identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
AF7E1635FFA2FF8FEE70F99B769EFC7F.text	AF7E1635FFA2FF8FEE70F99B769EFC7F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhipilia psammophila Huisman & Verbruggen 2023	<div><p>Rhipilia psammophila Huisman &amp; Verbruggen, sp. nov.</p><p>Type: Two Peoples Bay, Western Australia, in sand at 2 m depth, 2 Jan. 2022, J. M.Huisman 2.1.22.1 (holo: PERTH 09389660 [four specimens are mounted on the sheet; the holotype is the specimen shown in Fig. 3 c]; iso: PERTH 09389679 [with four specimens on the sheet]) .</p><p>Thalli dark green, psammophytic, erect, soft and spongy, up to 10 cm tall (including holdfast) and 7 cm broad, arising from a fibrous matted base, with a subterete short stipe grading into an upper flabellate to cuneate blade. Structure of interwoven terete siphonous filaments, lower filaments 40–70 μm in diameter, upper filaments 60–100 μm in diameter (broadest in fertile filaments), these branched at irregular intervals, with or without shallow constrictions at dichotomies. Lower filaments with short to long lateral branches arising perpendicularly, with constrictions just above the base, forming attachments to adjacent filaments via terminal tenacula, these with 2–4 mostly blunt prongs that occasionally divide once more. Filaments heteroplastic, with numerous round to ellipsoidal chloroplasts 3–5 μm long. Reproduction by profuse basally constricted gametangia arising laterally on upper filaments. Gametangia clavate to obovoid, often onceforked, 145–580 μm long and 45–140 μm broad (Fig. 3).</p><p>Habitat</p><p>Growing in sand among seagrasses ( Posidonia K.D.Koenig and Amphibolis C.Agardh). At Two Peoples Bay in southwestern Western Australia, the species was seen to be locally common, but restricted to sandy habitats between the extensive seagrass beds that dominate the bay (Fig. 1).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>From the Greek psammos ‘sand’ and philos ‘loving’, in reference to the species’ habitat.</p><p>Notes</p><p>Rhipilia psammophila, with its flabellate thallus, structurally with branched siphons attached to one another by tenacula, is typical of what was until recently regarded as Rhipilia (Millar and Kraft 2001; Verbruggen and Schils 2012). However, on the basis of molecular analyses, Lagourgue and Payri (2021) segregated several species of Rhipilia and Rhipiliopsis as their new genus Kraftalia, in doing so accommodating species with and without tenacula in a single genus. However, there was no suggestion that individual species can vary in this respect, so the presence of tenacula remains a useful character for species delimitation.</p><p>Our molecular analyses place Rhipilia psammophila in a clade with the type species of Rhipilia ( R. tomentosa Kütz.) and other species of the genus as defined by Lagourgue and Payri (2021). Those authors included in Rhipilia species with widely diverging morphologies, but with some consistent features, including the presence of a stolon (although R. tomentosa has been observed without a stolon), siphon dichotomies with a subdichotomous bulge and supra-dichotomous constrictions, and simple tenacula (2 or 3 prongs). Siphon diameters are 20–320 µm. Kraftalia was characterised by Lagourgue and Payri (2021) as having a fan-shaped frond, no stolon, relatively thin siphon diameters (&lt;100 µm in diameter) that are dichotomously divided with or without supra-dichotomous constrictions, and the cohesion of siphons by one or more particular types of structures (direct longitudinal contact, papillae, differentiated siphons, or tenacula). Four previously described Rhipilia and Rhipiliopsis species were transferred to Kraftalia and the authors recognised a further five as-yet undescribed species (none from Australia).</p><p>Thus, there is considerable morphological overlap between the two genera, seemingly separable only by the presence of a stolon and potentially larger siphon diameters in Rhipilia . On the basis of morphology, in particular the absence of a stolon and smaller siphon diameters, Rhipilia psammophila appears to align with Kraftalia; however, our molecular analyses clearly align the species with Rhipilia . Although there were no obvious stolons, it is worth noting that the new species often grew in clusters, and there might have been horizontal buried siphons connecting the individual thalli.