identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
BA8C12F5782B55449E056B99544F6D39.text	BA8C12F5782B55449E056B99544F6D39.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sennin coddingtoni (Zhu, Zhang & Chen 2001) Suzuki & Hiramatsu & Tatsuta 2022	<div><p>Sennin coddingtoni (Zhu, Zhang &amp; Chen, 2001) comb. nov.</p><p>Wendilgarda coddingtoni Zhu, Zhang &amp; Chen, 2001: 2, figs 1-7 (holotype female and paratypes from Liangxi Cave, Dongtang Village, Libo Country, Guizhou Prov., China; not examined).</p><p>Karstia coddingtoni: Chen 2010: 4, figs 15-28 (transferred from Wendilgarda).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>See diagnosis section in S. tanikawai sp. nov.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China (Yunnan).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BA8C12F5782B55449E056B99544F6D39	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Suzuki, Yuya;Hiramatsu, Takehisa;Tatsuta, Haruki	Suzuki, Yuya, Hiramatsu, Takehisa, Tatsuta, Haruki (2022): Two new species and a new genus of ray spiders (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from the Ryukyu Islands, southwest Japan, with notes on their natural history. ZooKeys 1109: 67-101, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807
FCA223EB749E558DB6A371A9D9C1B65B.text	FCA223EB749E558DB6A371A9D9C1B65B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sennin Suzuki & Hiramatsu & Tatsuta 2022	<div><p>Genus Sennin gen. nov.</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Sennin tanikawai sp. nov.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The generic name Sennin is noun in apposition, masculine, and derived from the Japanese word meaning mountain hermits, a person who acquires a spiritual power after living a secluded life deep in the mountains. Iriomote Island, where the new species inhabits, is famous for a man called Sennin, who was self-sufficient, lived in the coastal caves, and single-handedly built a wooden hut.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>This genus can be distinguished from other theridiosomatid genera by the following characteristics: a large, oblong cymbial outgrowth (cymbial apophysis) protruding from the basal and dorsal part of cymbium of male palp (Figs 7A-C, 9 A-C); an embolic division with three elongated bristle-like embolic apophyses with the longest one coiled (Figs 7F-J, 9F-J); the anterior margin of the epigynal plate with a pair of sclerotized, triangular extensions protruding anteriorly from the anterolateral side (Figs 8A, D; 10A, D; arrowed; Zhu et al. 2001: fig. 4; Chen 2010: figs 19, 20); the vulva with long copulatory ducts coiling at the lateral side of the spermatheca (Figs 8C, D, 10C, D).</p><p>Composition.</p><p>Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., S. coddingtoni (Zhu, Zhang &amp; Chen, 2001), comb. nov.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>This genus is related to Baalzebub Coddington, 1986, based on the shape of the median apophysis on the male palp, the embolic apophyses that are not exposed from the conductor, and the general morphology of the epigyne. The elongated and oblong dorsal cymbial apophysis, one of the most conspicuous characters of Sennin gen. nov. (Figs 7A-C, 9A-C), differentiates the new genus from Baalzebub . Although some species of Baalzebub have a small protrusion on the retrolateral-dorsal side of basal part of cymbium (e.g., paracymbium in B. acutum; Prete et al. 2016: figs 2D, 3C; named ‘Höcker’ (= lump) in B. brauni; Wunderlich 1976: figs 17, 18), it is not as prominent as that of Sennin gen. nov. The embolic apophyses of Baalzebub are short, blunt, and spatulate, but those of Sennin are longer, bristle-like, and strongly curved or coiled (Figs 7F-J, 9F-J). As for the female genitalia of species of Baalzebub, the epigynal plate is upside-down triangular with sclerotized central epigynal pit, the spermathecae elliptical, and longer laterally with connate tips, and the course of copulatory ducts is simple (Coddington 1986a). Sennin gen. nov. has similar spermathecae, but the course of the copulatory duct is more complex, with a coiled trajectory at the basal side of the spermathecae (Figs 8C, D, 10C, D).</p><p>Sennin coddingtoni comb. nov. was formerly placed in Karstia Chen, 2010, but it shares conspicuous characteristics with S. tanikawai sp. nov. and can clearly be differentiated from K. upperyangtzica Chen, 2010, the type species of the genus. Therefore, we transferred it from Karstia to Sennin gen. nov. Karstia upperyangtzica and K. cordata Dou &amp; Li (2012) females have an upside-down triangular epigynal plate with a sclerotized epigynal pit, and a simple course of copulatory ducts; males have cymbial apophysis as a very small protrusion, and embolic division with short, spatulate embolic apophyses (Chen 2010; Dou and Lin 2012; Zhang and Wang 2017). Based on these morphological characteristics, it is difficult to differentiate K. upperyangtzica and K. cordata from Baalzebub; therefore, taxonomic revision of Karstia is needed. In this study, we defer revision of Karstia, which may require direct examination of the type specimens and further molecular analysis.</p><p>As mentioned above, taxonomic relationship between Sennin gen. nov. and its potentially closest-related genera ( Baalzebub and probably Karstia) is not yet well defined. This also indicated that the establishment of Sennin gen. nov. could render these related genera polyphyletic. To revise taxonomic status of these taxa in terms of monophyly, further integrative phylogenetic approach covering large number of species and genera is required.</p><p>According to the morphology and a potential close-relatedness to Baalzebub, Sennin gen. nov. is here suggested to be assigned to the subfamily Theridiosomatinae .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FCA223EB749E558DB6A371A9D9C1B65B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Suzuki, Yuya;Hiramatsu, Takehisa;Tatsuta, Haruki	Suzuki, Yuya, Hiramatsu, Takehisa, Tatsuta, Haruki (2022): Two new species and a new genus of ray spiders (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from the Ryukyu Islands, southwest Japan, with notes on their natural history. ZooKeys 1109: 67-101, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807
