identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
AE6187FDFFA8FF8AFC84FAE07D9EF8BD.text	AE6187FDFFA8FF8AFC84FAE07D9EF8BD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhombonemertes Hookabe & Moritaki & Jimi & Ueshima 2022	<div><p>3.1. Genus Rhombonemertes gen. nov.</p> <p>[New Japanese name: hishimochi-himomushi-zoku]</p> <p>Type species. Rhombonemertes rublinea sp. nov.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Eumonostiliferan with four eyes. Head with anterior and posterior cephalic furrows. Rhynchocoel short, less than half of body length; rhynchocoel musculature bilayered (outer circular and inner longitudinal muscles). Body-wall musculature not anteriorly divided. Some diagonal muscle fibers arranged as a lattice between outer longitudinal and inner circular muscle layers. Precerebral septum present. Dorsoventral muscles present. Oesophagus short, replaced with stomach in precerebral region. Intestinal caecum with lateral diverticula, not reaching brain anteriorly. Vascular plug lacking. Lateral nerves without accessory nerves.</p> <p>Etymology. The generic name refers to the diamond-shaped head of the present species, a composite of the Greek feminine ῥόμβος (rh´ombos = rhombus, diamond- or lozenge-shaped) + Nημερτής (N¯emert ḗ s = Nemertea).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AE6187FDFFA8FF8AFC84FAE07D9EF8BD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hookabe, Natsumi;Moritaki, Takeya;Jimi, Naoto;Ueshima, Rei	Hookabe, Natsumi, Moritaki, Takeya, Jimi, Naoto, Ueshima, Rei (2022): A new oerstediid discovered from wood falls in the Sea of Kumano, Japan: Description of Rhombonemertes rublinea gen. et sp. nov. (Nemertea: Eumonostilifera). Zoologischer Anzeiger 301: 154-162, DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2022.10.003, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2022.10.003
AE6187FDFFABFF88FFD2FBC77D94FB3A.text	AE6187FDFFABFF88FFD2FBC77D94FB3A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhombonemertes rublinea Hookabe & Moritaki & Jimi & Ueshima 2022	<div><p>3.2. Rhombonemertes rublinea gen. et sp. nov.</p> <p>[New Japanese name: hishimochi-himomushi]</p> <p>Material examined. Holotype: NSMT-Ne-003, unsectioned complete specimen except for the posterior tip, fixed in Bouin’ s fluid and later preserved in 70% ethanol, posterior tip preserved in 99% ethanol, male, collected on January 10 2022 by NJ, at depths of 150–200 m, off Owase (approx. 34 ◦ 06 ′ 49.0 ′′ N, 136 ◦ 30 ′ 35.0 ′′ E), the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=136.19856&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.871777" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 136.19856/lat 33.871777)">Sea of Kumano</a>, Japan, NW Pacific. Paratype: NMST-Ne-004, serial transverse sections from anterior tip to intestinal region (6 slides), everted proboscis (5 slides), and serial frontal sections of intestinal region (5 slides), posterior tip used for DNA extraction, rest of body fixed in Bouin’ s fluid and later preserved in 70% ethanol, female, collected on February 7 2022 by TM, at depths of 150 m, off Kumano (33 ◦ 52 ′ 18.4 ′′ N, 136 ◦ 11 ′ 54.8 ′′ E), the Sea of Kumano, Japan, NW Pacific.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Same as for generic diagnosis.</p> <p>Description. External morphology: body 0.8 cm in length and 0.1 cm in width in male (holotype); 3.2 cm in length and 0.7 cm in width in female (paratype) (Fig. 2A); single median brownish-red stripe extending from transverse band in head region to posterior tip of body (Fig. 2A, D). Four eyes present (Fig. 2B, D). Head demarcated from body, anteriorly pointed, and diamond shaped (Fig. 2A); brownish-red-colored transverse band present between head and trunk (= dorsally between anterior and posterior cephalic furrows (Fig. 2B) while ventrally overlapped with posterior cephalic furrows (Fig. 2C)). Anterior cephalic furrows not meeting mid-dorsally, each slightly curving posteriorly in lateral margin (Fig. 2B); ventrally transverse, meeting at mid-line without reaching to proboscis pore (Fig. 2C). Posterior cephalic furrows meeting at mid-line both dorsally (Fig. 2B) and ventrally (Fig. 2C); gently V-shaped in dorsal surface (Fig. 2B) and steeply A-shaped in ventral surface (Fig. 2C). Blood not red, probably uncolored. Cerebral ganglia red colored in squeezed preparation (Fig. 2D), laterally leading from cerebral organs via cerebral canals (Fig. 2E). Intestinal caecum with lateral diverticula, anteriorly not reaching cerebral ganglia (Fig. 2D); lateral diverticula of intestinal caecum and intestinal diverticula deeply branched (Fig. 2D). Pinkish ovary or pale testes visible thorough body wall (Fig. 2A).