</p><p>Womersley (1984), in his monograph of the green algae of southern Australia, included several species of then Udoteaceae that display some habit similarities with Rhipilia psammophila, including Avrainvillea clavatiramea A.Gepp &amp; E.Gepp, Rhipiliopsis peltata (J.Agardh) A.Gepp &amp; E.Gepp, Rhipiliopsis robusta Womersley, and Rhipilia pusilla (Womersley) Ducker. Of these, only Rhipilia pusilla forms tenacula, but it is a much smaller plant (up to 1.5 cm tall), not compressed, and only the basal siphons are ‘weakly or not attached by lateral tenacula’ (Womersley 1984, p. 247). Lagourgue and Payri (2021) included Rhipilia pusilla in their molecular analyses, but the results were somewhat equivocal, the authors preferring to leave the status of R. pusilla as ‘in question’. Of the known southern Australian taxa, the most similar in appearance are Rhipiliopsis peltata and Rhipiliopsis robusta; however, siphons in these species are attached by circular or papillar fusions (Womersley 1984, pp. 248–251; Kraft 1986, p. 49).</p><p>Of the tropical Australian species of Rhipilia documented by Millar and Kraft (2001), Kraft (2007) and Huisman and Verbruggen (2015), only R. tomentosa is described as sanddwelling. It differs from R. psammophila in the diagnostic regularly curved or bent siphons that attach to adjacent siphons, plus the deep constrictions that are plugged by internal rings of wall thickenings (Millar and Kraft 2001, p. 26). Rhipilia tomentosa has been recorded from eastern Australia (Millar and Kraft 2001), but according to Lagourgue and Payri (2021), the species is restricted to the Caribbean and records from other areas require confirmation with DNA sequences. They noted that Pacific specimens that were morphologically similar to R. tomentosa actually belonged to their new genus Kraftalia on the basis of DNA analyses. However, no species identity was suggested for these Pacific specimens.</p><p>Lagourgue and Payri (2021) regarded species in this group to be restricted to specific geographic areas, and on the basis of sequence analyses, morphological differences and the collection locality being far removed geographically and climatically from the distribution of all known species of Rhipilia, we herein recognise the Two Peoples Bay taxon as new.</p><p>Specimens examined</p><p>WESTERN AUSTRALIA. Two Peoples Bay, in sand at 2 m depth, 2 Jan. 2022, J.M.Huisman s.n. (PERTH 09389679); loc. id., southern end of bay, 12 Nov. 2008, A.Dekker, C.Nutt, K.Murray &amp; H.Botha s.n. (PERTH 08188459); Hopetoun, on sand-covered rock, 12 Dec. 2012, H. Verbruggen HV2531 (BR5010111415391 V); loc. id., attached in the sand, 12 Dec. 2012, L.Tyberghein LT0351 (BR5010111416428 V) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AF7E1635FFA2FF8FEE70F99B769EFC7F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Huisman, John M.;Verbruggen, Heroen	Huisman, John M., Verbruggen, Heroen (2023): A morphological and molecular study supports the recognition of Rhipilia psammophila sp. nov. and Rhipilia baculifera comb. nov. (Halimedaceae, Chlorophyta) from southern Australia. Australian Systematic Botany 36 (6): 427-436, DOI: 10.1071/SB23016, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb23016
AF7E1635FFA5FF8EEE5BFBC8721EF814.text	AF7E1635FFA5FF8EEE5BFBC8721EF814.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhipilia baculifera (J. Agardh) Huisman & Verbruggen 2023	<div><p>Rhipilia baculifera (J.Agardh) Huisman &amp; Verbruggen, comb. nov.</p><p>Bryopsis baculifera J.Agardh, Acta Univ. Lund. 23(2): 21 (1887); Chlorodesmis baculifera (J.Agardh) Ducker, Phycologia 5: 245 (1966).</p><p>Type citation: ‘ad oras australes Novae Hollandiae; ad Port Phillip legit Br. Wilson!’. Type: Port Phillip Heads, Victoria, John Bracebridge Wilson (holo: Herb Agardh, LD 14898 n.v. (Ducker 1966, p. 245, 1967, p. 156, noted that the type was J.B.Wilson 39, dredged at Port Phillip Heads in 1880)).