactyli of the ambulatory legs, being distinctly more than half the propodus length (exceeding 0.6) instead of less than half (about 0.4). Although the proportional lengths of the dactyli of the ambulatory legs vary allometrically in Neolithodes, the dactyli become proportionally shorter with increasing body size. Thus, the morphometric differences in dactyl length between N. yaldwyni and N. capensis are not attributable to allometry. The largest specimen of N. yaldwyni (cl 141.5 mm) is larger than the largest reported specimen of N. capensis (cl 131 mm, Macpherson 1988 b: 40) in which the dactylus measured about 0.43 propodus length (based on Macpherson 1988 b: fig. 17 H). Thus, proportional differences in dactyl / propodal lengths can be expected to be even greater in size­matched individuals of N. yaldwyni and N. capensis. Similar dactylar proportions (0.45) were reported by Stebbing (1905) in the type description of N. capensis, and figured for the female syntype (tcl 148 mm, cl 120 mm). Macpherson (1988 b: pl. 5 A) also figured an 82 mm specimen of N. capensis in which the dactyli of the ambulatory legs are half the length of their respective propodi. Thus, even at 82 mm cl, the two species are distinguishable based on the relative length of the ambulatory leg dactyli. The dactylus / propodus proportions of the last ambulatory leg of the 65 mm specimen of N. capensis figured by Macpherson (1988 b: fig. 17 G) approaches that of the much larger (+ 100 mm) type specimens of N. yaldwyni, and as such, small specimens of the two species might be difficult to differentiate. Barnard (1950) noted that the relative lengths of the cheliped fingers do not change appreciably with size in Neolithodes. Thus, N. yaldwyni may also be distinguished from N. capensis in having a proportionally longer dactylus on the major cheliped, being longer than instead of as long as or slightly shorter than the dorsal margin of the palm. Spine development in lithodids is inversely related to body size and evident in the type series of N. yaldwyni. Even so, the overall spination of N. yaldwyni is distinctly more pronounced than in size­matched N. capensis: the dorsal carapace spines are proportionally longer (compare Fig. 1 B, 4 with Macpherson 1988 b: pl. 5 B) and the spines of the cheliped palm are well developed. In N. yaldwyni, the spines on the outer surface of the palm are of similar size to the dorsal spines, whereas in N. capensis, the spines on the outer palm are poorly developed and distinctly smaller than the dorsal spines. The development of the outer orbital spine might also prove useful in separating large specimens of N. yaldwyni from N. capensis. The outer orbital spine is well­developed in all specimens of N. yaldwyni, reaching to, but not beyond the cornea (when the eyes are directed forward), whereas in the l 31 mm specimen of N. capensis reported by Macpherson (1988 b), the outer orbital spine is reduced to a short triangular tooth, not reaching the midlength of the ocular peduncle. Further studies are required to assess the degree of allometric and intraspecific variation. Aside from size­related differences, the type material is in most respects morphologically uniform. Two paratypes, however, are noteworthy: a 136.6 mm cl male (NMNZ CR 11003) (Fig. 4 B) and a 120.0 mm cl male (NIWA 3433) (Fig. 3 E, F). Though the dorsal spine development and body size are inversely related in most specimens, spination of the 136.6 mm cl paratype is more pronounced than other specimens, including the smallest paratype (cl 101.7 mm, Fig. 4 A). The longest spine on the 136 mm cl paratype measures almost 0.2 cl in contrast to 0.1 cl in the smallest paratype. In other specimens, the carapace spines are less than 0.1 cl. Similarly, the spines on the ambulatory legs of 136 mm cl paratype are noticeably longer than in other specimens, with the length of the longest spines of the carpi and propodi exceeding, rather than at most equaling, the respective segment heights. Aside from spine length, the more spinous paratype agrees well with other specimens of N. yaldwyni. One might speculate that the more spinous paratype of N. yaldwyni represents a large specimen of N. vinogradovi Macpherson, 1988. Aside from the much longer dorsal spines of N. vinogradovi, however, Macpherson’s species is immediately excluded by the length of the merus of the third ambulatory leg in males — longer than the carapace in N. vinogradovi; shorter