</p> <p>Internal morphology: Internal morphology. Epithelium 45–60 μm thick, with red-stained acidophilic gland cells in precerebal region (Fig. 3A) and with yellow- and red-stained gland cells in foregut region (Fig. 3B). Dermis up to 20 μm, cup-shaped in precerebal region (Fig. 3A) and flattened in foregut region (Fig. 3B). Cephalic glands anteriorly with red-stained acidophilic cells (Fig. 3D and E) and posteriorly replaced with blue-stained basophilic cells (Fig. 3G). Body-wall musculature with outer longitudinal and inner circular muscles (Fig. 3A and B). Some diagonal muscle fibers present as a lattice between outer circular and inner longitudinal muscle layers (Fig. 3C). Dorsoventral muscles present between intestinal diverticula (Fig. 3L). Precerebral vessel bifurcated (Fig. 3E and F). Mid-dorsal vessel without protruding into rhynchocoel (Fig. 3H). Oesphagus short, replaced with stomach in precerebral region (around cerebral organ opening) (Fig. 4); stomach with ciliated cells, well-developed basophilic glands, and acidophilic glands (Fig. 3G). Intestinal caecum developed beneath pylorus, 2 or 3 pairs of lateral diverticula deeply branched, not reaching brain region anteriorly (Fig. 3G).</p> <p>Proboscis pore subterminal, opening ventrally (Fig. 2B). Rhynchocoel short, less than half of body length (Fig. 2D). Rhynchocoel musculature with outer circular and inner longitudinal muscles (Fig. 3L). Proboscis epithelium with developed papillae up to 70 μm thick, basophilic, and acidophilic glands (Fig. 3I); outer circular, middle longitudinal, and inner circular muscles (Fig. 3I); 8 proboscis nerves (Fig. 3I). Stylet basis oval, 22 μm in length and 13.0 μm in maximum width; central stylet smooth, 26.4 μm in length; stylet-to-basis-length ratio 1.20 (Fig. 2E). Two accessory stylet pouches present, each containing 2–3 stylets.</p> <p>A single frontal organ present (Fig. 3D). Cerebral organs opening ventrolaterally; cerebral canals without branching and replaced with acidophilic glands anterior to precerebral septum (Fig. 4). Brain with outer neurilemma (Fig. 3J); glomerular structures present in dorsal cerebral ganglia (Fig. 3J). Lateral nerves without accessory nerves (Fig. 3K).</p> <p>Nephridial tubules convoluted and opening dorsolaterally at intestinal caecum (Fig. 3K). Each ovary containing as many as 10 oocytes; each oocyte containing a germinal vesicle; oocyte 150–200 μm in diameter (Fig. 3L and M).</p> <p>Etymology. The specific name is derived from a composite of the Latin ruber (= red coloured) + linea (= line), referring to the mid-dorsal stripe of the present species.</p> <p>Type locality and distribution. The present species was found from the type locality, off Owase to Kumano, the Sea of Kumano, Japan.</p> <p>2. Molecular phylogeny and interspecific genetic distances</p> <p>Our molecular phylogenetic analyses indicated that R. rublinea gen. et sp. nov. constituted a clade together with Monostilifera sp. Genroku Seamount collected from a gentle slope of Genroku Seamount at a depth of 2084 m along the Nishi-Shichito ridge, Japan, with 72% bootstrap value and 0.99 posterior probability (Fig. 5). Although R. rublinea appeared to be included in the clade formed by Eumonostilifera sp. Vema2B (Vema Fracture Zone), Monostilifera sp. Genroku Seamount (Japan), Kurilonemertes dilutebasisae (Kulikova, 1987), Kurilonemertes papilliformis (Korotkevitsch, 1977) (Russia), Kurilonemertes phyllospadicola (Stricker, 1985) (Canada), Pseudotetrastemma sp. (Russia), and Tetrastemma bilineatum Coe, 1904 (USA), phylogenetic relationships within the clade were not well resolved except for monophyly of Kurilonemertes Chernyshev, 1993.</p> <p>An uncorrected p- distance based on 635 bp of COI was 11.9% between R. rublinea gen. et sp. nov. and Monostilifera sp. Genroku Seamount.