identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
AD3987E6FA38FFDB50B6FE54FB64BB4E.text	AD3987E6FA38FFDB50B6FE54FB64BB4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Unio depauperata Hutton 1883	<div><p>Unio depauperata Hutton, 1883</p><p>Pl. 1, fig. A</p><p>Hutton, 1883. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 478.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype, CMNZ M670 (pair of dry valves), and paralectotypes, NMNZ M.644 (pair of dry valves), NMNZ M.125068 [ex M.644] (pair of dry valves). Lectotype fixed by inference of holotype (ICZN Art. 74.6) by Allan (1938: 182). Lectotype designation of Dell (1953: 231) preceded by that of Allan (1938: 182).</p><p>Label details. CMNZ M670—‘ D. depauperata, L. Takapuna, Type’; NMNZ M.644— ‘U. depauperatus Hutton n.s., Lake Takapuna, Auckland’.</p><p>CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. ‘ Diplodon menziesi depauperatus (Hutton), Lake Takapuna, Holotype, (2 valves), (ZS 968c—old number)’.</p><p>Type locality. ‘Lake Takapuna, Auckland’ [= Lake Pupuke] (Hutton 1883h: 478, 1884d: 216).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Dell (1953: pl. 17, fig. 10— paralectotype); Marshall et al. (2014: fig. 4A, C—paralectotype).</p><p>Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of Unio depauperata to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884d: 216), and was preempted by a brief description of Unis [sic] depauperata in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883h: 478). Hutton (1884d) noted that this taxon was “perhaps an impoverished form of U. zelebori [Dunker, 1866: see Marshall &amp; Fenwick 2006], but too distinct to be passed over”. It has been treated as a subspecies of the morphologically variable species Unio menziesii Gray (e.g., by Simpson 1900: 890; 1914: 1292; Suter 1913: 941; Dell 1953: 231) and as a junior synonym of U. menziesii by McMichael &amp; Hiscock (1958: 460), Powell (1979: 384) and Marshall et al. (2014: 10). The last-mentioned species is endemic to New Zealand, and is widely distributed in lakes, rivers and streams in the North and South Islands, and on Great Barrier Island (Marshall et al. 2014: 12, fig. 6).</p><p>Current taxonomy. A junior synonym of Echyridella menziesii (Gray, 1843) — McMichael &amp; Hiscock (1958: 460 —in Hyridella ( Echyridella)), Powell (1979: 384 —in Hyridella), Marshall et al. (2014: 10).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA38FFDB50B6FE54FB64BB4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA38FFDA50B6FA25FE67BCCA.text	AD3987E6FA38FFDA50B6FA25FE67BCCA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Unio rugatus Hutton 1883	<div><p>Unio rugatus Hutton, 1883</p><p>Pl. 1, fig. B</p><p>Hutton, 1883. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 478.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype, CMNZ M680 (pair of dry valves) . Lectotype fixed by inference of holotype (ICZN Art. 74.6) by Allan (1938: 183) .</p><p>Label details. ‘Lake Pearson, coll. J.D. Enys’.</p><p>Type locality. ‘Lake Pearson, Upper Waimakariri (J. D. Enys)’ (Hutton 1883h: 478, 1884d: 216).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Marshall et al. (2014: figs. 4A, C—lectotype).</p><p>Remarks. Based on one or more specimens collected by John Enys. Hutton submitted a description of Unio rugatus to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884d: 216), and was pre-empted by a brief description of Unis [sic] rugatus in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883h: 478). Unio rugatus Hutton, 1883 is a junior homonym of Unio rugatus Menke, 1828, and was renamed Diplodon (Hyridella) menziezi [sic] rugulosus by Simpson (1914), based on Hutton’s type material from Lake Pearson. This taxon has been treated as a subspecies of the morphologically variable species Unio menziesii Gray, 1843 (e.g., by Suter 1894b: 291; 1905: 238; 1913: 943; Simpson 1900: 889; Simpson 1914: 1291) and as a junior synonym of U. menziesii by Dell (1953: 230), McMichael &amp; Hiscock (1958: 460), Powell (1979: 384) and Marshall et al. (2014: 10). The last-mentioned species is endemic to New Zealand, and is widely distributed in lakes, rivers and streams in the North and South Islands, and on Great Barrier Island (Marshall et al. 2014: 12, fig. 6).</p><p>Current taxonomy. A junior synonym of Echyridella menziesii (Gray, 1843) — Dell (1953: 230 —in Hyridella), McMichael &amp; Hiscock (1958: 460 —in Hyridella ( Echyridella)), Powell (1979: 384 —in Hyridella), Marshall et al. (2014: 10).</p><p>Land, freshwater and estuarine gastropods</p><p>Part 1: Native land, freshwater and estuarine species</p><p>Subclass Caenogastropoda</p><p>Order Architaenioglossa</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA38FFDA50B6FA25FE67BCCA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA39FFDD50B6FC14FC15BC20.text	AD3987E6FA39FFDD50B6FC14FC15BC20.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptopoma calva Hutton 1882	<div><p>Leptopoma calva Hutton, 1882</p><p>Pl. 1, fig. C</p><p>Hutton, 1882. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 282.</p><p>Type material. Single shell formerly in the collection at Canterbury Museum, Christchurch (Hutton 1898 – 1900: 5; Suter 1913: 179) but reported missing by Freeman et al. (1997: 36), and not found subsequently. Neotype selected by Marshall &amp; Barker (2007: 60 — NMNZ M.174790).</p><p>Type locality. listed as ‘Greymouth (R. Helms)’ by Hutton (1882p: 282, 1883d: 140); neotype from ‘South Island, N of Arthur’s Pass, Jacksons, near roadside on Otira–Kumara highway, 200 m (NZMS 260, K33/870283)’ (Marshall &amp; Barker 2007: 60).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Suter (1915: pl. 35, fig. 1), Marshall &amp; Barker (2007: fig. 4C).</p><p>Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1882, but publication was delayed until May 1883 (Hutton 1883d: 140), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1882p: 282). A re-description and illustration of Leptopoma calva by Suter (1913: 179, pl. 35, fig. 1) was based on the type material from Canterbury Museum. Suter (1913: 179) and Dell (1955: 1136) stated that this species was known from the type specimen only. The latter author noted that Suter’s (1913) “description and figure are not highly diagnostic. Unfortunately the type cannot at present be located in the Canterbury Museum, and no topotypes appear to have been collected”. Dell (1955: 1136) identified material of “a moderately common shell in Fiordland” as Murdochia cf. calvum (Hutton), but noted that “until these shells can be critically compared with undoubted specimens of calvum, the identification cannot be certain”. Marshall &amp; Baker (2007) redescribed Leptopoma calva Hutton, 1882 as part of a taxonomic review of Cytora Kobelt &amp; Möllendorff, 1897, noting that the shell of this species is distinctive in having a maculate colour pattern, although the latter feature was not mentioned in the descriptions by Hutton (1882p, 1883d) or Suter (1913), and they identified ‘ Murdochia cf. calvum ’ of Dell (1955) as Cytora mayhillae Marshall &amp; Barker, 2007 . Marshall &amp; Barker (2007: 60) selected a neotype of calva, NMNZ M. 174790 (pl. 1, fig. C), that “represents the only Cytora species occurring in the vicinity of Greymouth that is accordant with Hutton’s descriptions and Suter’s (1913) crude illustration of the holotype ”. This in itself is not sufficient justification for the designation of a neotype under ICZN Art. 75.3 but, given that previously there had been confusion over the identity of calva, we agree that a neotype was required to stabilise the nomenclature. The neotype selected by Marshall &amp; Barker (2007: 60) was from the Otira-Kumara Highway, c. 45 km SE of Greymouth; they stated that they had “not seen any reliably localised specimens from Greymouth or the immediate vicinity of that town, so we have chosen the neotype from one of the nearest localities where the species is definitely known to occur”. Subsequently, C. calva has been found living in Omotumotu Bush, Greymouth, and on Peter Ridge, and near Point Elizabeth, on the southern and northern outskirts of the town, respectively (F. Brook pers. obs.).</p><p>Current taxonomy. Cytora calva (Hutton, 1882) — Powell (1957: 90), Powell (1979: 85), Marshall (1995: 496), Marshall &amp; Barker (2007: 60), Spencer et al., (2009: 203).</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand; northwestern South Island, from Granity and Nelson Lakes southwest to Lake Kaniere (Marshall &amp; Barker, 2007: fig. 8A; NMNZ collection records).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA39FFDD50B6FC14FC15BC20	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA3EFFDD50B6FD88FC2AB876.text	AD3987E6FA3EFFDD50B6FD88FC2AB876.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptopoma pallida Hutton 1883	<div><p>Leptopoma pallida Hutton, 1883</p><p>Pl. 1, fig. D</p><p>Hutton, 1883. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 477.</p><p>Type material. Formerly in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch (Hutton, 1898 – 1900: 5; Suter 1913: 183; CMNZ ‘M’ catalogue) but reported as missing by Freeman et al. (1997: 37), and not found subsequently. Neotype selected by Marshall &amp; Barker (2007: 92 — NMNZ M.174819).</p><p>CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M1265—‘Lagochilus pallidum Hutton, Auckland (old No. ZS 178)’.</p><p>Type locality. listed as ‘ Auckland (T. F. Cheeseman)’ by Hutton (1883g: 477, 1884b: 184); neotype from ‘North Island, Auckland, Cornwallis (NZMS 260 R11/530648)’ (Marshall &amp; Barker 2007: 92).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Marshall &amp; Barker (2007: fig. 9O).</p><p>Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 184), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 477). There are no published illustrations of the original type material. Marshall &amp; Barker (2007: 94) redescribed this species, noting that it is “highly distinctive in the combination of large size (height up to 6.85 mm), narrowly conical spire, and especially the presence of rather strong, widely spaced spiral threads on the first whorl of the protoconch”. However, their synonymies indicated that some earlier workers had confused pallida with other congeners, including Cytora kerrana Gardner, 1968, C. maui Marshall &amp; Barker, 2007 and C. tokerau Marshall &amp; Barker, 2007 . Marshall &amp; Barker (2007) designated a neotype of pallida, NMNZ M. 174819 (pl. 1, fig. D), on the basis that type material appears to no longer exist. This in itself is not a sufficient reason under ICZN Art. 75.3, but the fact that this species name had been misapplied by some earlier workers means that designation of a neotype to prevent confusion over the identity of this species, and stabilise the nomenclature, was appropriate.</p><p>Current taxonomy. Cytora pallida (Hutton, 1883) — Powell (1957: 91), Powell (1979: 84), Marshall (1995: 496), Marshall &amp; Barker (2007: 92), Spencer et al. (2009: 203).</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand; northern North Island, from Doubtless Bay to the vicinity of Auckland (Marshall &amp; Barker, 2007: 94, fig. 17A; AIM and NMNZ collection records).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA3EFFDD50B6FD88FC2AB876	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA3EFFDC50B6F97DFCDABDB8.text	AD3987E6FA3EFFDC50B6F97DFCDABDB8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptopoma pannosa Hutton 1882	<div><p>Leptopoma pannosa Hutton, 1882</p><p>Pl. 1, fig. E</p><p>Hutton, 1882. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 282.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype, CMNZ M1266.1 [ex ZS 179], paralectotypes (2), CMNZ 1266.2 [= M18077, Cytora chiltoni (Suter, 1896)], CMNZ M1266.3 [= M18078, Cytora mayhillae Marshall &amp; Barker, 2007] (dry shells). Lectotype designation and identification of paralectotypes by Marshall &amp; Barker (2007: 94). According to a note in the CMNZ accession register (by D. Gregg, 8 May 1968) the type lot M1266 originally contained four specimens. The molluscan collection at CMNZ has a radula mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Leptopoma pannosa, Greymouth, XVI p. 173’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.46), which is also probably primary type material (see description of radula by Hutton 1883d: 140), but whether it is from the lectotype, or a paralectotype, is not known. There is a dab of glue residue on this glass slide, suggesting that some other item, possibly the operculum illustrated by Hutton 1884b: pl. 10, fig. U), was formerly attached to it, but is now lost.</p><p>CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M1266—‘Lagochilus pannosum Hutton, Greymouth (old no. ZS 179)’.</p><p>Type locality. ‘Greymouth (R. Helms)’ (Hutton 1882p: 282); ‘Greymouth, under very damp logs and earth (Mr. R. Helms)’ (Hutton 1883d: 140).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Operculum and radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1884b: pl. 10, fig. U) probably from type material.</p><p>Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of Leptosoma pannosa to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1882, but publication was delayed until May 1883 (Hutton 1883d: 140), and was pre-empted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1882p: 282).A description by Hutton (1884b: 173) of the radula of pannosa was probably based on the putative type material in CMNZ 2017.17.46 mentioned above. Marshall &amp; Barker (2007: 94) noted that the type series at CMNZ contained three different species. They selected a lectotype, illustrated here for the first time in pl. 1, fig. E, that most closely matched New Zealand malacologists’ interpretations of pannosa (i.e., broadly conical shell of moderate size with enlarged periostracal projections at the periphery), and re-described the species.</p><p>Current taxonomy. Cytora pannosa (Hutton, 1882) — Powell (1957: 91), Powell (1979: 84), Marshall (1995: 497), Marshall &amp; Barker (2007: 94), Spencer et al. (2009: 203).</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand; northwestern South Island, from Heaphy River to the vicinity of Haast (Marshall &amp; Baker 2007: 97, fig. 17B; AIM and NMNZ collection records).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA3EFFDC50B6F97DFCDABDB8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA3FFFDC50B6FB48FAA8B951.text	AD3987E6FA3FFFDC50B6FB48FAA8B951.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Potamopyrgus pupoides Hutton, R. Heathcote 1882	<div><p>Potamopyrgus pupoides Hutton, 1882</p><p>Pl. 1, fig. F</p><p>Hutton, 1882. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 41.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype (designated by Winterbourn 1970: 286), CMNZ M9930 [ex ZS 250a], and paralectotypes, CMNZ M334 (40), CMNZ M9931 [ex ZS 250a] (5), (dry shells).</p><p>Label details. CMNZ M334 —‘ Potamopygus pupoides Hutton, R. Heathcote, Christcurch’, pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting ; CMNZ M9930 and M9931—‘ Type, Potamopygus spelaeus pupoides Hutton, loc. Heathcote River, ZS 250a’ .</p><p>Type locality. ‘brackish water of the Heathcote estuary’ (Hutton 1882b: 41); ‘Estuary of the Avon and Heathcote rivers, in brackish water’ (Hutton 1882e: 146).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Hutton (1882e: pl. 1, fig. D, H).</p><p>Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1881, but publication was delayed until May 1882 (Hutton 1882e: 146), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of ‘Recent Papers on Mollusca (by Prof. F. W. Hutton)’ in the New Zealand Journal of Science issue of February 1882 (Hutton 1882b: 41). Potamopyrgus pupoides Hutton, 1882 is the type species of Halopyrgus Haase, 2008 . It inhabits brackish water only (Hutton 1882e: 146, Haase 2008: 108).</p><p>Current taxonomy. Halopyrgus pupoides (Hutton, 1882) — Haase (2008: 108).</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand; brackish water in estuaries around New Zealand (Haase 2008: 109).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA3FFFDC50B6FB48FAA8B951	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA3CFFDF50B6FF74FED6BA15.text	AD3987E6FA3CFFDF50B6FF74FED6BA15.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rissoa vana Hutton 1873	<div><p>Rissoa vana Hutton, 1873</p><p>Pl. 1, fig. G</p><p>Hutton, 1873. Catalogue of the Tertiary Mollusca and Echinodermata of New Zealand: 12.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype, NMNZ M.1760 (dry shell) . Lectotype fixed by inference of holotype (ICZN Art. 74.6) by Marshall (1996: 20) .</p><p>Label details. ‘ Rissoa vana (Hutton), Awamoa, Holotype’, in R.K. Dell’s handwriting.</p><p>Type locality. ‘Awamoa’ (Hutton 1873c: 12).</p><p>Remarks. Primary type material of Rissoa vana Hutton is illustrated here for the first time in pl. 1, fig. G. The original description of this species was based on one or more specimens collected from Awamoa Creek, Oamaru. Hutton (1873c) interpreted vana as a marine species derived from a Miocene fossil assemblage, but Finlay (1924: 491, 493) pointed out that it is a synonym of the extant freshwater snail Amnicola badia Gould, 1848 [= Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray, 1843)]. Finlay (1924) noted that this species was common in Awamoa Creek and suggested that the type material of vana was probably collected from Recent flood deposits. Potamopyrgus antipodarum is widely distributed throughout New Zealand in fresh and brackish water (Winterbourn 1970, Haase 2008: 103). It also has a wide adventive distribution in southeastern Australia and Tasmania (Ponder 1988) and Europe (e.g., Welter-Schultes 2012: 40), and is adventive also in North America (e.g., Richards et al. 2001, Alonso &amp; Castro-Diez 2008) and Japan (Shimada &amp; Urabe 2003).</p><p>Current taxonomy. A subjective junior synonym of Potamopygus antipodarum (Gray, 1843) — Finlay (1924: 491, 493), Marshall (1996: 20).</p><p>Subclass Heterobranchia</p><p>Order Hygrophila</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA3CFFDF50B6FF74FED6BA15	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA3CFFDE50B6FB0DFAE2BFB3.text	AD3987E6FA3CFFDE50B6FB0DFAE2BFB3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Limnaea ampulla Hutton 1884	<div><p>Limnaea ampulla Hutton, 1884</p><p>Pl. 1, fig. H</p><p>Hutton, 1884. New Zealand Journal of Science, 2: 175.</p><p>Type material. Syntypes (12), NMNZ M.125545 [ex H. Suter colln.] (dry shells). