identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
AD7335016E5DBD3FCED9963FFD66FCF1.text	AD7335016E5DBD3FCED9963FFD66FCF1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyornis cyanopolia Blyth 1870	<div><p>Cyornis cyanopolia Blyth, 1870</p><p>Heinrich Boie (1794–1827) collected in Java several specimens of a flycatcher which he recognized as new for science and labeled Cyornis cyanopolia . Blyth (1870: 165) studied them in the RMNH in autumn 1869, remarking in his paper: “ Cyornis cyanopolia (Boie), from Sumatra, Java and Borneo, differs in no respect that I can perceive, whether from recollection or comparison with Dr. Jerdon’s description [= Jerdon 1862: 465], from C. unicolor, nobis [= Blyth 1843: 1007], of the Sikhim Himalaya.” This sentence started a paragraph on Cyornis flycatchers and the name “ Cyornis cyanopolia ” was printed in small caps. This misled many subsequent workers to believe that Blyth (1870) used Cyornis cyanopolia as a valid name for a taxon. Some of them considered the name available for nomenclatural purposes (e.g. Gray 1871: 218; Salvadori 1874: 132; Giebel 1875: 633; Hume 1879: 59; Mees 2004; Quaisser 2010), while others argued that it is a nomen nudum (e.g. Hartert 1902: 550; Dickinson et al. 2002). However, Blyth (1870) clearly said that Boie’s C. cyanopolia is inseparable from his own C. unicolor . Thus, provisions of Art. 11.5. of the Code were not fulfilled (“Names to be valid when proposed.”) and Cyornis cyanopolia Boie was simply listed by Blyth (1870: 165), as a label name, in the synonymy of C. unicolor Blyth, 1843 (Art. 11.6. of the Code). Note that label names were deemed available for nomenclatural purposes in Blyth’s times, and Blyth (1870) thus treated Boie’s Cyornis cyanopolia in this way.</p><p>Gray (1871: 218) listed “ cyanopolia, Boie ” in the Index of species names to his Handlist, but was uncertain whether it is a valid species or a synonym of C. unicolor Blyth. Salvadori (1874: 132) seems to have been the first to treat “ Cyornis cyanopolia (Boie) ” as available for nomenclatural purposes and as a valid name for a flycatcher species, thus fulfilling provisions of Art. 11.6.1. of the Code. Herewith, Cyornis cyanopolia became available for nomenclatural purposes with Blyth (1870) as its author (Art. 11.6.1. and Art. 50.7. of the Code).</p><p>Blyth (1870) listed no specimens, but it is evident from his paper that he cited specimens labeled in the RMNH as Cyornis cyanopolia Boie. These specimens, all of which belong to a single form, are thus syntypes of Cyornis cyanopolia Blyth, 1870 (Art. 72.4.3. of the Code). Dekker (2003: 68) detailed that the RMNH possesses three such specimens, all collected by Boie in Java: RMNH 89617 (ad. 3), RMNH 89618 (ad. 3) and RMNH 89619 (imm. 3).</p><p>Dekker (2003: 69) and Quaisser (2010: 66) believed that specimens RMNH 89620 and RMNH 89621 also belong to the type series of Cyornis cyanopolia Blyth, which is not true (see below). Quaisser (2010: 66) thus suggested that Cyornis cyanopolia Blyth was based on syntypes from different taxa and consequently designated RMNH 89620 as its lectotype. As shown here, RMNH 89620 and RMNH 89621 were not part of the type series upon which Cyornis cyanopolia Blyth was based. Her action is thus invalid (Art. 74.1. of the Code) and the specimen loses its status as lectotype (74.2. of the Code).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD7335016E5DBD3FCED9963FFD66FCF1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mlíkovský, Jiří	Mlíkovský, Jiří (2011): Nomenclatural notes on Cyornis and Rhinomyias flycatchers (Aves: Muscicapidae) of South-East Asia. Zootaxa 2985: 64-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.201827
AD7335016E5CBD3FCED9939DFE3BF81C.text	AD7335016E5CBD3FCED9939DFE3BF81C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Muscicapa infuscata Blyth 1870	<div><p>Muscicapa infuscata Blyth, 1870</p><p>Salomon Müller (1804–1864) collected in Sumatra a few brownish flycatchers which he labeled Muscicapa infuscata, recognizing them as a species new for science. Blyth (1870: 165) studied them during the same visit to the RMNH as Boie’s Cyornis cyanopolia . He believed to have discovered in them females of his Cyornis unicolor Blyth, 1843, which were unknown at that time (cf. Jerdon 1862: 465, 1872: 124–125, footnote), and presented their brief description in the same paragraph in which he combined Cyornis cyanopolia Boie with C. unicolor (Blyth 1870: 165) . The name Muscicapa infuscata Müller thus was published by Blyth (1870: 165) as a synonym of Cyornis unicolor Blyth, 1843 (cf. Art. 11.6. of the Code). Note that Cyornis unicolor was described by Blyth (1843) on the basis of a single male and that no other specimens of this species were known when Blyth (1870) studied birds in the RMNH (Jerdon 1872: 125–126).