identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
A84088260758FFF03701FD8784EE5016.text	A84088260758FFF03701FD8784EE5016.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Indopalpares Insom & Carfi 1988	<div><p>Genus Indopalpares Insom &amp; Carfi, 1988</p><p>Indopalpares Insom &amp; Carfi, 1988:77 (Odescr), Hassan et al., 2023:567 (Redescr). Type species: Palpares pardus Rambur, 1842:375 .</p><p>Remarks. The genus Indopalpares was described by Insom &amp; Carfi (1988) in a partial revision of the genus Palpares . Since then, Hassan et al. (2023) provided new information regarding the diagnosis of the genus. It appears to be a monotypic genus in the Indian subcontinent.</p><p>Distribution. Southern Asia, India and surrounding countries.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A84088260758FFF03701FD8784EE5016	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Suryanarayanan, Thangalazhi Balakrishnan;Ábrahám, Levente;Bijoy, Chenthamarakshan	Suryanarayanan, Thangalazhi Balakrishnan, Ábrahám, Levente, Bijoy, Chenthamarakshan (2025): Redescription of three antlions (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Kerala part of the Western Ghats and key to antlion genera in tribe Palparini, India. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 11 (3): 663-691, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.11.3.663, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.11.3.663
A84088260758FFF53701FCBA84DE56E3.text	A84088260758FFF53701FCBA84DE56E3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Indopalpares pardus (Rambur 1842)	<div><p>Indopalpares pardus (Rambur, 1842) (Figs 1–4).</p><p>Palpares pardus Rambur, 1842:375 (Odescr), Needham, 1909:200 (Dist), Sala de Castellarnau, 1946:122 (Dist), Ghosh &amp; Sen, 1977:316 (Chlist), Ghosh, 1977:313 (Dist), 1983:296 (Dist), 1984:12 (Mon). Type locality: India (Maharashtra: Mumbai); Myrmeleon expertus Walker, 1853:311 (Odescr), Banks, 1913:188 (Syn). Type locality: Unknown; Myrmeleon nepalensis Hagen, 1866:444 (Odescr), Stange, 2004:40 (Syn). Type locality: Unknown; Palpares pardus partitus Banks, 1911b:100 (Odescr), Stange, 2004:40 (Syn). Type locality: India (Bombay, Bassein Fort); Palpares pardus asanai Kuwayama, 1933:44 (Odescr), Stange 2004:40 (Syn). Type locality: India (Maharashtra; Mumbai); Palpares pardus stellatus Navás, 1912a:223 (Odescr), Stange, 2004:40 (Syn). Type locality: Sri Lanka; Indopalpares pardus (Rambur, 1842) – Insom &amp; Carfi, 1988:77 (Comb), Ghosh, 1991:92 (Dist), 1998:134 (Dist), 2000:72 (Mon), Chandra &amp; Sharma, 2009:14 (Chlist), Chandra &amp; Thilak, 2009:72 (Dist), Chandra et al., 2011:156 (Dist), Sharma &amp; Chandra, 2012:486 (Dist), Sharma &amp; Chandra, 2013:164 (Dist), Chandra et al., 2014:71 (Dist), Singh et al., 2020:505 (Dist), Wachkoo et al., 2024:60 (Dist).</p><p>Materials examined. 4♂♂, 3♀♀, INDIA, Kerala State, Malappuram District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=75.90792&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.206455" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 75.90792/lat 11.206455)">Vazhayur</a>, 76 m, 11°12'23.24"N, 75°54'28.51"E, 21.XI.2020, 24.X.2021, 14.XI.2021. leg.: Suryanarayanan. T.B., Mohammed Ramees. K., SERLNR104, SERLNR209, SERLNR210, SERLNR211, SERLNR212, SERLNR232, SERLNR233 .</p><p>Diagnosis. Male body length larger than female. Eyes remarkably large, width 1.4x longer than inter-ocular distance in frontal view. Palpimacula oval, not reaching tip of labial palp. Pronotum yellow, medially with a longitudinal dark-brown stripe. General colour of body brown. Sub-apical marking not reaching hind margin in hindwing. Legs yellow, tarsi dark-brown; tibial spur as long as tarsal segments 1–3 together.</p><p>Redescription. Male (n=4): Body length: 41–42 mm; forewing length: 44–45 mm, width 14 mm; hindwing: length 42–43 mm, width 12 mm. Female (n=3): Body length: 35–36 mm; forewing length: 42– 43 mm, width: 13 mm; hindwing length: 40–41 mm, width: 12 mm (Fig. 1A–B).</p><p>Head (Fig. 2A–C). Vertex yellow, medially divided by dark-brown line, short black setae. Frons brown with dark-brown transversal stripe below and above scapus, with black setae, inter-antennal marking dark-brown, anterior tentorial pits brown. Gena yellow with black setae. Clypeus yellow, covered with long black setae; labrum, mandible dark-brown with black setae; maxillary and labial palps light-brown with long black setae. Eyes brownish-black, large, wider than half of head width. Antenna black, longer than length of head and prothorax combined; scape dark-brown; pedicel reddish-brown with light-brown distal annulations; flagellomeres annulated with dark-brown black setae. Club black, thicker at apex than at base.