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has a jaw and radula fragments mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Lymnaea ampulla, Arthurs Pass, XVII p. 55’, in Hutton’s handwriting (CMNZ 2017.17.151), which are probably primary type material (see description of radula by Hutton 1885c: 55).</p><p>Label details. NMNZ M.125545—‘ Amphipeplea ampulla Hutt., co-type, Lake at Arthur’s Pass, Hutt.’, in H. Suter’s handwriting.</p><p>Type locality. ‘Arthur’s Pass’ (Hutton 1884h: 175); ‘Arthur’s Pass (Mr. Dominick Brown and Mr. Cheeseman); Lake Lyndon (Mr. J. D. Enys)’ (Hutton 1885c: 55).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Hutton (1885c: pl. xii, figs. 2, 8—shell and radula), Dell (1956: figs. 29–31).</p><p>Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1884, but publication was delayed until May 1885 (Hutton 1885c: 55), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1884h: 175). Treated as a junior synonym of Succinea tomentosa Pfeiffer, 1855, by Hubendick (1951: 180) and Dell (1956: 76). The latter taxon, which was described from material collected in New Zealand, was transferred to Austropeplea Cotton, 1942 by Smith (1992: 257). As presently interpreted A. tomentosa has a wide but patchy distribution in the North and South Islands, with records from Northland to Otago, in seepages, swamps, small bodies of standing water, and less frequently in lakes and running waters (Dell 1956: 78; Pullan et al. 1972: figs. 1a, 1b). It has also been recorded from southeastern Australia (e.g., Hubendick 1951: 170, fig. 361; Boray &amp; McMichael 1961; Smith 1992: 257; Puslednik et al. 2009: fig. 1a), but molecular studies indicate that the New Zealand populations of A. tomentosa form a distinct endemic lineage that is not conspecific with any of the Australian populations previously attributed to this taxon (Puslednik et al. 2009).</p><p>Current taxonomy. A junior synonym of Austropeplea tomentosa (Pfeiffer, 1855) — Hubendick (1951: 180 — in Lymnaea), Dell (1956: 76 —in Simlimnea Iredale, 1943), Boray &amp; McMichael (1961: 159 —in Lymnaea).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA3CFFDE50B6FB0DFAE2BFB3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA3DFFDE50B6FE33FE14BAC8.text	AD3987E6FA3DFFDE50B6FE33FE14BAC8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Limnaea (Amphipeplea) arguta Hutton, R. Avon 1884	<div><p>Limnaea (Amphipeplea) arguta Hutton, 1884</p><p>Pl. 1, fig. I</p><p>Hutton, 1884. New Zealand Journal of Science, 2: 175.</p><p>Type material. Syntypes, CMNZ M322 (1) and CMNZ M6050 (10) (dry shells). The molluscan collection at CMNZ also has a jaw and radulae mounted on glass slides with the label details ‘ Limnaea arguta, Christchurch, XVII p. 54’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.152 &amp; 2017.17.154), which are probably primary type material (see description of radula by Hutton 1885c: 54).</p><p>Label details. CMNZ M322—‘23. Limnaea arguta Hutton, R. Avon, Christchurch’, pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting.</p><p>Type locality. ‘Christchurch’ (Hutton 1884h: 175); ‘River Avon, Christchurch’ (Hutton 1885c: 54).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Hutton (1885c: pl. 12, figs. 1, 10—shell, soft parts and radula), Dell (1956: figs. 22, 26, 32).</p><p>Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1884, but publication was delayed until May 1885 (Hutton 1885c: 54), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1884h: 175). Treated as a junior synonym of the Australian species Limnaea lessoni Deshayes, 1831 by Hubendick (1951: 180), but according to Dell (1956: 76), Limnaea arguta Hutton is conspecific with Succinea tomentosa Pfeiffer, 1855 . As noted in the preceding species entry, the latter taxon has a wide distribution in the North Island and South Island and is probably endemic to New Zealand.</p><p>Current taxonomy. A junior synonym of Austropeplea tomentosa (Pfeiffer, 1855) — Dell (1956: 76 —in Simlimnea Iredale, 1943).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA3DFFDE50B6FE33FE14BAC8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA3DFFDE50B6FAA7FCBFB9C0.text	AD3987E6FA3DFFDE50B6FAA7FCBFB9C0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Limnaea leptosoma Hutton 1884	<div><p>Limnaea leptosoma Hutton, 1884</p><p>Pl. 1, fig. J</p><p>Hutton, 1884. New Zealand Journal of Science, 2: 175.</p><p>Type material. Possible syntypes, CMNZ M360 (1); NMNZ M.125540 [ex H. Suter colln.] (2) (dry shells). Hutton (1885c: 55) noted that he had “two specimens only” of this species, which indicates that at least one of the shells in the two lots listed here is not primary type material .</p><p>Label details. CMNZ M360 —‘17. Limnaea leptosoma Hutton,Wellington’,pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting ; NMNZ M.125540—‘ Limnaea leptosoma Hutton, Syntype, Wellington, Hu.’ in H. Suter’s handwriting .</p><p>Type locality. ‘Wellington’ (Hutton 1884h: 175, 1885c: 55).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Hutton (1885c: pl. 12, fig. 3).</p><p>Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1884, but publication was delayed until May 1885 (Hutton 1885c: 55), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1884h: 175). Treated as a junior synonym of Succinea tomentosa Pfeiffer, 1855 by Hubendick (1951: 192) and Dell (1956: 76). As noted in the preceding species entry, the latter taxon has a wide distribution in the North Island and South Island and is probably endemic to New Zealand.</p><p>Current taxonomy. A junior synonym of Austropeplea tomentosa (Pfeiffer, 1855) — Hubendick (1951 —in Lymnaea), Dell (1956: 76 —in Simlimnea Iredale, 1943).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA3DFFDE50B6FAA7FCBFB9C0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA23FFC050B6FF74FA85BA6E.text	AD3987E6FA23FFC050B6FF74FA85BA6E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Limnaea pucilla Hutton 1884	<div><p>Limnaea pucilla Hutton, 1884</p><p>Pl. 1, fig. K</p><p>Hutton, 1884. New Zealand Journal of Science, 2: 175.</p><p>Type material. Syntypes, CMNZ M358 (1); NMNZ M.125547 [ex H. Suter colln.] (1) (dry shells). Hutton (1885c: 56) noted that the original description was based on two specimens .</p><p>Label details. CMNZ M358 —‘19. Limnaea pucilla Hutton, Auckland’, pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting ; NMNZ M.125547— Limnaea pusilla Hutton, Syntype, Auckland, Hu.’, in H. Suter’s handwriting .</p><p>Type locality. ‘Auckland’ (Hutton 1884h: 175, 1885c: 56).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Hutton (1885c: pl. 12, fig. 5), Dell (1956: fig. 10).</p><p>Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1884, but publication was delayed until May 1885 (Hutton 1885c: 56), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1884h: 175). Species name unnecessarily emended to pusilla by Hedley &amp; Suter (1893: 625). Hubendick (1951: 171, 179, 200) treated Limnaea pucilla Hutton, 1884 and Limnaea alfredi Suter, 1890, which was based on shells from Hooker Valley, Canterbury, as synonyms of Limnaea tenella Hutton, 1884, and noted that the shells of this taxon were similar to those of the European species Galba truncatula (Müller, 1774), albeit with a less elevated spire. Dell (1956: 73) observed that pucilla was based on immature shells and had not been recorded subsequently from the type locality. He suggested that this species most closely resembled Limnaea alfredi Suter, 1890, which was listed as a junior synonym of G. truncatula by Climo &amp; Pullan (1972: 6 —in Lymnaea). Dell (1956) noted it was possible that “the types of pucilla are juveniles of introduced or even foreign shells, which never lived in New Zealand ”, and he recommended that the name pucilla be considered indeterminate. Marshall (1996: 34) indicated that the type material (see pl. 1, fig. K) was well preserved and identification should be possible, and he suggested that pucilla may be based on juveniles of an introduced species.</p><p>Current taxonomy. taxon inquirendum—this study.</p><p>Distribution. Type material from Auckland; possibly based on an introduced taxon (Dell 1956: 73).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA23FFC050B6FF74FA85BA6E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA23FFC350B6FB45FCAABCBE.text	AD3987E6FA23FFC350B6FB45FCAABCBE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Limnaea tenella Hutton, R. Heathcote 1884	<div><p>Limnaea tenella Hutton, 1884</p><p>Pl. 1, fig. L</p><p>Hutton, 1884. New Zealand Journal of Science, 2: 175.</p><p>Type material. Syntypes, CMNZ M359 (1), CMNZ M6051 (2), NMNZ M.125546 [ex Suter colln.] (2) (dry shells). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has radula fragments mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Limnaea tenella, Christchurch, XVII p. 55’—in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.149), which are probably primary type material (see description of radula by Hutton 1885c: 56).</p><p>Label details. CMNZ M359 —‘18. Limnaea tenella Hutton, R. Heathcote, Christchurch’, pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting ; NMNZ M.125546—‘ Limnaea tenella Hutton, Syntype, Heathcote Riv, Hu. ’, in H. Suter’s handwriting .</p><p>Type locality. ‘Christchurch’ (Hutton 1884h: 175); ’River Heathcote, Christchurch’ (Hutton 1885c: 56).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Hutton (1885c: pl. xii, figs. 4, 11—shell and radula).</p><p>Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1884, but publication was delayed until May 1885 (Hutton 1885c: 55), and was pre-empted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1884h: 175). Hubendick (1951: 171, 179, 200) treated Limnaea pucilla Hutton, 1884 and Limnaea alfredi Suter, 1890, which was based on shells from Hooker Valley, Canterbury, as synonyms of Limnaea tenella Hutton, 1884, and noted that the shells of this taxon were similar to those of the European species Galba truncatula (Müller, 1774), albeit with a less elevated spire. However, according to Dell (1956: 73), L. tenella is based on juvenile shells of Lymnaea stagnalis (Linnaeus, 1758) . Hutton (1882h: 157) had earlier noted that the latter species had been “introduced intentionally into the river Avon at Christchurch, and is now abundant at the Acclimatization Gardens”. According to Thomson (1922: 259), L. stagnalis was originally introduced to the Avon “from England in 1864, by Mr A.M. Johnson of Opawa [Christchurch], who brought them out as food for the fish he was endeavouring to introduce”. Dell (1956: 73) noted that L. stagnalis was “widely distributed in sluggish streams and particularly in lakes throughout New Zealand ”. Pullan et al (1972: 397, figs. 1a, 1b) indicated that it had a sparse distribution in the North and South islands, in lakes, ponds, man-made dams and slow-flowing streams. Lymnaea stagnalis is native to Eurasia, the western part of North Africa, and central and western North America, and has a wide adventive distribution that includes Australia and New Zealand (Hubendick 1951: 118, fig. 301; Welter-Schultes 2012: 50).</p><p>Current taxonomy. A junior synonym of Lymnaea stagnalis (Linnaeus, 1758), according to Dell (1956: 73).</p><p>Infraclass Pulmonata</p><p>Order Stylommatophora</p><p>Family ATHORACOPHORIDAE P. Fischer, 1883</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA23FFC350B6FB45FCAABCBE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA20FFC250B6FD51FD22BC20.text	AD3987E6FA20FFC250B6FD51FD22BC20.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Konophora marmorea Hutton 1879	<div><p>Konophora marmorea Hutton, 1879</p><p>Hutton, 1879. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 11 (1878): 332.</p><p>Type material. Holotype, by monotypy (Hutton 1879: 332), in Otago Museum, Dunedin, according to Suter (1913: 796), but not found by Burton (1963: 53) or during a search of the molluscan collection in 2017 (Emma Burns and Kane Fleury pers. comm.), and apparently lost.</p><p>Type locality. ‘Dunedin, in the bush’ (Hutton 1879: 332).</p><p>Remarks. The original description was based on a single individual (Hutton 1879: 332). There are no published illustrations of the holotype of Konophora marmorea, which was collected in Dunedin by the Articulator to the University of Otago Museum, Mr. F.J. Bourne (Hutton 1884c: 206, incorrectly cited as Browne by Hutton, 1879: 332). Hutton (1882i: 158, pl. 5, figs. 1–9) subsequently described and illustrated the external morphology and anatomy of another individual of K. marmorea that he had obtained from Professor T.J. Parker of the University of Otago. This is probably the same specimen that Hutton (1898 – 1900: 10) referred to as a ‘cotype’ of Athoracophorus (Konophora) marmorea in his List of types in the Canterbury Museum. This specimen, which is here considered to be a topotype, rather than primary type material, was not found during a search of the CMNZ collection in 2017 and is apparently lost. However, the molluscan collection at CMNZ has a radula mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Janella marmorea, Dunedin, XIV p. 159’ in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.120), which appears to be the same one that was illustrated by Hutton (1882i: pl. 5, fig. 8). The molluscan collection at NHMUK contains a preserved specimen from Dunedin, confusingly labelled ‘ Konophora marmorata Hutton’, which was sent from Otago Museum to London as an exhibit in the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886, and subsequently purchased by the British Museum (i.e., NHMUK 1886.11.18.22). This is possibly the specimen that Cockerell (1891b: 217) listed as ‘ Athoracophorus marmoreus forma nov. ’; he noted that this specimen “differs very much in colour from Hutton’s description of the type”, but this is not taxonomically significant, because athoracophorids typically loose pigmentation rapidly in alcohol (G.M. Barker pers. comm. 2020). Barker (2018: 216, 229) treated NHMUK 1886.11.18.22 as the holotype of K. marmorea Hutton, 1879, but this is not consistent with Suter’s (1913: 796) statement that the type was in Otago Museum. Furthermore, neither the NHMUK molluscan accessions register nor the specimen label of NHMUK 1886.11.18.22 list the collector, refer to this as a type specimen, or state that the identification was by F.W. Hutton.</p><p>Suter (1913: 796) recorded Athoracophorus (Conophora) marmorea from several widely scattered localities throughout New Zealand. Burton (1963: 52, 53), in a review of New Zealand Athoracophoridae, noted that Konophora marmorea “is almost unrecognizable from Hutton’s description, and until the type specimen is found …. must remain incertae sedis ”. Burton (1963: 53, 54) considered that all of Suter’s (1913: 796) locality records of marmorea except for Dunedin, the type locality, referred to another species. He proposed the new name Athoracophorus suteri Burton, 1963 for A. marmorea sensu Suter, 1913 [non K. marmorea Hutton], listed the ‘type’ as being in the Otago Museum, Dunedin, but did not provide information as to where or by whom the type material had been collected, and he did not select a type locality. No record of type material of A. suteri was found during a search of the Otago Museum collection in 2017 (Emma Burns and Kane Fleury, pers. comm.). Barker (2018: 237) treated A. suteri Burton as an objective synonym of K. marmorea Hutton, 1879, incorrectly stating that it had the same type locality, and was inadvertently based on the same type material, as the latter species. However, this taxonomic decision does not stand scrutiny. The original description of A. suteri Burton, 1963 explicitly stated that this species is not conspecific with K. marmorea Hutton, 1879 and, contrary to Barker’s assertion, Burton (1963: 54) did not record A. suteri from Dunedin. Burton’s statement that the type material of suteri was in the Otago Museum probably was an error, but that in itself does not constitute inadvertent typification “by reference to the type of K. marmorea Hutton, 1879 ”, as suggested by Barker (2018: 237).</p><p>Taxonomy: taxon inquirendum—this study</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand; at present the only definite records of Konophora marmorea Hutton are from Dunedin (Hutton 1879, 1882i; Burton 1963).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA20FFC250B6FD51FD22BC20	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA21FFC550B6FD89FDC7BE8B.text	AD3987E6FA21FFC550B6FD89FDC7BE8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Janella papillata Hutton 1879	<div><p>Janella papillata Hutton, 1879</p><p>Hutton, 1879. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 11 (1878): 332.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype (designated by Barker 2018: 232), OMNZ IV5713, and paralectotypes (4), OMNZ IV94332–35 [ex IV5713] (in alcohol). One or more paralectotypes formerly in Canterbury Museum, Christchurch (Hutton 1898 – 1900: 10), but not mentioned by Freeman et al. (1997), and apparently lost. However, the molluscan collection at CMNZ has radula fragments mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Janella papillata, Wellington, XIV p. 159’ in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.123), which is probably primary type material (see description of radula by Hutton 1882i: 159).</p><p>Label details. OMNZ IV5713—‘ Janella papillatus Hutton, Wellington (Hutton’s handwriting), Athoracophorus’.</p><p>Type locality. ‘ Wellington and Dunedin, on trees’ (Hutton 1879: 332) .</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1882i: pl. 5, figs 10, 11) probably from type material.