</p><p>Cladophoropsis bulbosa Womersley, Pacific Sci. 9: 391 (1955); Chlorodesmis bulbosa (Womersley) Ducker, Phycologia 4: 149 (1965).</p><p>Type: Queenscliff, Victoria, s. dat., leg. ign. (holo: MEL 3007).</p><p>Thalli medium to dark green, erect, densely tufted, 4–10(–16) cm high, attached by colourless rhizoids and when mature arising from a matted bulbous base up to 2 cm high, formed of entangled rhizoids, in some specimens forming a conspicuous terete stipe up to 6 cm long, 5 mm in diameter. Filaments sparsely branched, of uniform width throughout, (250–) 300–500(–600) µm in diameter; wall lamellate, 6–10 µm thick; lateral branches slightly basally constricted; chloroplasts ovoid to lenticular, 2–4 µm long; amyloplasts elongate-ovoid, 6–10 µm long. Reproduction in much branched fertile tufts borne laterally or terminally on the filaments, with each branch of the tuft bearing numerous ovoid laterals that form biflagellate reproductive bodies (probably gametes) that are discharged through the branch apex; fertile in early summer (November–December). (Description modified from Womersley 1955, pp. 391–392 [as Cladophoropsis bulbosa], 1984, p. 244 [as Chlorodesmis baculifera]; Ducker 1965, pp. 150–155 [as Chlorodesmis bulbosa]). (Fig. 4)</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Known from Rottnest Island, Western Australia, and from Pearson Island, South Australia, to Waratah Bay, Victoria, and the northern coast of Tasmania.</p><p>Habitat</p><p>According to Womersley (1984, p. 244), this species is uncommon and ‘apparently confined to deep water or shaded habitats’. Our recent collections in Victoria have primarily come from shaded areas, but we have also observed it quite commonly in large rock pools among seagrass growing on sand-covered rock. Ducker (1965, pp. 149–150) described similar habitats: ‘littoral rockpools’ and ‘among the dense stand of the marine flowering plant Cymodocea [ Amphibolis] antarctica ’.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>From the Latin baculus ‘rod or staff’ and suffix - fer ‘bearing’, presumably in reference to the thick and firm branches (‘crassitie et firmitate filorum’; Agardh 1887, p. 21).</p><p>Notes</p><p>Our specimens conformed in most respects to descriptions of Chlorodesmis baculifera by Ducker (1965, as C. bulbosa, 1967) and Womersley (1984), differing only in the position of fertile heads, which Ducker (1965) described as ‘modified sidebranches’. In our specimens the fertile heads arose in what appears to be an apical position (Fig. 4 e, f), although the bearing filament might be interpreted as an elongate pedicel. Molecular analyses were undertaken with specimens collected from near the Point Lonsdale type locality at Port Phillip Heads, Victoria (e.g. H. Verbruggen, H.0888, MELU), and also with a specimen from Western Australia (J. Huisman, H.0880, MELU) that confirmed the close relationship of plants from this disjunct location. Chlorodesmis baculifera is essentially restricted to southern Australia and is very much a geographical outlier in Chlorodesmis, an otherwise warm-water genus. Our molecular analyses placed this species within the Rhipilia clade and sister to R. psammophila . As such, we here publish the new combination Rhipilia baculifera (J.Agardh) Huisman &amp; Verbruggen.</p><p>Specimens examined</p><p>WESTERN AUSTRALIA. South of Rottnest Island, dredged, 18 Jan. 1996, C.Sim s.n. (PERTH 08822182); Thomson Bay, Rottnest Island, limestone reef, 10 m depth, 11 Apr. 1979, M.A.Borowitzka R 4344 (PERTH 01600060) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AF7E1635FFA5FF8EEE5BFBC8721EF814	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Huisman, John M.;Verbruggen, Heroen	Huisman, John M., Verbruggen, Heroen (2023): A morphological and molecular study supports the recognition of Rhipilia psammophila sp. nov. and Rhipilia baculifera comb. nov. (Halimedaceae, Chlorophyta) from southern Australia. Australian Systematic Botany 36 (6): 427-436, DOI: 10.1071/SB23016, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb23016