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AE6187FDFFABFF88FFD2FBC77D94FB3A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hookabe, Natsumi;Moritaki, Takeya;Jimi, Naoto;Ueshima, Rei	Hookabe, Natsumi, Moritaki, Takeya, Jimi, Naoto, Ueshima, Rei (2022): A new oerstediid discovered from wood falls in the Sea of Kumano, Japan: Description of Rhombonemertes rublinea gen. et sp. nov. (Nemertea: Eumonostilifera). Zoologischer Anzeiger 301: 154-162, DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2022.10.003, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2022.10.003
AE6187FDFFAAFF8DFC84FAD07C15F9B0.text	AE6187FDFFAAFF8DFC84FAD07C15F9B0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhombonemertes Hookabe & Moritaki & Jimi & Ueshima 2022	<div><p>4.1. Systematic discussion for Rhombonemertes gen. nov.</p> <p>Members of Oerstediidae Chernyshev, 1993 are morphologically circumscribed by a bilayered rhynchocoel-wall musculature, the cephalic vessels protruding into the rhynchocoel in cerebral ring, and the mid-dorsal vessel not penetrating the rhynchocoel (= lacking vascular plug) (Kajihara, 2021). Although the cephalic vessels could not be traced in the cerebral region, the other two features were confirmed in R. rublinea gen. et sp. nov. (Fig. 3H, L), leading to our conclusion that the species belongs to Oerstediidae. This is further supported by the molecular phylogenetic analyses, where R. rublinea gen. et sp. nov. is nested in the Oerstediidae clade and more closely related to the monophyletic Oerstedia clade than to Argonemertes australiensis (Dendy, 1892) in Plectonemertidae Gibson, 1990 (Fig. 5).</p> <p>Among 127 monostiliferan genera (Kajihara 2021), comparatively few are known to possess a short rhynchocoel (Gibson 1990b). In Table 2, free-living marine oerstediid genera with a bilayered rhynchocoel wall, rhynchocoel extending half the body length or shorter, and without a vascular plug are listed with selected morphological characters. R. rublinea gen. et sp. nov. is dissimilar to any known oerstediid species other than except Ischyronemertes Gibson, 1990. This is especially due to: i) the presence of body-wall diagonal musculature, ii) the longitudinal muscle layer of body wallnot divided anteriorly, iii) the presence of a precerebral septum, iv) 4 eyes, and v) free-living, not parasitic or commensal lifestyle. Ischyronemertes was originally described from mid-to lower shore in Vancouver Peninsula (Western Australia) for three species, I. albanyensis Gibson, 1990, I. erythrophleps Gibson, 1990, and I. tetrophthalma Gibson, 1990. Most conspicuous difference between R. rublinea gen. et sp. nov. and Ischyronemertes is the shape of head; the former possesses a lozenge-shaped head while the latter is characterized by a more rectangular, somewhat anteriorly bilobed head (Gibson 1990b, figs. 17, 19, 21). The new species is also differentiated from I. albanyensis and I. erythrophleps in the number and arrangement of eyes—four large eyes in the new species (Fig. 2A, B, D) and 2–6 small eyes more or less irregularly arranged in four groups in I. albanyensis and I. erythrophleps (Gibson 1990b). Furthermore, accessory nerves are present in lateral nerve cords of Ischyronemertes (Gibson 1990b), which is another difference between R. rublinea gen. et sp. nov. and Ischyronemertes. Based on these morphological differences between the existing genera in Oerstediidae, we establish a new genus, Rhombonemertes gen. nov., for R. rublinea gen. et sp. nov.</p> <p>a The rhynchocoel is illustrated as shorter than a half-length of the body in D. hartmanae (Coe, 1938), while it extends to the posterior tip of the body in D. coensis</p> <p>(Friedrich, 1970).