</p><p>Remarks. The original description of this species was based on material from Wellington and Dunedin that was collected by Hutton himself (Hutton 1884c: 206). The type series was evidently split between collections at Otago and Canterbury museums (Hutton 1898 – 1900: 10; Suter 1913: 803). The collection at NHMUK contains a specimen from Dunedin labelled ‘ Janella papillata Hutton’, which was sent from Otago Museum to London as an exhibit in the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886, and subsequently purchased by the British Museum (i.e., NHMUK 1886.11.18.18). It is possible that this specimen is part of the type series, though the NHMUK molluscan accessions register and label details do not refer to it as type material, list the collector, or state who identified it. As discussed by Barker (2018: 218, 232), there has been considerable confusion over the identity and distribution of Janella papillata Hutton, 1879 . It was listed as a variety of Janella bitentaculata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard) by Hutton (1884c: 206) and Hedley (1893: 158), and subsequently reinstated as a full species by Cockerell (1891b: 217), who designated it as the type species of Pseudaneita Cockerell, 1891, based on morphological characters of the specimen in NHMUK 1886.11.18.18. Redescriptions of non-type material identified as Pseudaneita papillata were given by Suter (1913: 801) and Burton (1963: 61), who considered that this species was widely distributed throughout the South Island and the southern North Island. However, Barker (2018: 232) re-examined type material of Janella papillata Hutton, 1879 in OMNZ that had been collected in Wellington, and the specimen from Dunedin (ex OMNZ) in NHMUK 1886.11.18.18, and determined that at least two different species of athoracophorid slugs were represented. He designated a specimen from Wellington as the lectotype of J. papillata Hutton, 1879, noting that it is a “a common North Island, New Zealand Athoracophorus species, distinct from A. bitentaculatus (Quoy &amp; Gaimard) ”, and restricted the type locality of papillata to Wellington. He noted that the specimen in NHMUK 1886.11.18.18, and material from the South Island and southern North Island that most New Zealand workers from Suter (1909: 325) onwards have identified as papillata, is a different, as yet undescribed species. Barker (2018: 218) also pointed out that this has implications for the status of Pseudaneita Cockerell, 1891, which is unresolved at the time of writing.</p><p>Taxonomy: Treated here as Athoracophorus papillatus (Hutton, 1879) n. comb. —after Barker (2018: 232).</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand; southern North Island, according to Barker (2018: 232).</p><p>Family CHAROPIDAE Hutton, 1884</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA21FFC550B6FD89FDC7BE8B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA26FFC550B6FF3CFB60BB16.text	AD3987E6FA26FFC550B6FF3CFB60BB16.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fruticicola adriana Hutton 1883	<div><p>Fruticicola adriana Hutton, 1883</p><p>Pl. 2, fig. A</p><p>Hutton, 1883. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 476.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype (designated here), CMNZ M12774 [ex M162], and paralectotypes (4), CMNZ M162 (dry shells).</p><p>Label details. CMNZ M162—‘58. Psyra adriana Hutt., Christchurch’, pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting.</p><p>Type locality. ‘Christchurch (Brown)’ (Hutton, 1883g: 476); ‘Near Christchurch (R. Brown)’ (Hutton, 1884b: 176); ‘Banks Peninsula (R. Brown)’ (Hutton 1884c: 201).</p><p>Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of Fruticicola adriana to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 175), and was pre-empted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 476). A shell from the type series (lectotype) is illustrated here for the first time in pl. 2, fig. A. There has been confusion over the identity and distribution of this species. It was recorded from Napier and Banks Peninsula by Hutton (1884c: 201), from Banks Peninsula and a few North Island localities by Hedley &amp; Suter (1893: 639) and Suter (1894b: 252), and from mid Canterbury and throughout the North Island by Suter (1913: 637) and Powell (1979: 319). In a systematic review of Allodiscus and related genera, Marshall &amp; Barker (2008: 80, fig. 9A) reinterpreted Allodiscus adriana as a morphologically variable species with a wide distribution in the South Island extending from the vicinity of Reefton to Bluff. They listed Allodiscus smithi Suter, 1894, from Mt Somers in mid Canterbury, as a junior synonym of Allodiscus adriana (Hutton, 1883), albeit noting that type material of the two taxa differs morphologically. Preliminary results of a phylogenetic study indicate that Allodiscus adriana sensu Marshall &amp; Barker (2008) is in fact a complex of morphologically-similar but genetically distinct species, with typical Allodiscus adriana (Hutton, 1883) presently known from scattered records between Banks Peninsula and North Otago only (M. Kennedy &amp; T. King unpub. data). Genetic data are not yet available for A. smithi, but differences in shell morphology compared to adriana suggest that it should be reinstated as a valid species. The systematic relationships and distributions of other taxa in the ‘ adriana ’ complex from Canterbury, Otago and Southland are the subject of ongoing investigations.</p><p>Current taxonomy. Allodiscus adriana (Hutton, 1883) — Hedley &amp; Suter (1893: 639), Suter (1913: 637), Powell (1979: 319), Marshall &amp; Barker (2008: 80), Spencer et al. (2009: 215).</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand; South Island, Banks Peninsula to North Otago, as noted above.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA26FFC550B6FF3CFB60BB16	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA26FFC450B6FA9EFDE6BDD7.text	AD3987E6FA26FFC450B6FA9EFDE6BDD7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Patula bianca Hutton 1883	<div><p>Patula bianca Hutton, 1883</p><p>Pl. 2, fig. B</p><p>Hutton, 1883. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 475.</p><p>Type material. Formerly in Canterbury Museum, Christchurch (Hutton 1898 – 1900: 9, Suter 1913: 704), but not listed in the M catalogue. It was reported as missing by Freeman et al. (1997: 36), was not found during a search of the molluscan collection in 2017, and has apparently been lost.</p><p>Type locality. ‘Greymouth (R. Helms)’ (Hutton 1883g: 475, 1884b: 175).</p><p>Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 175), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 475). Hutton (1883g, 1884b) recorded P. bianca from Greymouth only, and Hutton (1884c: 192) listed additional records from ‘Auckland’ and ‘Horokiwi, Wellington’ in North Island, and ‘Bealey’ in South Island. There are no published illustrations of the type material of Patula bianca Hutton, 1883 and, as already noted, the type specimen(s) appears to have been lost. Nevertheless, Hutton’s (1884b: 175) description is accordant with one particular species living in the vicinity of Greymouth. Examination of the literature and museum collections indicates that this taxon was identified as bianca by Henry Suter, who undoubtedly would have examined the type material that was formerly present in Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, when he was working there (see Hyde 2017). New Zealand malacologists following on from Suter have also consistently used this name for the same taxon. One other species living in the vicinity of Greymouth, Paracharopa rimu Climo, 1985, has very similar shell morphology to, and is locally syntopic with bianca, but differs from Hutton’s (1884b: 175) description of the latter species in lacking a radial colour pattern. The fact that there does not appear to have been confusion over the identity of P. bianca means that designation of a neotype is not warranted. Suter (1892e: 293, pl. 21, figs. 21, 22), described and illustrated the jaw and radula of a specimen(s) from ‘Forty-mile Bush, North Island’. The first illustrations of a shell of P. bianca were by Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: 97, pl. 37, figs. 41, 42), probably based on material that had been sent to him by Suter (i.e., ANSP 63792, 63793). Descriptions of the shell, radula and reproductive anatomy of bianca were given by Suter (1913: 703, 1915: pl. 27, fig. 18, a) and Climo (1970: 290, table 2, text figs. 8F, 13F, 20C, 22I, pl. 1, fig. D). A topotype of Patula bianca Hutton, 1883 from near Point Elizabeth, on the northern outskirts of Greymouth, is illustrated here in pl. 2, fig. B (NMNZ M.329345). Hedley &amp; Suter (1893: 655), Suter (1893: 147, 152) and most subsequent authors have assigned this species to Charopa Albers, 1860 at genus or subgenus level. However, preliminary results of a phylogenetic study indicate that it belongs instead in Paracharopa Climo, 1983 (M. Kennedy unpub. data), as has been suggested previously by Mayhill (1994: 31, 32, 37, 38) and Worthy &amp; Holdaway (1994: 391). This species has a very wide distribution in the New Zealand region (below).</p><p>Taxonomy: Treated here as Paracharopa bianca (Hutton, 1883) —after Mayhill (1994), Worthy &amp; Holdaway (1994).</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand; North Island (sparse north of Auckland), Aotea/Great Barrier Island, Mercury Islands, Kapiti Island, islands in Marlborough Sounds, South Island, islands in Fiordland, Rakiura/Stewart Island and nearshore islands, Whenua Hou/Codfish Island, Chatham Islands and Antipodes Islands (Hutton 1884c: 192; Suter 1913: 704; Powell 1955: 125; Climo 1970: 291, fig. 2A; AIM and NMNZ collection records). Records of Charopa bianca (Hutton) from Auckland Islands by Powell (1979: 303), Spencer &amp; Willan (1996: 39) and Pugh &amp; Scott (2002: 933) appear to be in error.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA26FFC450B6FA9EFDE6BDD7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA27FFC750B6FBDDFAEABA63.text	AD3987E6FA27FFC750B6FBDDFAEABA63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Charopa cassandra Hutton 1883	<div><p>Charopa cassandra Hutton, 1883</p><p>Pl. 2, fig. C</p><p>Hutton, 1883. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 476.</p><p>Type material. In Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, according to Suter (1913: 638), overlooked and reported as missing by Freeman et al. (1997: 36), but one specimen rediscovered in 2017. Lectotype (designated here), CMNZ M240 (dry shell).</p><p>Label details. ‘Napier (56.), Hutton coll.’.</p><p>CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M240—‘ Allodiscus cassandra Hutton, Napier (1 specimen) (old No. 56) ’.</p><p>Type locality. Cited as ‘Napier’ by Hutton (1883g: 477, 1884b: 182, 1884c: 201), but this is an error (see below).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: 67, pl. 22, figs. 37–39—‘drawn from Prof. Hutton’s type’, ‘H. Suter, del.’), Suter (1915: pl. 9, figs. 2, a, b—probably the same shell as illustrated by Pilsbry).</p><p>Remarks. Hutton (1884b: 182) noted that “The only specimens I have seen were old and rubbed”, which suggests that the type material originally may have consisted of more than one specimen. He recorded the locality as Napier but did not state who had collected the type material. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 181), and was pre-empted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 476). There has been confusion over the identity and distribution of this species. It was tentatively assigned to Charopa Albers, 1860 by Hutton (1884b: 181), transferred to Psyra Hutton,1883 by Hutton (1884c: 201), and included in Allodiscus Pilsbry, 1892 by Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892– 1893]: 66, pl. 22, figs. 37–39) and subsequent authors. Hutton (1883g: 477, 1884b: 182, 1884c: 201), Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: 66), Hedley &amp; Suter (1893: 638), and Suter (1894b: 251) recorded this species from Napier only. Suter (1913: 638) thought that “the locality Napier, as stated by Hutton, is wrong”, and that Hutton’s species was instead from the Three Kings Islands, and this reinterpretation has been followed by subsequent workers, including Powell (1935, 1948, 1951, 1979), Climo (1973), Spencer &amp; Willan (1996: 40), Brook (1999 a, 2002) and Marshall &amp; Barker (2008). Suter (1913: 637–638) gave a description of putative cassandra based on specimens collected by Thomas Cheeseman and Captain John Bollons on Great Island, Three Kings Islands, but an accompanying illustration (Suter 1915: pl. 9, figs. 2, 2a, 2b) was of the type specimen previously illustrated by Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: 66, pl. 22, figs. 37–39). Climo (1973: 568) suggested that the type material of cassandra had been collected on Three Kings Islands by Cheeseman, but this is incorrect because the latter’s first visit there, and indeed the first known visit to these islands by any naturalist, was in 1887 (Cheeseman 1888, 1891), several years after the original description of this species.</p><p>Suter (1913) was undoubtedly correct in inferring that the record of Charopa cassandra Hutton, 1883 from Napier was erroneous. There are no extant or fossil land snail species known from Napier or elsewhere in the North Island that correspond to the descriptions and illustrations of this species, indicating that the type material was definitely mislocalised. However, although there are some similarities between Charopa cassandra as described by Hutton (1883g, 1884b) and illustrated by Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]) and Suter (1915), and the taxon from Three Kings Islands that was described by Suter (1913) and Marshall &amp; Barker (2008), there are also some important morphological differences. These include the fact that the latter has a closed rather than a narrowly open umbilicus; it has weak, almost obsolete axial ribs on the teleoconch, rather than very fine ribbing; it has a less elevated spire; and it has a different colour pattern, with broad, radiating, reddish-brown streaks at the suture, that transform into more numerous, irregular, anastomosing, wavy or zigzag axial bands on the periphery and base. Re-examination of recently rediscovered type material of Charopa cassandra Hutton, 1883 indicates that it is in fact conspecific with, and a junior synonym of, Phacussa fulminata (Hutton, 1882) . The holotype of the latter species is a fresh, modern shell from Rakiura/Stewart Island (see entry for Zonites fulminata below), whereas the lectotype of Charopa cassandra Hutton, 1883 is a larger fossil shell that closely matches Phacussa fulminata from Holocene dune deposits on Native Island in Paterson Inlet, Rakiura. The species of Allodiscus from Three Kings Islands that was referred to as cassandra by Suter (1913) and subsequent authors is un-named and requires formal description.</p><p>Taxonomy. Treated here as a subjective junior synonym of Phacussa fulminata (Hutton, 1882) N. syn.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA27FFC750B6FBDDFAEABA63	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA24FFC650B6FB49FAA6BF94.text	AD3987E6FA24FFC650B6FB49FAA6BF94.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amphidoxa cornea Hutton 1882	<div><p>Amphidoxa cornea Hutton, 1882</p><p>Pl. 2, fig. D</p><p>Hutton, 1882. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 281.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype (designated here), CMNZ M12777 [ex M285], paralectotypes, AIM MA83811 (1), CMNZ M285 (4), CMNZ M1069 [ex ZS 704] (2), and possible paralectotypes, NMNZ M.275831 [ex H. Suter colln.] (2) (dry shells). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has a radula mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Amphidoxa cornea, Auckland, XVI p. 171’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.2), which is probably primary type material (see radula description by Hutton 1883d: 136).</p><p>Label details. AIM MA83811—‘ Flammulina cornea Hutt., Auckland (ex. Hutton)’; CMNZ M285—‘35. Amphidoxa cornea Hutton, Auckland’, pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting; NMNZ M.275831—‘ Flammulina cornea Hutt., Auckland, Hutt.,’ in H. Suter’s handwriting.</p><p>CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M1069—‘ Flammulina cornea Hutton, Auckland (old number ZS 704)’.</p><p>Type locality. ‘ Auckland (T. F. Cheeseman)’ (Hutton, 1882p: 281, 1883d: 136).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1884b: pl. 10, fig. A) probably from type material; Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: 75, pl. 22, figs. 64–66—‘drawn by Mr. Suter from Prof. Hutton’s type’); Suter (1915: pl. 9, fig. 9, a, b—possibly the same shell as illustrated by Pilsbry).</p><p>Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1882, but publication was delayed until May 1883 (Hutton 1883d: 136), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1882p: 281). Descriptions by Hutton (1884b: 171) of a jaw and radula of cornea were probably based on the putative type material in CMNZ 2017.17.2 mentioned above, whereas the description of an animal purported to be cornea was based on a specimen from Greymouth that was neither type material of, nor conspecific with, Amphidoxa cornea Hutton, 1882 . From Pilsbry (1893 [in 1893–1895]: 18) and Hedley &amp; Suter (1893: 643) onwards, cornea has generally been assigned to Flammulina Martens, 1873 at subgenus or genus level. Examination of material in museum collections indicate that it is a relatively scarce species with a sparse distribution in northern New Zealand (below).</p><p>Current taxonomy. Flammulina cornea (Hutton, 1882) — Hedley &amp; Suter (1893: 643), Suter (1913: 675), Powell (1979: 313), Spencer et al. (2009: 215).</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand; northern North Island, from Taipa south to Auckland and Coromandel Range, and on Aotea/Great Barrier Island and Hauturu/Little Barrier Island (AIM and NMNZ collection records).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA24FFC650B6FB49FAA6BF94	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA25FFC650B6FE1DFE56B853.text	AD3987E6FA25FFC650B6FE1DFE56B853.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amphidoxa costulata Hutton 1882	<div><p>Amphidoxa costulata Hutton, 1882</p><p>Pl. 2, fig. E</p><p>Hutton, 1882. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 281.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype (designated by Climo 1970: 335), CMNZ M12778 [ex M294], and paralectotypes (2), CMNZ M294 (dry shells). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has radula fragments mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Calymna costulata, Auckland, XVI p. 171’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.11), which is probably primary type material (see radula description by Hutton 1883d: 136).</p><p>Label details. CMNZ M294—‘38. Calymna costulata Hutton, Auckland’, pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting.</p><p>Type locality. ‘ Auckland (T. F. Cheeseman)’ Hutton (1882p: 281, 1883d: 136).