</p><p>Thorax (Fig. 2B). Pronotum much wider than long, yellow, medially with longitudinal dark-brown stripe, covered with long black setae on anterior and posterior margins; mesonotum and metanotum subdominantly dark-brown with small yellow markings, covered with long yellow and brown hairs on distal margins.</p><p>Wings (Fig. 2D). Forewing tips subacute and straight below, anal area obtuse, anal margin slightly concave, venation dense, scattered dark-brown spots throughout wing surface. Venation covered with short sparse brown setae. Costa dark-brown with short dense dark-brown setae. Costal area with single rows of cells, cells longer than wide, with discontinuous dark-brown shaded patches. Cross-veins simple near base, but 1-2 bifurcated cross-veins in front of pterostigma. Pterostigma with 9-10 veins, veins bifurcated basally and simple distally, pale basally, brown distally. Subcosta and R dark-yellow alternating dark-brown at cross-veins. 12 branches in radial sector, 5 cross-veins in front of origin of Rs. Mp, Mp 1 and Cua, Cua 1 also dark-yellow alternating dark-brown veins. Cross-veins dominantly yellow and highly shaded in basal medio-cubital area. Cubital fork ca. 30°, acute enough. A 1, A 2, and A 3 yellow basally and brown distally; between A 2 and A 3 with 2 cells, A 1, A 2, and A 3 bifurcated distally.</p><p>Membrane covered with scattered large dark-brown spots, relatively smaller spots than hindwing. Hindwing C yellow with short dark dense brown setae. 1 cross-vein bifurcated in front of pterostigma otherwise simple, both ends brown. Pterostigma with 2–3 bifurcated veins, dominantly faint yellow. Subcosta and R pale-yellow, with alternating dark-brown at cross-veins. 10–11 branches in radial sector, 6–7 cross-veins in front of origin of Rs. Media posterior, Mp 1 pale-yellow but small dark-brown sections at meeting points with cross-veins. Cua, Cua 1 dominantly dark-brown. Cross-veins dominantly brown basally yellow distally in medio-cubital area. Membrane covered with scattered large dark-brown bands, relatively much larger ones than on forewing.</p><p>Legs (Fig. 2E–F). Foreleg long, hindleg short and strong. Legs dominantly brownish-yellow with black hairs. Coxae dark-brown densely covered with long black hairs. Trochanter light-brown. Fore, mid and hind femora yellow, covered with upstanding long black bristles and short black hairs. Femora longer than tibiae. Fore and mid tibiae generally yellow, covered with long black bristles and short black hairs. Hind tibia yellow, covered with long black hairs and short yellow hairs. Tibial spurs almost straight, reddish-brown, as long as tarsomeres 1–3 together. Tarsi black, covered with long black setae. Tarsal claws slightly curved, reddish-brown, half long as tarsal segment 5.</p><p>Abdomen. Shorter than hindwing, dark-brown, covered with short black setae and long black hairs. Posterior margin of each tergum with dark-brown and pale brown longitudinal rings. Sternites dark-brown with long black hairs.</p><p>Male terminalia and genitalia (Fig. 3A–D). In lateral view, tergum 9 subquadrate; ectoproct base oval with evenly arched cylindrical processus, covered with medium long black hairs; tip of processus blunt. In ventral view, sternite 9 triangular-shaped, covered with black hairs, at base of ectoproct processus one rigid black bristle directed inwards. Caudal part two-thirds of processus, covered with strong pointed black setae inwardly. Genitalia as in Figure 3C–D in dorsal and ventral views. In ventral view, special sensory bulla with short black hairs between gonocoxites 9.</p><p>Female terminalia (Fig. 3E–F). In lateral view, tergum 8 and 9 quadrate, ectoproct ovoid plate, covered with stout black setae caudo-ventrally. In ventral view, gonocoxite 8 short, covered with long black hairs; gonocoxite 9 club-shaped, covered with some stout setae on margins.</p><p>Distribution. For distribution data, we cite only the publication that first mentions the occurrence of the species in a country. India (Rambur 1842), Myanmar (New, 2003), Pakistan (Iqbal &amp; Yousuf, 1990), Sri Lanka (Navás 1912a).