taxonID	type	description	language	source
A834691891521346FF3047CDFAF5FBFE.taxon	description	(Fig. 1)	en	Waldren, George C. (2024): Taxonomic notes on velvet ants of the genus Timulla Ashmead, 1899 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) in the United States of America and Canada. Insecta Mundi 2024 (55): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12519968
A834691891521346FF3047CDFAF5FBFE.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The males of Timulla barbata (Fox, 1899) and Timulla ornatipennis (Bradley, 1916) are unique in Timulla in that they have banded wings, and their bodies are colored similarly to the females of the pompilid genus Psorthaspis Banks, 1911 that occur in the southeastern United States (Fig. 1 and 2; pers. obs.). These males also share the following combination of characters: the scape is ventrally covered with long whitish setae, F 1 is more or less ventrally concave, the clypeus is relatively flattened and mostly impunctate, the mandible is ventrobasally armed with a tooth, the pygidial process is Y-shaped, S 2 has an apical transverse carina / ridge present, and S 6 – S 8 are armed with a lateral tubercle. Bradley (1916) described Mutilla (Timulla) ornatipennis from both sexes, with the holotype being a mating pair practicing mandibular phoretic copulation (Bradley 1916; Waldren et al. 2020). The female of T. barbata, however, remains unknown. The female of Timulla ornatipennis (Bradley, 1916) is morphologically nearly identical with the female-based species Timulla wileyae Mickel, 1937. These females share the following combination of characters: the mesosoma is nearly parallel-sided and medially weakly emarginate in dorsal view, a scutellar scale is present, the pygidial plate is irregularly rugose in sculpture, and the clypeus has a prominent median tubercle present. The only two apparent morphological differences between these females are T 2 being entirely orange with the anterior ovate setal patches absent in T. ornatipennis and T 2 is entirely blackish with the anterior ovate setal patches present in T. wileyae. Timulla barbata and T. wileyae are both known from the southeastern USA mostly west of the Mississippi River (Mickel 1937 a). Both species have been collected in Latimer County, Oklahoma, at Camp Maxey, Texas, and in Nacogdoches, Texas. The record at Camp Maxey involves both sexes being collected in the same flight-intercept trap. The close relationship based on morphology between the males of T. barbata and T. ornatipennis, and the females of T. wileyae and T. ornatipennis, coupled with the overlap in distribution between the male-based species T. barbata and the female-based species T. wileyae with three cases of them being collected in the same county or city (and even the same trap), is considered strong evidence that the two are opposite sexes of the same species. As a result, Timulla wileyae Mickel, 1937 is here considered a new synonym of Timulla barbata (Fox, 1899).	en	Waldren, George C. (2024): Taxonomic notes on velvet ants of the genus Timulla Ashmead, 1899 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) in the United States of America and Canada. Insecta Mundi 2024 (55): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12519968
A834691891521346FF3047CDFAF5FBFE.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (Timulla barbata) (10 ♂). Non-type (s): USA: Oklahoma: Latimer Co.: Oct. 1988, K. Stephan (1 ♂ – FSCA); Jun. 1988, K. Stephan (1 ♂ – FSCA); Aug. 1988, K. Stephan (3 ♂ – FSCA); Sep. 1988, K. Stephan (3 ♂ – FSCA). Texas: Lamar Co.: Camp Maxey, 16. Jun. – 21. Jul. 2003, W. Godwin, “ Tallgrass, FIT # 80 ” (1 ♂ – SHSU – SHSUE 016576). Nacogdoches Co.: Nacogdoches, 30. Sep. 1959, R. Eubanks (1 ♂ – EMUS). Material examined (Timulla wileyae) (6 ♀). Non-type (s): USA: Oklahoma: Latimer Co.: Jan. 1983, K. Stephan (1 ♀ – DGMC); Apr. 1983, K. Stephan (1 ♀ – DGMC); May. 1983, K. Stephan (1 ♀ – DGMC); Mar. 1988, K. Stephan (1 ♀ – FSCA); Red Oak, 5 mi. W, 21. May. 1977, K. Stephan (1 ♀ – FSCA). Texas: Lamar Co.: Camp Maxey, 16. Jun. – 21. Jul. 2003, W. Godwin, “ Tallgrass, FIT # 80 ” (1 ♀ – SHSU – SHSUE 016551). Nacogdoches Co.: Nacogdoches, 10. Apr. 1965, A. Reyer (1 ♀ – EMUS). In total, 28 ♂ and 96 ♀ of Timulla barbata (Fox, 1899) were examined (CNC, DEBU, DGMC, FSCA, GCWC, INHS, LSAM, MCZ, MSUC, NCSM, OMNH, OSEC, PERC, SEMC, SFAC, SHSU, TAMU, UMRM).	en	Waldren, George C. (2024): Taxonomic notes on velvet ants of the genus Timulla Ashmead, 1899 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) in the United States of America and Canada. Insecta Mundi 2024 (55): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12519968
A834691891501346FF3044C9FC1AFD5B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Mutilla (Timulla) barbigera Bradley, 1916 was described from a single male specimen from Dallas, Texas (Bradley 1916). Mickel (1937 a) described the unknown female of T. barbigera, as well as a new subspecies, Timulla barbigera rohweri Mickel, 1937, from only males. Mickel described this subspecies as follows: “ Male. — Exactly like typical barbigera in the form of the scape and its pubescent brush, clypeus, tegulae, glabrous area and Y-shaped carina of last tergite, the tubercles of the sixth and seventh sternites, and the carinae of the hypopygium; differs in having the anterior fourth to third of the second abdominal tergite black, the second sternite almost entirely black, and the front, vertex, pronotum, mesonotum, scutellum, tegulae and the abdomen above and beneath (except the first tergite, first sternite and second sternite with sparse, erect, pale pubescence) all with erect and appressed, fulvous pubescence. ” Mickel (1937 a) treated all females as T. barbigera barbigera, suggesting there were no sufficient differences to enable associating a female with the male-based subspecies T. barbigera rohweri among the material he examined. One female Mickel (1937 a) identified as T. barbigera barbigera was collected at the same date and location as a male T. barbigera rohweri (July 10, 1933 in Boise City, Oklahoma). Additionally, Mickel (1937 a) recorded T. barbigera rohweri from western Kansas and extreme western Oklahoma, and T. barbigera barbigera also from western Kansas, extreme Western Oklahoma, eastern Texas, South Dakota, and the southeastern United States. There was no geographic distinction between the subspecies at the time of description in addition to being structurally identical. Similar to Mickel, I have been unable to find any structural differences between both sexes of these subspecies either. Remarkably, two T. barbigera rohweri specimens were collected in Belle Glade, Florida in 1955 that have some or all of the metasomal terga apically fringed with orange-red setae. These specimens are well outside the known range of T. barbigera rohweri in the western Great Plains. One specimen is an intermediate between T. barbigera barbigera and T. barbigera rohweri, with T 2 apically fringed with blackish setae, T 3 apically fringed with black setae except medially with red-orange setae, and the remaining terga have red-orange setae. This situation is similar to that in Timulla huntleyensis Mickel, 1937 (see Timulla vagans (Fabricius, 1798) section below). Based on the structural uniformity of both subspecies, the apparent uniformity of females, and the overlap in distribution, Timulla barbigera rohweri Mickel, 1937 is here considered a new synonym of Timulla barbigera (Bradley, 1916).	