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1884b: pl. 10, fig. D) probably from type material; Pilsbry (1893 [in 1893–1895]: 346, pl. 3, figs. 20–22—‘ Type. Suter, del.’); Suter (1915: pl. 26, figs. 15, a, b—possibly type material).</p><p>Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1882, but publication was delayed until May 1883 (Hutton 1883d: 136), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1882p: 281). A description by Hutton (1884b: 171) of a radula of costulata was probably based on the putative type material in CMNZ 2017.17.11 mentioned above. Amphidoxa costulata Hutton, 1882 is the type species of Calymna Hutton, 1883, by original designation, and of Flammocharopa Climo, 1970, also by original designation. As noted in the section on Hutton’s genus group names (above), Calymna Hutton, 1883 has been incorrectly interpreted as a homonym of Calymma Hübner, (1816–1826) 1823 [ Lepidoptera] by Pilsbry (1893 [in 1893–1895]: 17), Suter (1913: 671), Thiele (1931 [1929–1935]: 575), Zilch (1959 [in 1959–1960]: 222) and Schileyko (2001: 1025), based on a subsequent misspelling of the latter name as ‘ Calymna Hübner’ by Walker (1858: 13). Flammocharopa Climo, 1970 has the same type species as Calymna Hutton, and is a junior synonym.</p><p>Taxonomy. Calymna costulata (Hutton, 1882) —after Hutton (1883i: 532, 1884c: 199), Pilsbry (1893 [in 1893– 1895]: 346), Hedley &amp; Suter (1893: 645), Suter (1894b: 241).</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand; North Island, currently interpreted as being widely distributed from Northland to Wairarapa (e.g., Suter 1913: 676, Climo 1970: 335, Powell 1979: 308), but examination of material in the AIM and NMNZ collections indicates that this refers to a species complex, and the identity and distribution of Hutton’s species need to be re-evaluated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA25FFC650B6FE1DFE56B853	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA25FFC850B6F94EFC43BCF7.text	AD3987E6FA25FFC850B6F94EFC43BCF7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pfeifferia cressida Hutton 1883	<div><p>Pfeifferia cressida Hutton, 1883</p><p>Pl. 2, fig. F</p><p>Hutton, 1883. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 476.</p><p>Type material. In Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, according to Suter (1913: 650), overlooked and reported as missing by Freeman et al. (1997: 36), but one damaged specimen rediscovered in 2017. Lectotype (designated here), CMNZ M231 (dry shell). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has radula fragments mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Pyrrha cressida, Southland, XVI p. 178’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.52), which is probably primary type material (see description of radula and jaw by Hutton 1884b: 178).</p><p>CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M231—‘ Pyrrha cressida Hutton, Southland (1 specimen) (old No. 51) ’.</p><p>Type locality. ‘Waiau, Southland (G. M. Thomson)’ (Hutton 1883g: 476, 1884b: 178).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Jaw and radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1884b: pl. 9, fig. X, pl. 11, fig. N) probably from type material; Pilsbry (1893 [in 1893–1895]: 346, pl. 3, figs. 17–19—‘ Type. Suter, del.’).</p><p>Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of Pfeifferia (?) cressida to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 178), and was pre-empted by his brief description of Pfeiffera [sic] (?) cressida in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 476). Pfeifferia cressida Hutton, 1883 is the type species of Pyrrha Hutton, 1883 (non Cabanis 1849), by original designation, and of the replacement genus name Thermia Hutton, 1904, by designation of Hutton (1883i: 532) (see ICZN Article 67.8).</p><p>Current taxonomy. Thermia cressida (Hutton, 1883) — Suter (1913: 649), Powell (1979: 316), Spencer et al. (2009: 216).</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand; previously interpreted as having a wide distribution in the southern and western South Island, and on Stewart Island (e.g., Suter 1913: 650; Powell 1979: 316; Spencer &amp; Willan 1996: 41), but preliminary results of a phylogenetic study (M. Kennedy unpub. data) indicate that this refers to a species complex, and the identity and distribution of Hutton’s species need to be re-evaluated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA25FFC850B6F94EFC43BCF7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA2BFFC850B6FCFCFBE0B882.text	AD3987E6FA2BFFC850B6FCFCFBE0B882.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zonites fulminata Hutton 1882	<div><p>Zonites fulminata Hutton, 1882</p><p>Pl. 2, fig. G</p><p>Hutton, 1882. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 281.</p><p>Type material. Holotype, by monotypy, CMNZ M252 (dry shell). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has radula fragments mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Phacussa fulminata, Stewart Is., XVI p. 173’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.114), which is probably from the holotype (see descriptions of radula and jaw by Hutton 1883d: 138, 1884b: 173).</p><p>Label details. CMNZ M252—‘44. Phacussa fulminata Hutton, Stewart Island’, pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting.</p><p>Type locality. ‘Stewart Island (T. Kirk)’ (Hutton 1882p: 281), ‘Stewart Island (Mr. T. Kirk, a single specimen)’ (Hutton 1883d: 138).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1884b: pl. 10, fig. J) probably from holotype.</p><p>Remarks. The original description of Zonites fulminata was based on a single specimen (Hutton 1883d: 138). Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1882, but publication was delayed until May 1883 (Hutton 1883d: 138), and was pre-empted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1882p: 281).A description by Hutton (1884b: 173, pl. 10, fig. J) of a radula of fulminata was probably based on the putative type material in CMNZ 2017.17.114 mentioned above. Charopa cassandra Hutton, 1883 is a subjective junior synonym of Zonites fulminata Hutton, 1882, as noted in the entry for the former species (above).</p><p>Current taxonomy. Phacussa fulminata (Hutton, 1882) — Hutton (1884b: 173, 1884c: 206), Suter (1913: 623), Powell (1979: 315), Spencer et al. (2009: 215).</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand; Whenua Hou/Codfish Island, Rakiura/Stewart Island and nearshore islands (Suter 1913: 624; Dell 1954b: 138; Powell 1979: 315; AIM and NMNZ collection records).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA2BFFC850B6FCFCFBE0B882	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA2BFFCB50B6F8EAFEDDBA60.text	AD3987E6FA2BFFCB50B6F8EAFEDDBA60.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zonites helmsii Hutton 1882	<div><p>Zonites helmsii Hutton, 1882</p><p>Pl. 2, fig. H</p><p>Hutton, 1882. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 281.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype (designated here), CMNZ M12783 [ex M254], and paralectotypes, CMNZ M254 (6), CMNZ M1068 [ex ZS 653] (3), NMNZ M.275691 [ex H. Suter colln.] (4) (dry shells). The molluscan collection</p><p>at CMNZ has radulae and jaws mounted on glass slides with the label details ‘ Phacussa helmsi, Greymouth, XVI p. 172’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.117–119), which are probably primary type material (see descriptions of radula and jaw by Hutton 1883d: 138, 1884b: 172–173).</p><p>Label details. CMNZ M254—‘42. Phacussa helmsi Hutton, Greymouth’, pillboxlabel—in Hutton’s handwriting; NMNZ M.275691—’18. Flammulina Phacussa helmsi, Hutt., Hel., Greymouth’, in H. Suter’s handwriting.</p><p>CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M1068—‘ Phacussa helmsi Hutton, Greymouth (old number ZS 653)’.</p><p>Type locality. ‘Greymouth (R. Helms)’ (Hutton 1882p: 281, 1883d: 138).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Jaw and radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1884b: pl. 10, fig. I, pl. 11, fig. W) probably from type material.</p><p>Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1882, but publication was delayed until May 1883 (Hutton 1883d: 137), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1882p: 281). A shell from the type series (lectotype) is illustrated here for the first time in pl. 2, fig. H. The species name has been consistently listed as helmsi by New Zealand authors from Hutton (1884b: 172, 1884c: 205) onwards (e.g., Suter 1913: 624, Powell 1979: 315, Spencer et al. 2009: 215), and because this subsequent spelling has been in prevailing use since 1884 it is deemed to be correct under ICZN Articles 33.4 and 33.3.1. Descriptions by Hutton (1884b: 172–173, pl. 10, fig. I, pl. 11, fig. W) of the jaw and radula of helmsi were probably based on the putative type material in CMNZ 2017.17.117–2017.17.119 mentioned above. Zonites helmsi is the type species of Phacussa Hutton, 1883, by subsequent designation of Pilsbry (1893 [in 1893–1895]: 12). Phelussa Iredale, 1915 is an unnecessary replacement name for Phacussa Hutton, 1883 . Phacussa helmsi has been interpreted as having a wide distribution in the southern South Island (e.g., Suter 1913: 625; Powell 1979: 315), but this refers to a species complex (M. Kennedy unpub. data), and the identity and distribution of Hutton’s species needs to be re-evaluated. At present it is known definitely from the West Coast only (below).</p><p>Current taxonomy. Phacussa helmsi (Hutton, 1882) — Hutton (1884b: 172, 1884c: 205), Suter (1913: 624), Powell (1979: 315), Spencer et al. (2009: 215).</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand; South Island, West Coast, between Greymouth and Westport (AIM and NMNZ collection records).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA2BFFCB50B6F8EAFEDDBA60	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA28FFCB50B6FB7CFAC1B8D1.text	AD3987E6FA28FFCB50B6FB7CFAC1B8D1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phacussa helmsi var. maculata Hutton 1884	<div><p>Phacussa helmsi var. maculata Hutton, 1884</p><p>Pl. 3, fig. A</p><p>Hutton, 1884. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 16 (1883): 205.</p><p>Type material. Syntypes (6), CMNZ M253 (dry shells). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has radula fragments mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Phacussa maculata, Greymouth, XVI p. 172’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.115), which is probably primary type material.</p><p>Label details. CMNZ M253—‘43. Phacussa helmsii var. maculata Hutton, Greymouth’, pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting.</p><p>Type locality. ‘Greymouth (Helms)’ (Hutton 1884c: 205).</p><p>Remarks. The type material of Phacussa helmsi var. maculata Hutton, 1883 was reported as missing by Freeman et al. (1997: 36) but has since been found. A shell from the type series is illustrated here for the first time in pl. 3, fig. A. Phacussa helmsi var. maculata Hutton, 1883 was described from material from the same locality as Phacussa helmsi (Hutton, 1882), and is a colour form of the latter taxon that does not warrant separate taxonomic status.</p><p>Current taxonomy. A subjective junior synonym of Phacussa helmsi (Hutton, 1882) — Suter (1913: 624).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA28FFCB50B6FB7CFAC1B8D1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA28FFCA50B6F8D8FE64BA60.text	AD3987E6FA28FFCA50B6F8D8FE64BA60.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amphidoxa jacquenetta Hutton 1883	<div><p>Amphidoxa jacquenetta Hutton, 1883</p><p>Pl. 3, fig. B</p><p>Hutton, 1883. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 476.</p><p>Type material. In Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, according to Hutton (1898 – 1900: 7) and Suter (1913: 650), overlooked and reported as missing by Freeman et al. (1997: 36), but one damaged specimen rediscovered in 2017. Lectotype (designated here), CMNZ M277 (dry shell). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has radula fragments mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Amphidoxa jacquenetta, Greymouth, XVI p. 179’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.15), which is probably primary type material (see descriptions of radula and jaw by Hutton 1884b: 180).</p><p>Label details. ‘36. Amphidoxa jacquenetta Hutton, Greymouth’, pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting.</p><p>CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M277—‘ Flammulina jacquenetta Hutton, Greymouth (1 specimen) (old No. 36) ’.</p><p>Type locality. ‘Greymouth (R. Helms)’ (Hutton 1883g: 476, 1884b: 180).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1884b: pl. 10, fig. C) probably from type material; Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: 76, pl. 22, figs. 70–72—‘drawings of Prof. Hutton’s type, furnished by Mr. Suter’); Suter (1915: pl. 9, figs. 11, a, b—possibly the same shell as illustrated by Pilsbry).</p><p>Remarks. Based on one or more specimens collected from Greymouth by Richard Helms. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 179), and was pre-empted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 476). From Pilsbry (1893 [in 1893–1895]: 18) and Hedley &amp; Suter (1893: 643) onwards, jacquenetta has generally been assigned to Flammulina Martens, 1873 at subgenus or genus level. However, whereas the protoconch of Flammulina zebra (Le Guillou, 1842), the type species of this genus, is smooth and lacking in sculpture, that of jacquenetta has a distinctive sculpture of diagonally reticulated riblets with beaded intersections, which indicates that these two species are probably not congeneric. Recorded from Greymouth only by Hutton (1884c: 198), Suter (1913: 679) and Powell (1979: 314), but examination of material in museum collections indicates that jacquenetta has a sparse distribution in the northwestern South Island (below).</p><p>Current taxonomy. Flammulina jacquenetta (Hutton, 1883) — Hedley &amp; Suter (1893: 643), Suter (1913: 678), Powell (1979: 314), Spencer et al. (2009: 215), but the genus level placement requires re-evaluation.</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand; northwestern South Island, between Whanganui Inlet and Greymouth (AIM and NMNZ collection records).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA28FFCA50B6F8D8FE64BA60	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA29FFCD50B6FB49FB7BBFEB.text	AD3987E6FA29FFCD50B6FB49FB7BBFEB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Patula jessica Hutton 1883	<div><p>Patula jessica Hutton, 1883</p><p>Pl. 3, fig. C</p><p>Hutton, 1883. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 475.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype (designated here), NMNZ M.34443 [ex M.125544], and paralectotypes, AIM MA72976 [formerly AM25433] (1), CMNZ M72 (5), CMNZ M1058 [ex ZS 715] (13), NMNZ M.125544 [ex H. Suter colln.] (9), (dry shells). Details in the CMNZ molluscan catalogue indicate that lot M9924 [ex M72] is also primary type material of Patula jessica Hutton, 1883, and it was listed by Freeman et al. (1997: 31), but was not found during a search of the CMNZ molluscan collection in 2017.</p><p>Label details. AIM MA72976—‘ Ptychodon jessica (Hutton), Bealey (Idt. H. Suter) (syntypes)’ in A.W.B. Powell’s handwriting; CMNZ M72—‘68. Patula jessica Hutton, Bealey’, pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting; NMNZ M.125544—‘2039. Endodonta jessica, Hutton, Co-type specim., Hutt., Bealey’, in H. Suter’s handwriting.</p><p>CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M1058—‘ Endodonta jessica Hutton, Bealey (old number ZS 715)’.</p><p>Type locality. ‘Bealey (Haast)’ (Hutton 1883g: 475), ‘Bealey, Canterbury (Dr. v. Haast)’ (Hutton 1884b: 174).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Shell(s) illustrated by Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: pl. 24, figs. 24–27, ‘H. Suter, del.’) and Suter (1915: pl. 9, figs. 15, a–c) may be from the type series.</p><p>Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 174), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 475). Hutton’s descriptions of Patula jessica were based on more than one specimen, and he did not designate a holotype. Climo (1969: 193) incorrectly stated that the ‘holotype’ was in Canterbury Museum, but this is not a valid lectotype fixation according to either Art. 74.5 or Art. 74.6 of the ICZN (1999) Code, because he was aware that the type material consisted of more than one specimen, and did not explicitly indicate that he was selecting a particular specimen to serve as the name-bearing type. Three paralectotype lots of P. jessica are mixed species assemblages: CMNZ M72 contains four specimens that are conspecific with the lectotype and one specimen of Charopidae sp. 45 (sensu Spencer et al. 2009); CMNZ M1058 contains ten specimens that are conspecific with the lectotype and three specimens of Charopidae sp. 45; and NMNZ M.125544 contains eight specimens that are conspecific with the lectotype and two of Charopidae sp. 45.</p><p>Current taxonomy. Fectola jessica (Hutton, 1883) — Climo (1978a: 186, 1989: 589), Spencer et al. (2009: 215).</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand; northern South Island (Climo 1978a: 186, fig. 3; 1989: fig. 1B).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA29FFCD50B6FB49FB7BBFEB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA2EFFCD50B6FDC1FEDDB972.text	AD3987E6FA2EFFCD50B6FDC1FEDDB972.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Strobila leiodon Hutton 1882	<div><p>Strobila leiodon Hutton, 1882</p><p>Pl. 3, fig. D</p><p>Hutton, 1882. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 281.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype (designated here), CMNZ 59.3, and paralectotypes, CMNZ M59 (6), CMNZ M9923 [ex M59] (2) (dry shells). Details in the CMNZ molluscan catalogue indicate that lots M1065 [ZS 723] and M12776 [ex M1065] are also primary type material of Strobila leiodon Hutton, 1882 (see below), with the former lot being listed by Freeman et al. (1997: 31). However, neither of these lots were found during a search of the CMNZ molluscan collection in 2017. The collection at CMNZ has a radula mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Huttonella leioda, Greymouth, XVI p. 166’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.105), which is probably primary type material (see descriptions of radula by Hutton 1883d: 136, 1884b: 166).