</p><p>Flight period and habitat. Adults are active at night, attracted by artificial light. In the daytime, it sits on grass blades and bushes at rest (Fig. 4A–B). The habitat of the larva is surrounded by semi-closed grassland in laterite soil with an altitude below 100 m. It is not a pit-building species. The adult flight period in India is mainly observed during January, March, July, August, September, October, and November based on the present study and the data in published literature (Fig. 15) .</p><p>Distribution in India (Fig. 16). Bihar (Purnia, Pusa), Chhattisgarh (Bilaspur, Kabirdham, Koriya, Raipur, Surguja), Goa (Mollem), Gujarat (Surat), Himachal Pradesh (Kinnaur), Karnataka (Bangalore), Kerala (Vazhayur), Madhya Pradesh (Balaghat, Bhopal, Chhindwara, Damoh, Hoshangabad, Khandwa, Khargone, Mandla, Narmadapuram, Shahdol, Umaria), Maharashtra (Mumbai, Palghar, Ratnagiri, Satara), Odisha (Angul, Dhenkanal, Ganjam, Kalahandi, Khordha, Puri, Sambalpur), Rajasthan (Chittorgarh), Sikkim, Uttarakhand (Almora, Dehradun), West Bengal (Bankura, Birbhum, Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Purulia), Himalayan and Peninsular sectors of India.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A84088260758FFF53701FCBA84DE56E3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Suryanarayanan, Thangalazhi Balakrishnan;Ábrahám, Levente;Bijoy, Chenthamarakshan	Suryanarayanan, Thangalazhi Balakrishnan, Ábrahám, Levente, Bijoy, Chenthamarakshan (2025): Redescription of three antlions (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Kerala part of the Western Ghats and key to antlion genera in tribe Palparini, India. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 11 (3): 663-691, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.11.3.663, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.11.3.663
A8408826075DFFF53701F9AE824C5B0E.text	A8408826075DFFF53701F9AE824C5B0E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Palpares Rambur 1842	<div><p>Genus Palpares Rambur, 1842</p><p>Palpares Rambur, 1842:365 (Odescr) . Type species: Hemerobius libelluloides Linnaeus, 1764:401; Negretus Navás, 1912b:56 (Odescr), Stange, 2004:47 (Syn). Type species: Negretus ertli Navás, 1912b:57 (Odescr) .</p><p>Remarks. The genus Palpares Rambur, 1942 was the first to be described in the tribe Palparini . Based on recent studies, some African species in Palpares were separated and placed into different genera (Insom &amp; Carfi, 1988; Mansell, 1990, 1992a, 1992b, 1996, 2004, 2018; Hévin et al., 2023). Indopalpares pardus (Rambur, 1842) and Palparellus astutus (Walker, 1853) are the only included species in these studies from Indian fauna. Palpares contrarius (Walker, 1853) is morphologically very different from the type species Palpares libelluloides (Linnaeus, 1867) . So it is likely that Palpares contrarius should be placed in a different genus. It will only be revealed by future revision on Palpares species. Therefore, we do not provide a genus-level diagnosis for the species, as this would only provide incorrect information.</p><p>Distribution. Palearctic, Afrotropical and Oriental regions (Stange, 2004; Machado et al., 2019).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A8408826075DFFF53701F9AE824C5B0E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Suryanarayanan, Thangalazhi Balakrishnan;Ábrahám, Levente;Bijoy, Chenthamarakshan	Suryanarayanan, Thangalazhi Balakrishnan, Ábrahám, Levente, Bijoy, Chenthamarakshan (2025): Redescription of three antlions (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Kerala part of the Western Ghats and key to antlion genera in tribe Palparini, India. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 11 (3): 663-691, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.11.3.663, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.11.3.663
A84088260752FFFF3701FF5C86AC50E2.text	A84088260752FFFF3701FF5C86AC50E2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Palpares contrarius (Walker 1853)	<div><p>Palpares contrarius (Walker, 1853) (Figs 5–8).</p><p>Myrmeleon contrarius Walker, 1853:301 (Odescr) . Type locality: Sri Lanka; Palpares falcatus McLachlan, 1867:236 (Odescr) . Type locality: Myanmar (former Burma); Symmathetes contrarius (Walker, 1853) – McLachlan, 1867:237 (Comb); Symmathetes falcatus (McLachlan, 1867) – McLachlan, 1867:237 (Comb); Lachlathetes contrarius (Walker, 1853) – Navás, 1926:I55 (Nom); Lachlathetes falcatus (McLachlan, 1867) – Navás, 1926:I55 (Nom); Palpares sinicus C.