03ED24B0DB99509484F5D805F6BACC44.text	03ED24B0DB99509484F5D805F6BACC44.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sennin tanikawai Suzuki & Hiramatsu & Tatsuta 2022	<div><p>Sennin tanikawai sp. nov.</p><p>[New Japanese name: Iriomote-hora-ana-karakara-gumo] Figs 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12E, 14A-G, 15D-E</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype: Japan, Iriomote Is. (Okinawa Prefecture): ♂ (NSMT-Ar 21722), Yaeyama District, Taketomi Town, Haiminaka, Ôtomi-Daini-Do Cave, 31 Mar. 1985, A. Tanikawa leg. Paratypes: 2 ♀ (NSMT-Ar 21723), 27 Mar. 1995, A. Tanikawa leg.; 9 ♂ (NSMT-Ar 21724-21725), 31 Mar. 1985, A. Tanikawa leg.; 1 ♀ (NSMT-Ar 21726), 1 Aug. 1970, Y. Shirota leg.; 2 ♀ (NSMT-Ar 21727), 27 Oct. 1977, N. Tsurusaki leg.; above paratypes are collected at same locality as the holotype; 1 ♂ (NSMT-Ar 21728), a small opening of Ôtomi-Daini-Do Cave (24°17'09.4"N, 123°53'24.9"E, alt. 10 m), 24 Jun. 2021, Y. Suzuki leg.</p><p>Additional material examined.</p><p>Japan, Iriomote Is. (Okinawa Prefecture): 1 ♀, Yaeyama District, Taketomi Town, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.879364&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.291945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.879364/lat 24.291945)">Haemi</a>, Ôtomi-daiichi-do <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.879364&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.291945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.879364/lat 24.291945)">Caves</a> (24°17'31.0"N, 123°52'45.7"E, alt. 30 m), 3 May 2021, Y. Suzuki leg. ; 1 ♀, Yaeyama District, Taketomi Town, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.891075&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.385805" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.891075/lat 24.385805)">Takana</a>, Yutsun-Do <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.891075&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.385805" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.891075/lat 24.385805)">Caves</a>, a small cave on coastal cliff (24°23'08.90"N, 123°53'27.89"E, alt. 10 m), 21 Mar. 2019, Y. Suzuki leg. ; 1 ♀, Takana, Yutsun-Do <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.890274&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.384966" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.890274/lat 24.384966)">Caves</a>, a large cave opening on coastal cliff (24°23'05.88"N, 123°53'25.00"E, alt. 7 m), 28 Mar. 2008, T. Hiramatsu leg. ; 6 ♂ 7 ♀, Takana, Yutsun-Do <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.890274&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.384966" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.890274/lat 24.384966)">Caves</a>, a large cave opening on coastal cliff (24°23'05.88"N, 123°53'25.00"E, alt. 7 m), 1 May 2021, Y. Suzuki leg. ; 2 ♀, Takana, Yutsun-Do <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.889946&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.38471" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.889946/lat 24.38471)">Caves</a>, cavities of rocks on coastal cliff (24°23'04.96"N, 123°53'23.82"E, alt. 10m), 22 Jun. 2021, Y. Suzuki leg. ; 3 ♀, Takana, Yutsun-Do <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.892&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.38514" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.892/lat 24.38514)">Caves</a>, a cave beside Shirahama-haemi-sen road (24°23'06.5"N, 123°53'31.2"E, alt. 27 m), 24 Jun. 2021, Y. Suzuki leg. ; 1 ♂ 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.86709&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.269022" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.86709/lat 24.269022)">Haemi</a>, limestone rocky walls in a secondary forest (24°16'08.48"N, 123°52'01.52"E, alt. 16 m), 24 Jun. 2021, Y. Suzuki leg.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific name is patronym dedicated to Dr. Akio Tanikawa, a Japanese arachnologist who has contributed remarkably to the elucidation of the spider fauna in Iriomote Island and offered us many specimens including type specimens.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Males of this species can be distinguished from the allied Sennin coddingtoni comb. nov. by the following characteristics: cymbial apophysis is wider in relation to palpal tibia length while it is almost the same length as S. coddingtoni comb. nov. (CAW/PTL = 2.41 in S. tanikawai sp. nov., also see Fig. 9A, B; 1.00 in S. coddingtoni comb. nov.; also see Zhu et al. 2001: fig. 7); median apophysis of S. tanikawai sp. nov. is longer and narrower dorsally (MAL/MAW 1.63; Fig. 9E) compared to that of the latter (MAL/MAW 0.85, based on Chen 2010: fig. 24); the less-sclerotized distal part of median apophysis is lanceolate with pointed tip on ventral terminal in S. tanikawai sp. nov. (arrows in Figs 7E, 9E), while that of S. coddingtoni comb. nov. is falcate (Chen 2010: fig. 24). Females of S. tanikawai sp. nov. can be distinguished from S. coddingtoni comb. nov. by the following characteristics: longer epigynal scape (ESL/VW 0.46 in S. tanikawai sp. nov., Fig. 10; 0.16 in S. coddingtoni comb. nov., based on Chen 2010: fig. 19); tip of spermatheca is strongly curved anteriorly in S. tanikawai sp. nov., whereas it is almost straight in S. coddingtoni comb. nov.; the course of copulatory ducts: ducts from both sides juxtaposed at the middle of vulva ventral to spermathecae and continue posteriorly straight toward epigynal scape, then make a right-angle turn and apart laterally (arrows in Figs 8C, 10C), while in S. coddingtoni comb. nov. the ducts apart to each other ventrally to the spermatheca and curved laterally (Zhu et al. 2001: fig. 5).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Male (NSMT-Ar 21722). Measurements. Body 2.30 long. Carapace 1.07 long, 1.10 wide, 0.72 high. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.09, ALE 0.09, PME 0.10, PLE 0.08, AME-AME 0.02, AME-ALE 0.03, PME-PME 0.03, PLE-PLE 0.08, Leg length: leg I 1.62 + 0.53 + 1.30 + 1.08 + 0.50 = 5.03; leg II 1.30 + 0.49 + 1.03 + 0.91 + 0.49 = 4.22; leg III 0.70 + 0.39 + 0.56 + 0.63 + 0.38 = 2.66; leg IV 0.93 + 0.40 + 0.73 + 0.69 + 0.38 = 3.14. Abdomen 1.32 long, 1.44 wide, 1.61 high.</p><p>Carapace oval, wider than long (CaL/CaW 0.97). Chelicerae with six teeth on promargin with the largest one positioned close to the fang base, no teeth on retromargin (Fig. 6D). Anterior eye row recurved, posterior eye row straight. Cymbial apophysis of palp 0.297 long, 0.111 wide. Macrosetae: leg I: femur r1-p1, patella d1, tibia d2-r1-p1; leg II: femur r1, patella d1, tibia d2-r1; leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Abdomen oval, wider than long (AL/AW 0.92). Abdomen covered with long and thin setae.</p><p>Coloration and markings (Fig. 6). Carapace, mouthparts, sternum, and legs dark yellowish brown (turning to yellowish brown in ethanol). Eyes on dark bases. Legs lacking annulation. Abdomen pale yellowish grey, dorsum of abdomen with two pairs of sigilla.