</p><p>Label details. CMNZ M59—‘69. Strobila leiodon Hutton, Greymouth’, pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting.</p><p>CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M1065—‘ Endodonta leiodon Hutton, Greymouth (old number ZS 723)’.</p><p>Type locality. ‘Greymouth (R. Helms)’ (Hutton 1882p: 281, 1883d: 136).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1884b: pl. 9, fig. P) probably from type material; Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: 87, pl. 24, figs. 32–35—‘drawn by Mr. Suter from the type specimens’); Suter (1915: pl. 9, figs. 16, a–c—possibly type material).</p><p>Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of Strobila leiodon to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1882, but publication was delayed until May 1883 (Hutton 1883d: 135), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1882p: 281). A description by Hutton (1884b: 166, pl. 9, fig. P) of a radula of leiodon was probably based on the putative type material in CMNZ 2017.17.105 mentioned above. Hutton’s descriptions of S. leiodon were based on more than one specimen, and he did not designate a holotype. Climo (1969: 194) incorrectly stated that the ‘holotype’ was in Canterbury Museum, but this is not a valid lectotype fixation according to either Art. 74.5 or Art. 74.6 of the ICZN (1999) Code, because he was aware that the type material consisted of more than one specimen, and did not explicitly indicate that he was selecting a particular specimen to serve as the name-bearing type. Strobila leiodon Hutton, 1882 is the type species of Ptychodon Ancey, 1888, by original designation. It is also the type species of Huttonella Suter, 1890 (non Huttonella Pfeiffer, 1856), by subsequent designation of Schileyko (2001: 937), and hence also of the replacement genus name Maoriana Suter, 1891 (see ICZN Article 67.8). The two last-mentioned genus names were treated as junior synonyms of Ptychodon by Schileyko (2001: 937).</p><p>Current taxonomy. Ptychodon leiodon (Hutton, 1882) — Ancey (1888: 372), Iredale (1915: 481), Climo (1978a: 181, 1989: 623), Spencer et al. (2009: 216).</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand; western South Island, predominantly in the northern part between Golden Bay and Hokitika, with scattered records south to Hollyford Valley, Fiordland (Climo 1989: 625, fig. 22; AIM and NMNZ collection records).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA2EFFCD50B6FDC1FEDDB972	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA2FFFCC50B6FF74FB47BB87.text	AD3987E6FA2FFFCC50B6FF74FB47BB87.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Patula lucetta Hutton, Hawkes 1884	<div><p>Patula lucetta Hutton, 1884</p><p>Pl. 3, fig. E</p><p>Hutton, 1884. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 16 (1883): 162.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype (designated here), CMNZ M217.2, and paralectotypes (6), CMNZ M217 (dry shells).</p><p>Label details. CMNZ M217: ‘88. Patula lucetta Hutton, Hawkes Bay’, pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting.</p><p>Type locality. ‘ Hawke’s Bay (W. Colenso)’ (Hutton 1884b: 163) .</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Hutton (1884b; pl. 11, fig. A—radula).</p><p>Remarks. Patula lucetta Hutton, 1884 is a subjective synonym of Helix (Patula) stokesi Smith, 1884, which was described from material collected in Wairarapa, North Island (e.g., Hedley &amp; Suter 1893: 654; Suter, 1894b: 268, 1913: 668; Cumber, 1961: 186; Powell, 1979: 323; Brook &amp;Ablett 2019: 58). Hutton’s and Smith’s descriptions were published in May 1884 (see title page of the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883), and October 1884 (see Duncan 1937: 74), respectively, so Patula lucetta Hutton,1884 has priority, as noted by Powell (1979: 323). The type material of this species was listed as being in Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, by Hutton (1898 – 1900: 9), and reported as missing by Freeman et al. (1997: 36) but has since been found. It comprises a mixed assemblage, containing five specimens of P. lucetta one of which (lectotype) is illustrated for the first time in pl. 3, fig. E, and two of Charopa coma (Gray, 1843) . This is consistent with the observation by Murdoch (1899: 323), that Hutton’s original account of P. lucetta described the shell and animal coloration of his new species, and a radula of C. coma . Patula lucetta has been listed in genus Phenacohelix Suter, 1892 (e.g., Suter 1913: 668; Powell 1979: 323; Goulstone 2001: 57; Spencer et al. 2009: 216), in Phenacohelix (Neophenacohelix) Cumber, 1961 by Cumber (1961: 186), and in genus Neophenacohelix Cumber, 1961 by Marshall &amp; Worthy (2017: 305), but preliminary results of a phylogenetic study (M. Kennedy &amp; T. King unpub. data) indicate that it belongs in genus Phacussa Hutton, 1883 . Patula lucetta has been recorded from both the North and South islands (e.g., Hedley &amp; Suter 1893: 654; Suter 1894b: 269, 1913: 669; Powell 1979: 323; Goulstone 2001: 59, fig. 12). However, Cumber (1961: 186) noted that there are morphological differences between populations on either side of Cook Strait and referred to the taxon as a species complex. The phylogenetic study referred to above found that COI sequences in populations from the North and South islands differed substantially (M. Kennedy &amp; T. King unpub. data), indicating that they should be treated as separate species.Accordingly, Hutton’s name is used here for North Island populations only (below), and northern South Island populations that were previously referred to as lucetta are treated here as an unnamed sister species of lucetta, with a distribution from Marlborough Sounds to Nelson Lakes (AIM and NMNZ collection records). Records of lucetta from ‘Greymouth (R. Helms)’ by Hedley &amp; Suter (1893: 654), Suter (1894b: 269, 1913: 669) and Cumber (1961: 188) were based on mislocalised material (i.e., NMNZ M.275314).</p><p>Taxonomy. Treated here as Phacussa lucetta (Hutton, 1884) n. comb.</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand; southern North Island, from Wellington and Wairarapa north to Mt. Taranaki, Lake Taupo and Urewera (Suter 1913: 669 —as Phenacohelix stokesi in part; Cumber 1961: 188 —as P. stokesi in part; Powell 1979: 323 in part; Goulstone 2001: 59, fig. 12 in part; AIM and NMNZ collection records).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA2FFFCC50B6FF74FB47BB87	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA2FFFCE50B6F9EEFED8BCBF.text	AD3987E6FA2FFFCE50B6F9EEFED8BCBF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Charopa miranda Hutton 1883	<div><p>Charopa miranda Hutton, 1883</p><p>Pl. 3, fig. F</p><p>Hutton, 1883. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 476.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype (designated by Marshall &amp; Barker 2008: 145), CMNZ M12780 [ex M239], and paralectotypes, CMNZ M239 (1), CMNZ M12785 [ex M239] (4) (dry shells). Paralectotypes in CMNZ M12785 are Granallodiscus mayhillae Marshall &amp; Barker, 2008, according to Marshall &amp; Barker (2008: 145). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has radula fragments mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Psyra miranda, Greymouth, XVI p. 180’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.70), which is probably primary type material (see descriptions of radula and jaw by Hutton 1884b: 181).</p><p>Label details. CMNZ M239—‘59. Psyra miranda Hutton, Greymouth’, pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting.</p><p>Type locality. ‘Greymouth (R. Helms)’ (Hutton 1883g: 476, 1884b: 181).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Jaw and radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1884b: pl. 9, fig. W, pl. 11, fig. S) probably from type material; Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: 68, 303, pl. 22, figs. 40–42—‘drawn from Prof. Hutton’s type’, ‘H. Suter, del.’); Suter (1915: pl. 9, figs. 3, a, b—possibly type material).</p><p>Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 180), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 476). There has been confusion over the identity and distribution of Charopa miranda Hutton, 1883, as indicated in synonymies by Marshall &amp; Barker (2008). In order to stabilize the nomenclature the last-mentioned authors designated a lectotype of miranda (CMNZ M12780), illustrated here in pl. 3 fig. F, which they also designated as a neotype of Helix granum Pfeiffer, 1857, thus making Charopa miranda Hutton, 1883 a junior synonym of the latter taxon. According to Marshall &amp; Barker (2008: 146, fig. 33B), this species has a wide distribution in the southeastern North Island and northern South Island.</p><p>Current taxonomy. An objective junior synonym of Granallodiscus granum (Pfeiffer, 1857) — Marshall &amp; Barker (2008: 145).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA2FFFCE50B6F9EEFED8BCBF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA2DFFCE50B6FD34FEDDB8E6.text	AD3987E6FA2DFFCE50B6FD34FEDDB8E6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gerontia pantherina Hutton, Greymouth 1882	<div><p>Gerontia pantherina Hutton, 1882</p><p>Pl. 3, fig. G</p><p>Hutton, 1882. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 281.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype (designated here), CMNZ M12781 [ex M244], and paralectotypes, CMNZ M244 (3), CMNZ M1037 [ex ZS 662] (3), NMNZ M.275967 [ex H. Suter colln.] (4) (dry shells). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has radula fragments mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Gerontia pantherina, Greymouth, XVI p. 166’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.49), which is probably primary type material (see description of radula by Hutton 1883d: 135).</p><p>Label details. CMNZ M244—‘39. Gerontia pantherina Hutton, Greymouth’, pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting; NMNZ M.275967—‘94. Flammulina Gerontia pantherina, Hutt., Hel. [= R. Helms], Greymouth’, in H. Suter’s handwriting.</p><p>CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M1037—‘ Gerontia pantherina Hutton, Greymouth (old number ZS 662)’.</p><p>Type locality. ‘Greymouth (R. Helms)’ (Hutton 1882p: 281, 1883d: 135).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Jaw and radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1884b, pl. 9, fig. I, pl. 11, fig. R) and Pilsbry (1893 [in 1893–1895]: pl. 2, figs. 4, 5) probably from type material.</p><p>Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of Gerontia pantherina to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1882, but publication was delayed until May 1883 (Hutton 1883d: 135), and was pre-empted by his brief description of Gerantia [sic] pantherina in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1882p: 281). Descriptions by Hutton (1884b: 166, pl. 9, fig. I, pl. 11, fig. R) of a jaw and radula of pantherina were probably based on the putative type material in CMNZ 2017.17.49 mentioned above. Gerontia pantherina is the type species of Gerontia Hutton, 1882, by monotypy.</p><p>Current taxonomy. Gerontia pantherina Hutton, 1882 — Hutton (1883d: 135), Suter (1913: 634), Powell (1979: 312), Spencer et al. (2009: 215).</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand; western South Island, predominantly in the northern part between Burnett Range and Ross, with scattered records south to Jackson Head (Suter 1913: 635; Powell 1979: 312; AIM and NMNZ collection records).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA2DFFCE50B6FD34FEDDB8E6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA2DFFF150B6F8CEFF56BAFC.text	AD3987E6FA2DFFF150B6F8CEFF56BAFC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amphidoxa perdita Hutton 1883	<div><p>Amphidoxa perdita Hutton, 1883</p><p>Pl. 3, fig. H</p><p>Hutton, 1883. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 476.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype (designated here), CMNZ M275.1, paralectotypes, CMNZ M275.2 – 4 (3), CMNZ M276</p><p>(3), CMNZ M1067 [ex ZS 710] (6), CMNZ M12782 [ex M276] (1) (dry shells); possible paralectotypes, NMNZ M.275988 [ex H. Suter colln.] (3) (dry shells). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has a radula and jaw mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Amphidoxa perdita, Greymouth, XVI p. 179’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.19), which is probably primary type material (see descriptions of radula and jaw by Hutton 1884b: 179, pl. 11, figs. C, Q).</p><p>CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M275—‘ Flammulina perdita Hutton, Auckland (4 specimens) (old No. 37)’; M276—‘ Flammulina perdita Hutton, Greymouth (4 specimens) (old No. 37)’; M1067—‘ Flammulina perdita Hutton, Auckland (7 specimens) (old number ZS 710) ’.</p><p>Label details. NMNZ M.275988—‘91, Flammulina perdita Hutt., Greymouth, Hel. ’, in H. Suter’s handwriting.</p><p>Type locality. ‘ Auckland (Cheeseman)’ (Hutton 1883g: 476), ‘Greymouth (R. Helms)’ (Hutton 1884b: 179).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Jaw and radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1884b: pl. 11, figs. C, Q) probably from type material; shell(s) illustrated by Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: pl. 22, figs. 73–75, ‘H. Suter, del.’) and Suter (1915: pl. 9, figs. 12, a, b) may be from the type series.</p><p>Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 179), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 476). Locality details listed by Hutton (1883g: 476, 1884b: 179) indicate that the original description of Amphidoxa perdita was based on a type series that included material collected in Auckland by Thomas Cheeseman and in Greymouth by Richard Helms. A lectotype is designated here from the Auckland material (CMNZ M275.1), and is illustrated in pl. 3, fig. H. This species has a very wide distribution in New Zealand (below). From Pilsbry (1893 [in 1893–1895]: 18) and Hedley &amp; Suter (1893: 643) onwards, perdita has generally been assigned to Flammulina Martens, 1873 at subgenus or genus level.</p><p>Current taxonomy. Flammulina perdita (Hutton, 1883) — Hedley &amp; Suter (1893: 644), Suter (1913: 680), Powell (1979: 314), Spencer et al. (2009: 215).</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand; North Island and offshore islands, including Marotere/Chicken Islands, Taranga/ Hen Island, Aotea/Great Barrier Island, Hauturu/Little Barrier Island, Tuhua/Mayor Island, Kapiti Island; South Island and nearshore islands in Marlborough Sounds and Fiordland; Whenua Hou/Codfish Island, Rakiura/Stewart Island and nearshore islands (Suter 1913: 680; Dell 1954b: 142; Powell 1979: 314; AIM and NMNZ collection records).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA2DFFF150B6F8CEFF56BAFC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA12FFF050B6FAF5FCCDBDBB.text	AD3987E6FA12FFF050B6FAF5FCCDBDBB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Charopa planulata Hutton 1883	<div><p>Charopa planulata Hutton, 1883</p><p>Pl. 4, figs. A, B</p><p>Hutton, 1883. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 477.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype (designated by Climo &amp; Mahlfeld 1998: 2), CMNZ M12773 [ex M1039], and paralectotypes (2), CMNZ M1039 [ex ZS 671] (dry shells).</p><p>Label details. CMNZ M1039—‘ Auckland, T.F. Cheeseman Coll.’</p><p>CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M1039—‘ Allodiscus planulatus Hutton, Auckland (old number ZS 671)’.</p><p>Type locality. ‘ Auckland (T. F. Cheeseman)’ (Hutton 1883g: 477, 1884b: 181).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1884b: pl. 9, fig. J) probably from type material; Climo &amp; Mahlfeld (1998: fig. 1A—lectotype).</p><p>Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 181), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 477). There has been considerable confusion over the identity and distribution of Charopa planulata, as indicated by synonymies of Climo &amp; Mahlfeld (1998) and Marshall &amp; Barker (2008: 83, 85, 115, 116). Following misidentifications by Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: 67; 1893 [in 1893–1895]: pl. 3, figs. 4–6), planulata was generally assigned to Allodiscus Pilsbry, 1892 at subgenus or genus level, and Hutton’s species name was misapplied to several different taxa, and interpreted as having a wide distribution in New Zealand (e.g., Suter 1913; Powell 1979). Climo &amp; Mahlfeld (1998) stated that all previous records of planulata except the type material were of other species, and they reassigned Charopa planulata Hutton, 1883 to genus Chaureopa Climo, 1985 .</p><p>Charopa planulata Hutton, 1883 is possibly conspecific with Chaureopa microumbilicata Climo, 1985 . Type material of the former taxon has a shell of up to 2.7 mm diameter at 4.0 whorls, with a slightly elevated spire, an almost closed umbilicus, teleoconch sculpture of crisp, closely-spaced, sigmoidal radial ribs, and a smooth, glossy protoconch of 1.3–1.4 whorls and maximum diameter of 0.53–0.60 mm. Chaureopa microumbilicata, with a holotype from Kauaeranga Valley, Thames, attains a slightly larger size than the type material of planulata (max. diameter of 3.15 mm at 4.6 whorls), but has similar shell shape and teleoconch sculpture. Shells of microumbilicata generally have a narrowly open umbilicus c. 8–13% of maximum shell diameter (e.g., AIM MA84935, MA96690, NMNZ M.62443, M.62444, M.78793, M.97634, M.186395, M.186508, M.301462), but some populations in Hunua Ranges and Thames, southeast of Auckland, contain shells that have the umbilicus almost closed, as in the type material of planulata (e.g., AIM MA84932, MA97021, NMNZ M.78794). Protoconch size in microumbilcata is also variable, ranging from 0.54–0.74 mm in maximum diameter, and 1.3–1.7 whorls. The two taxa have overlapping distributions: planulata was described from material collected in Auckland; microumbilicata has a sparse distribution in the northeastern North Island between Waiwera, north of Auckland, and Bay of Plenty (AIM and NMNZ collection records).</p><p>Current taxonomy. Chaureopa planulata (Hutton, 1883) — Climo &amp; Mahlfeld (1998: 1), Spencer et al. (2009: 215).</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand; North Island, recorded from Auckland only by Climo &amp; Mahlfeld (1998), but if synonymous with Chaureopa microumbilicata Climo, 1985 it has a wider, albeit sparse, distribution in the northeastern North Island, between Waiwera and Bay of Plenty.