- k. Yang, 1986:423 (Odescr), Giacomino &amp; Ábrahám, 2018 (Syn). Type locality: China (Yunnan); Palpares contrarius (Walker, 1853) – McLachlan, 1867 (Comb), Needham, 1909:200 (Dist), Ghosh &amp; Sen, 1977:316 (Chlist), Ghosh, 1984:2 (Mon), 2000:73 (Mon), Chandra &amp; Sharma, 2009:14 (Chlist), Chandra et al., 2011:157 (Dist), Sharma &amp; Chandra, 2012:486 (Dist), Sharma &amp; Chandra, 2013:164 (Dist), Anita &amp; Tilak, 2024:26047 (Dist), Wachkoo et al., 2024:61 (Dist).</p><p>Diagnosis. Male (body length: 60 mm) larger than female (body length: 50 mm). Pronotum yellow, with a medial and two lateral dark-brown stripes. General colour of body brown. Tip of hindwing strongly concave below. Legs brown, tarsi dark-brown, tibial spurs as long as tarsal segments 1–2 together.</p><p>Materials examined. 2♀, INDIA, Kerala State, Palakkad District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.6839&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.6827" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.6839/lat 10.6827)">Pudunagaram</a>, 109 m, 10°40′57.72″N, 76°41′02.02″E, 20.X.2014, 22.X.2014, leg.: Bijoy. C., SERLNR034, SERLNR035 ; 1♀, Kerala State, Kollam District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.17006&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.915" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.17006/lat 8.915)">Rose</a> mala, 402 m, 8°54′54.00″N, 77°10′12.23″E, 28.III.2021, leg.: Suryanarayanan. T.B., SERLNR313 ; 1♀, Kerala State, Kollam District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.21752&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.857828" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.21752/lat 8.857828)">Kattilapara</a>, 315 m, 8°51′28.18″N, 77°13′03.08″E, 29.III.2021, leg.: Suryanarayanan. T.B., SERLNR314 ; 1♀, Kerala State, Kozhikode District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=75.708855&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.706139" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 75.708855/lat 11.706139)">Payamthondu</a>, 40 m, 11°42′22.10″N, 75°42′31.90″E, 02.IV.2021, leg.: Shahel. A Z., SERLNR123 ; 1♀, Kerala State, Kannur District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=75.56551&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.831883" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 75.56551/lat 11.831883)">Kuthuparamba</a>, 39 m, 11°49′54.78″N, 75°33′55.85″E, 08.IV.2021, leg.: Mohammed Anas. P. P., SERLNR128 ; 1♂, Kerala State, Wayanad District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.0788&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.882444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.0788/lat 11.882444)">Begur</a>, 733 m, 11°52′56.80″N, 76°04′43.66″E, 12.III.2022, leg.: Abhin. M. Sunil. &amp; Suryanarayanan. T. B., SERLNR265 ; 3♂, 2♀, Kerala State, Wayanad District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.00023&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.911158" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.00023/lat 11.911158)">Thirunelly</a>, 862 m, 11°54′40.17″N, 76°00′00.83″E, 21.III.2022, leg.: Suryanarayanan. T.B., SERLNR267, SERLNR268, SERLNR269, SERLNR270, SERLNR271 ; 1♂, Kerala State, Idukki District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.92861&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.651099" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.92861/lat 9.651099)">Kolahalamedu</a>, 1113 m, 09°39′03.96″N, 76°55′43.01″E, 12.III.2023, leg.: Mohammed Ramees K., SERLNR355 .</p><p>Redescription. Male (n=4). Body length: 59–60 mm; forewing length: 57–58 mm, width 18 mm; hindwing: length 56–57 mm, width 16 mm. Female (n=4). Body length: 49–50 mm; forewing length: 62– 63 mm, width: 18 mm; hindwing length: 60–61 mm, width: 17 mm (Fig. 5A–B).</p><p>Head (Fig. 6A–C). Vertex yellow with dark-brown band proximally joined to distal dark-brown band by median dark-brown line. Frons yellow with pale brown transverse stripe below and above scapus, with white setae, inter-antennal mark dark-brown, anterior tentorial pits brown. Gena dark-brown dorsally and yellow basally. Eyes large, slightly wider than frons. Scape large, dark-brown with black hairs; pedicel reddish-brown with dark-brown annulation; flagellomeres annulated with dark-brown and pale rings. Club dark-brown, thicker at tip than at base. Clypeus yellow with row of long black setae on dorsal margin; labrum yellow with ochreous setae on ventral margin, maxillary palps, labial palps dark-brown, palpimacula reaching tip distally; mandible dark-brown with black apices and inner surface.