</p> <p>In addition to the oerstediid genera in Table 2, Nemertopsis tetraclitophila Gibson, 1990 resembles R. rublinea gen. et sp. nov. in terms of the internal morphology; Hong Kong specimens of N. tetraclitophila exceptionally lack a mid-dorsal vascular plug in the genus (Gibson 1990a), and thereby display a character state that fits morphological circumscription of Oerstediidae (Kajihara 2021). As was the case in Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833) (Kajihara 2007), however, the vascular plug might be hard to recognize in the Hong Kong specimens due to the small-sized body. Thus, the internal morphology of N. tetraclitophila needs to be revisited with additional materials. Apart from the internal morphology, R. rublinea gen. et sp. nov. is clearly distinguished from N. tetraclitophila in the external appearance—two longitudinal dark-green stripes on the dorsal surface and the rounded head in N. tetraclitophila.</p> <p>In the resulting tree, R. rublinea gen. et sp. nov. was a sister clade of Monostilifera sp. Genroku Seamount (Fig. 5); uncorrected p- distance based on COI between the two species was higher than interspecific COI divergences (e.g., Chen et al., 2010; Sundberg et al., 2016; Hookabe et al., 2022). Morphological differences between the two species also warrant the recognition of R. rublinea as a species distinct from Monostilifera sp. Genroku Seamount—the latter species lacking eyes and diagonal muscles of the body wall, and having rhynchocoel extending 3/4 of the body length. The sister-taxon relationships with the clade formed by R. rublinea gen. et sp. nov. and Monostilifera sp. Genroku Seamount were not well resolved in our ML and BI analyses (Fig. 5). More extensive taxon sampling including apparently polyphyletic, and yet-to-be-discovered deep-sea oerstediid lineages will be required to obtain a more robust phylogeny of these taxa.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AE6187FDFFAAFF8DFC84FAD07C15F9B0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hookabe, Natsumi;Moritaki, Takeya;Jimi, Naoto;Ueshima, Rei	Hookabe, Natsumi, Moritaki, Takeya, Jimi, Naoto, Ueshima, Rei (2022): A new oerstediid discovered from wood falls in the Sea of Kumano, Japan: Description of Rhombonemertes rublinea gen. et sp. nov. (Nemertea: Eumonostilifera). Zoologischer Anzeiger 301: 154-162, DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2022.10.003, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2022.10.003
AE6187FDFFAFFF8DFFD2F90F7DFAFBE2.text	AE6187FDFFAFFF8DFFD2F90F7DFAFBE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhombonemertes rublinea Hookabe & Moritaki & Jimi & Ueshima 2022	<div><p>4.2. Ecological notes of R. rublinea gen. et sp. nov.</p> <p>Sunken wood has been increasingly recognized as important oases in the deep-sea environment, providing organic resources, shelter, and substrata (Turner 1977; Wolff 1979; Bernardino et al., 2010; Bienhold et al., 2013) for various marine invertebrates recently discovered (e.g., Hasegawa 1997; Sigwart &amp; Sirenko 2012; Magalh˜aes et al., 2017; Barroso et al., 2018; Voight et al., 2019; Ariyama &amp; Moritaki 2020). Nemerteans were also reported from wood falls or experimental wood deployments in previous ecological studies; in most cases, however, they were listed as Nemertea sp. (Judge &amp; Barry 2016; Amon et al., 2017; Saeedi et al., 2019). Thus, species diversity of nemerteans associated with organic falls or prey invertebrates such as annelids and amphipods predominantly occurred there is not well understood. Current knowledge and data are not enough to tell us whether R. rublinea sp. nov. actually prefers sunken wood pieces or porous hard structures because their colonization preference is not well investigated in the present study (e.g., ecological comparisons of specimen occurrence rates between bottom sediments and sunken woods). If some deep-water inhabiting nemerteans prefer cryptic environments as do shallow-water species, the species diversity may become even clearer by focusing on structures that sink on the sea floor.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AE6187FDFFAFFF8DFFD2F90F7DFAFBE2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hookabe, Natsumi;Moritaki, Takeya;Jimi, Naoto;Ueshima, Rei	Hookabe, Natsumi, Moritaki, Takeya, Jimi, Naoto, Ueshima, Rei (2022): A new oerstediid discovered from wood falls in the Sea of Kumano, Japan: Description of Rhombonemertes rublinea gen. et sp. nov. (Nemertea: Eumonostilifera). Zoologischer Anzeiger 301: 154-162, DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2022.10.003, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2022.10.003