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA12FFF050B6FAF5FCCDBDBB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA13FFF050B6FC31FC33B9E9.text	AD3987E6FA13FFF050B6FC31FC33B9E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thalassia propinqua Hutton, Weka Pass 1882	<div><p>Thalassia propinqua Hutton, 1882</p><p>Pl. 4, fig. C</p><p>Hutton, 1882. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 281.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype (designated here), CMNZ M168.4, and paralectotypes, CMNZ M168.1–3 (3) and CMNZ M12772 [ex M168] (1) (dry shells). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has a radula and jaw mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Thalassia propinqua, Weka Pass, XVI p. 169’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.83), which is probably primary type material (see description of radula by Hutton 1883d: 137).</p><p>Label details. M168—‘65. Thalassia propinqua Hutton, Weka Pass, Canterbury’, pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting.</p><p>Type locality. ‘Weka Pass (C. Chilton)’ (Hutton 1882p: 281, 1883d: 137).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: 72, 304, pl. 22, figs. 55–57—‘drawn from the type, ‘H. Suter, del.’), Suter (1915: pl. 9, figs. 1, a—same shell as illustrated by Pilsbry).</p><p>Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of Thalassia (?) propinqua to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1882, but publication was delayed until May 1883 (Hutton 1883d: 137), and was pre-empted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1882p: 281). A description by Hutton (1884b: 169, pl. 10, fig. G, pl. 11, fig. V) of a jaw and radula purported to be from propinqua was based on a specimen from Southland collected by G. M. Thomson (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.82) that is not type material of, or conspecific with, Thalassia propinqua Hutton, 1882 . From Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892– 1893]: 72) onwards propinqua has generally been assigned to Thalassohelix Pilsbry, 1892 at subgenus or genus level, and it has been interpreted as having a wide distribution in New Zealand, between Auckland in the North Island, and the southern South Island (e.g., Hutton 1884c: 203, Hedley &amp; Suter 1893: 636, Suter 1913: 631, Powell 1979: 318). However, preliminary results of a phylogenetic study indicate that propinqua belongs in genus Therasia Hutton, 1883; the genetic data and examination of museum collections indicate that it has a distribution spanning the south-eastern North Island and north-eastern South Island, only (M. Kennedy unpub. data).</p><p>Taxonomy. Here treated as Therasia propinqua (Hutton, 1882) n. comb.</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand; south-eastern North Island from East Cape to Cape Palliser; Marlborough and Canterbury in the South Island (AIM and NMNZ collection records).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA13FFF050B6FC31FC33B9E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA10FFF350B6FF74FD01BA37.text	AD3987E6FA10FFF350B6FF74FD01BA37.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Patula sylvia Hutton, Bealey 1883	<div><p>Patula sylvia Hutton, 1883</p><p>Pl. 4, fig. D</p><p>Hutton, 1883. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 476.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype (designated here), CMNZ M1363.2, and paralectotypes (2), CMNZ M1363.1, M1363.3 (dry shells).</p><p>Label details. ‘26. Patula sylvia Hutton, Bealey, Type’, pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting.</p><p>Type locality. ‘Bealey (Haast)’ (Hutton 1883g: 475); ‘Bealey (Dr. v. Haast), under logs in the beech forests’ (Hutton 1884b: 175).</p><p>Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of Patula sylvia to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 175), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 476). A shell from the type series (lectotype) is illustrated here for the first time in pl. 4, fig. D. There has been confusion over the taxonomic status of this species: it has been incorrectly listed as a junior synonym of Helix tau Pfeiffer, 1861 (e.g., by Hedley &amp; Suter 1893: 657, Suter 1894b: 262); and as a junior synonym of Helix buccinella Reeve, 1852 (e.g., by Suter 1913: 714, Climo 1969: 208, Powell 1979: 307). Examination of type material indicates that Patula sylvia Hutton, 1883 and Helix buccinella Reeve, 1852 are separate species, and that Patula mutabilis Suter, 1891 is a subjective junior synonym of P. sylvia Hutton, 1883 .</p><p>Current taxonomy. Cavellia sylvia (Hutton, 1883) — Mayhill (1985: 4), Mason (1988: 90), Spencer et al. (2009: 215).</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand; widespread in the eastern and southern South Island, including islands in Marlborough Sounds and Fiordland, and on Rakiura/Stewart Island and Whenua Hou/Codfish Island (Suter 1913: 720 —as Endodonta mutabilis; Climo 1969: 219, fig. 19C—as Charopa mutabilis; Powell 1979: 307 —as C. mutabilis; AIM and NMNZ collection records).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA10FFF350B6FF74FD01BA37	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA10FFF550B6FBBEFC78BEC0.text	AD3987E6FA10FFF550B6FBBEFC78BEC0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Therasia tamora Hutton 1883	<div><p>Therasia tamora Hutton, 1883</p><p>Pl. 4, fig. E</p><p>Hutton, 1883. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 477.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype (designated by Cumber 1967: 69), CMNZ M10283 [ex M260], and paralectotypes (3), CMNZ M260 (dry shells).</p><p>CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M260—‘ Therasia tamora Hutton, Auckland (4 specimens) (old No. 48) ’.</p><p>Type locality. ‘ Auckland (T. F. Cheeseman)’ (Hutton 1883g: 477, Hutton 1884b: 182).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: 70, 303, pl. 22, figs. 49–51—‘from the type’, ‘H. Suter, del.’); Suter (1915: pl. 9, figs. 7, a, b—possibly the same shell as illustrated by Pilsbry); Cumber (1961: fig. 2 D–F).</p><p>Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 182), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 477). Powell (1948: 276) erected the genus Therasiella for T. tamora and two other species, noting that they differed from typical Therasia in having membranously plaited epidermal processes, and a smaller number of teeth in the radula. In a taxonomic review of Therasiella, Cumber (1967: 69) noted that tamora differed from other species in this genus in having “oblong, bluntly rounded extensions of the periostracal plaits together with the absence of any fine processes on these plaits”. These periostracal processes are commonly damaged or lost during life or subsequent preservation of shells, and although depicted in illustrations by Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: pl. 22, figs. 49–51) and Suter (1915: pl. 9, figs. 7, a, b), they are absent from the three extant type specimens of T. tamora .</p><p>Current taxonomy. Therasiella tamora (Hutton, 1883) — Powell (1948: 276, 1957: 118, 1979: 312), Cumber (1967: 67), Spencer et al. (2009: 216).</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand; northern North Island and nearshore islands from Houhora south to Kawhia and Gisborne, and on Marotere/Chicken, Taranga/Hen and Hauturu/Little Barrier islands (Suter 1913: 660; Cumber 1967: 69, fig. 5E; Powell 1979: 312; AIM and NMNZ collection records).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA10FFF550B6FBBEFC78BEC0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA16FFF550B6FEA9FD74BBA2.text	AD3987E6FA16FFF550B6FEA9FD74BBA2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Patula tapirina Hutton, Dunedin 1882	<div><p>Patula tapirina Hutton, 1882</p><p>Pl. 4, fig. F</p><p>Hutton, 1882. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 281.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype (designated here), CMNZ M390.9, and paralectotypes, CMNZ 390 (12), CMNZ M1061 [ex ZS 757] (1), CMNZ M12775 [ex M1061] (1) (dry shells). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has radula fragments mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Patula tapirina, Dunedin, XIV p. 150 (coma)’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.34–2017.17.35), which is probably primary type material (see description of radula by Hutton 1883d: 134).</p><p>Label details. M390—‘87. Patula tapirina Hutton, Dunedin, Type’, pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting.</p><p>CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M1061—‘ Endodonta tapirina Hutton, Dunedin (old number ZS 757)’</p><p>Type locality. ‘Dunedin’ (Hutton, 1882p: 281, 1883d: 134).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Jaw and radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1882h: pl. 3, figs. A, L, pl. 4, fig. G), which was incorrectly identified as Patula coma Gray (see Hutton 1883d: 134), possibly from the type material of Patula tapirina Hutton, 1882 .</p><p>Remarks. The type series of Patula tapirina was collected by Hutton himself (Hutton (1884c: 193). He submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1882, but publication was delayed until May 1883 (Hutton 1883d: 134), and was pre-empted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1882p: 281). A shell from the type series (lectotype) is illustrated here for the first time in pl. 4, fig. F. There has been confusion over the identity and distribution of P. tapirina . This species was incorrectly identified as Patula coma (Gray, 1843) by Hutton (1882h: 150 —see Hutton 1883d: 134). Hutton (1884c: 193), Hedley &amp; Suter (1893: 656) and Suter (1894b: 268, 1913: 724) interpreted P. tapirina as having a wide distribution in New Zealand, from Auckland, in the North Island, to Rakiura/ Stewart Island. However, Climo (1969: 227, fig. 13D) correctly noted that it was restricted to southern New Zealand and referred Suter’s North Island records to Patula colensoi Suter, 1890 .</p><p>Current taxonomy. Cavellia tapirina (Hutton, 1882) — Goulstone (1991: 15); Spencer &amp; Willan (1996: 39), Spencer et al. (2009: 215).</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand; southern and southeastern South Island, from south Canterbury to southern Fiordland, and Whenua Hou/Codfish Island, Rakiura and nearshore islands, Big South Cape Island (Climo 1969: 227, fig. 13D; AIM and NMNZ collection records).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA16FFF550B6FEA9FD74BBA2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA16FFF450B6FA0AFE64BC90.text	AD3987E6FA16FFF450B6FA0AFE64BC90.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Therasia thaisa Hutton 1883	<div><p>Therasia thaisa Hutton, 1883</p><p>Pl. 4, fig. G</p><p>Hutton, 1883. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 477.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype (designated here), CMNZ M12784 [ex M268], and paralectotypes (7), CMNZ M268 (dry shells). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has a shell, radula and jaw mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Therasia thaisa, Southland, XVI p. 182’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.65–2017.17.66), which is probably primary type material (see descriptions of radula by Hutton 1884b: 182).</p><p>Label details. CMNZ M268—‘49. Therasia thaisa Hutton, Southland’, pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting.</p><p>CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M1045—‘ Therasia thaisa Hutton, Southland (old number ZS 690)’</p><p>Type locality. ‘Waiau, Southland (G. M. Thomson)’ (Hutton 1883g: 477, 1884b: 183).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Jaw and radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1884b: pl. 9, fig. M, pl. 11, fig. T) probably from type material; Pilsbry (1892 [in 1893–1895]: 346, pl. 3, figs. 14–16—‘ Type. Suter, del.’).</p><p>Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New</p><p>Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 182), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 477). Therasia thaisa Hutton is the type species of Therasia Hutton, 1883, by subsequent designation of Pilsbry (1893 [in 1893–1895]: 15). Pilsbry had earlier (1892) nominated Nanina celinde Gray, 1850 as the type of Therasia, but this was invalid as the latter species was not in Hutton’s original list. There has been confusion over the identity and distribution of T. thaisa: it has variously been interpreted as having a wide distribution in New Zealand, from Auckland, in the North Island, to the southern South Island (e.g., Hutton 1884c: 202, Hedley &amp; Suter 1893: 641, Suter 1894b: 247); or being present throughout the South Island and on Rakiura/Stewart Island, only (e.g., Suter 1913: 661, Powell 1979: 316). Preliminary results of a phylogenetic study, and examination of museum collections, indicate that the distribution of T. thaisa Hutton, 1883 is in fact restricted to the southern South Island, Rakiura and Whenua Hou/Codfish Island (M. Kennedy unpub. data).</p><p>Current taxonomy. Therasia thaisa Hutton, 1883 — Hutton (1884c: 202), Hedley &amp; Suter, (1893: 641), Suter (1913: 660), Powell (1979: 316), Spencer et al. (2009: 216).</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand; southern South Island, Rakiura and nearshore islands, Whenua Hou (AIM and NMNZ collection records).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA16FFF450B6FA0AFE64BC90	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA17FFF750B6FD19FE23BF5F.text	AD3987E6FA17FFF750B6FD19FE23BF5F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Patula timandra Hutton 1883	<div><p>Patula timandra Hutton, 1883</p><p>Hutton, 1883. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 475.</p><p>Type material. Syntypes (2), CMNZ M40, formerly present in Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, but not found by Freeman et al. (1997: 37), or during a search of the CMNZ molluscan collection in 2017, and apparently lost.</p><p>CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M40—‘ Patula timandra Hutton, = tau, Auckland (2 specimens) (old No. 67) ’.</p><p>Type locality. ‘ Auckland (Gillies)’ (Hutton 1883g: 475), ‘ Auckland (Cheeseman)’ (Hutton 1884b: 175).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Shell illustrated by Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: pl. 24, fig. 21, ‘H. Suter, del.’), and by Suter (1894a: pl. 15, fig. 13), probably from the type series, as noted below.</p><p>Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 175), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 475). There has been confusion over the identity and distribution of Patula timandra: it was treated a valid species by Hutton (1884c: 192), Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: 84) and Suter (1894a: 128, 1894b: 258); and was incorrectly listed as a junior synonym of Helix varicosa Pfeiffer, 1853 [= H. varicosa Reeve, 1852] by Suter (1892e: 293), Hedley &amp; Suter (1893: 651), Climo (1969: 201), Powell (1979: 306), Marshall (1995: 498), and Freeman et al. (1997: 37); and as a junior synonym of Helix tau Pfeiffer, 1861 by Murdoch (1899: 321) and Suter (1913: 687). Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]) included three figures of putative P. timandra, one of which was drawn by Henry Suter (pl. 24, fig. 21), and the other two by Pilsbry himself (pl. 24, figs. 22, 23), as indicated in the figure captions (p. 304). The illustration by Suter was probably based on a specimen from the type series in the Canterbury Museum (see Hyde 2017: 102), whereas the shell(s) drawn by Pilsbry was probably from a (mixed?) lot of three specimens that, according to ANSP catalogue details, had been collected in the South Island, New Zealand, by Suter (i.e., ANSP 63797). The illustration of Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: pl. 24, figs. 21) shows that timandra has three apertural lamellae, as does an illustration and accompanying description by Suter (1894a: 128, pl. 15, fig. 13), indicating that this species belongs in the genus Fectola Iredale, 1915, though Climo (1978a) did not mention it in his taxonomic review of this genus-group. Nine valid species of Fectola are known from New Zealand, two of which, F. infecta (Reeve, 1852) and F. tau (Pfeiffer, 1861) [= F. trilamellata Climo, 1978] have three apertural lamellae arranged like those in Pilsbry’s and Suter’s illustrations (Climo 1978a, 1989; Brook &amp; Ablett 2019). The description by Hutton (1884b: 175) of a shell with a flat or slightly convex spire, the number and arrangement of apertural lamellae shown in Suter’s illustration of putative type material (Pilsbry 1892 [in 1892–1893]: pl. 24, fig. 21), and the fact that this species was described from material collected at Auckland, indicates that Patula timandra Hutton, 1883 is probably conspecific with Fectola infecta (Reeve, 1852) . The latter species is widely distributed in the northern North Island from Houhora south to Taranaki, Ruapehu and Hawke’s Bay (Climo 1978a: fig. 3; 1989: fig. 3; AIM and NMNZ collection records). We have not examined the specimen of ‘ Patula timandra ’ that was illustrated by Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: pl. 24, fig. 22), but if the locality details for ANSP 63797 mentioned above are correct we expect that it would prove to be F. tau, which has a distribution spanning the northern South Island and southern North Island according to Climo (1978a, 1989 —as F. trilamellata).</p><p>Taxonomy. Patula timandra Hutton, 1883 is treated here as a subjective junior synonym of Fectola infecta (Reeve, 1852) N. syn.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA17FFF750B6FD19FE23BF5F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA14FFF750B6FE55FDEBB871.text	AD3987E6FA14FFF750B6FE55FDEBB871.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Therasia valeria Hutton 1883	<div><p>Therasia valeria Hutton, 1883</p><p>Pl. 4, fig. H</p><p>Hutton, 1883. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 477.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype (designated here), CMNZ M12779 [ex M261], and paralectotype (1), CMNZ M261 (dry shells). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has radulae and a jaw mounted on glass slides with the label details ‘ Therasia valeria, Dunedin, XIV p. 151 (hypopolia)’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.67–2017.17.68), which is probably primary type material (see Hutton 1884b: 183).