</p><p>Thorax (Fig. 6B). Pronotum wider than long, yellow, with one longitudinal dark-brown band medially and two bands laterally, covered with brown hairs, especially on margins; mesonotum and metanotum generally yellow, medially with narrow dark-brown stripe, covered with long white and brown hairs on distal margin.</p><p>Wings (Fig. 6D). Forewing tip subacute and slightly concave below, anal area obtuse, hind margin concave, venation dense, covered with short sparse dark-brown setae. Costa brown with short dense dark-brown setae. Costal area with single rows of cells, cells longer than wide, with dark-brown shaded patches. Cross-veins simple near base, but bifurcated in front of pterostigma. Pterostigma indistinct reddish-brown with 5–6 cross-veins, veins bifurcated basally and simple distally. Subcosta and R yellow alternating dark-brown at cross-veins. 6–7 cross-veins in front of origin of Rs. Mp, Mp 1 and Cua, Cua 1 also dark-brown alternating light-brown sections at cross-veins. Cross-veins dominantly brown and highly shaded in basal medio-cubital area. Cubital fork ca. 30°, acute enough. Membrane with four dark-brown bands (Fig. 6D). Hindwing wide enough, tip acute, strongly falcate below, hind margin slightly concave. Costa yellow with short dark dense brown setae. 2–3 cross-veins bifurcated in front of pterostigma otherwise simple, both ends brown. Pterostigma indistinct reddish-brown. Subscosta brown with alternating dark-brown at cross-veins R predominantly brown. 3–4 cross-veins in front of origin of Rs. Mp, Cua, Cua 1, and Cup dominantly dark-brown with dark-brown sections at meeting points with cross-veins. Cross-veins dominantly dark-brown basally, brown distally in medio-cubital area. Membrane with three dark-brown bands (Fig. 6D).</p><p>Legs (Fig. 6E–F). Short and strong, dark-brown with black bristles and short white hairs. Coxae dark-brown densely covered with long black bristles; trochanter dark-brown; mid and hind femur dark-brown, covered with long black bristles and short white setae laterally; tibiae generally dark-brown, covered with long black bristles and short brown and white setae; hind tibia dark-brown, covered with long black setae and short white setae, tibial spurs reddish-brown, as long as tarsomeres 1–2 together; tarsi dark-brown, covered with long black and short white setae; tarsal claws slightly curved, reddish-brown, 3/4 as long as tarsal segment 5.</p><p>Abdomen. Shorter than hindwing, dark-brown, covered with short black setae. Distal margin of each tergum dark-brown with pale brown longitudinal line. Sternites dark-brown, with long black setae.</p><p>Male terminalia and genitalia (Fig. 7A–D). In lateral view, tergum 9 quadrate, ectoproct base oval with cylindrical, curved caudal-ventral processus, longer diagonal of base and length of processus almost equal. Ectoproct base covered with small black hairs, processus with dense, stiff, acute black setae. In ventral view, sternite 9 triangular, and covered with black hairs. Two or three strong acute bristles directed inwards on basal part of processus. Caudal part of processus also covered with strong short black bristles directed inwards. Genitalia as in Figure 7C–D in dorsal and ventral views.</p><p>Female terminalia (Fig. 7E–F). In lateral view, tergum 8 quadrate; ectoproct semicircular, covered with black hairs and with prominent short stout setae caudal-ventrally. In lateral view, gonocoxite 8 short with some stout setae, and gonocoxite 9 club-shaped, caudally covered with stout black setae.</p><p>Distribution. Cambodia (Navás, 1914), China (Ábrahám &amp; Giacomino, 2020), India (Needham, 1909), Laos (Giacomino &amp; Ábrahám, 2018), Myanmar (McLachlan, 1867), Sri Lanka (Walker, 1853), Thailand (Giacomino &amp; Ábrahám, 2018), and Vietnam (Krivokhatsky, 1997).</p><p>Flight period and habitat. Adults are active at night, and attracted by artificial light. In the daytime, it sits on dry bushes at rest (Fig. 8A–B), because of the colour and pattern of the wing, it looks like an old dry leaf and can easily camouflage from the surrounding environment. The habitat is surrounded by trees and bushes in the forest as well as in synanthropic ecosystems which are recorded from different altitudes. It is not a pit-building species. The adult flight period in India is mainly observed during March, April, and October based on the literature (Fig. 15). The same pattern was observed by Suryanarayanan &amp; Bijoy (2023).