than carapace in N. yaldwyni. The 120 mm cl paratype (NIWA 3433, Fig. 3 E, F) is unusual in the reversed asymmetry of the chelipeds whereby the left chela is larger than the right, forming the ‘ crushing’ claw. The right chela is usually the larger in Lithodidae, and reversed asymmetry is perhaps a result of autotomy and replacement (Zaklan 2000). Though Thatje & Lörz (2005) confused N. yaldwyni with N. brodiei, the two species are readily separated. Thatje & Lörz (2005) noted the differences in secondary dorsal spinulation between typical N. brodiei and the Ross Sea specimens, which is the most obvious distinguishing feature. Secondary spinules or tubercles are only sparsely distributed on the dorsum of N. yaldwyni but densely and uniformly distributed in N. brodiei. The differences in dorsal spinulation between N. yaldwyni and N. brodiei (both as N. brodiei) were well illustrated by Thatje & Lörz (2005: fig. 2 A, B). Although the text discussion attributes the figures correctly, Thatje & Lörz’s (2005) caption for figures 2 A & B were inadvertently reversed: figure 2 A depicts a Balleny Island specimen (the holotype of N. yaldwyni) and figure 2 B the holotype of N. brodiei. Aside from dorsal spinulation, N. yaldwyni also differs from N. brodiei in numerous other features including the near straight and vertical instead of distinctly concave posterior orbital margin, the smooth instead of minutely spinulose ventral proximal surface of the rostrum, and the subcylindrical instead of dorsoventrally flattened propodi of the ambulatory legs. The smallest specimen reported by Thatje & Lörz (2005) as N. brodiei, a 75 mm cl ovigerous female, is referable to Paralomis birsteini Macpherson, 1988. The fourth specimen reported Thatje & Lörz (2005), a “ severely damaged ” ovigerous female (NIWA 3435) is referable to Paralomis stevensi sp. nov., described below. Presently, N. yaldwyni is known only from the vicinity of Scott Island and the Balleny Islands, Ross Sea (see Dawson 1969 for bathymetry). Neolithodes capensis has been reported from South Africa, the subantarctic (Banzare Bank, Kerguelen Islands), and Antarctica (Bellingshausen Sea) (Macpherson 2004; García Raso et al. 2005). In view of the strong similarities between N. yaldwyni and N. capensis, the Antarctic and subantarctic records of N. capensis require verification.	en	Ahyong, Shane T., Dawson, Elliot W. (2006): Lithodidae from the Ross Sea, Antarctica, with descriptions of two new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura). Zootaxa 1303: 45-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173679
A96987DC2628FFF72001F963FB07FD47.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Presently known only from the Ross Sea, Antarctica; 124 – 1337 m.	en	Ahyong, Shane T., Dawson, Elliot W. (2006): Lithodidae from the Ross Sea, Antarctica, with descriptions of two new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura). Zootaxa 1303: 45-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173679
A96987DC2623FFF02001FD6EFAD6FAAC.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. NIWA 3432, ovigerous female (cl 75.0, cw 72.9 mm), Balleny Seamount, 65 ° 28.53 – 28.97 ’ S, 161 ° 02.88 – 02.75 ’ E, 760 – 750 m, TAN 0402 / 269, RV Tangaroa, 7 Mar 2004; NIWA 24217, 1 male (cl 79.4 mm, cw 76.4 mm), near Scott I., 67 ° 21.01 – 21.02 ’ S, 179 ° 52.68 – 52.34 ’ W, 540 – 600 m, sled tow, TAN 0602 / 394, 6 Mar 2006; NIWA 23842, 1 male (cl 41.4 mm, cw 40.7 mm), 1 female (cl 35.2 mm, cw 32.5 mm), both infected with Briarosaccus callosus Boschma, 1930 (Rhizocephala), near Scott I., 64 ° 31.0 – 30.0 ’ S, 171 ° 14.0 – 08.0 ’ W, 1225 – 1617 m, from stomach of Dissostichus mawsoni Norman, 1937, Avro Chieftain, set # 24, 17 Dec 2003; NMNZ CR 11000 1 male (cl 76.9, cw 73.4 mm), Ross Sea, Trip # 1862, haul 147, area 88.1 G, RV San Aotea, obs. S. Voice [note: specific station data not available]; NMNZ CR 11001 1 male (cl 79.8, cw 74.7 mm), 1 female (cl 61.7, cw 59.4 mm), both infected with Briarosaccus callosus Boschma, 1930 (Rhizocephala), near Scott I., 68 ° 23 – 21 ’ S, 179 ° 53 – 57 ’ E, 1337 – 1050 m, RV San Aotea II, trip 2010, haul 137 B, on hook, B, E. Winslade, 31 Jan 2005.	en	Ahyong, Shane T., Dawson, Elliot W. (2006): Lithodidae from the Ross Sea, Antarctica, with descriptions of two new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura). Zootaxa 1303: 45-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173679