</p><p>Palp (Figs 7, 9). Palpal patella with a strong dorsal macroseta. Paracymbium hook-like with a sharp tip. Cymbial lamella robust. Dorsal cymbial apophysis oblong, plate-like with blunt tip, extending anterior-retrolaterally. Tegulum large, bulbous, and occupying a large part of the palpal organ. Embolic division is a complex of long bristle-like apophyses, entirely covered with translucent conductor, and none of the embolic apophyses are exposed. Embolus short, blunt, and covered with a membrane. Three embolic apophyses conspicuous, EA 1 thickest, protruding middle of embolic division, S-shaped and sharper distally; EA 2 longest among them, bristle-like, basal part swelled, forming a loop at the ventro-prolateral side, distal part along with EA 1; EA 3 thinnest, protruding from prolateral side of embolic division. Median apophysis with a deep groove dividing it into two parts, distal translucent, weakly sclerotized and sharper ventrally, basal triangular, strongly sclerotized with narrower dorsally and spatula-like at ventral tip, MAL 1.07, MAW 0.66.</p><p>Female (paratype, NSMT-Ar 21723). Measurements. Body 2.37 long. Carapace 1.05 long, 1.06 wide, 0.65 high. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.10, ALE 0.10, PME 0.12, PLE 0.09, AME-AME 0.02, AME-ALE 0.04, PME-PME 0.03, PLE-PLE 0.08. Leg length: leg I: 1.43 + 0.49 + 1.01 + 0.87 + 0.48 = 4.28; leg II: 1.22 + 0.45 + 0.85 + 0.70 + 0.40 = 3.62; leg III: 0.77 + 0.40 + 0.52 + 0.56 + 0.37 = 2.62; leg IV: 0.90 + 0.36 + 0.71 + 0.59 + 0.38 = 2.94. Abdomen 1.58 long, 1.45 wide, 1.49 high.</p><p>Carapace oval, as long as wide (CaL/CaW 0.99). Chelicerae with five teeth on promargin with the largest one positioned close to fang base, no teeth on posterior margin (Fig. 6H). Anterior eye row recurved, posterior eye row straight. Macrosetae: leg I: femur p1, patella d1, tibia d2-r1-p1; leg II: patella d1, tibia d2-r1; leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Abdomen as in male (AL/AW 1.09).</p><p>Coloration and markings (Fig. 6). As in male.</p><p>Genitalia (Figs 8, 10). Epigyne a wide plate with an epigynal scape protruding from the posterior margin, epigynal scape spoon-like, and convex ventrally. Anterior margin of epigynal plate with a pair of dark-colored, sclerotized extensions protruding anteriorly from anterolateral side. Vulva. Spermatheca elliptical, longer laterally juxtaposed at the tip. Copulatory bursae developed. Course of copulatory ducts complicated: originating from copulatory bursae at ventral side, touching each other along the mesial line of the vulva, running posterior-dorsally under spermathecae, bend at a right angle toward laterally, curving anterior-dorsally at lateral side of vulva, forming a coil at lateral side of spermathecae, and then connecting to spermathecae. Fertilization ducts running under copulatory ducts and tip dorsally.</p><p>Variations.</p><p>There is a variation in the color of the abdomen: some individuals with dark grey abdomen, while others with pale yellowish grey abdomen. Course of embolic apophyses also varies among individuals: EA 2 tightly coiled with distal part along with EA 1 and EA 3 running below EA 1 in some individuals including the type specimens, while EA 2 loosely coiled with distal part apart from EA 1 and EA 2 running above EA 1.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Males and females are considered the same species because no other candidates were sympatric.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Japan (Iriomote Island; Fig. 11).</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>The new species inhabits entrance or insides of limestone caves and crevices of limestone rocky walls (Fig. 12E). Spiders are found in high density at the entrance and twilight zones of humid caves, while sparsely deep inside the dark zone. Its general morphology (pigmented body, eight developed eyes, etc.) and habitat suggest that the species is troglophilic rather than obligate troglobite.</p><p>Web morphology.</p><p>The newly reported species built a conventional orb web with an open hub and two hub loops (Fig. 14A-C). The web was almost vertical, and the tension line extended upward obliquely from the upper side of the hub to the surface of the rock (Fig. 14D). The angle of the trapline was approximately 60° to the horizontal plane. The spider sat upward and held a trapline by both forelegs and grasped radii by legs III, and put legs IV on the hub (Fig. 14E). The web turned conical shape (Fig. 14D), but it seemed to be less distorted than that of Theridiosoma spp. The mean web diameter was 11.6 × 10.1 (cm vertical × horizontal) (n = 9), number of radii: 17 ± 2.3 (SD), and number of sticky spirals: 14.5 ± 2.5 (SD) (n = 8). As a result of observation of 209 webs in June 2021, it was found that some individuals do not make tension lines. The percentage of webs with a tension line was as follows: female adult, 77% and juvenile, 33% in Yutsun-do Cave; female adult, 67% and juvenile, 45% in Ôtomi-Daiichi-Do Cave. Juveniles were more likely to build ordinary webs lacking tension lines than adults at both sites. When a web is disturbed by wind, the spider immediately escapes from the web running along the tension line (n = 22, see Suppl. material 1). After the escape, some spiders try to hide themselves into limestone rock crevices.</p><p>Web-building behavior.</p><p>(n = 5). (1) Frames and radii were laid. (2) The spider returned to the hub and made a temporary spiral as a circle. (3) The spider pulled out a sticky line by using only the outer leg IV several times while touching the temporary spiral by the inner leg IV (in T. epeiroides Bösenberg &amp; Strand, 1906, it draws out a sticky line using both legs IV alternately [Shinkai and Shinkai 1985]). (4) After drawing a sticky line, the spider walked to the frame along a radius holding it by the outer leg IV, shifted it inward, and then attached it to the radius (Fig. 14F; see Suppl. material 2). (5) The spider turned to the hub by drawing a new sticky line by the outer leg IV and moved the next radius along the temporary spiral (Fig. 14F). (6) The spider repeated sequences (3) to (5) and laid sticky spirals from outside to inside. (7) After finishing laying the sticky spirals, the temporary spiral was removed. (8) The spider moved near the hub and bit off the radius. (9) After biting off the radius, it changed the direction and attached its spinnerets to the radius and drew out a radius. The elongated radius was attached to the hub (Suppl. material 3). Thus, all radii were elongated (Fig. 14G). (10) The spider returned to the hub, laid two hub loops, and bit out its center. It ingested the ball of threads using both forelegs and digested it. (11) The spider held a tension line, and the web formed a cone. It took approximately one hour to complete the web.</p><p>Egg sac.</p><p>Spherical and dark brown. The size was approximately 3 × 2 (mm, height × width), which was suspended with a long vertical line on the roof of a cave (Fig. 15D, E). This vertical line (pendant line) ranged from 2.5 to 5.3 cm, and the mean was 4.1 cm (n = 4). There was a single attachment point of the egg sac. The junction of the upper end of the egg sac and the lower end of the pendant line resembled a hatch, similar to a cap like structure in Theridiosoma . The lower end of the pendant line was thickened. The egg sac is cleaved at the joint. The egg sac of K. upperyangtzica resembles that of S. tanikawai sp. nov. but can be distinguished by the shape of ‘cap’ (thickened end of the pendant line): almost as long as wide in the former while clearly longer than wide in the latter (Chen 2010: fig. 29 vs. Fig. 15E).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ED24B0DB99509484F5D805F6BACC44	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Suzuki, Yuya;Hiramatsu, Takehisa;Tatsuta, Haruki	Suzuki, Yuya, Hiramatsu, Takehisa, Tatsuta, Haruki (2022): Two new species and a new genus of ray spiders (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from the Ryukyu Islands, southwest Japan, with notes on their natural history. ZooKeys 1109: 67-101, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807