en	Waldren, George C. (2024): Taxonomic notes on velvet ants of the genus Timulla Ashmead, 1899 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) in the United States of America and Canada. Insecta Mundi 2024 (55): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12519968
A834691891501346FF3044C9FC1AFD5B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (Timulla barbigera barbigera) (1 ♂). Non-type (s): USA: Georgia: Fulton Co.: Atlanta, 24. Jun. 1936, P. W. Fattig (1 ♂ – EMUS). Material examined (Timulla barbigera rohweri) (1 ♂). Holotype: USA: Kansas: Unknown: Unknown, Snow (1 ♂ – NMNH – USNMENT 01545785). Material examined (Timulla barbigera barbigera / rohweri intermediates) (2 ♂). Non-type (s): USA: Florida: Palm Beach Co.: Belle Glade, 15. Jul. 1955, C. E. Seiler, “ Vigna sinensis ” (2 ♂ – DGMC). In total, 126 ♂ and 99 ♀ of Timulla barbigera (Bradley, 1916) were examined (AMNH, AUEM, CASC, CMNH, CSUC, CUIC, DEBU, DGMC, EMEC, ENMU, FHSM, FMNH, FSCA, GCWC, INHS, KSUC, LSAM, MCZ, MEM, MSUC, NCSM, NMNH, OMNH, OSAC, OSEC, PSUC, PERC, SEMC, SFAC, TAMU, TTUZ, UAAM, UAIC, UCDC, UCRC, UGCA, UMMZ, UMRM, UNSM, WIRC).	en	Waldren, George C. (2024): Taxonomic notes on velvet ants of the genus Timulla Ashmead, 1899 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) in the United States of America and Canada. Insecta Mundi 2024 (55): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12519968
A8346918915F1349FF3045DEFE8FFE6B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In the remarks of his description of Timulla navasota nebulosa Mickel, 1937, Mickel (1937 a) noted for the female: “ Nebulosa differs from navasota in having the thorax more strongly narrowed posteriorly and in the much darker color of the abdomen, tibiae, and tarsi. ” It is surprising that Mickel (1937 a) considered the strongly posteriorly-narrowed “ thorax ” (i. e., mesosoma) to be a subspecies-level character, as the relative widths of the female mesosoma in dorsal view were considered to be an important species-level character by Mickel (1937 a, 1938) for other species of Timulla. I also consider this to be an important species-level character. Based on the unique mesosomal shape in dorsal view of females of T. navasota coahuila and T. navasota navasota, the former subspecies is given new status as a full species, Timulla coahuila Krombein, 1951.	en	Waldren, George C. (2024): Taxonomic notes on velvet ants of the genus Timulla Ashmead, 1899 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) in the United States of America and Canada. Insecta Mundi 2024 (55): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12519968
A8346918915F1349FF3045DEFE8FFE6B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (Timulla navasota coahuila) (1 ♀). Non-type (s): USA: Texas: Jeff Davis Co.: Fort Davis, 6 – 10 mi. W on TX- 166, 5000 ft., 15 – 23. Jul. 1948, H. E. Evans (1 ♀ – MCZ – MCZ-ENT 00709355). Material examined (Timulla navasota navasota) (2 ♀). Non-type (s): USA: Texas: Cameron Co.: Brownsville, 08. May. 1935, J. N. Knull (1 ♀ – OSUC – OSUC 0098496). Hidalgo Co.: 30. Mar. 1960, D. J. & J. N. Knull (1 ♀ – OSUC – OSUC 0098498). In total, 253 ♂ and 45 ♀ of Timulla coahuila Krombein, 1951 were examined (AMNH, ASUHIC, AUEM, CASC, CNC, CSCA, CUIC, DGMC, EMUS, FMNH, GCWC, INHS, LSAM, MCZ, MSBA, NMNH, NMSU, OSAC, OSUC, PMNH, ROME, SEMC, TAMU, TTUZ, UAIC, UCDC, UCFC, UCRC, UMMZ, UTIC, WFBM, WIRC, WSU). In total, 46 ♂ and 8 ♀ of Timulla navasota (Bradley, 1916) were examined (AMNH, CASC, CSUC, CUIC, DGMC, EMUS, GCWC, INHS, KSUC, MCZ, MEM, NMNH, OSAC, OSUC, SEMC, SFAC, SHSU, TAMU, UAIC, UGCA, UTIC).	en	Waldren, George C. (2024): Taxonomic notes on velvet ants of the genus Timulla Ashmead, 1899 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) in the United States of America and Canada. Insecta Mundi 2024 (55): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12519968
A8346918915F1349FF3041BEFE61FC10.taxon	discussion	Remarks. A male and female practicing phoretic copulation were collected at Peña Blanca Canyon in Arizona, which represents a new record of this species in the United States. Timulla cyllene was previously only known from the Mexican states of Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, and Veracruz (Mickel 1938).	en	Waldren, George C. (2024): Taxonomic notes on velvet ants of the genus Timulla Ashmead, 1899 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) in the United States of America and Canada. Insecta Mundi 2024 (55): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12519968
A8346918915F1349FF3041BEFE61FC10.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (Mutilla cyllene) (1 ♂ 2 ♀). Paralectotype: MEXICO: Guerrero: Chilpancingo, Sep., H. H. Smith (1 ♀ – NHMUK – NHMUK 010577202). Non-type (s): USA: Arizona: Santa Cruz Co.: Peña Blanca Canyon, 03. Sep. 1968, W. J. Hanson, “ Malaise trap ” “ Utah State University Intermountain Insect Survey ” (1 ♂ 1 ♀ – EMUS). In total, 45 ♂ and 21 ♀ of Timulla cyllene (Cameron, 1894) were examined (AMNH, ANSP, ASUHIC, BPBM, CASC, CNC, CSCA, CUIC, DGMC, EBCC, EMUS, GCWC, MCZ, NHMD, NHMUK, NMNH, TAMU, UAIC, UCDC, UNAM).	en	Waldren, George C. (2024): Taxonomic notes on velvet ants of the genus Timulla Ashmead, 1899 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) in the United States of America and Canada. Insecta Mundi 2024 (55): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12519968
A8346918915F134BFF304374FE93F8B6.taxon	description	(Fig. 3 and 4)	en	Waldren, George C. (2024): Taxonomic notes on velvet ants of the genus Timulla Ashmead, 1899 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) in the United States of America and Canada. Insecta Mundi 2024 (55): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12519968