A96987DC2623FFF02001FD6EFAD6FAAC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Carapace subpentagonal, slightly longer than wide; surface glabrous, sparsely covered with small, scattered granules and short conical spines, including median gastric spine; lateral margins with short conical spines. Rostrum trispinose, broadest basally, without basal constriction. Scaphocerite with 1 or 2 short inner basal spines and 1 or 2 outer spines. Marginal plates of fourth to sixth abdominal somites with acute, conical teeth in males. Male chelipeds dimorphic, spinose; major cheliped palm height less than 1.6 times that of minor cheliped. Ambulatory legs elongate, spinose; ventral spines of propodus widely spaced; merus about 5 times longer than high; propodus length not exceeding 7.5 times height; dactylus longer than extensor margin of propodus; first ambulatory leg about not exceeding 2.7 times carapace length.	en	Ahyong, Shane T., Dawson, Elliot W. (2006): Lithodidae from the Ross Sea, Antarctica, with descriptions of two new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura). Zootaxa 1303: 45-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173679
A96987DC2623FFF02001FD6EFAD6FAAC.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The specimens agree well in most respects with the type description, differing in having the median rostral spine distinctly overreaching the dorsolateral spines as figured by Arana & Retamal (1999: fig. 2) for a specimen from the Bellingshausen Sea. As expected, the general spination of larger specimens is less pronounced than in smaller specimens, the proportional lengths of the ambulatory legs vary with size and sex, and the size and form of the right chela is distinctly sexually dimorphic. In addition, the sixth abdominal somite is longer than wide in the two smallest specimens, but variable in the largest specimens, ranging from as long as wide to longer than wide. The ambulatory legs of the largest male are longer than those of the ovigerous female (2.6 – 2.7 versus 2.2 – 2.3 cl), and their respective meri and propodi follow a similar pattern (0.8 – 0.9 and 0.7 – 0.8 cl versus 0.7 cl and 0.6 – 0.7 cl). The ambulatory legs of the smallest specimen are comparatively shortest (ambulatory legs 2.0 cl and meri 0.6 – 0.7 cl). The right crushing claw of the adult males measure up to 1.6 times the height of the more slender left palm whereas the chelae of the females (small to large) are similar and slender with the right palm height 1.2 times that of the left. The two specimens collected from the stomachs of the Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni Norman, 1937) were probably swallowed whole in view of their nearly complete condition. Several specimens of P. birsteini are infected by the rhizocephalan Briarosaccus callosus Boschma. Briarosaccus callosus was first reported as a parasite of P. birsteini (as P. spectabilis) by Tkachuk (1985) based on specimens from the vicinity of the Crozet Islands (approximately 52 ° S, 41 ° E). The present records of B. callosus from P. b i r s t e i n i are the first from the Ross Sea. Paralomis birsteini closely resembles P. stevensi sp. nov., described below; distinguishing features are discussed under the account of the latter. An undetermined species of Paralomis, possibly referable to P. birsteini but differing subtly in “ armature of the rostrum, scaphocerite and ambulatory legs ” is known from Tasmanian seamounts (Poore et al. 1998: 72; Poore 2004). Whether the Tasmanian specimens represent P. birsteini, P. stevensi or another species remains to be determined.	en	Ahyong, Shane T., Dawson, Elliot W. (2006): Lithodidae from the Ross Sea, Antarctica, with descriptions of two new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura). Zootaxa 1303: 45-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173679
A96987DC2623FFF02001FD6EFAD6FAAC.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The Ross Sea, Bellingshausen Sea, Crozet and Kerguelen islands; 500 – 1876 m (Macpherson 2004). Species Sex cl Ambulatory Merus Merus Propodus Propodus (mm) leg length / cl length / cl length / height length / cl length / height	en	Ahyong, Shane T., Dawson, Elliot W. (2006): Lithodidae from the Ross Sea, Antarctica, with descriptions of two new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura). Zootaxa 1303: 45-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173679