ED480740B0435179884CA5007623E190.text	ED480740B0435179884CA5007623E190.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Theridiosoma alboannulatum Suzuki, Serita & Hiramatsu 2020	<div><p>Theridiosoma alboannulatum Suzuki, Serita &amp; Hiramatsu, 2020</p><p>Figs 12D, 13D-E, 15C</p><p>Theridiosoma alboannulatum Suzuki, Serita &amp; Hiramatsu, 2020: 149, figs 2I-L, 4G-I, 6E-F, 12A-J, 13P (holotype male and paratypes from Iriomote Island, Japan; not examined).</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Japan, Kurima Is. (Okinawa Prefecture): 2 ♂, Miyakojima City, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=125.252556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.72478" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 125.252556/lat 24.72478)">Shimojikuruma</a> (24°43'29.2"N, 125°15'09.2"E, alt. 41 m),, 17 Nov. 2021, Y. Suzuki leg. Miyako Is. (Okinawa Prefecture): 3♂ 3 ♀, Miyakojima City, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=125.31528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.83153" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 125.31528/lat 24.83153)">Hiraranishihara</a>, grassland at roadside (24°49'53.5"N, 125°18'55.0"E, alt. 46 m), 24 Apr. 2022, Y. Suzuki leg. Kuroshima Is. (Okinawa Prefecture): 2 ♂ 1♀, Yaeyama District, Taketomi Town, edge of coastal forest besides <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.99242&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.240612" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.99242/lat 24.240612)">Hokei</a> beach (24°14'26.2"N, 123°59'32.7"E, alt. 0 m), 2 Nov. 2021, Y. Suzuki leg. Yonaguni Is. (Okinawa Prefecture): 1 ♀, Yaeyama District, Yonaguni Town, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.022255&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.466333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.022255/lat 24.466333)">Yonaguni</a> (24°27'58.8"N, 123°01'20.1"E, alt. 49 m), 12 Oct. 2021, Y. Suzuki leg. ; 2 ♂ 2♀, Yaeyama District, Yonaguni Town, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.008804&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.469584" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.008804/lat 24.469584)">Sonai Village</a> (24°28'10.5"N, 123°00'31.7"E, alt. 19 m), 12 Oct. 2021, Y. Suzuki leg. ; 1 ♂ 1♀, Yaeyama District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=122.99008&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.454529" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 122.99008/lat 24.454529)">Yonaguni Town</a>, wetland beside secondary forest (24°27'16.3"N, 122°59'24.3"E, alt. 38m), 14 Oct. 2021, Y. Suzuki leg.</p><p>Note.</p><p>See diagnosis section for comparison with T. nigrivirgatum sp. nov.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>This species inhabits grasslands, bushes, and secondary forests. Spiders were collected from the basal parts of grasses.</p><p>Web morphology.</p><p>The spider weaves a concave web between the grasses (Fig. 13D, E).</p><p>Egg sac.</p><p>similar to that of T. nigrivirgatum sp. nov. (Fig. 15C).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Japan (Miyako, Kurima, Iriomote, Kuroshima, and Yonaguni Islands; Fig. 11).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/ED480740B0435179884CA5007623E190	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Suzuki, Yuya;Hiramatsu, Takehisa;Tatsuta, Haruki	Suzuki, Yuya, Hiramatsu, Takehisa, Tatsuta, Haruki (2022): Two new species and a new genus of ray spiders (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from the Ryukyu Islands, southwest Japan, with notes on their natural history. ZooKeys 1109: 67-101, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807
6441B78304AC513486B803D21C6660E5.text	6441B78304AC513486B803D21C6660E5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Theridiosoma dissimulatum Suzuki, Serita & Hiramatsu 2020	<div><p>Theridiosoma dissimulatum Suzuki, Serita &amp; Hiramatsu, 2020</p><p>Figs 11, 12A, 15B</p><p>Theridiosoma dissimulatum Suzuki, Serita &amp; Hiramatsu, 2020: 137, figs 1E-H, 3D-F, 5C, D, 8A-J, 9A-P, 13E-H (holotype male and paratypes from Amami Island, Japan; not examined).</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Japan, Amami Is. (Kagoshima Prefecture): 1 ♀, Amami City, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=129.54099&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.398777" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 129.54099/lat 28.398777)">Nase-uragami Town</a> (28°23'55.6"N, 129°32'27.5"E, alt. 139 m), 1 Jul. 2021, Y. Suzuki leg. ; 4 ♀, Amami City, Sumiyo Town, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=129.41917&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.263527" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 129.41917/lat 28.263527)">Nishinakama</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=129.41917&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.263527" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 129.41917/lat 28.263527)">Santaro-toge Pass</a> (28°15'48.7"N, 129°25'09.0"E, alt. 141 m), 6 May 2021, Y. Suzuki leg. ; 1 ♀, Ôshima District, Yamato Village, Ôganeku, Materiya-no-taki <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=129.35228&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.31789" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 129.35228/lat 28.31789)">Waterfall</a> (28°19'04.4"N, 129°21'08.2"E, alt. 176 m), 4 Jul. 2021, Y. Suzuki leg. Okinoerabu Is. (Kagoshima Prefecture): 2 ♂ 4 ♀, Ôshima District, China Town, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=128.55078&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.359583" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 128.55078/lat 27.359583)">Tokudoki</a> (27°21'34.5"N, 128°33'02.8"E, alt. 134 m), 8 Dec. 2021, Y. Suzuki leg. Okinawa Is. (Okinawa Prefecture): 