A8346918915F134BFF304374FE93F8B6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Mickel (1937 a) described Timulla dubitata fugitiva Mickel, 1937 as follows: “ Male. — Exactly like the subsp. dubitata except the head and thorax entirely black; emargination of mandibles, form of clypeus, elongate, glabrous area and Y-shaped carina of last tergite, tubercles of fifth and sixth sternites, and carinae of seventh sternite and hypopygium, all the same as in subsp. dubitata. Length, 17 mm. ” Regarding the females of T. dubitata fugitiva, in his remarks for T. dubitata dubitata, Mickel (1937 a) noted: “ I have attempted to find some morphological character in the females which would separate them into groups having the same geographical distribution as the two subspecies of male, but have been unsuccessful. The females appear to me to be uniform throughout the entire geographic range. ” The two subspecies of T. dubitata are represented in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. Additionally, there was no geographic distinction between the subspecies in Mickel (1937 a), as he reported specimens of both subspecies from Georgia, Maryland, New Jersey, Oklahoma, Texas, and Virginia (Mickel 1937 a). After Mickel’s revision, both subspecies and intergrade specimens were collected in Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina during the same collecting event in 1959 by D. G. Shappirio; one intergrade specimen of T. dubitata fugitiva has the pronotum laterally with red cuticle (pronotum elsewhere entirely black), another specimen with the vertex transversely with red cuticle (head elsewhere entirely black) and the mesoscutum with both black and red cuticle, and another specimen with the vertex transversely with red cuticle (head elsewhere entirely black) and the scutellum entirely with black cuticle. Further, both subspecies were also collected in Latimer County, Oklahoma in apparently the same flight-intercept trap in 2002. Based on the subspecies being structurally identical in both sexes, the existence of intergrade specimens, and having an overlap in distribution, Timulla dubitata fugitiva Mickel, 1937 is here considered a new synonym of Timulla dubitata (Smith, 1855). Another taxon described by Mickel (1938), Timulla murcia Mickel, 1938, was based on a single female specimen collected in Santa Rosa, Mexico by the dipterist C. H. T. Townsend. Only the city and country were provided on the collection label, and there are numerous cities in Mexico named Santa Rosa. Townsend arrived in south Texas in November of 1894 and spent a month of fieldwork in northern Mexico to gather information on the boll weevil; the holotype of T. murcia was collected on December 7, 1894 (Townsend 1895; Evenhuis et al. 2015). Townsend did some of his fieldwork in the city of San Juan Allende in Coahuila (Townsend 1895), and there is a city 100 km southwest of it named Santa Rosa [de Múzquiz] in which Townsend possibly collected the holotype (Neal Evenhuis pers. comm.). Mickel (1938) considered T. murcia to be related to Timulla dubitata and he differentiated the two species in T. murcia having “ the abdominal tergites for the most part black and black pubescent, the anterior margin of the posterior marginal band on the second tergite sinuate instead of angulately dilated at the middle, and the head and dorsum of thorax less strongly punctate. ” I consider these diagnostic characters of T. murcia to fall within the range of variation of T. dubitata which is widely distributed throughout the eastern United States, although no records of T. dubitata have been found from Mexico. Specimens of T. dubitata from south Texas were unknown to Mickel (1937 a), which may have factored into his decision to treat T. murcia as a distinct species. I have found several T. dubitata among collections from Atascosa, Bexar, Kenedy, and Willacy Counties in south Texas; the type locality of Santa Rosa [de Múzquiz], Coahuila is consequently within reason for T. dubitata although perhaps at the edge of its distribution. The Nearctic species Timulla leona was also collected by C. H. T. Townsend at the same date and locality of Santa Rosa as the holotype of T. murcia; Timulla leona shares much of its distribution in the United States with T. dubitata (Mickel 1937 a) (Mickel identified this lone T. leona specimen, housed at OSEC, as Timulla tyro Mickel, 1937 in Mickel (1938 )). Based on shared morphology and close geographic distribution, Timulla murcia Mickel, 1938 is here considered a new synonym of Timulla dubitata (Smith, 1855).	en	Waldren, George C. (2024): Taxonomic notes on velvet ants of the genus Timulla Ashmead, 1899 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) in the United States of America and Canada. Insecta Mundi 2024 (55): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12519968
A8346918915F134BFF304374FE93F8B6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (Timulla dubitata dubitata) (5 ♂ and 8 ♀). Non-type (s): USA: North Carolina: Dare Co.: Kill Devil Hills, 01 – 10. Sep. 1959, D. G. Shappirio (4 ♂ – UMMZ). Oklahoma: Latimer Co.: Aug. 2002, K. Stephan, “ FIT ” (1 ♂ – TAMU – TAMU-ENTO X 1074853). Texas: Atascosa Co.: Poteet, 8 mi. N, 14. Oct. 1994, A. W. Hook, J. L. Neff, & O. Hernandez (1 ♀ – UTIC); Poteet, 12 mi. N, 14. Oct. 1994, A. W. Hook, J. L. Neff, & O. Hernandez (2 ♀ – UTIC); Somerset, 7 mi. S, 27. Jun. 1995, J. E. Wappes (1 ♀ – TAMU – TAMU-ENTO X 1087280). Bexar Co.: 30. Aug. 1931, H. B. Parks (1 ♀ – TAMU – TAMU-ENTO X 1042949); 04. Oct. 1931, H. B. Parks (1 ♀ – TAMU – TAMU-ENTO X 1041251). Kenedy Co.: Sarita, 19. Sep. 1974, Gillaspy & Party (1 ♀ – UAIC); 30. Aug. 1975, Gillaspy & Party (1 ♀ – UAIC). Material examined (Timulla dubitata fugitiva) (16 ♂ and 1 ♀). Non-type (s): USA: North Carolina: Dare Co.: Kill Devil Hills, 01 – 10. Sep. 1959, D. G. Shappirio (2 ♂ – UMMZ). Oklahoma: Latimer Co.: Aug. 1986, K. Stephan (3 ♂ – FSCA); Sep. 1986, K. Stephan (1 ♂ – FSCA); Aug. 1987, K. Stephan (2 ♂ – FSCA); Aug. 1988, K. Stephan (2 ♂ – FSCA); Sep. 1988 (1 ♂ 1 ♀ [in copula] – FSCA; 1 ♂ – FSCA); Aug. 1989, K. Stephan (1 ♂ – FSCA); Jul. 2002, K. Stephan, “ FIT ” (1 ♂ – OMNH – OMNH- 84696); Aug. 2002, K. Stephan, “ FIT ” (1 ♂ – TAMU – TAMU-ENTO X 1086410). Texas: Willacy Co.: Raymondville, 17. Apr. 1952, Michener, Beamers, Wille, & LaBerge, “ taken on Monarda citriodora ” (1 ♂ – SEMC). Material examined (Timulla dubitata dubitata / fugitiva intermediate) (3 ♂). Non-type (s): USA: North Carolina: Dare Co.: Kill Devil Hills, 01 – 10. Sep. 1959, D. G. Shappirio (3 ♂ – UMMZ). Material examined (Timulla murcia) (1 ♀). Holotype: MEXICO: [Coahuila]: Santa Rosa [de Múzquiz], 07. Dec. 1894, C. H. T. Townsend (1 ♀ – CUIC – HOLOTYPE Cornell U. no. 1810). In total, 558 ♂ and 851 ♀ of Timulla dubitata (Smith, 1855) were examined (AMNH, AUEM, BPBM, CASC, CMNH, CNC, CSCA, CSUC, CUIC, DEBU, DGMC, EMUS, ENMU, FMNH, FSCA, GCWC, INHS, KSUC, LSAM, MCZ, MEM, MSUC, NCSM, NMNH, OMNH, OSAC, OSEC, OSUC, PCYU, PMAE, ROME, SDMC, SEMC, SFAC, SHSU, TAMU, UAAM, UAIC, UCDC, UCFC, UCRC, UGCA, UMMZ, UMRM, UNSM, UTIC, VTEC, WIRC).	en	Waldren, George C. (2024): Taxonomic notes on velvet ants of the genus Timulla Ashmead, 1899 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) in the United States of America and Canada. Insecta Mundi 2024 (55): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12519968