</p><p>Hartert (1902: 550) attributed Muscicapa infuscata to Blyth (1870), treated it as an available name and used it as a valid name for a taxon. He thus validated the name under the provisions of Art. 11.6.1. of the Code. The author of this name is Blyth (1870) following the provisions of Art. 11.6.1. and Art. 50.7. of the Code.</p><p>Blyth (1870) listed no specimens, but it is evident from his paper that he cited specimens labeled in the RMNH as Muscicapa infuscata Müller. These specimens are thus syntypes of Muscicapa infuscata Blyth, 1870 (Art. 72.4.3. of the Code). Dekker (2003: 68) listed two such specimens in the RMNH (RMNH 89620 and 89621). Both were believed to be females of Cyornis unicolor by Blyth (1870), but later revisions showed that both represent the flycatcher Rhinomyias umbratilis (Strickland, 1849), RMNH 89620 being an adult male and RMNH 89621 being an adult female of the latter species (Finsch 1901a: 202; Dickinson et al. 2002; Dekker 2003: 68; Quaisser 2010: 66).</p><p>Blyth (1870: 165) mentioned that he examined in the RMNH specimens of Cyornis unicolor “from Sumatra, Java, and Borneo”. Specimens labeled as Cyornis cyanopolia originated from Java and those labeled Muscicapa infuscata originated from Sumatra. The mention of Borneo was perhaps based on three specimens collected by Carl Anton Ludwig Maria Schwaner (1817–1851) in Borneo in 1843 and later identified as Rhinomyias pectoralis (Salvadori, 1868) = Rhinomyias umbratilis (Strickland, 1849) by Finsch (1901a: 203, 1901b: 40; see Stone 1902: 686 for the synonymization of pectoralis). However, Schwaner specimens were labeled by Coenraad Jacob Temminck (1778–1858), curator of birds at the RMNH, as “ Eopsaltria perspicillata ” (Finsch 1901a: 203, 1901b: 40). Blyth (1870) did not mention the latter name and the mere mention of “Borneo” is not sufficient for the inclusion of Schwaner specimens in the type series upon which Muscicapa infuscata Blyth was based (see also Dickinson et al. 2002; Dekker 2003).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD7335016E5CBD3FCED9939DFE3BF81C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mlíkovský, Jiří	Mlíkovský, Jiří (2011): Nomenclatural notes on Cyornis and Rhinomyias flycatchers (Aves: Muscicapidae) of South-East Asia. Zootaxa 2985: 64-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.201827
AD7335016E5FBD3CCED99503FE2DF91F.text	AD7335016E5FBD3CCED99503FE2DF91F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyornis	<div><p>Cyornis flycatchers</p><p>Within Cyornis unicolor Blyth, 1843, populations inhabiting the Malay Peninsula and Greater Sunda Islands are recognized at the subspecific level (Watson et al. 1986; Dickinson 2003; Clement 2006b). This form was first known under the name cyanopolia (e.g. Salvadori 1874; Hume 1879: 59), but subsequent authors followed either Hartert (1902) in calling it infuscata (e.g. Gyldenstolpe 1920; Baker 1921; Gibson-Hill 1949; Smythies 1960; Wolters 1980; Watson et al. 1986; Dickinson et al. 2002; LeCroy 2008; Quaisser 2010), or Robinson and Kinnear (1928) in calling it harterti (e.g. Meyer de Schauensee 1928, 1934; Chasen 1935; Stresemann &amp; de Schauensee 1936; Deignan 1963; van Marle &amp; Voous 1988; Dickinson 2003; Clement 2006b). As shown above, infuscata of Hartert (1902) never did exist and harterti of Robinson and Kinnear (1928) is not available for nomenclatural purposes. Cyornis cyanopolia having been treated as a valid name for a flycatcher species by Salvadori (1874: 132), the form thus should be known as Cyornis unicolor cyanopolia Blyth, 1870, as it was during first three decades of its scientific existence.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD7335016E5FBD3CCED99503FE2DF91F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mlíkovský, Jiří	Mlíkovský, Jiří (2011): Nomenclatural notes on Cyornis and Rhinomyias flycatchers (Aves: Muscicapidae) of South-East Asia. Zootaxa 2985: 64-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.201827