2 ♂ 3 ♀, Naha City, Shuri-sueyoshi Town, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=127.715355&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.227667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 127.715355/lat 26.227667)">Sueyoshi-koen Park</a> (26°13'39.6"N, 127°42'55.3"E, alt. 25 m), 7 Mar. 2021, Y. Suzuki leg. ; 2 ♀, Kunigami District, Ôgimi Village, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=128.13364&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.680471" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 128.13364/lat 26.680471)">Nerome</a> (26°40'49.7"N, 128°08'01.1"E, alt. 128 m), 14 Apr. 2021, Y. Suzuki leg. ; 1 ♀, Kunigami District, Ôgimi Village, Ôgimi (26°40'57.9"N, 128°08'21.6"E, alt. 311 m), 15 May 2021, Y. Suzuki leg. Iriomote Is. (Okinawa Prefecture): 1 ♂ 3 ♀, Yaeyama District, Taketomi Town, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.87981&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.297943" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.87981/lat 24.297943)">Haiminaka</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.87981&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.297943" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.87981/lat 24.297943)">Otomi-rindo Path</a> (24°17'52.6"N, 123°52'47.3"E, alt. 18 m), 30 Apr. 2021, Y. Suzuki leg. ; 1 ♂ 3 ♀, Ôtomi-daiichi-do <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.879364&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.291945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.879364/lat 24.291945)">Cave</a> (24°17'31.0"N, 123°52'45.7"E, alt. 30 m), 1 May 2021, Y. Suzuki leg.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>This species can easily be distinguished from T. nigrivirgatum sp. nov. by the presence of a conductor projection on the male palp and a heart-shaped invagination with a pair of spurs on the posterior margin of the female epigynal plate (Suzuki et al. 2020). Refer to the description in Suzuki et al. (2020) for further morphological information.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Japan (Amami, Okinoerabu, Okinawa, Ishigaki, and Iriomote Islands; Fig. 11).</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>This species was collected from dim moist forests, especially from locations beside streams (Fig. 12A).</p><p>Web morphology.</p><p>Theridiosoma dissimulatum weaves a concave orb web and drags a tension line with the forelegs.</p><p>Egg sac.</p><p>pale reddish brown and spherical with a long horizontal line and a short stalk (Fig. 15B).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6441B78304AC513486B803D21C6660E5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Suzuki, Yuya;Hiramatsu, Takehisa;Tatsuta, Haruki	Suzuki, Yuya, Hiramatsu, Takehisa, Tatsuta, Haruki (2022): Two new species and a new genus of ray spiders (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from the Ryukyu Islands, southwest Japan, with notes on their natural history. ZooKeys 1109: 67-101, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807
7DB5E5350D4B518780EED99D3A3E129C.text	7DB5E5350D4B518780EED99D3A3E129C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Theridiosoma nigrivirgatum Suzuki & Hiramatsu & Tatsuta 2022	<div><p>Theridiosoma nigrivirgatum sp. nov.</p><p>[New Japanese name: Jyabara-karakara-gumo] Figs 1, 2, 3, 11, 12C, 13A-C, 15A</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype: Japan, Okinawa Is. (Okinawa Prefecture): ♂ (NSMT-Ar 21717), Urasoe City, Nakama, Urasoe-daikoen Park (26°14'50.2"N, 127°43'49.8"E, alt. 112 m), 8 Mar. 2021, Y. Suzuki leg. Paratypes: 2 ♀, same data as the holotype; 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (NSMT-Ar 21718), Urasoe City, Nakama, Urasoe-daikoen Park (26°14'59.2"N, 127°43'54.6"E, alt. 64 m), 16 Apr. 2021, Y. Suzuki leg.; 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (NSMT-Ar 21719), Nakagami District, Nishihara Town, Senbaru (26°15'01.8"N, 127°45'57.8"E, alt. 104 m), 25 Apr. 2021, Y. Suzuki leg.</p><p>Other material examined.</p><p>Japan, Okinawa Is. (Okinawa Prefecture): 10 ♀, Naha City, Shuri-sueyoshi Town, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=127.71383&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.229168" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 127.71383/lat 26.229168)">Sueyoshi-koen Park</a> (26°13'45.0"N, 127°42'49.8"E, alt. 49 m), [7 Mar. 2021 (1 ♀), 8 Mar. 2021 (9 ♀)], Y. Suzuki leg. ; 5 ♀, Nakagami District, Nishihara Town, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=127.754555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.24564" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 127.754555/lat 26.24564)">Tanabaru</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=127.754555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.24564" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 127.754555/lat 26.24564)">Tanabaru Gusuku</a> (26°14'44.3"N, 127°45'16.4"E, alt. 141 m), 8 Apr. 2021, Y. Suzuki leg. ; 2 ♂, Kunigami District, Kunigami Village, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=128.24864&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.74311" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 128.24864/lat 26.74311)">Yona</a> (26°44'35.2"N, 128°14'55.1"E, alt. 195 m), 19 Sep. 2021, Y. Suzuki leg. ; 1 ♀, Ôgusuku (26°17'09.5"N, 127°48'13.1"E, alt. 136 m), Nakagami Distirct, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=127.80364&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.285973" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 127.80364/lat 26.285973)">Kitanakagusuku Village</a>, R. Serita leg. Kume Is. (Okinawa Prefecture): 1 ♀ 2 juv., Shimajiri District, Kumejima Town, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=126.797775&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.346167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 126.797775/lat 26.346167)">Jyanado</a> (26°20'46.2"N, 126°47'52.0"E, alt. 16 m), 10 Sep. 2021, Y. Suzuki leg. Aka Is. (Okinawa Prefecture): 1 ♀, Shimajiri District, Zamami Village, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=127.28253&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.196419" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 127.28253/lat 26.196419)">Aka</a>, streamside at dim forest (26°11'47.11"N, 127°16'57.09"E, alt. 65 m), 16 Mar. 2022, Y. Suzuki leg.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific name is a Latin adjective derived from the black striped pattern on the dorsal abdomen of the new species.