</p><p>Distribution in India (Fig. 16). Karnataka (Coorg), Kerala (Kattilapara, Kolahalamedu, Kuthuparamba, Payamthondu, Pudunagaram, Rosemala, Thirunelly), Madhya Pradesh (Pachmarhi), Maharashtra (Koyna), Mizoram (Chhimtuipui), Odisha (Cuttack, Mayurbhanj, Khordha), Tamil Nadu (Tambaram), Uttarakhand (Mussoorie).</p><p>Comments. Mathew (1993) recorded Palpares infimus (Walker, 1853) from Malayattoor in Ernakulam district, Kerala. This was the only reported Palpares species from the Kerala state. As the above specimen was destroyed in the collection, the species of the specimen was not fully confirmed by us. It may be misidentified and may be Palpares contrarius (Walker, 1853) . Still, Malayattoor was not added to the list of P. contrarius from Kerala.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A84088260752FFFF3701FF5C86AC50E2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Suryanarayanan, Thangalazhi Balakrishnan;Ábrahám, Levente;Bijoy, Chenthamarakshan	Suryanarayanan, Thangalazhi Balakrishnan, Ábrahám, Levente, Bijoy, Chenthamarakshan (2025): Redescription of three antlions (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Kerala part of the Western Ghats and key to antlion genera in tribe Palparini, India. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 11 (3): 663-691, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.11.3.663, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.11.3.663
A84088260757FFFF3702FBAC860A5669.text	A84088260757FFFF3702FBAC860A5669.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stenares Hagen 1866	<div><p>Genus Stenares Hagen, 1866</p><p>Stenares Hagen, 1866:372, 460 (Odescr). Type species: Myrmeleon hyaena Dalman, 1823:89 .</p><p>Remarks. In India, Stenares species were mainly reported by Navás (1932) and Ghosh (1990). Some African species were also included in their reports. According to Prost (2010), the presence of African species in the Indian fauna is based on an incorrect determination. We also agree with him because the West African Stenares species are distinct from the Pakistan, Indian, and Arabian species. They form separate groups within the genus Stenares . It is worth making a new diagnosis only on the basis of complete revision.</p><p>Distribution. This genus is spread from Sub-Saharan Western Africa to the Arabian Peninsula and the Indian subcontinent.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A84088260757FFFF3702FBAC860A5669	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Suryanarayanan, Thangalazhi Balakrishnan;Ábrahám, Levente;Bijoy, Chenthamarakshan	Suryanarayanan, Thangalazhi Balakrishnan, Ábrahám, Levente, Bijoy, Chenthamarakshan (2025): Redescription of three antlions (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Kerala part of the Western Ghats and key to antlion genera in tribe Palparini, India. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 11 (3): 663-691, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.11.3.663, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.11.3.663
A84088260757FFE73701FA16853F5298.text	A84088260757FFE73701FA16853F5298.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stenares harpyia (Gerstaecker 1863)	<div><p>Stenares harpyia (Gerstaecker, 1863) (Figs 9–14).</p><p>Palpares harpyia Gerstaecker, 1863:180 (Odescr); Stenares harpyia (Gerstaecker, 1863) – Hagen, 1866:460 (Comb), Banks, 1913:190 (Tax), Esben-Petersen, 1931:445 (Dist), Kimmins, 1945:99 (Tax, Dist), Ghosh &amp; Sen, 1977:317 (Chlist), Ghosh, 1990:455 (Tax, Dist), Whittington, 2002:385 (Dist), Stange, 2004:67 (Mon), Chandra &amp; Sharma, 2009:14 (Chlist), Wachkoo et al., 2024:62 (Dist).</p><p>Diagnosis. General colour dark-brown. Eyes conspicuously large, palpimacula reaching tip of last labial segment. Pronotum yellow with a wide dark-brown longitudinal stripe and small dark-brown spot on either side of stripe. Cells in costal area of both wings divided into two rows. Hind wing tip rounded. A narrow transparent stripe extending from tip to base of hindwing between two broad brown spots. Legs dark-brown to black, tibial spurs as long as tarsal segments 1–3 combined.</p><p>Materials examined. 