A96987DC2627FFE82001FE8EFE2AFB7F.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE: NIWA 23843, male (cl 74.6 mm, cw 75.7 mm, tcl 84.0 mm), near Scott I., 65 ° 40.0 – 36.0 ’ S, 176 ° 21.0 – 17.0 ’ W, 1688 – 1924 m, from stomach of Dissostichus mawsoni Norman, RV Avro Chieftain, set # 3, D. Stevens, 2 Dec 2003. PARATYPES: NIWA 3435, 1 ovigerous female (badly damaged, cl about 60.8 mm), E of Sturge I., Balleny Is., 67 ° 25.37 ’ S, 165 ° 15.82 ’ E, 1389 m, TAN 0402 / 214, RV Tangaroa, 3 Mar 2004; NMNZ CR 10856, 1 male (cl 61.7 mm, cw 62.0, tcl 73.4 mm), Ross Sea, 66 ° 46.90 – 44.90 ’ S, 172 ° 56.4 – 173 ° 01.70 ’ W, 1846 – 1420 m, found on hook, RV Avro Chieftain, 1742 / 51, Jerry Buirski, 14 Mar 2003.	en	Ahyong, Shane T., Dawson, Elliot W. (2006): Lithodidae from the Ross Sea, Antarctica, with descriptions of two new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura). Zootaxa 1303: 45-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173679
A96987DC2627FFE82001FE8EFE2AFB7F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Carapace subpentagonal, slightly wider than long; surface glabrous, sparsely covered with small, scattered granules and short conical spines including median gastric spine; lateral margins with short conical spines. Rostrum trispinose, broadest basally, without constriction. Scaphocerite with inner and outer spines. Marginal plates of fourth to sixth abdominal somites in with low, angular protrusions in males, and short conical teeth in females. Sixth abdominal somite subquadrate. Mature male chelipeds strongly dimorphic, spinose; major cheliped palm about twice height of minor cheliped. Major cheliped palm of female about 1.3 times height of minor cheliped. Ambulatory legs elongate, spinose; ventral spines of propodi widely spaced; meral length exceeding 6 times height in males, exceeding 4 times height in females; propodal length exceeding 8.5 times height in males, exceeding 6 times height in females; dactyli shorter than extensor margin of propodi; first ambulatory leg about 3 times carapace length in males.	en	Ahyong, Shane T., Dawson, Elliot W. (2006): Lithodidae from the Ross Sea, Antarctica, with descriptions of two new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura). Zootaxa 1303: 45-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173679
A96987DC2627FFE82001FE8EFE2AFB7F.taxon	description	Description. Carapace: Subpentagonal, slightly wider than long; surface glabrous, sparsely covered with small, scattered granules. Gastric region convex, elevated, more prominent than other regions, with 5 short conical spines forming pentagon with anteriormost in midline (broken in holotype). Lateral margin of hepatic region with two short conical spines, anterior shorter. Branchial regions with 12 – 14 short marginal spines; surface with 4 or 5 short conical spines in addition to low, scattered tubercles. Cardiac region subtriangular, with 2 pairs of short conical spines forming square. Intestinal region sparsely granular. Pterygostomian region sparsely granular, with prominent anterior spine. Rostrum and orbit: Rostrum 0.1 – 0.2 carapace length; broadest basally, without constriction; median spine conical, smooth ventrally; paired dorsal spines subparallel, directed obliquely upwards. Posterior orbital margin near concave; outer orbital spine reaching to base of cornea. Anterolateral spine shorter than outer orbital spine, with low marginal granule midway between outer orbital spine and anterolateral spine. Ocular peduncle: Longer than cornea; with 2 – 5 dorsal granules. Antennule: Peduncle unarmed, reaching anteriorly beyond antennal peduncle by about three­quarters length of distal antennular peduncle segment. Antenna: Basal antennal segment with small anterolateral spine. Second segment with angular to sharp inner distal margin; outer margin with small basal granule and slender spine that slightly overreaches end of fourth segment. Third segment unarmed. Scaphocerite slender, reaching to midlength of fifth segment in males or to distal threequarters in female, with 1 or 2 short inner spines and 1 or 2 outer spines. Fourth segment unarmed, about half­length of fifth segment. Abdomen of male: Somites sparsely granular. Second somite with small, widely separated spines along margins. Third somite median plate unarmed; lateral plates with low, irregular, triangular teeth on lateral margin (apices broken in holotype); marginal plates absent, apparently undifferentiated. Fourth