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Males of the new species resemble T. alboannulatum Suzuki, Serita &amp; Hiramatsu, 2020 in having two parallel embolic apophyses exposed from conductor and lacking a conductor projection on the male palp. They can be distinguished by the presence of one embolic apophysis longer than another and the shape of the sclerotized distal margin of conductor beneath embolic apophyses: a ridge separates the two triangular surfaces and sharply cornered at the terminal of the ridge in T. nigrivirgatum sp. nov. (Figs 2C, 3C), while a ridge is lacking in T. alboannulatum (Suzuki et al. 2020: fig. 12E, F). Females of the new species resemble those of T. diwang Miller, Griswold &amp; Yin, 2009 in having a small and narrow slit on the posterior margin of the epigynal plate, but can be distinguished by the shape of the vulva: genital plate is bell-shaped and longer than wide; spermathecae are positioned at the anterior part of the vulva in T. nigrivirgatum sp. nov. (Figs 2G, 3G), while the vulva is wider than long, copulatory ducts extend anteriorly, and the position of spermatheca is lower than the anterior margin of the copulatory ducts in T. diwang (Miller et al. 2009: fig. 3G). Both sexes can be distinguished from congeners by their abdominal color and patterns: a dark marking on the anterior dorsum, two pairs of dark markings on the dorsolateral side, and dark striped markings on the posterior dorsum (Fig. 1).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Male (holotype, NSMT-Ar 21717). Measurements. Body 1.02 long. Carapace 0.45 long, 0.46 wide, and 0.36 high. Eye size and interdistances, AME 0.054, ALE 0.047, PME 0.050, PLE 0.042, AME-AME 0.022, AME-ALE 0.017, PME-PME 0.012, PLE-PLE 0.030. Leg length: leg I 0.47 + 0.17 + 0.31 + 0.29 + 0.20 = 1.44; leg II 0.38 + 0.15 + 0.26 + 0.24 + 0.18 = 1.21; leg III 0.23 + 0.13 + 0.14 + 0.18 + 0.13 = 0.81; leg IV 0.30 + 0.13 + 0.20 + 0.20 + 0.15 = 0.98. Abdomen 0.58 long, 0.60 wide, 0.80 high.</p><p>Carapace oval, wider than long (CaL/CaW 0.98). Chelicerae with three teeth on promargin. Abdomen oval and wider than long (AL/AW 0.97).</p><p>Coloration and markings (Fig. 1A-D). Carapace, chelicerae, and legs dark yellowish brown (turning to yellowish brown in ethanol). Cephalic groove stained with dark spots. Anterolateral margin of carapace dark grey. Mouthparts dark yellowish brown. Sternum pale yellowish brown with black lateral margins. Eyes on the dark bases. Legs yellowish brown with femora pale and lacking annulations. Abdomen pale yellowish brown with a dark greyish marking on anterior dorsum, two pairs of dark greyish spots on dorsolateral sides, and dark-colored longitudinal stripes on posterior dorsum. Spinnerets and ventral side of abdomen dark grey.</p><p>Palp (Figs 2A-D, 3A-D). Palpal patella with a strong retrolateral macroseta. Paracymbium hook-like with a blunt tip. Tegulum bulbous. Embolic division covered with a semitransparent conductor and composed of several apophyses. Conductor lacking conductor projection. Two long and parallel bristle-like embolic apophyses exposed from the conductor. Posterior margin of the embolic division strongly sclerotized with angular corners, the middle one pointed, the retrolateral one blunt, a ridge separates two triangular surfaces: one is covered by embolic division and the other is not (Fig. 3C). Tegular surface beneath conductor weakly sclerotized with denticles. Median apophysis narrower toward the pointed tip.</p><p>Female (paratype: NSMT-Ar 21718). Measurements. Body 1.31 long. Carapace 0.51 long, 0.50 wide, 0.41 high. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.057, ALE 0.058, PME 0.060, PLE 0.053, AME-AME 0.019, AME-ALE 0.032, PME-PME 0.009, PLE-PLE 0.043. Leg length: leg I 0.61 + 0.20 + 0.29 + 0.26 + 0.19 = 1.55; leg II 0.40 + 0.16 + 0.24 + 0.19 + 0.16 = 1.15; leg III 0.24 + 0.15 + 0.14 + 0.17 + 0.13 = 0.83; leg IV 0.40 + 0.17 + 0.23 + 0.20 + 0.14 = 1.97. Abdomen 0.86 long, 0.87 wide, 0.90 high.</p><p>Carapace oval and almost as long as wide (CaL/CaW 1.02). Chelicerae with three teeth on promargin. Abdomen oval and as long as wide (CaL/CaW 0.99).</p><p>Coloration and markings (Fig. 1E-H). Carapace and chelicerae pale yellowish brown. Lateral margin of carapace dark grey. Eyes on the dark bases. Eyes, mouthparts, sternum, and legs as in male. Abdomen yellowish brown with dark greyish markings similar to the male, and dark orange markings on the dorsum and sides.</p><p>Genitalia (Figs 2E-G, 3E-G). Epigyne a wide plate with a short and narrow slit in the middle of the posterior margin. Vulva. Copulatory ducts moderately complicated. Spermathecae rounded triangular and juxtaposed. Fertilization ducts with curved tips.</p><p>Variations. The color and patterns of the abdomen vary: male specimens collected from Northern Okinawa lack longitudinal stripes on the posterior dorsum of the abdomen.</p><p>Taxonomic justification.</p><p>Theridiosoma nigrivirgatum sp. nov. can safely be assigned to the genus according to the male palpal morphology: embolus short and tubular, and embolus apophyses fragmented into several long bristle-like parts.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The males and females are considered to be the same species because of the similarity of body color and patterns and their sympatric occurrences. Although this species sympatrically occurred with T. dissimulatum on southern Okinawa Island (Fig. 11), no other undescribed candidates were collected.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Japan (Okinawa, Kume and Aka Islands; Fig. 11).</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>The new species inhabits forest floors of secondary forests, bushes, and grasslands. The species is frequently collected from an open environment covered by Poaceae grasses, where T. dissimulatum is never found (Fig. 12C). The habitat of this species resembles that of T. alboannulatum (Fig. 12D).</p><p>Web morphology.</p><p>This species weaves a concave orb web with radial anastomosis and a tension line connected to substrates (Fig. 13A-C). A spider drags a tension line with a strong force so that the web is deformed to a conical shape. The web is similar to that of the congeners.</p><p>Egg sac.</p><p>pale whitish brown and spherical with a long horizontal line and a short stalk (Fig. 15A).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7DB5E5350D4B518780EED99D3A3E129C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Suzuki, Yuya;Hiramatsu, Takehisa;Tatsuta, Haruki	Suzuki, Yuya, Hiramatsu, Takehisa, Tatsuta, Haruki (2022): Two new species and a new genus of ray spiders (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from the Ryukyu Islands, southwest Japan, with notes on their natural history. ZooKeys 1109: 67-101, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807