2♂♂, INDIA, Kerala State, Wayanad District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.00023&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.911158" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.00023/lat 11.911158)">Thirunelly</a>, 862 m, 11°54′40.17″N, 76°00′00.83″E, 09.IV.2021, 23.III.2022, leg.: Suryanarayanan. T.B., SERLNR132, SERLNR275 ; 1♀, Kerala State, Pathanamthitta District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.164505&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.434395" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.164505/lat 9.434395)">Gavi</a>, 1179 m, 9°26′03.82″N, 77°09′52.21″E, 11.IV.2021, leg.: Vishnu Das. E. H. &amp; Suryanarayanan. T. B., SERLNR142 ; 1♂, Kerala State, Idukki District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.08957&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.572123" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.08957/lat 9.572123)">Vallakkadavu</a>, 806 m, 9°34′19.64″N, 77°05′22.43″E, 26.II.2022, leg.: Vishnu. R. &amp; Suryanarayanan. T. B., SERLNR263 .</p><p>Redescription. Male (n=3). Body length: 51–52 mm; forewing length: 65–66 mm, width 15 mm; hindwing: length 63–64 mm, width 15 mm. Female (n=1). Body length: 52 mm; forewing length: 70 mm, width: 18 mm; hindwing length: 68 mm, width: 17 mm (Fig. 9A–B).</p><p>Head (Fig. 10A–D). In dorsal view, vertex divided by dark-brown line medially and with dark-brown spots at least five rows transversly. In frontal view, vertex yellow and strongly arched. Frons yellow with narrow brown transverse stripe below and above scapus, with white setae, inter-antennal spot dark-brown, anterior tentorial pits brown. Gena black dorsally and yellow basally. Eyes blackish-brown, large, slightly wider than frons width. Antenna black, longer than length of head and prothorax combined; scape dark reddish-brown with black hairs; pedicel dark-brown; flagellomeres dark-brown and annulated short white and black setae; club black. Clypeus yellow, covered with sparse brown setae; labrum yellow, maxillary and labial palps dark-brown. Mandible dark-brown to black.</p><p>Thorax (Fig. 10B). Pronotum wider than long, yellow, medially with a longitudinal dark-brown stripe and dark-brown spot on either side of stripe covered with long white hairs; mesonotum and metanotum generally dark-brown with small yellow marks covered with long dense white and brown hairs in lateral margins.</p><p>Wings (Fig. 10C). Forewing tip obtuse and with straight margin below, anal area obtuse, anal margin slightly concave, venation dense, cross veins marked with small dark-brown dots entirely. Venation covered with short sparse dark-brown setae. Costa dark-brown with short dense dark-brown setae. Costal area with two rows of cells, cells longer than wide. Costal cross-veins simple near base but bifurcated in front of pterostigma. Pterostigma indistinct, yellow with 4–5 veins. Subcosta and R dark yellow alternating dark-brown sections at cross-veins. 3–4 regular cells and 6–7 irregular cells in 2–3 rows in front of origin of Rs. Mp, Mp 1, Cua, and Cua 1 also dark-brown with alternating yellow sections. Cross-veins dominantly brown and strongly shaded in basal medio-cubital area. Cubital fork ca. 30°, acute enough. Dark-brown pattern as in Figure 9A, variable. A 1, A 2, and A 3 yellow basally and brown distally. Hindwing C dark-brown with short dark dense brown setae. Costal area with two rows of cells, cells longer than wide, with dark-brown shaded marks before pterostigma. Pterostigma indistinct, yellow with 4–5 bifurcated veins. Subcosta and R dark-yellow alternating dark-brown sections at cross-veins. 1–3 regular and 3–5 irregular cells in front of origin of Rs. Mp, Mp 1 and Cua, Cua 1 dominantly dark-brown. Cross-veins predominantly brown basally, and yellow distally in medio-cubital area. Pattern on membrane as in Figure 9B, variable.</p><p>Legs (Fig. 10E–F). Short, strong, and brown to dark-brown with dark-brown and black hairs and short rigid black bristles. Coxae brown densely covered with long black hairs; trochanters brown; mid and hind femora dark-brown covered with long black bristles and white setae; femora longer than tibiae. Fore and mid tibiae generally dark-brown, covered with long black bristles and small brown and white setae. Hind tibia dark-brown, covered with long black and short brown setae. Tibial spurs reddish-brown, as long as tarsomeres 1–3 together; tarsi dark-brown, covered with long black setae; tarsal claws slightly curved, reddish-brown, 1/2 as long as tarsal segment 5.</p><p>Abdomen. Shorter than hindwing, blackish-brown, covered with short black setae; Posterior margin of each tergum with shiny black rings. Sternites dark-brown, with long black setae.