and fifth somites with unarmed median and lateral plates; marginal plates undivided, with 2 – 4 low angular protrusions. Sixth somite as long as or longer than wide, subquadrate, with pair of small distal teeth; marginal plates short, triangular. Telson wider than long, rounded. Abdomen of female: Somites sparsely granular. Second somite with small, widely separated spines along margins. Lateral margins of third to fifth somites lined with short conical teeth. Sixth somite longer than wide, subquadrate, with pair of small blunt distal teeth. Telson wider than long, rounded. Chelipeds: Chelipeds with similar spination in both sexes, size strongly dimorphic in males. Major cheliped of males 1.6 ­ 1.8 times carapace length, palm strongly inflated, about twice height of minor cheliped palm; minor cheliped slender, 1.5 ­ 1.6 times carapace length. Chelipeds of female unequal, major cheliped palm about 1.3 times height of minor cheliped palm; both chelipeds about 1.4 times carapace length. Coxae smooth, unarmed; distal margins with dense tufts of setae. Ischiobasis with 4 – 7 stout, apically setose ventral spines. Merus with smooth lateral and mesial margins; dorsal and ventral margins spinose, inner distal spine largest. Carpus with prominent spines on dorsal and lateral surfaces; dorsal margin with row of 3 – 5 spines; mesial margin with two spines, proximal largest; ventral surface with 3 spines. Upper palm length of males 1.1 – 1.2 times height (major chela) and 2.0 times height (minor chela), of female 1.2 times height (major chela) and 1.3 times height (minor chela); mesial margin with 5 spines, other surfaces with promiment, apically setose tubercles acute tubercles. Fingers with short basal spine and rows of tufts of golden setae. Fingers of major chela with occlusal margins corneous for distal third, proximally with 3 low calcareous prominences; dactylus dorsal margin convex, length subequal to dorsal margin of palm in males, 1.3 times dorsal margin length in female. Fingers of minor chela with occlusal margins corneous for distal third, proximally crenulate; dactylus dorsal margin convex, 1.6 times longer than upper margin of palm in males, 1.4 in female. Ambulatory legs: Similar, slender, elongate, segments spinose. Coxae smooth, unarmed; distal margins with dense tufts of setae. Ischiobasis with 4 or 5 apically setose ventral spines. Merus ovate in cross­section, almost as long as to slightly longer than carapace in males, about 0.7 cl in female, 6.4 – 7.7 times longer than high in males, 4.2 – 4.7 in female; extensor margin with 9 – 11 spines in addition to paired distal spines; dorsal surface with 5 – 8 spines; flexor margin with 2 rows of 4 or 5 spines; merus of second ambulatory leg slightly longer than first and third. Carpus slightly longer than half merus length, subcircular in cross­section; extensor margin with 6 – 8 subequal spines; dorsal surface with 6 – 8 spines; flexor margin unarmed. Propodus dorsoventrally flattened; about 0.9 merus length, 8.5 – 9.6 times longer than high in males, 6.1 – 6.7 in females; with 11 – 14 spines on extensor margin; dorsal surface with small scattered spines; flexor margin with 7 or 8 spines. Dactylus broadly curved; shorter than extensor margin of propodus; surface with tufts of setae; extensor margin with 3 or 4 apically corneous spines proximally; lateral proximal surfaces with short, distinct sulcus, flanked ventrally by small, corneous spine; flexor margin lined with corneous spinules. First ambulatory leg 2.8 – 3.2 times carapace length in males, 2.1 in female. Colour in life. Orange­red.	en	Ahyong, Shane T., Dawson, Elliot W. (2006): Lithodidae from the Ross Sea, Antarctica, with descriptions of two new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura). Zootaxa 1303: 45-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173679
A96987DC2627FFE82001FE8EFE2AFB7F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named in honour of Darren Stevens, NIWA, who collected the holotype of the new species.	en	Ahyong, Shane T., Dawson, Elliot W. (2006): Lithodidae from the Ross Sea, Antarctica, with descriptions of two new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura). Zootaxa 1303: 45-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173679