8B939A91DEA757C6A4947D81CBB7F986.text	8B939A91DEA757C6A4947D81CBB7F986.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Theridiosoma O. Pickard-Cambridge 1879	<div><p>Genus Theridiosoma O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1879</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Theridiosoma gemmosum (L. Koch, 1877), from Nuremberg, West Germany (not examined).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Males of Theridiosoma species can be distinguished from other theridiosomatid genera by the morphology of the embolic division of the male palp: short and tubular embolus with embolic apophyses fragmented into several long bristle-like parts (Coddington 1986a: figs 131, 133). Embolic apophysis varies in number and shape among species and is regarded as an important taxonomic character (e.g., Zhao and Li 2012; Suzuki et al. 2020). Median apophysis is less sclerotized, curved and attenuates distally (Coddington 1986a: figs 132, 133), which is less useful for distinguishing species. A sclerotized projection ('conductor projection’) is present on prolateral side of conductor in some species, while absent in others (Coddington 1986a; Suzuki et al. 2020). Distal margin of conductor beneath embolic apophyses ('posterior margin of embolic division’ in Suzuki et al. 2020) is generally sclerotized and the shape is useful as a taxonomic character (e.g., Suzuki et al. 2020: figs 7E, 8E, 10E, 11E). Tegular surface beneath conductor is generally sclerotized with many folds (referred as 'ventral side of tegulum beneath posterior edge of embolic division’ in Suzuki et al. 2020), of which shape and surface texture vary among species (Zhao and Li 2012; Suzuki et al. 2020).</p><p>Females of the genus can be distinguished from related genera ( Baalzebub, Epilineutes and Wendilgarda) by having relatively sclerotized, robust copulatory ducts running from the bursa to the spermathecae (Coddington 1986a: figs 145, 152). Surface of epigynal plate is smooth and its posterior margin generally lacks scape-like structures. Shape of posterior margin of epigynal plate varies among Theridiosoma species: rounded or almost straight in some species, while having a pair of small, sclerotized processes (named as ‘spurs’ in Coddington 1986a) or a small slit-like invagination in others (Coddington 1986a; Miller et al. 2009; Suzuki et al. 2020). Zoma females possess a similar genitalia except in having a sclerotized median pit on the surface of the epigynal plate and lacking any processes nor invaginations on the posterior margin of the epigynal plate in known species (Saaristo 1996; Miller et al. 2009; Zhao and Li 2012; Ballarin et al. 2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8B939A91DEA757C6A4947D81CBB7F986	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Suzuki, Yuya;Hiramatsu, Takehisa;Tatsuta, Haruki	Suzuki, Yuya, Hiramatsu, Takehisa, Tatsuta, Haruki (2022): Two new species and a new genus of ray spiders (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from the Ryukyu Islands, southwest Japan, with notes on their natural history. ZooKeys 1109: 67-101, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807
ECB883B6802053219478AC0800388169.text	ECB883B6802053219478AC0800388169.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zoma dibaiyin Miller, Griswold & Yin 2009	<div><p>Zoma dibaiyin Miller, Griswold &amp; Yin, 2009</p><p>Figs 4, 5, 11, 12B, 13F-H</p><p>Zoma dibaiyin Miller, Griswold &amp; Yin, 2009: 27, figs 10A-F, 11A-B, 13A-D (holotype male and paratypes from China; not examined); Ono and Ogata 2018: 120, 504, 505; Suzuki and Serita 2021 a: 231, figs 1-3.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Japan, Amami Is. (Kagoshima Prefecture): 1♂ 1 ♀ (NSMT-Ar. 21720, 21721), Ôshima District, Setouchi Town, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=129.33167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.209362" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 129.33167/lat 28.209362)">Katsuura</a> (28°12'33.7"N, 129°19'54.0"E, alt. 354 m), 4 Jul. 2021, Y. Suzuki leg. ; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=129.31648&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.220945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 129.31648/lat 28.220945)">Amurogama</a> (28°13'15.4"N, 129°18'59.3"E, alt. 111 m), 4 Jul. 2021, Y. Suzuki leg. ; 1 ♂, Amami City, Sumiyo Town, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=129.41917&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.263527" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 129.41917/lat 28.263527)">Nishinakama</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=129.41917&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.263527" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 129.41917/lat 28.263527)">Santarou-toge Pass</a> (28°15'48.7"N, 129°25'09.0"E, alt. 141 m), 6 May 2021, Y. Suzuki leg. ; Okinawa Is. (Okinawa Prefecture): 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Kunigami District, Ôgimi Village, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=128.13364&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.680471" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 128.13364/lat 26.680471)">Nerome</a> (26°40'49.7"N, 128°08'01.1"E, alt. 128 m), 14 Apr. 2021, Y. Suzuki leg. ; Kume Is. (Okinawa Prefecture): 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Shimajiri District, Kumejima Town, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=126.7597&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.361917" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 126.7597/lat 26.361917)">Uezu</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=126.7597&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.361917" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 126.7597/lat 26.361917)">Mt. Daruma-yama</a> (26°21'42.9"N, 126°45'34.9"E, alt. 149 m), 10 Sep. 2021, Y. Suzuki leg.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Males of this species can be distinguished from congeners by the embolic apophysis with a curved tip running along the sclerotized surface of the ventral tegulum, and females by a nearly transverse posterior margin of the epigynal plate (more convex in Z. zoma and rounded in Z. taiwanica) and lower position of the spermathecae (higher in Z. taiwanica) (Miller et al. 2009; Ballarin et al. 2021).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Male (NSMT-Ar 21720). Measurements. Body 1.62 long. Carapace 0.74 long, 0.68 wide, 0.60 high. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.090, ALE 0.076, PME 0.093, PLE 0.065, AME-AME 0.015, AME-ALE 0.032, PME-PME 0.008, PLE-PLE 0.070. Leg length: leg I 0.80 + 0.23 + 0.57 + 0.47 + 0.28 = 2.35; leg II 0.50 + 0.21 + 0.46 + 0.31 + 0.28 = 1.76; leg III 0.40 + 0.19 + 0.23 + 0.24 + 0.24 = 1.30; leg IV 0.44 + 0.14 + 0.34 + 0.27 + 0.27 = 1.46. Abdomen 0.88 long, 0.95 wide, 1.01 high.</p><p>Carapace oval, longer than wide (CaL/CaW 1.34). Chelicerae with three teeth on promargin. Abdomen oval, wider than long (AL/AW 0.93).