A8346918915D134BFF304791FCCFFDB4.taxon	description	(Fig. 5 and 6)	en	Waldren, George C. (2024): Taxonomic notes on velvet ants of the genus Timulla Ashmead, 1899 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) in the United States of America and Canada. Insecta Mundi 2024 (55): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12519968
A8346918915D134BFF304791FCCFFDB4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The male-based species Timulla compressicornis Mickel, 1937 is closely related to Timulla barbigera (Bradley, 1916), as both males lack a ventrobasal mandibular tooth and have a Y-shaped pygidial process with the arms of the Y as long as or longer than the stem. The female-based species Timulla euterpe (Blake, 1879) is closely related to the female of T. barbigera, as females of both species have a remarkably similar mesosomal shape in dorsal view and a highly-reduced scutellar scale. Both T. compressicornis and T. euterpe share an overlap in distribution in the eastern United States and are only known from a single sex (Mickel 1937 a). Since the publication of Mickel (1937 a), both sexes have been collected in Gainesville, Florida and in Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina. Based on the close relationship in morphology with T. barbigera and the two species known from a single opposite sex — T. compressicornis and T. euterpe — coupled with their overlap in distribution in the eastern United States, Timulla compressicornis Mickel, 1937 is here considered a new synonym of Timulla euterpe (Blake, 1879). Lastly, three male specimens with a nearly entirely black head (vertex partly dark red) and a nearly entirely black mesosoma (pronotum with lateral dark red spot in one specimen) were discovered among the material examined (Fig. 6). Males typically have an orange-red front, vertex, pronotum, mesoscutum, and the scutellum anteriorly, with the remainder of the mesosoma being black (Fig. 5). These two types of color forms of T. euterpe are more or less similar to the color forms present in other species which were formalized with subspecies designations by Mickel (1937 a) (i. e., T. dubitata, T. hollensis, T. ocellaria, and T. vagans). Discovery of T. euterpe males with a nearly entirely black head and mesosoma provides additional evidence that the subspecies of Mickel (1937 a) are merely color forms within a species.	en	Waldren, George C. (2024): Taxonomic notes on velvet ants of the genus Timulla Ashmead, 1899 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) in the United States of America and Canada. Insecta Mundi 2024 (55): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12519968
A8346918915D134BFF304791FCCFFDB4.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (Timulla compressicornis) (3 ♂). Holotype: USA: Louisiana: Cameron Par.: Johnson Bayou, 24. Aug. 1906, J. D. Mitchell (1 ♂ – NMNH – TypeNo. 50951 U. S. N. M.). Non-type (s): USA: Florida: Alachua Co.: Gainesville, 13. Jul. 1948, P. W. Fattig (1 ♂ – CUIC – PARATYPE Cornell U. No. 1514.2). North Carolina: Dare Co.: Kill Devil Hills, 01 – 10. Sep. 1959, D. G. Shappirio (1 ♂ – UMMZ). Material examined (Timulla compressicornis with mostly black head and mesosoma) (3 ♂). Non-type (s): USA: Maryland: Calvert Co.: American Chestnut Land Trust, Warrior’s Rest Sanctuary, 38.536633 ° N 76.519667 ° W, 08 – 21. Jul. 2008, M. Gates et al., “ beach ” “ Malaise trap ” (1 ♂ – EMUS). South Carolina: Barnwell Co.: Aiken, 30 – 40 mi. S at Fourmile Branch, 16. Jul. 1974, F. Howell & R. Matthews, “ Savannah R. Proj. ” “ Malaise trap A ” (1 ♂ – DGMC; 1 ♂ – EMUS). Material examined (Timulla euterpe) (2 ♀). Non-type (s): USA: Florida: Alachua Co.: Gainesville, 16. May. 1926, M. D. Leonard (1 ♀ – CUIC). North Carolina: Dare Co.: Kill Devil Hills, 05. Jul. 1950, K. V. Krombein (1 ♀ – NMNH). In total, 54 ♂ and 34 ♀ of Timulla euterpe (Blake, 1879) were examined (AMNH, AUEM, CUIC, DGMC, EMUS, FSCA, GCWC, INHS, LSAM, MCZ, MEM, MSUC, NCSM, NHMD, NMNH, OSAC, SEC, SFAC, TAMU, TTUZ, UCDC, UCFC, UGCA, UMMZ, UTIC, WIRC).	en	Waldren, George C. (2024): Taxonomic notes on velvet ants of the genus Timulla Ashmead, 1899 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) in the United States of America and Canada. Insecta Mundi 2024 (55): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12519968
A8346918915C134AFF3045DEFE3BF9D7.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Mickel (1937 a) described the male-based subspecies Timulla hollensis melanderi Mickel, 1937 and in the remarks for it noted: “ Exactly like subsp. hollensis except the thorax entirely black, and the vertex and posterior part of scutellum with pale pubescence. ” I have been unable to find any structural differences between these two subspecies either. Further, they both occur in the northeastern United States, and there is no geographic distinction between them. Both subspecies have been collected in Prince George’s County, Maryland. Based on their identical morphology and geographic overlap, Timulla hollensis melanderi Mickel, 1937 is here considered a new synonym of Timulla hollensis (Melander, 1903). Additionally, Mickel (1937 a) noted that the location of the type of Mutilla sayi hollensis Melander, 1903 was unknown to him. I located the holotype among non-type material at the Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ) labeled with the unique specimen identifier MCZ-ENT 00585864.	en	Waldren, George C. (2024): Taxonomic notes on velvet ants of the genus Timulla Ashmead, 1899 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) in the United States of America and Canada. Insecta Mundi 2024 (55): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12519968