A96987DC2627FFE82001FE8EFE2AFB7F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Of the known species of Paralomis, P. stevensi sp. nov. most closely resembles P. birsteini Macpherson, 1988 (type locality: Ross Sea) and to a lesser extent, P. spectabilis Hansen, 1908 (type locality: off Iceland) in carapace ornamentation whereby the primary spines are low and simple, and the surface between the primary spines is smooth or sparsely granular. The new species resembles P. birsteini and differs from P. spectabilis in the non­pedunculate rostrum and in the armed versus unarmed inner margin of the scaphocerite. Paralomis stevensi differs from P. b i r s t e i n i in the following features: 1) The dactyli of the ambulatory legs are shorter rather than slightly longer than the extensor margin of the propodi (Figs. 5, 8 C). 2) In mature males, the right cheliped is considerably more strongly inflated than the left (compare Figs. 7 A, 9 B, C). The right palm of P. stevensi is about twice the height of the left, in contrast to P. birsteini in which the right palm is not more than 1.6 times that of the left. In female P. stevensi, the right palm is about 1.3 times the height of the left compared to 1.1 – 1.2 in P. birsteini. 3) The ambulatory legs of male P. stevensi are considerably longer and more slender than in P. birsteini of similar size. In comparing the holotype of P. stevensi (cl 74.6 mm, cw 75.7 mm) with the large male of P. birsteini (cl 79.4 mm, cw 76.4 mm), the following morphometric differences are evident. The meri of the ambulatory legs in P. stevensi are longer rather than shorter than carapace length (1.1 versus 0.8 – 0.9), and also more slender than in P. birsteini (exceeding seven versus about five times height). The propodus length in P. stevensi exceeds nine times the height whereas in P. birsteini, the propodus length is less than seven times the height. The first ambulatory leg of P. stevensi exceeds three times the carapace length (3.2 cl) compared to less than 2.7 times carapace length in P. birsteini. Note that allometric effects should be considered when using ambulatory leg morphometrics to separate P. stevensi from P. b i r s t e i n i. In the male paratype of P. stevensi (cl 61.7 mm, cw 62.0 mm), the length of the first ambulatory leg and proportional lengths of segments approach that of the largest specimen of P. b i r s t e i n i examined (cl 79.4 mm, cw 76.4 mm). 4) The marginal plates of the fourth to sixth abdominal somites in male P. stevensi are lobulate or angular but not sharply toothed as in P. birsteini (Figs. 6 B, 10). The two male specimens of P. stevensi agree well morphologically. Aside from allometric differences in relative lengths of the ambulatory legs (Table 1) and acuity of carapace spines, the holotype differs from the paratype in the length of the sixth abdominal somite (as long as wide in the paratype, longer than wide in the holotype) and spination of the scaphocerite. The scaphocerite bears one inner and two outer spines in the holotype and one outer and two inner spines in the paratype, reminiscent of variation in the type series of P. birsteini. Unfortunately the female paratype of P. stevensi is badly damaged, having been crushed and dismembered during collection. Nevertheless, enough of the female paratype remains to show that it differs from males in cheliped and ambulatory leg proportions, being less inflated and shorter, respectively, approaching P. birsteini and P. spectabilis. Nevertheless, female P. stevensi are readily distinguished from both sexes of P. birsteini by the distinctly shorter dactyli of the ambulatory legs, and from P. spectabilis by the armed versus unarmed inner margin of the antennal scaphocerite. The holotype of P. stevensi was taken from an Antarctic toothfish stomach. Though the third and fourth ambulatory legs are damaged, the otherwise intact condition of the specimen indicates that it was swallowed whole.	en	Ahyong, Shane T., Dawson, Elliot W. (2006): Lithodidae from the Ross Sea, Antarctica, with descriptions of two new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura). Zootaxa 1303: 45-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173679
A96987DC2627FFE82001FE8EFE2AFB7F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Presently known only from the Ross Sea, Antarctica, at depths between 1389 and 1924 m.	en	Ahyong, Shane T., Dawson, Elliot W. (2006): Lithodidae from the Ross Sea, Antarctica, with descriptions of two new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura). Zootaxa 1303: 45-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173679