</p><p>Coloration and markings (Fig. 4A, B). Carapace, chelicerae, maxillae, labium, sternum, and legs yellowish brown. Eyes on the dark bases. Cephalic groove stained with dark spots. Legs lacking annulation. Abdomen dark brown encircled dorsolaterally with a whitish silver band.</p><p>Palp (Figs 4C-H, 5). Paracymbium with sharp tip. Tegulum bulbous. Median apophysis weakly sclerotized, wider than long. Embolic division branched into a few bristle-like apophyses, embolus short and tubular, and a long and filiform embolic apophysis emerging beneath from a translucent conductor. Tip of embolic apophysis curved and running along sclerotized surface of the tegulum beneath the conductor. Conductor having two projections: posterior conductor projection strongly sclerotized and triangular with a blunt tip; retrolateral conductor projection strongly sclerotized and weakly curved anteriorly with a triangular posterior tip. Posterior margin of conductor with a sharp tip.</p><p>Female (NSMT-Ar 21721). Measurements. Body 2.04 long. Carapace 0.82 long, 0.76 wide, 0.67 high. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.089, ALE 0.082, PME 084, PLE 0.076, AME-AME 0.023, AME-ALE 0.034, PME-PME 0.009, PLE-PLE 0.076. Leg length: leg I 0.66 + 0.32 + 0.42 + 0.33 + 0.22 = 1.95; leg II 0.64 + 0.30 + 0.41 + 0.33 + 0.21 = 1.89; leg III 0.36 + 0.18 + 0.20 + 0.25 + 0.18 = 1.17; leg IV 0.53 + 0.21 + 0.34 + 0.27 + 0.22 = 1.57. Abdomen 1.21 long, 1.32 wide, 1.16 high.</p><p>Carapace, mouthparts, and abdomen as in male (CaL/CaW 1.08; AL/AW 0.92).</p><p>Coloration and markings (Fig. 4I) similar to male.</p><p>Genitalia (Fig. 4J, K). Epigynal plate flat and wider than long with a sclerotized posterior margin and a median pit. Spermathecae touching each other, copulatory ducts wide at their openings, and the course of the ducts simple. See Miller et al. (2009) for further details.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>A strongly sclerotized triangular projection with a rounded tip (Figs 4E, 5B) and a cornered margin of the posterior membrane of the conductor (Figs 4E, 5B, arrowed) were visible in the ventro-posterior view of the male palp. The triangular projection does not seem to be homologous to conductor projection in Theridiosoma, as the former protrudes from the posterior margin of the conductor, while the latter was positioned on the surface of the conductor. Herein, we define it as posterior conductor projection (PCP).</p><p>The embolus on the male palp was not determined in Z. dibaiyin and Z. fascia (Miller et al. 2009; Zhao and Li 2012). In Z. taiwanica, the embolus is described as a 'short and tubular structure’ but lacks explanations in illustrations (Zhang et al. 2006). Ballarin et al. (2021) determined the embolus as a strongly sclerotized, thin, stick-like apophysis located on the retrolateral side of the embolic division (Ballarin et al. 2021). Considering the shape of Theridiosoma 's embolus, which is short, tubular, and hidden under conductor (see Coddington 1986a: fig. 131), we suppose the ‘embolus’ of Zoma species determined in Ballarin et al. (2021) is not an embolus. The true embolus of Z. dibaiyin is found beneath basal part of embolic apophyses (Fig. 5D). Hereafter we defined the sclerotized stick-like structure as a retrolateral conductor projection (RCP), and distinguishable from an embolus. The shape of RCP is useful as a taxonomic character for differentiating species within the genus Zoma: S-shaped with pointed tip in Z. fascia, claviform with rounded tip in Z. taiwanica (Zhao and Li 2012: figs 28, 30; Zhang et al. 2006: figs 4-6; Ballarin et al. 2021: fig. 5B, C), and weakly curved anteriorly with a triangular posterior tip in Z. dibaiyin (Figs 4D, 5D).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China (Yunnan), Japan (Honshu to the Ryukyu Islands; Fig. 11).</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>This species inhabits the forest floor and streamside in dim and wet forests (Fig. 12B).</p><p>Web morphology.</p><p>This species weaves a concave orb web with radial anastomosis above the ground (Fig. 13F-H). The orb web is almost horizontal. A tension line stretched from the center of the web and attached to substrates such as rocks and dead leaves. The mesh of sticky spirals tends to be fine (occasionally, the number of sticky lines is&gt; 30). For details of the web morphology, see Hiramatsu (2021).</p><p>Egg sac.</p><p>light brown with a distinct circular suture at the upper end. The sac was suspended from a long horizontal line with a short stalk (see Hiramatsu 2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/ECB883B6802053219478AC0800388169	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Suzuki, Yuya;Hiramatsu, Takehisa;Tatsuta, Haruki	Suzuki, Yuya, Hiramatsu, Takehisa, Tatsuta, Haruki (2022): Two new species and a new genus of ray spiders (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from the Ryukyu Islands, southwest Japan, with notes on their natural history. ZooKeys 1109: 67-101, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807
800441AD22AB598183A8F860B8919AE2.text	800441AD22AB598183A8F860B8919AE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zoma Saaristo 1996	<div><p>Genus Zoma Saaristo, 1996</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Zoma zoma Saaristo, 1996, from Seychelles (not examined).</p><p>Composition.</p><p>Zoma zoma Saaristo, 1996, Z. dibaiyin Miller, Griswold &amp; Yin, 2009, Z. fascia Zhao &amp; Li, 2012, Z. taiwanica (Zhan, Zhu &amp; Tso, 2006).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Females of the genus can be distinguished by the flat and bluntly triangular genital plate with a sclerotized median pit and a pair of smaller, generally less recognizable, lateral pits (Fig. 4J; see also Saaristo 1996). Males of the type species Z. zoma have not yet been described. Therefore, the taxonomic characteristics of Zoma males are poorly defined. Males of three Zoma species, Z. dibaiyin, Z. fascia, and Z. taiwanica have relatively simpler palps with a filiform embolic apophysis emerging beneath from the conductor, while two or more apophyses in Theridiosoma (Fig. 3B, C vs. Fig. 5A, B). Zoma species have wider and straight median apophysis, while curved and sharp tip in Theridiosoma (Fig. 3B-D vs. Fig. 5A-C). Zoma species can be distinguished from congeners by the presence of a transverse whitish silver band on the dorsum abdomen (Saaristo 1996; Miller et al. 2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/800441AD22AB598183A8F860B8919AE2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Suzuki, Yuya;Hiramatsu, Takehisa;Tatsuta, Haruki	Suzuki, Yuya, Hiramatsu, Takehisa, Tatsuta, Haruki (2022): Two new species and a new genus of ray spiders (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from the Ryukyu Islands, southwest Japan, with notes on their natural history. ZooKeys 1109: 67-101, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807