A8346918915C134AFF3045DEFE3BF9D7.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (Timulla hollensis hollensis) (2 ♂). Holotype: USA: Massachusetts: Barnstable Co.: Woods Hole, 13. Aug. 1899 (1 ♂ – MCZ – MCZ-ENT 00585864). Non-type (s): USA: Maryland: Prince George’s Co.: 09 – 17. Aug. 2007 (1 ♂ – UCDC – USGS-DRO 283478). Material examined (Timulla hollensis melanderi) (2 ♂). Holotype (Timulla hollensis melanderi): USA: Maryland: Baltimore Co.: Baltimore, 09. Jul. (1 ♂ – CUIC – HOLOTYPE Cornell U. no. 1518.1). Non-type (s): USA: Maryland: Prince George’s Co.: Bowie, 03. Sep. 1996, R. D. Hennessey (1 ♂ – EMUS). In total, 54 ♂ and 0 ♀ of Timulla hollensis (Melander, 1903) were examined (AMNH, CASC, CMNH, CSUC, CUIC, DEBU, DGMC, EMUS, FMNH, FSCA, GCWC, MCZ, MEM, MSUC, NMNH, OSAC, OSUC, OMAE, SEMC, UCDC, UMMZ).	en	Waldren, George C. (2024): Taxonomic notes on velvet ants of the genus Timulla Ashmead, 1899 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) in the United States of America and Canada. Insecta Mundi 2024 (55): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12519968
A8346918915C134DFF304133FB6EFB9F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In his remarks for the female-based species Timulla nicholi Mickel, 1937, Mickel (1937 a) stated: “ This is probably the female of neobule. Mr. Nichol has collected both species at the same time and place, and the evidence gained by the process of elimination indicates that nicholi and neobule are probably opposite sexes of the same species. ” The specimens Mickel (1937 a) was referring to were collected in Mesa, Arizona. Additional specimens of both T. nicholi and Timulla neobule Mickel, 1937 have been collected in Bard, California by H. Ray on upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum Linnaeus, 1758. Only three species of Timulla are known from California, all in the extreme southern part of the state: Timulla neobule, T. nicholi, and T. tyro Mickel, 1937 (Mickel 1937 a; pers. obs.). The last species, T. tyro, was described by Mickel from both sexes, leaving T. neobule and T. nicholi as the only species of Timulla in California known from a single sex. Both of these species (T. neobule and T. nicholi) are members of the Timulla vagans species-group which is diagnosed by the following combination of characters. Males have a prominent dorsal carina of the scape that often is densely setose apically, the mandible is ventrobasally armed with a tooth, the mesocoxae are armed with a triangular process, and the pygidial process is Y-shaped with the arms of the Y as long as or longer than the stem and the cuticle is concave between these arms. Females are diagnosed in having a transverse scutellar scale present and the pygidial plate is primarily granulate in sculpture. Based on the overlap in distribution and shared membership in the T. vagans species-group, Timulla nicholi Mickel, 1937 is here considered a new synonym of Timulla neobule Mickel, 1937.	en	Waldren, George C. (2024): Taxonomic notes on velvet ants of the genus Timulla Ashmead, 1899 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) in the United States of America and Canada. Insecta Mundi 2024 (55): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12519968
A8346918915C134DFF304133FB6EFB9F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (Timulla neobule) (9 ♂). Holotype: MEXICO: Sinaloa: Los Mochis, 15. Jul. 1922 (1 ♂ – NMNH – USNMENT 01545829). Non-type (s): USA: Arizona: Maricopa Co.: Mesa, 11. Oct. 1925, A. A. Nichol (1 ♂ – EMUS). California: Imperial Co.: Bard, 20. Aug. 1965, H. Ray, “ ex Gossypium hirsutum ” (1 ♂ – SDMC); 27. Aug. 1965, H. Ray, “ ex Gossypium hirsutum ” (1 ♂ – CSCA; 1 ♂ – SDMC); 30. Aug. 1965, H. Ray, “ ex Gossypium hirsutum ” (1 ♂ – CSCA); 03. Sep. 1965, H. Ray, “ ex Gossypium hirsutum ” (1 ♂ – SDMC); 16. Sep. 1965, H. Ray, “ ex Gossypium hirsutum ” (1 ♂ – CSCA); 27. Sep. 1965, H. Ray, “ ex Gossypium hirsutum ” (1 ♂ – SDMC). Material examined (Timulla nicholi) (9 ♀). Holotype: USA: Arizona: Maricopa Co.: Mesa, 11. Oct. 1925, A. A. Nichol (1 ♀ – UMSP – Type specimen no. 87 Univ. of Minn.). Non-type (s): USA: California: Imperial Co.: Bard, 03. Sep. 1965, H. Ray, “ ex Gossypium hirsutum ” (1 ♀ – SDMC); 07. Sep. 1965, H. Ray, “ ex Gossypium hirsutum ” (1 ♀ – AMNH); 08. Sep. 1965, H. Ray, “ ex Gossypium hirsutum ” (5 ♀ – CSCA; 1 ♀ – SDMC). In total, 31 ♂ and 33 ♀ of Timulla neobule Mickel, 1937 were examined (AMNH, ASUHIC, CASC, CSCA, DGMC, EMEC, EMUS, MCZ, NMNH, SDMC, UAIC, UCDC, UCRC, UMSP, UNSM).	en	Waldren, George C. (2024): Taxonomic notes on velvet ants of the genus Timulla Ashmead, 1899 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) in the United States of America and Canada. Insecta Mundi 2024 (55): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12519968
A8346918915B134DFF3044EBFD6EFF18.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Mickel (1937 a) described the male-based subspecies Timulla ocellaria rufidorsa Mickel, 1937 and in the remarks for it noted: “ Exactly like ocellaria subsp. ocellaria except the prothorax and the mesonotum ferruginous with pale pubescence, and the tegulae dark ferruginous. ” I have been unable to find any structural differences between these two subspecies either. Further, they both occur in the central / mid-eastern United States, and there is no geographic distinction between them. Both subspecies have been collected at the same time and location in Fort Knox, Kentucky and Tuttle, Oklahoma by the same collectors. Based on their identical morphology and overlap in geographic distribution, Timulla ocellaria rufidorsa Mickel, 1937 is here considered a new synonym of Timulla ocellaria Mickel, 1937. Timulla ocellaria is one of the few nocturnal species of Timulla and males have very large ocelli (Mickel 1937 a; pers. obs.). Remarkably, I have not seen any mating pairs of T. ocellaria among collections despite examining more than 900 males collected at lights.	en	Waldren, George C. (2024): Taxonomic notes on velvet ants of the genus Timulla Ashmead, 1899 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) in the United States of America and Canada. Insecta Mundi 2024 (55): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12519968
A8346918915B134DFF3044EBFD6EFF18.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (Timulla ocellaria ocellaria) (5 ♂). Non-type (s): USA: Kentucky: Hardin Co.: Fort Knox, 03. Jul. 1953, R. D. Alexander (2 ♂ – OSUC – OSUC 0098506, OSUC 0098509; 1 ♂ – UAIC; 1 ♂ – UMMZ). Oklahoma: Grady Co.: Tuttle, 02. Jul. 2006, B. Baldwin, “ UV Light ” (1 ♂ – EMUS). Material examined (Timulla ocellaria rufidorsa) (20 ♂). Holotype: USA: Oklahoma: Bryan Co.: Durant, 01. Jul. 1910, Hunter, “ at light ” (1 ♂ – NMNH – USNMENT 01545802). Non-type (s): USA: Kentucky: Hardin Co.: Fort Knox, 03. Jul. 1953, R. D. Alexander (1 ♂ – OSUC – OSUC 0098523; 1 ♂ – UMMZ). Oklahoma: Grady Co.: Tuttle, 02. Jul. 2006, B. Baldwin, “ UV Light ” (17 ♂ – EMUS). In total, 944 ♂ and 0 ♀ of Timulla ocellaria Mickel, 1937 were examined (AMNH, CASC, CNC, CSCA, CSUC, CUIC, DGMC, EMEC, EMUS, FHSM, FMNH, FSCA, GCWC, INHS, LSAM, MCZ, MEM, MSUC, NMNH, OMNH, OSAC, OSEC, OSUC, PMNH, PERC, SEMC, TAMU, UAAM, UAIC, UCDC, UCMC, UCRC, UGCA, UKIC, UMMZ, UMRM, WIRC).	en	Waldren, George C. (2024): Taxonomic notes on velvet ants of the genus Timulla Ashmead, 1899 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) in the United States of America and Canada. Insecta Mundi 2024 (55): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12519968