AD7335016E5FBD3CCED99377FCF0FBBF.text	AD7335016E5FBD3CCED99377FCF0FBBF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyornis harterti Robinson & Kinnear 1928	<div><p>“ Cyornis harterti Robinson &amp; Kinnear, 1928 ”</p><p>Robinson and Kinnear (1928: 256) explicitly created Cyornis unicolor harterti as a new replacement name for “ Cyornis unicolor infuscatus Hartert (nec Blyth)”, reasoning that infuscata Hartert, 1902, is preoccupied by infuscata Blyth, 1870, in the genus Cyornis Blyth, 1843 . As shown above, Hartert (1902) did not create such a name in the sense of the Code. The name harterti of Robinson and Kinnear (1928) was thus created as a new replacement name for a non-existing name. Hence, harterti Robinson &amp; Kinnear, 1928, as published in the trinomen Cyornis unicolor harterti, is not available for nomenclatural purposes.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD7335016E5FBD3CCED99377FCF0FBBF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mlíkovský, Jiří	Mlíkovský, Jiří (2011): Nomenclatural notes on Cyornis and Rhinomyias flycatchers (Aves: Muscicapidae) of South-East Asia. Zootaxa 2985: 64-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.201827
AD7335016E5FBD3CCED99086FC80FCD4.text	AD7335016E5FBD3CCED99086FC80FCD4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyornis infuscata Hartert 1902	<div><p>“ Cyornis infuscata Hartert, 1902 ”</p><p>Hartert (1902: 550) used “ Cyornis unicolor infuscata (Blyth) ” as a valid name for a taxon, attributing infuscata to Blyth (1870: 165). Robinson and Kinnear (1928: 256) believed that Hartert (1902) used infuscata in a manner different from Blyth (1870), because in their opinion: (1) Hartert (1902) used the name for a subspecies of Cyornis unicolor flycatcher, while Blyth’s (1870) specimens of infuscata turned out to be representatives of a Rhinomyias flycatcher (Finsch 1901a, b), and (2) a syntype of infuscata in the BMNH represented a Cyornis olivacea Hume, 1877, flycatcher. However, Robinson and Kinnear (1928) erred in both points. First, Hartert (1902) believed that Blyth (1870) applied the name infuscata to females of C. unicolor (sensu lato) and used it in the same sense. It is irrelevant here that those type specimens later turned out to be representatives of a different species. Second, the BMNH specimen (BMNH 1878.11.12.29) never was part of the type series upon which infuscata was based (Dickinson et al. 2002: 209). Hartert (1902: 550) thus did not create a new name in the sense of the Code (ICZN 1999) and the species name [ Cyornis] infuscata of Hartert (1902) never did exist.</p><p>The specimen identified by Hartert (1902) as Cyornis infuscata, now AMNH 605491, was independently designated by Robinson and Kloss (1918: 155) and Dickinson et al. (2002: 211) as the lectotype of Cyornis infuscata Hartert, 1902 (see LeCroy 2008: 96). Names which are not available for nomenclatural purposes have no namebearing types (ICZN 1999). Hence, the actions by Robinson and Kinnear (1928) and Dickinson et al. (2002) are invalid and the specimen AMNH 605491 has no type status.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD7335016E5FBD3CCED99086FC80FCD4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mlíkovský, Jiří	Mlíkovský, Jiří (2011): Nomenclatural notes on Cyornis and Rhinomyias flycatchers (Aves: Muscicapidae) of South-East Asia. Zootaxa 2985: 64-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.201827
AD7335016E5FBD3CCED99733FAF4F82B.text	AD7335016E5FBD3CCED99733FAF4F82B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinomyias	<div><p>Rhinomyias flycatchers</p><p>Both syntypes of Muscicapa infuscata Blyth, 1870, are representatives of a flycatcher currently known as Rhinomyias umbratilis (Strickland, 1849) (see Finsch 1901a, b; Robinson &amp; Kinnear 1928; Dickinson et al. 2002). The species is considered monotypic (Watson et al. 1986; Dickinson 2003; Clement 2006a). Muscicapa infuscata Blyth, 1870 is thus a junior subjective synonym of Trichostoma (= Rhinomyias) umbratile Strickland, 1849 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD7335016E5FBD3CCED99733FAF4F82B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mlíkovský, Jiří	Mlíkovský, Jiří (2011): Nomenclatural notes on Cyornis and Rhinomyias flycatchers (Aves: Muscicapidae) of South-East Asia. Zootaxa 2985: 64-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.201827