</p><p>Label details. M261—‘47. Therasia valeria Hutton, Dunedin’, pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting.</p><p>Type locality. ‘Dunedin (Hutton)’ (Hutton 1883g: 477, 1884b: 183).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Radula illustrated by Hutton (1882h: pl. 3, fig. B, pl. 4, fig. H), which was incorrectly identified as Patula hypopolia Pfeiffer (see Hutton 1884b: 183), possibly from the type material of Therasia valeria Hutton, 1883; radula illustrated by Hutton (1884b: pl. 9, fig. N) probably from type material; Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: 70, pl. 22, figs. 46–48—‘drawn by Mr. Suter from Prof. Hutton’s type’); Suter (1913: pl. 9, figs. 8, a, b—probably the same specimen as illustrated by Pilsbry).</p><p>Remarks. The type material of Therasia valeria was collected by Hutton himself. He submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 183), and was pre-empted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 477). The lectotype is a juvenile shell that closely matches the dimensions given by Hutton (1884b: 183), and it appears to be the same specimen that was illustrated by Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: pl. 22, figs. 46–48). There has been confusion over the identity and distribution of T. valeria . This species was incorrectly identified as Patula hypopolia Pfeiffer by Hutton (1882h: 151 —see Hutton 1884b: 183); recorded as T. valeria from Dunedin only by Hutton (1884b: 183, Hutton 1884c: 202); and from Dunedin and mid Canterbury by Hedley &amp; Suter (1893: 640), Suter (1894b: 246, 1913: 663) and Powell (1979: 317). Preliminary results of a phylogenetic study, and examination of museum collections, indicate that T. valeria has a distribution restricted to eastern Otago (M. Kennedy unpub. data).</p><p>Current taxonomy. Therasia valeria Hutton, 1883 — Hutton (1884c: 202), Hedley &amp; Suter, (1893: 640), Suter (1913: 662), Powell (1979: 317), Spencer et al. (2009: 216).</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand; eastern Otago, South Island (AIM and NMNZ collection records).</p><p>Family PUNCTIDAE Morse, 1864</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA14FFF750B6FE55FDEBB871	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA14FFF650B6F99AFADDBFB0.text	AD3987E6FA14FFF650B6F99AFADDBFB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phrixgnathus ariel Hutton 1883	<div><p>Phrixgnathus ariel Hutton, 1883</p><p>Pl. 5, fig. A</p><p>Hutton, 1883. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 476.</p><p>Type material. Holotype, by monotypy, CMNZ M1386 (dry shell).</p><p>Label details. ‘ Auckland, Hutton Coll. pill box no. 110’.</p><p>CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M1386—‘ Phrixgnathus ariel Hutton, Auckland (old No. 110)’.</p><p>Type locality. ‘ Auckland (Cheeseman)’ (Hutton 1883g: 476, 1884b: 177).</p><p>Remarks. The type material of Phrixgnathus ariel consists of a single specimen (Hutton 1884b: 177). Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for</p><p>1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 177), and was pre-empted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 476). The holotype is illustrated here for the first time in pl. 5, fig. A. Phrixgnathus ariel is restricted to the North Island (below); records from Nelson, South Island, by Suter (1913: 743) and Powell (1979: 326) were in error.</p><p>Current taxonomy. Phrixgnathus ariel Hutton, 1883 — Hutton (1884c: 196), Spencer et al. (2009: 217).</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand; widespread in the North Island from mid Northland to Wellington, and on Taranga/ Hen Island, Aotea/Great Barrier Island and Hauturu/Little Barrier Island (AIM and NMNZ collection records).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA14FFF650B6F99AFADDBFB0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA15FFF950B6FE39FC52BEC0.text	AD3987E6FA15FFF950B6FE39FC52BEC0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phrixgnathus celia Hutton, Dunedin 1883	<div><p>Phrixgnathus celia Hutton, 1883</p><p>Pl. 5, fig. B</p><p>Hutton, 1883. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 476.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype (designated here), CMNZ M1375.1, and paralectotypes (6), CMNZ M1375.2 – 7 (dry shells).</p><p>Label details. ‘Dunedin, F.W. Hutton Coll. pill box no. 112’.</p><p>CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M1375—‘ Phrixgnathus celia Hutton, Dunedin (8 specimens) (old No. 112) ’.</p><p>Type locality. ‘Dunedin (F.W.H.)’ (Hutton 1883g: 476, 1884b: 176).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Jaw and radula illustrated by Hutton (1882h: pl. 3, fig. N, pl. 4, fig. N), which was incorrectly identified as Helix fatua Pfeiffer (see Hutton 1884b: 176), possibly from type material of Phrixgnathus celia Hutton, 1883 .</p><p>Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of Phrixgnathus celia to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 176), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 476). This is a morphologically variable species, with shells differing in spire elevation, spire angle and umbilical width, both within and between local populations. This is evident in the type material, which was collected by Hutton himself. The lectotype, illustrated here for the first time in pl. 5, fig. B, has a relatively high spire compared to some paralectotypes. There has been considerable confusion over the taxonomy and distribution of P. celia . Initially, Hutton (1882h: 153 —see Hutton 1884b: 176) incorrectly identified material of this species as Helix fatua Pfeiffer, 1857, which is in fact a subjective junior synonym of Therasiella celinde (Gray, 1850) (Brook &amp; Ablett 2019: 43) . Hutton (1884c: 197) recorded P. celia from the South Island and southern North Island, and Hedley &amp; Suter (1893: 648), Suter (1894b: 279, 1913: 749) and Powell (1979: 326) recorded it from Rakiura/Stewart Island, South Island, and North Island south of Auckland. Examination of museum collections indicates that previous records of P. celia from the North Island were in error, and preliminary genetic analyses indicate that putative South Island records comprise a complex of several species (M. Kennedy unpub. data). On present knowledge celia sensu stricto appears to have a distribution restricted to southern South Island, Whenua Hou/Codfish Island, Rakiura and nearby islands (below). Morphologically similar taxa in northern South Island differ substantially genetically from typical celia, and evidently represent separate species. Examination of type material indicates that Laoma (Phrixgnathus) liratula Suter, 1909, which was based on material from Stewart Island (i.e., NMNZ M.88227, M.88228), and Thalassohelix pygmaea Suter, 1913, based on material from Woodhaugh, Otago [= Dunedin] (i.e., NMNZ M.125165), are subjective junior synonyms of Phrixgnathus celia Hutton, 1883 . Laoma (Phrixgnathus) celia alboviridis Suter, 1913, based on material from ‘Mt Alfred, Otago’ (i.e., NMNZ M.88225, M.88226), is very similar morphologically to typical celia, and may also be a synonym. Laoma (Phrixgnathus) celia levis Suter, 1913, which is based on material from Pipiriki, Wanganui River (i.e., NMNZ M.88134), was listed as a junior synonym of P. celia Hutton, 1883 by Powell (1979: 326), but appears to us to be a separate species that has a distribution between Whanganui and Port Waikato, western North Island. Powell (1979: 330) suggested that Laoma (Phrixgnathus) trailli Suter, 1909, which was based on material from an unknown location (NMNZ M.83445), “looks like a large form of liratula ”, but examination of type material indicates that the two are clearly different species. Phrixgnathus celia was incorrectly listed as the type species of Phrixgnathus Hutton by some authors (e.g., Pilsbry, 1893 [in 1893–1895]: 9, Suter 1913: 738, Thiele 1931 [in 1929–1935]: 567, Solem 1959: 81, Zilch 1959 [in 1959–1960]: 205, Powell 1979: 325, Spencer &amp; Willan 1996: 41, Schileyko 2002: 1048).</p><p>Current taxonomy. Phrixgnathus celia Hutton, 1883 — Hutton (1884b: 176), Spencer et al. (2009: 217).</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand; southern South Island, Fiordland to eastern Otago; Rakiura and nearshore islands;</p><p>Whenua Hou (AIM and NMNZ collection records; M. Kennedy unpub. data).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA15FFF950B6FE39FC52BEC0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA1AFFF950B6FEA9FACDBADE.text	AD3987E6FA1AFFF950B6FEA9FACDBADE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phrixgnathus haasti , Hutton 1883	<div><p>Phrixgnathus haasti Hutton, 1883</p><p>Pl. 5, fig. C</p><p>Hutton, 1883. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 476.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype (designated here), CMNZ M1389.1, and paralectotypes CMNZ M1389.2 – 21 (20), AIM MA72977 (1), CMNZ M1051 [ex ZS 796] (41), NMNZ M.125541 [ex H. Suter colln.] (16) (dry shells).</p><p>Label details. CMNZ M1389—‘Mt Somers, Canterbury, Hutton Coll. pill box no. 116’; AIM MA72977— ‘ Phrixgnathus haasti Hutt., Mt. Somers, Canterbury, ex H. Suter coll. (cotype)’ in A.W.B. Powell’s handwriting; NMNZ M.125541—‘2038. Phrixgnathus haasti, Hutton, Co-type specim., Hutt., Mt Somers’, in H. Suter’s handwriting.</p><p>CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M1051—‘ Laoma haasti Hutton, Mount Somers (old number ZS 696) ’; M1389—‘ Phrixgnathus haasti Hutton, Mt. Somers, Canterbury (21 specimens) (old No. 116) ’.</p><p>Type locality. ‘Mt Somers (Haast)’ (Hutton 1883g: 476), ‘Mount Somers, Canterbury (Dr. v. Haast), on limestone cliffs’ (Hutton 1884b: 178).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. The shell(s) illustrated by Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: pl. 23, figs. 91–93, ‘H. Suter, del.’) and Suter (1915: pl. 9, figs. 22, a, b) may have been from the type series.</p><p>Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of Phrixgnathus (?) haasti to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 177), and was pre-empted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 476). Phrixgnathus haasti is a calciphile restricted to dryland habitats on limestone and marble in the eastern South Island (below). Records from Akaroa and Riccarton Bush, Christchurch, by Suter (1913: 752) and Powell (1979: 328) were in error.</p><p>Current taxonomy. Phrixgnathus haasti — Hutton (1884b: 177), Spencer et al. (2009: 217).</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand; very sparsely distributed in the eastern South Island between southern Marlborough and North Otago (Suter 1913: 752 —in part; Powell 1979: 328 —in part; AIM and NMNZ collection records).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA1AFFF950B6FEA9FACDBADE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA1AFFF850B6FAD6FE64BC20.text	AD3987E6FA1AFFF850B6FAD6FE64BC20.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phrixgnathus marginatus Hutton, Greymouth 1882	<div><p>Phrixgnathus marginatus Hutton, 1882</p><p>Pl. 5, fig. D</p><p>Hutton, 1882. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 281.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype (designated here), CMNZ M1382.1, and paralectotypes, CMNZ M1382.2 (1), NMNZ M.276340 [ex H. Suter colln.] (3) (dry shells). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has radula fragments mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Phrixgnathus marginatus, Greymouth, XVI p. 168’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.7), which is probably primary type material (see radula descriptions by Hutton 1883d: 137, 1884b: 168).</p><p>Label details. CMNZ M1382—‘Greymouth, R. Helms, Hutton Coll. pill box no. 111’; NMNZ M.276340— ‘81. Phrixgnathus marginatus, Hutt., Helms, Greymouth’, in H. Suter’s handwriting.</p><p>CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M1382—‘ Phrixgnathus marginatus Hutton, Greymouth (2 specimens) (old No. 111) ’.</p><p>Type locality. ‘Greymouth (R. Helms)’ (Hutton 1882p: 281, 1883d: 137).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1884b: pl. 9, fig. S) probably from type material; Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: 60, 304, pl. 23, figs. 94–96—‘drawn from the type’, ‘H. Suter, del.’); Suter (1915: pl. 10, figs. 4, a, b).</p><p>Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of Phrixgnathus marginatus to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1882, but publication was delayed until May 1883 (Hutton 1883d: 137), and was pre-empted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1882p: 281). A description by Hutton (1884b: 168, pl. 9, fig. S) of a radula of marginatus was probably based on the putative type material in CMNZ 2017.17.7 mentioned above. This species was recorded from Greymouth only by Hutton (1884c: 197), Hedley &amp; Suter (1893: 647), Suter (1894b: 278, 1913: 754) and Powell (1979: 329), but museum collection records indicate that it is more widely distributed on the West Coast, South Island (below). Phrixgnathus marginatus Hutton, 1882 is the type species of Phrixgnathus Hutton, 1882, by monotypy (i.e., not P. celia Hutton, 1883, by subsequent designation, as incorrectly stated by Pilsbry 1893 [in 1893–1895]: 9; Suter 1913: 738; Powell 1979: 325; Schileyko 2002: 1048).</p><p>Current taxonomy. Phrixgnathus marginatus Hutton, 1882 — Hutton (1884c: 196), Spencer et al. 2009 (217).</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand; northwestern South Island, between Greymouth and Cape Farewell (AIM and NMNZ collection records).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA1AFFF850B6FAD6FE64BC20	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA1BFFF850B6FD89FAE5B9E9.text	AD3987E6FA1BFFF850B6FD89FAE5B9E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Endodonta marina Hutton 1883	<div><p>Endodonta marina Hutton, 1883</p><p>Pl. 5, fig. E</p><p>Hutton, 1883. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 476.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype (designated by Climo et al. 2020: 69), CMNZ M1402.1, and paralectotype (1), CMNZ M1402.2 (dry shells).</p><p>Label details. CMNZ M1402—‘ Auckland, det. &amp; coll. F.W. Hutton’.</p><p>CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M1402—‘ Laoma marina Hutton, Auckland (2 specimens) (old No. 103) ’.</p><p>Type locality. ‘ Auckland (T. F. Cheeseman)’ (Hutton 1883g: 476, 1884b: 176), ‘Remuera, near Auckland (Cheeseman)’ (Hutton 1884c: 196).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Shell illustrated by Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: pl. 23, figs. 17, 19, 20, ‘H. Suter, del.’) possibly from type series; Climo et al. (2020: fig. 2A—lectotype).</p><p>Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of Endodonta marina to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 176), and was pre-empted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 476). Hutton differentiated this species from the morphologically similar Endodonta nerissa Hutton, 1883, which he described from the same type locality (see below), on the basis of the number and arrangement of lamellae inside the aperture of the shell. Suter (1892d: 283) examined populations of putative marina and nerissa from Mt Wellington, Auckland, and Forty-Mile Bush, Wairarapa, and concluded that these two species were synonyms. This interpretation was followed by Hedley &amp; Suter (1893: 646), Suter (1894b: 274, 1913: 735) and others, who recorded marina sensu lato as having a wide distribution in the North Island south of Auckland, and in Marlborough Sounds, South Island (e.g., Powell 1979: 325). However, Climo et al. (2020) reinstated nerissa as a valid species, noting that there are consistent morphological differences between it and marina . They recorded marina as having a relatively wide distribution in the northern North Island between Hokianga and Mt Pirongia (Climo et al. 2020: 78, fig. 14B), but examination of material in museum collections, and preliminary genetic analyses (M. Kennedy &amp; T. King unpub. data), indicate that this refers to a complex of species. The distribution of marina is here interpreted as being restricted to western Northland and Auckland regions only (below), pending further study.</p><p>Specimens in CMNZ M1049, with catalogue details ‘ Laoma marina Hutton, Auckland (old number ZS 772)’, were treated as primary type material (syntypes) of Endodonta marina Hutton, 1883 by Freeman et al. (1997: 32), but this does not stand scrutiny. This lot contains one dry shell matching Hutton’s description of marina (M1049.2, see Climo et al. 2020: fig. 2F), and three shells (M1049.1, M1049.3, M1049.4, see Climo et al. 2020, figs. 2C–E) that match the original description of Endodonta nerissa Hutton, 1883 . The fact that this is a mixed lot clearly indicates that it was not part of Hutton’s type series of marina, and the species identification suggests that it postdates Suter’s (1892d: 283) synonymy of E. marina and E. nerissa .</p><p>Current taxonomy. Laoma marina (Hutton, 1883) — Suter (1892d: 285, 1913: 735), Powell (1979: 325), Spencer et al. (2009: 217), Climo et al. (2020: 69).</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand; North Island, Waipoua to Auckland (AIM and NMNZ collection records).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA1BFFF850B6FD89FAE5B9E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA18FFFB50B6FF74FBB5BD9B.text	AD3987E6FA18FFFB50B6FF74FBB5BD9B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Endodonta nerissa Hutton 1883	<div><p>Endodonta nerissa Hutton, 1883</p><p>Pl. 5, fig. F</p><p>Hutton, 1883. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 476.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype, CMNZ M1400 (dry shell) . Lectotype fixed by inference of holotype (ICZN Art. 74.6) by Climo et al. (2020: 70) .</p><p>Label details. CMNZ M1400—‘103. Endodonta nerissa Hutton, Auckland’, pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting.</p><p>Type locality. ‘ Auckland (T. F. Cheeseman)’ (Hutton 1883g: 476, 1884b: 176), ‘Remuera, near Auckland (Cheeseman)’ (Hutton 1884c: 196).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Climo et al. (2020: fig. 2B—lectotype).