A8346918915B134FFF304063FEEEFB52.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Mickel (1937 a) described the male-based subspecies Timulla subhyalina Mickel, 1937 from specimens from the north-central / northwestern United States and Canada. Additionally, Mickel (1937 a) described the female-based species Timulla dubitatiformis Mickel, 1937 from the central and eastern United States. In his remarks for the latter species, T. dubitatiformis, Mickel (1937 a) noted: “ This female has an exceptionally wide distribution and no male of which the female is unknown has a similar distribution. I am of the opinion that one or all of the group of males including rufosignata, tolerata, subhyalina, hollensis subsp. hollensis, hollensis subsp. melanderi, and sayi represent the male sex. All of these have a more limited distribution than dubitatiformis, and I have attempted without success to find some basis for separating the latter into geographical groups which could be correlated with the above males. The situation may be that the males have differentiated into geographical groups, while the females have remained stable; this has been found to be true of certain other species of Mutillidae both in the United States and the Philippine Islands. All that can be said at present is that the male will probably prove to be among those mentioned above. ” The male-based species that Mickel (1937 a) referred to above, including Timulla kansana Mickel, 1937 and T. ocellaria, form a species-group which share the following combination of characters: the clypeus is pentagonal and weakly concave, a ventrobasal mandibular tooth may be present or absent, the ocelli may or may not be enlarged, the mesosternal area is weakly armed with an obscure tubercle, and the pygidial process is Y-shaped with the arms of the Y short in length. This species-group is here referred to as the Timulla ocellaria species-group. Krombein (1953) associated females that keyed to T. dubitatiformis with the male-based species Timulla rufosignata (Bradley, 1916) from Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina. Krombein (1953) differentiated the newlyrecognized female of T. rufosignata from T. dubitatiformis as follows: “ The four females taken in 1952 and the six females captured in 1948 and 1950 are conspecific, key to dubitatiformis in Mickel’s key, and fall within the range of variation he ascribes to that species. They are quite constant in coloration, sculpture, vestiture, and differ from “ dubitatiformis ” females of the metropolitan Washington area in having the last three tergites with ferruginous integument, the scutellar scale evanescent or absent, and the posterior surface of the propodeum more coarsely sculptured, with a few longitudinal ridges and a tendency toward the development of small asperites on the upper third. The Kill Devil Hills series differs from the type of dubitatiformis from Boulder, Colorado in the same particulars. ” Mickel (1937 a) attempted to find some distinction between specimens across the broad geographic distribution of T. dubitatiformis that could correspond with the more limited distributions of males of the T. ocellaria species-group. I attempted to do the same and in the end, I was unsuccessful like Mickel despite examining 286 T. dubitatiformis specimens. The characters that Krombein (1953) ascribes to the females he associated with T. rufosignata fall within the variation of T. dubitatiformis throughout its distribution. There is no apparent geographic pattern with the characters that Krombein (1953) emphasized. Krombein’s association, however, does confirm the relationship between T. dubitatiformis and members of the male-based T. ocellaria species-group. The type locality of T. dubitatiformis is Boulder, Colorado, and the only male-based species of the T. ocellaria species-group that occurs in Colorado is T. subhyalina. Further, the only other species of Timulla that occur in Colorado are T. barbigera, T. grotei, T. oajaca, T. suspensa and T. vagans, all of which are known from both sexes (Mickel 1937 a; pers. obs.). To the northwest, the only species of Timulla that occur in Washington state are T. dubitatiformis and T. subhyalina. Based on shared membership in the T. ocellaria species-group and overlap in distribution, Timulla dubitatiformis Mickel, 1937 is here considered a new synonym of Timulla subhyalina Mickel, 1937. This taxonomic action generates a challenge in that although I consider the holotype of T. dubitatiformis to be a synonym of T. subhyalina, not all T. dubitatiformis females sensu Mickel (1937 a) can now be considered conspecific with T. subhyalina as they belong to other male-based species of the T. ocellaria species-group. I have labeled all T. dubitatiformis females (sensu Mickel (1937 a )) that I have examined in collections as ‘ Timulla dubitatiformis ’ despite awareness of this name eventually being synonymized. Due to their apparent morphological uniformity, assigning the name ‘ Timulla ocellaria species-group’ for females of the former species T. dubitatiformis is the suggested approach moving forward post-synonymy. All members of the T. ocellaria species-group are now effectively known for both sexes with the recognition that the former female-based species T. dubitatiformis is in reality a morphologically-conservative complex of species (with the males being Timulla hollensis (Melander, 1903), T. kansana Mickel, 1937, T. ocellaria Mickel, 1937, T. rufosignata (Bradley, 1916), T. sayi (Blake, 1871), T. subhyalina Mickel, 1937, and T. tolerata Mickel, 1937).	en	Waldren, George C. (2024): Taxonomic notes on velvet ants of the genus Timulla Ashmead, 1899 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) in the United States of America and Canada. Insecta Mundi 2024 (55): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12519968