</p><p>Male terminalia and genitalia (Fig. 11A–D). Tergite 9 not fused. In lateral view, tergite 9 quadrate; ectoproct long oval, processus cylindrical, long, subacute at tip, covered with dense small black setae. Processus twice as long as base of ectoproct. In ventral view, sternum 9 subquadrate, covered with long black setae. Processus with prominent protuberance at base, covered with dense short setae. Dense short setae cover entire length of inner half of processus. Genitalia as in Figure 11C – D in dorsal and ventral views. Gonocoxites 9 less sclerotized, inclined outwards, and angular. Median bulla covered with very dense short setae in ventral view.</p><p>Female terminalia (Fig. 11E–F). In lateral view, tergite 8 almost trapezoidal; ectoproct ovoid, caudadorsally covered with black hairs and cauda-ventrally with short, strong, stout setae; gonocoxite 9 club-shaped, posteriorly covered with some stout setae. In ventral view, sternite 8 with stiff, acute bristles on caudal margin, gonocoxite 8 finger-shaped, covered with small black setae; gonocoxite 9 with stout and black setae, caudally.</p><p>Distribution. India (Esben-Petersen, 1931), Sri Lanka (Gerstaecker, 1863).</p><p>Flight period and habitat. Adults are active at night and attracted by artificial light. Some specimens are collected through this method. In the daytime, it sits on dry grass blades at rest and can easily camouflage from predators (Fig. 12A–B). The habitat is surrounded by grassland in the forest ecosystem which is recorded from above 800 m altitude. It is not a pit-building species. The adult flight period in India is mainly observed during February, March, April, and May based on this study and data in published literature (Fig. 15).</p><p>Distribution in India (Fig. 16). Kerala (Gavi, Thirunelly, Vallakkadavu), Tamil Nadu (Coimbatore), Telangana (Anantagiri Hills).</p><p>Wing pattern variability (Figs 9A – B; 13A – B; 14A – B). In the tribe Palparini, the pattern of the wings is usually variable. The variability of the forewing pattern is more significant than that of the hindwing pattern. We compared the wing pattern of the syntype specimens (2 females) from Sri Lanka (NfM, Berlin, Germany), the non-type specimens (MHNG, Geneva, Switzerland), which also come from Sri Lanka, and 3 males and 1 female collected in Kerala during the current study. We found that the wing patterns show significant differences on both wings and that the wing pattern is not gender-specific. The bands on the forewing are completely absent in one male and more or less visible in the other males. The apical mark is clearly visible and divided, and marginal spots are also visible on all specimens. The pattern on the hindwing is much more pronounced, the colour of the spots is basally dark brown, but depending on the storage conditions they can fade to reddish brown .</p><p>The basal band is missing on the hindwing, the medial band is divided into 2 or 3 parts. The shape of the prestigmal band can vary, in most cases, it reaches almost to the posterior margin. This band is separated from the marginal spot by a broad band extending towards the medial band. The apical mark is divided by a transparent narrow strip extending from the tip towards the wing base is also characteristic. The pattern of the hindwing of S. harpyia is typical of the species and can be easily distinguished. Previously published faunal data of S. harpyia from India need to be revised.</p><p>Comments. Stenares harpyia specimens collected in Kerala are morphologically conspecific with the syntype specimens from Sri Lanka (Fig. 14A – B). However, other Stenares species reported from India require revision as they are characterised by sexual dimorphism and a high degree of variability between specimens. The known Stenares species require a complete morphological revision and their genetic examination is also essential.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A84088260757FFE73701FA16853F5298	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Suryanarayanan, Thangalazhi Balakrishnan;Ábrahám, Levente;Bijoy, Chenthamarakshan	Suryanarayanan, Thangalazhi Balakrishnan, Ábrahám, Levente, Bijoy, Chenthamarakshan (2025): Redescription of three antlions (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Kerala part of the Western Ghats and key to antlion genera in tribe Palparini, India. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 11 (3): 663-691, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.11.3.663, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.11.3.663