A8346918915B134FFF304063FEEEFB52.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (Timulla dubitatiformis) (2 ♀). Holotype: USA: Colorado: Boulder Co.: Boulder, 26. May. 1908, T. D. A. Cockerell (1 ♀ – NMNH – USNMENT 01546530). Non-type (s): USA: Washington: Whitman Co.: Pullman, 08. Jul. 1976, P. J. Landolt (1 ♀ – FSCA). Material examined (Timulla subhyalina) (5 ♂). Non-type (s): USA: Colorado: Sedgwick Co.: Julesburg, 20 – 27. Aug. 2001, Irwin & Parker, “ MT ” (4 ♂ – EMUS). Washington: Whitman Co.: Colton, 10 mi. S, 16. Sep. 1982, W. J. Hanson (1 ♂ – EMUS). In total, 286 ♀ of Timulla ocellaria species-group females (i. e., Timulla dubitatiformis (sensu Mickel 1937 a )) were examined (AMNH, ASUHIC, AUEM, BPBPM, CASC, CMNH, CNC, CSUC, CUIC, DEBU, DGMC, EMEC, EMUS, FHSM, FMNH, FSCA, GCWC, INHS, KSUC, LSAM, MCZ, MEM, MSUC, MTEC, NCSM, NMNH, OMNH, OSAC, OSEC, PMAE, PMNH, PERC, SDMC, SDSU, SEMC, TAMU, UAAM, UCMC, UGCA, UKIC, UMMZ, UMRM, UNSM, UTIC, WFBM, WIRC, WSU). In total, 143 ♂ of Timulla subhyalina Mickel, 1937 were examined (AMNH, CMNH, CNC, CSCA, CSUC, CUIC, DGMC, EMUS, FHSM, FMNH, FSCA, GCWC, INHS, MCZ, MEM, MSUC, MTEC, NMNH, OSAC, OSEC, PMAE, PMNH, PERC, SDSU, UAIC, UCDC, UCMC, UCRC, UGCA, UMRM, UNSM, WFBM, WIRC, WSU).	en	Waldren, George C. (2024): Taxonomic notes on velvet ants of the genus Timulla Ashmead, 1899 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) in the United States of America and Canada. Insecta Mundi 2024 (55): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12519968
A83469189159134EFF3044B6FC01FB52.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Mickel (1937 a) described the subspecies Timulla suspensa sonora Mickel, 1937 based on a relatively large series of specimens with several pairs collected in copula. He differentiated it from the nominal subspecies, Timulla suspensa suspensa (Gerstaecker, 1874), as follows in the remarks for T. suspensa sonora: “ I have compared female specimens of this subspecies with the holotype of suspensa Gerstaecker and find the only difference is in the color of the legs, in subspecies suspensa black, and in subspecies sonora ferruginous; in pattern of pubescence, sculpture and puncturation of body the two are identical; the color of the abdomen of the female varies from distinctly black to distinctly ferruginous; the series before me includes many intergrades between the two … ” The male of T. suspensa suspensa is unknown. Female leg coloration was emphasized by Mickel (1938) for the Neotropical Timulla as a species-level character, although it was not always reliable, with females of some species having both bright red legs in some individuals and dark mahogany red legs in others, such as in the Mexican species Timulla obscurella Mickel, 1938 (Mickel 1938; pers. obs.). There is no geographic distinction between T. suspensa sonora and T. suspensa suspensa, as both are known from southeastern Arizona (Mickel 1937 a). Based on their identical morphology and geographic overlap, Timulla suspensa sonora Mickel, 1937 is here considered a new synonym of Timulla suspensa (Gerstaecker, 1874). A second subspecies was described by Mickel (1937 a), namely Timulla suspensa jonesi Mickel, 1937, based on three males from Douglas, Arizona and five males from southern Texas, with the holotype being from Douglas, Arizona; the female is unknown. Mickel (1937 a) differentiated the males of T. suspensa jonesi and T. suspensa sonora as follows: “ Closely related to the male of subsp. sonora but differs in having the second abdominal sternite entirely ferruginous, the somewhat more dense, pale pubescence of the pronotum, and the slightly less reflexed postero-lateral angles of the clypeal glabrous area. ” Variation within clypeal shape has been observed within species of Timulla (e. g., Timulla rufogastra (Lepeletier, 1845) in Mickel (1938 )), as well as cuticle coloration in both males and females as discussed for other subspecies treated in this paper. Additionally, two of the specimens of T. suspensa jonesi were collected by W. W. Jones in Douglas, Arizona and one specimen by F. H. Snow at San Bernardino Ranch in Douglas, Arizona. Both of these collectors also collected specimens of the subspecies T. suspensa sonora at the same locality and month as T. suspensa jonesi (Mickel 1937). Thus, the subspecies are sympatric in Arizona. However, five of the paratypes of T. suspensa jonesi were collected in south Texas (Mickel 1937 a). I consider these Texas paratypes to belong to an undescribed species (Waldren in prep.). Further, I have females associated with these south Texas males which are distinctly different from females of T. suspensa in having the anterior whitish setal patches of T 2 limited to the basal half of the sclerite rather than longitudinally spanning the entire length of T 2 as in T. suspensa. Based on their identical morphology and geographic overlap in Douglas, Arizona, Timulla suspensa jonesi Mickel, 1937 is here considered a new synonym of Timulla suspensa (Gerstaecker, 1874).	en	Waldren, George C. (2024): Taxonomic notes on velvet ants of the genus Timulla Ashmead, 1899 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) in the United States of America and Canada. Insecta Mundi 2024 (55): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12519968
A83469189159134EFF3044B6FC01FB52.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (Timulla (Timulla) suspensa jonesi (Texas specimens are an undescribed species )) (2 ♂). Paratype (s): USA: Texas: Bexar Co.: 23. Sep. 1934, H. B. Parks (1 ♂ – TAMU – TAMU-ENTO X 1043037); Victoria Co.: Victoria, 19. Jun. 1913, J. D. Mitchell (1 ♂ – NMNH – ParatypeNo. 53395 U. S. N. M.). Material examined (Timulla (Timulla) suspensa sonora) (2 ♂ and 2 ♀). Holotype: USA: New Mexico: Doña Ana Co.: [Las Cruces], Mesilla Park, Cockerell (1 ♀ – NMNH – USNMENT 01545823). Paratype (s): USA: Arizona: Cochise Co.: Douglas, 08. Aug. 1928, W. W. Jones (1 ♂ – EMUS). Non-type (s): USA: Arizona: Cochise Co.: Sierra Vista, 16 mi. SE, 19. Aug. 1972, R. R. Snelling (1 ♂ 1 ♀ [in copula] – EMUS). In total, 482 ♂ and 491 ♀ of Timulla suspensa (Gerstaecker, 1874) were examined (AMNH, ASUHIC, BPBM, CASC, CMNH, CNC, CSCA, CSUC, CUIC, DGMC, EMUS, ENMU, FMNH, FSCA, GCWC, KSUC, MCZ, MEM, MSBA, MSUC, NMNH, NMSU, OSAC, OSEC, OSUC, PCYU, SDMC, SEMC, TAMU, TTUZ, UAIC, UCDC, UCMC, UCRC, UGCA, UMMZ, UTIC, WFBM, WIRC, WSU).	en	Waldren, George C. (2024): Taxonomic notes on velvet ants of the genus Timulla Ashmead, 1899 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) in the United States of America and Canada. Insecta Mundi 2024 (55): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12519968
A834691891581351FF3044B6FD21FF3F.taxon	description	(Fig. 7 and 8)	en	Waldren, George C. (2024): Taxonomic notes on velvet ants of the genus Timulla Ashmead, 1899 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) in the United States of America and Canada. Insecta Mundi 2024 (55): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12519968
A834691891581351FF3044B6FD21FF3F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Mickel (1937 a) described Timulla vagans rufinota Mickel, 1937 as follows: “ Male. — Exactly like vagans except the pronotum and mesonotum entirely and the propodeum more or less, ferruginous. Length, 17 mm. Female. — Indistinguishable from vagans. Length, 9 mm. ” The holotype and allotype are a pair that was collected practicing phoretic copulation, which is how Mickel was able compare the female of T. vagans rufinota with those of T. vagans vagans despite them being indistinguishable. Additionally, at the time of description, T. vagans rufinota was known only from Florida, while T. vagans vagans (Fabricius, 1798) was known from states besides Florida (Mickel 1937 a). The two subspecies of T. vagans are represented in Fig. 7 and Fig. 8. New specimens have been discovered that challenge the geographic distinction between these subspecies. Specimens of both T. vagans rufinota and T. vagans vagans have been collected in Ames, Iowa and Fort Knox, Kentucky. Further, there is another specimen of T. vagans rufinota collected from the vicinity of Spring Green, Wisconsin, which is well inside the range of T. vagans vagans and far from the original known distribution of Florida (Mickel 1937 a). Based on these subspecies being structurally identical and there being no geographic distinction between them, Timulla vagans rufinota Mickel, 1937 is here considered a new synonym of Timulla vagans (Fabricius, 1798). Another taxon described by Mickel (1937 a), Timulla huntleyensis Mickel, 1937, was considered as related to Timulla grotei (Blake, 1871) due to their similarity in coloration: both species have the metasomal segments covered with fulvous (i. e., orange-red) setae. Mickel (1937 a) differentiated the two species in T. huntleyensis having “ larger ocelli, the hypopygial carinae dentiform posteriorly, more uniformly punctate second sternite, the black disk of second sternite and pale fuscous pubescence of the head and pronotum. ” He also distinguished T. huntleyensis from Timulla suspensa sonora Mickel, 1937 “ in the larger ocelli, darker pubescence of the head and pronotum, the greatly dilated scape with its dense brush of pubescence and the less developed lateral tubercles of the seventh sternite. ” Another species, Timulla vagan s (Fabricius, 1798), also differs from T. grotei and T. suspensa sonora in all of the characters Mickel used to distinguish T. huntleyensis from these two species (except for the black S 2). The only apparent difference between T. huntleyensis and T. vagans is the coloration of the metasomal setae: orange-red in T. huntleyensis and blackish in T. vagans. Further, T. huntleyensis has most of S 2 with blackish cuticle and T. vagans has S 2 with orange-red cuticle. The holotype of T. huntleyensis was collected in Huntley, Montana on August 23, 1915 along with four males of T. vagans. These T. vagans males do not differ in structure from T. huntleyensis. Additionally, one male of T. huntleyensis and two males of T. vagans were collected in Harrison, Nebraska on August 13, 1962 from the same collecting event. Additionally, one male of T. huntleyensis and one male of T. vagans were both collected from Long Island, New York in 1929. A fourth specimen of T. huntleyensis is known from Morill, Nebraska and a fifth specimen from Burrville, Tennessee. Based on the collection of both T. huntleyensis and T. vagans males in three different states at the same time and place, on being identical in structure, in having setal color differences similar to that observed in T. barbigera (orange-red to black setae), and in having S 2 coloration differences similar to that observed in T. suspensa (blackish to orange-red cuticle), Timulla huntleyensis Mickel, 1937 is here considered a new synonym of Timulla vagans (Fabricius, 1798).	en	Waldren, George C. (2024): Taxonomic notes on velvet ants of the genus Timulla Ashmead, 1899 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) in the United States of America and Canada. Insecta Mundi 2024 (55): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12519968
A834691891581351FF3044B6FD21FF3F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (Timulla huntleyensis) (5 ♂). Holotype: USA: Montana: Yellowstone Co.: Huntley, 23. Aug. 1915 (1 ♂ – UMSP). Non-type (s): Nebraska: Scotts Bluff Co.: Morrill, 07. Aug. 1930, D. B. Whelan (1 ♂ – UNSM); Sioux Co.: Harrison, 7 mi. N, 13. Aug. 1962, J. G. & B. L. Rozen, “ collected on Helianthus ” (1 ♂ – AMNH). New York: Unknown: Long Island, 1929 (1 ♂ – INHS – INHS 209,995). Tennessee: Morgan Co.: Burrville, 17. Aug. 1952, B. Benesh (1 ♂ – FMNH). Material examined (Timulla vagans rufinota) (8 ♂ and 1 ♀). Holotype and allotype: USA: Florida: Leon Co.: Centerville, 20. Jul., Hubbard, “ taken in copulation ” (1 ♂ 1 ♀ [in copula] – NMNH – USNMENT 01545788). Non-type (s): USA: Iowa: Story Co.: Ames, 22. Jul. 1962 (5 ♂ – UMRM). Kentucky: Hardin Co.: Fort Knox, 15. Jul. 1952, R. D. Alexander (1 ♂ – UMMZ). Wisconsin: Sauk Co.: Spring Green Prairie / TNC, N of Spring Green, 43.199320 ° N 90.059220 ° W, 01 – 07. Aug. 2003, C. M. Brabant, “ unbaited Townes Malaise trap in sand / oak barrens ” (1 ♂ – WIRC). Material examined (Timulla vagans vagans) (18 ♂). Non-type (s): USA: Iowa: Story Co.: Ames, 05. Aug. 1939, W. Buren (2 ♂ – EMUS); 12. Aug. 1939, W. Buren (1 ♂ – EMUS); 13. Aug. 1939, W. Buren (1 ♂ – EMUS); 01. Aug. 1940, W. Buren (1 ♂ – EMUS). Kentucky: Hardin Co.: Fort Knox, 21. Jun. 1953, R. D. Alexander (1 ♂ – OSUC – OSUC 0098590; 1 ♂ – CASC) 03. Jul. 1953, R. D. Alexander (2 ♂ – OSUC – OSUC 0098591, OSUC 0098592). USA: Montana: Yellowstone Co.: Huntley, 23. Aug. 1915 (4 ♂ – MTEC); 18. Aug. 1942, C. R. Hunt, “ on potatoes ” (1 ♂ – MTEC); 23. Jul. 1917 (1 ♂ – WFBM); 23. Aug. 1915 (1 ♂ – WFBM). Nebraska: Sioux Co.: Harrison, 7 mi. N, 13. Aug. 1962, J. G. & B. L. Rozen, “ collected on Helianthus ” (2 ♂ – AMNH). New York: Unknown: Long Island, 1929 (1 ♂ – INHS – INHS 210,018). In total, 1248 ♂ and 1562 ♀ of Timulla vagans (Fabricius, 1798) were examined (AMNH, AUEM, BPBPM, CASC, CLEV, CMNH, CNC, CSCA, CSUC, CUIC, DEBU, DGMC, EMEC, EMUS, ENMU, ESUW, FHSM, FMNH, FSCA, GCWC, INHS, ISUI, KSUC, LSAM, MCZ, MEM, MSBA, MSUC, MTEC, NCSM, NHMD, NMNH, NMSU, OMNH, OSAC, OSEC, OSUC, PMAE, PMNH, PSUC, PERC, ROME, SDMC, SDSU, SEMC, SFAC, SHSU, TAMU, UAAM, UAIC, UCDC, UCFC, UCMC, UCMS, UCRC, UGCA, UKIC, UMMZ, UMRM, UNSM, UTIC, VTEC, WFBM, WIRC, WSU).	en	Waldren, George C. (2024): Taxonomic notes on velvet ants of the genus Timulla Ashmead, 1899 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) in the United States of America and Canada. Insecta Mundi 2024 (55): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12519968