</p><p>Remarks. Original description based on one or more specimens from Remuera, Auckland. Hutton submitted a description of Endodonta nerissa to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 176), and was pre-empted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 476). As noted in the preceding species entry, from Suter (1892d: 283–285) onwards, nerissa has generally been treated as a subjective junior synonym of Endodonta marina Hutton, 1883, which he described from the same type locality, but it was reinstated as a valid species by Climo et al. (2020).</p><p>Current taxonomy. Laoma nerissa (Hutton, 1883) — Climo et al. (2020).</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand; North Island, from Auckland south, northern South Island, in Nelson and Marlborough Sounds (Climo et al. 2020; AIM and NMNZ distribution records).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA18FFFB50B6FF74FBB5BD9B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA18FFFD50B6FC12FBECBEC0.text	AD3987E6FA18FFFD50B6FC12FBECBEC0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phrixgnathus phrynia Hutton, Wanganui 1883	<div><p>Phrixgnathus phrynia Hutton, 1883</p><p>Pl. 5, fig. G</p><p>Hutton, 1883. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 476.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype (designated here), CMNZ M1384 (dry shell).</p><p>Label details. CMNZ M1384—‘114. Whanganui, Hutton coll.’</p><p>CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. ‘ Phrixgnathus phrynia Hutton, Wanganui (1 specimen) (old No. 114) ’.</p><p>Type locality. ‘Wanganui (T. W. Kirk)’ (Hutton 1883g: 476, 1884b: 177).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. The shell(s) illustrated by Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: pl. 23, figs. 88–90, ‘H. Suter, del.’) and Suter (1915: pl. 9, figs. 23, a, b) are possibly primary type material.</p><p>Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 177), and was pre-empted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 476). These descriptions were based on one or more specimens reportedly collected from Whanganui and sent to Hutton by T.W. Kirk. Subsequently there has been confusion over the identity and distribution of Phrixgnathus phrynia . Hedley &amp; Suter (1893: 649) and Suter (1894b: 279) recorded it from several North Island localities between Whangarei and Whanganui; and Suter (1913: 756), Dell (1954b: 147) and Powell (1979: 329) recorded it as being widely distributed in the North and South islands, and present also on Rakiura/Stewart Island. However, examination of museum collections indicates that it actually has a much narrower distribution (see below). Phrixgnathus acanthinulopsis Suter, 1891, based on material from Hooker Valley, Mt Cook (i.e., NMNZ M.88018), was listed as a junior synonym of P. phrynia Hutton, 1883 by Suter (1913: 755), Dell (1954b: 147) and Powell (1979: 329), but these two taxa differ morphologically and genetically (M. Kennedy &amp; T. King, unpub. data), and in our opinion are separate species. Laoma (Phrixgnathus) phrynia var. major Suter, 1897, based on material from Stewart Island (i.e., NMNZ M.125167), was listed as a junior synonym of P. phrynia Hutton, 1883 by Dell (1954: 147) and Powell (1979: 329), but examination of type material indicates that these also are separate species, and that the former is a synonym of Phrixgnathus flemingi stewartensis Dell, 1954 . Phrixgnathus oconnori Powell, 1941, based on material from Pirinoa [Wairarapa] (i.e., AIM MA70621), is a subjective junior synonym of P. phrynia Hutton, 1883, as noted by Powell (1979: 329).</p><p>Current taxonomy. Phrixgnathus phrynia Hutton, 1883 — Hutton (1884c: 197), Spencer et al. (2009: 217). Distribution. New Zealand; North Island south of Whanganui and Ormondville, Kapiti Island, D’Urville Island, and Marlborough Sounds, northeastern South Island (AIM and NMNZ collections).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA18FFFD50B6FC12FBECBEC0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA1EFFFC50B6FEA9FB0CBDD7.text	AD3987E6FA1EFFFC50B6FEA9FB0CBDD7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microphysa pumila Hutton 1882	<div><p>Microphysa pumila Hutton, 1882</p><p>Pl. 5, fig. H</p><p>Hutton, 1882. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 281.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype (designated here), CMNZ M1393.2, and paralectotypes (2), CMNZ M1393 (dry shells). Shell fragments mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Microphysa pumila, Christchurch, XV p. 134, XVI p. 166’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.106–2017.17.107), are probably also primary type material. Type material from Eyreton, North Canterbury (see below), was not found during a search of the CMNZ molluscan collection in 2017 and is apparently lost.</p><p>Label details. CMNZ M1393—‘Christchurch, J.F. Armstrong’. Hutton coll. pillbox no. 113’.</p><p>CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M1393—‘ Phrixgnathus pumila Hutton, Christchurch (3 specimens) (old No. 113) ’.</p><p>Type locality. ‘North Canterbury (C. Chilton)’ (Hutton 1882p: 281); ‘Eyreton, North Canterbury (Mr. C. Chilton), Christchurch (Mr. J. F. Armstrong)’ (Hutton 1883d: 135).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1884b: pl. 9, fig. Q) probably from type material; shell(s) illustrated by Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: pl. 23, figs. 97–99, ‘H. Suter, del.’) and Suter (1915: pl. 9, figs. 24, a, b) may be from the type series.</p><p>Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of Microphysa (?) pumila to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1882, but publication was delayed until May 1883 (Hutton 1883d: 134), and was pre-empted by his brief description of Microphysa pumila in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1882p: 281). There has been confusion over the nomenclature of this taxon in New Zealand, and it has appeared under several different species names. Examination of type material indicates that M. pumila is conspecific with Helix caputspinulae Reeve,1852 and H. epsilon Pfeiffer, 1853, both based on the same type material from New Zealand in the Cuming collection (NHMUK 1962724: Brook &amp; Ablett 2019: 69), and with Paralaoma ambigua Iredale, 1913 (CMNZ M4974) and P. raoulensis Iredale, 1913 (CMNZ M5000), from Raoul Island, Kermadec Islands. Reeve’s species name caputspinulae was misapplied by some (e.g., Suter 1913: 715, Climo 1970: 330, Powell 1979: 309) to material of Helix eta Pfeiffer, 1853, and H. caputspinulae was also designated as the type of subgenus Subfectola, Powell, 1939, based on material of H. eta Pfeiffer, 1853 (see Climo 1981: 9, Goulstone 1995: 63). Climo (1981: 9, 10) re-examined the type material of H. caputspinulae Reeve, 1852, and noted that it was conspecific with Paralaoma raoulensis Iredale, 1913, the type of genus Paralaoma Iredale, 1913 (subsequent designation of Iredale 1937).</p><p>Roth (1987: 95, 96) interpreted Paralaoma caputspinulae (Reeve, 1852) as being a weedy species that had a wide global distribution and had been described under many different names. He noted that Helix pusilla Lowe, 1831, based on specimens from the Atlantic island of Madeira, was the earliest published name of this species, but was pre-occupied by H. pusilla Fleming, 1828 . Falkner et al. (2002: 117–118) treated P. caputspinulae (Reeve, 1852) as a junior synonym of Paralaoma servilis (Shuttleworth, 1852), which had been described from material from Canary Islands (see Neubert &amp; Gosteli 2003: 49, pl. 15, fig. 3), but this decision requires re-evaluation (see below). As presently interpreted, the distribution of P. servilis includes New Zealand (Kermadec, Three Kings, North, South, Rakiura/Stewart and Chatham islands), Australia, parts of Europe, Middle East, Africa, Asia, North and South America, Jamaica, Macaronesia, Réunion, Indonesia, Hawai’i, and Easter Island (e.g., Gittenberger et al. 1980 and Roth 1986 —as Punctum pusillum; Smith, 1992 and Griffiths &amp; Florens 2006 —as Paralaoma caputspinulae; Neubert 1998 —as Toltecia pusilla; Hausdorf 2002, Christensen et al. 2012, Welter-Schultes 2012, Gittenberger et al. 2020 —as Paralaoma servilis). Paralaoma caputspinulae (= P. servilis ?) is definitely native to the New Zealand region, having been found in Holocene fossil assemblages in North Island, Rēkohu/Chatham Island and Rakiura that predate human occupation (Brook 1999b,c; F. Brook unpub. data). Preliminary results of a phylogenetic study of New Zealand Punctidae indicate that Paralaoma of authors is polyphyletic, and that there appears to be one species only of this genus in the Recent New Zealand fauna; the various other New Zealand species assigned to Paralaoma (e.g., by Powell 1979; Spencer &amp; Willan 1996; Spencer et al. 2009) are not congeneric (M. Kennedy unpub. data). A species closely resembling P. caputspinulae is evidently also native to Norfolk Island, having been recorded from Holocene fossil assemblages that predate human settlement of this island (Neuweger et al. 2001 —as Paralaoma duncombei Iredale, 1945). Several punctid taxa described from Tasmania and eastern mainland Australia also resemble P. caputspinulae, and have been treated as synonyms of it (e.g., by Smith and Kershaw 1979: 264, 265; Smith 1992: 282, 283; Stanisic et al. 2010: 566). However, Stanisic et al. (2018: 126, 127) reinstated some of these as separate, probably endemic, species of Paralaoma, noting their “occurrence in often remote habitats of native forest where it is difficult to envisage anthropogenic introduction”. If correct, this would indicate that the genus Paralaoma is native to Australasia, with multiple species in mainland Australia and a single species in the New Zealand region. Interestingly, a North American punctid species that Roth (1987) identified as P. caputspinulae has been recorded from a wide range of environments in western USA and Canada, including remote, undisturbed, montane forest habitats where an anthropogenic origin is improbable. It has been considered by some authors to be indigenous to this continent (e.g., Roth 1986 —as Punctum pusillum; Metcalf &amp; Smartt 1997: 39 —as Paralaoma caputspinulae), whereas others have suggested that it had been introduced there (e.g., Christensen et al. 2012: 5 —as P. servilis). Bequaert &amp; Miller (1973: 153 —as Punctum conspectum) and Roth (1986: 23) stated that this species was not known fossil in North America, but Metcalf (1997: table 5—as Paralaoma caputspinulae) recorded it from Quaternary alluvial/colluvial deposits in Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico, which suggests that it is indeed native. However, whether it is conspecific with P. servilis (or P. caputspinulae) remains to be determined. To date, species identifications and biogeographic interpretations of Paralaoma servilis and its many putative synonyms have been based mainly on comparison of shell morphological characters, but molecular studies will be required to reliably determine the global systematics and phylogeography of this species and its congeners.</p><p>Taxonomy. Presently interpreted as a subjective junior synonym of Paralaoma servilis (Shuttleworth, 1852) (e.g., Brook &amp; Ablett 2019: 69, Gittenberger et al. 2020: 78), but this requires re-evaluation.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA1EFFFC50B6FEA9FB0CBDD7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA1FFFFF50B6FBDDFDF3BE8B.text	AD3987E6FA1FFFFF50B6FBDDFDF3BE8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phrixgnathus titania Hutton 1883	<div><p>Phrixgnathus titania Hutton, 1883</p><p>Pl. 6, fig. A</p><p>Hutton, 1883. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 476.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype, CMNZ M1388 (dry shell) . Lectotype fixed by inference of holotype (ICZN Art. 74.6) by Powell (1979: 330) .</p><p>Label details. ‘115. Phrixgnathus titania Hutton, Dunedin’, pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting.</p><p>Type locality. ‘Dunedin (Hutton)’ (Hutton 1883g: 476, 1884b: 177).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: 62, pl. 23, figs. 82–84—‘the type specimen is figured’); Suter (1915: pl. 30, fig. 10).</p><p>Remarks. The original description of this species was based on one or more specimens collected by Hutton himself. He submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 177), and was pre-empted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 476). Suter (1913: 762) noted “the only specimen I have seen is the type”. Powell (1979: 330) listed titania as a species of uncertain status, noting “the writer has not seen the holotype, the only known specimen. From Suter’s (1913, p. 762) description and figure (1915, pl. 30, fig. 10) the specimen is obviously abnormal in its coiling, and may prove to be [ Phrixgnathus] celia ”. However, examination of type material indicates that titania and celia are separate species, differing in umbilical width, spire profile, teleoconch microsculpture and colour pattern. Phrixgnathus titania was recorded from Dunedin only by Suter (1913: 762) and Powell (1979: 330), but museum collection records indicate that it has a wider distribution in southeastern South Island, which in part overlaps that of celia (see above).</p><p>Current taxonomy. Phrixgnathus titania Hutton, 1883 — Hutton (1884c: 198), Spencer et al. (2009: 217).</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand; southeastern South Island, East Otago and South Canterbury (Goulstone 1991: 15; AIM and NMNZ collection records).</p><p>Family RHYTIDIDAE Pilsbry, 1893</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA1FFFFF50B6FBDDFDF3BE8B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA1CFFFF50B6FF3CFBB0BAFB.text	AD3987E6FA1CFFFF50B6FF3CFBB0BAFB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhytida australis Hutton, Stewart 1882	<div><p>Rhytida australis Hutton, 1882</p><p>Pl. 6, fig. C</p><p>Hutton, 1882. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 282.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype (designated here), CMNZ M1406 (dry shell). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has a radula mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Rhytida australis, Stewart Island, XVI p. 167’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.61), which is probably primary type material (see radula descriptions by Hutton 1883d: 139; 1884b: 167).</p><p>Label details. CMNZ M1406—‘Stewart Is., Hutton coll. (123)’.</p><p>CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M1406—‘ Rhytida australis Hutton, Stewart Island (1 specimen) (old No. 123) ’.</p><p>Type locality. ‘Stewart Island (T. Kirk)’ (Hutton 1882p: 282, 1883d: 139).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1884b: pl. 10, fig. S) probably from type material.</p><p>Remarks. Original description based on one or more specimens from Rakiura/Stewart Island. Hutton submitted a description of Rhytida australis to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1882, but publication was delayed until May 1883 (Hutton 1883d: 139), and was pre-empted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1882p: 282). A description by Hutton (1884b: 167, pl. 10, fig. S) of a radula of australis was probably based on the putative type material in CMNZ 2017.17.61 mentioned above. A shell from the type material (lectotype) is illustrated here for the first time in pl. 6 fig. C. Assigned to genus Rhytida Albers, 1860 [in Albers &amp; Martens, 1860] by Hutton (1882) and subsequent authors, but preliminary results of a phylogenetic study (M. Kennedy &amp; T. King unpub. data) indicate that this placement requires re-evaluation.</p><p>Current taxonomy. Rhytida australis Hutton, 1882 — Hutton (1884c: 208), Suter (1913: 771), Dell (1954b: 150), Parkinson (1979: 11), Powell (1979: 344), Efford (1998:33), Spencer et al. (2009: 218).</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand, Whenua Hou/Codfish Island, Rakiura and nearshore islands (Dell 1954b: 150; Powell 1979: 344; Efford 1998: 33, fig. 4f; AIM and NMNZ collection records).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA1CFFFF50B6FF3CFBB0BAFB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA1CFFFE50B6FAF2FDD5B884.text	AD3987E6FA1CFFFE50B6FAF2FDD5B884.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhytida citrina Hutton 1882	<div><p>Rhytida citrina Hutton, 1882</p><p>Pl. 6, fig. D</p><p>Hutton, 1882. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 282.</p><p>Type material. Three syntypes formerly in Canterbury Museum, Christchurch (Hutton 1898 – 1900, Suter 1913: 772), but reported as missing by Powell (1946: 129), and not found during a search of the CMNZ molluscan collection in 2017. However, the collection at CMNZ does contain a radula mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Rhytida citrina, Greymouth, XVI p. 167’, Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.9), which is possibly primary type material (see radula descriptions by Hutton 1883d: 139, 1884b: 167, pl. 10, fig. R).</p><p>Type locality. Listed as ‘Greymouth (R. Helms)’ by Hutton (1882p: 282, 1883d: 139); designated here as Mt Davy, Rewanui (see neotype designation below).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1884b: pl. 10, fig. R) possibly from type material; Suter (1915: pl. 30, fig. 14).</p><p>Remarks. Hutton submitted descriptions of two new species of Rhytida from Greymouth, R. citrina and R. patula, to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1882, but publication was delayed until May 1883 (Hutton 1883d: 139), and was pre-empted by brief descriptions of both taxa in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1882p: 282). A description by Hutton (1884b: 167, pl. 10, fig. R) of a radula of citrina was possibly based on CMNZ 2017.17.9 mentioned above. Suter (1913: 772) stated that the type material of R. citrina in the Canterbury Museum consisted of three shells, the largest of which had a maximum diameter of 7.75 mm. This type material was apparently subsequently lost. Powell (1946: 129) stated that he had “not seen the types which Dr. Falla has been unable to locate in the Canterbury collections”, but mentioned the existence of “two of Hutton’s Greymouth specimens [of citrina] in the Canterbury Museum”, which he reported as having major diameters of 8.5 mm and 5.5 mm, respectively. These two specimens, both juvenile shells, correspond to lots CMNZ M1416 and M5456 [ex M1416], respectively. Freeman et al. (1997: 30) listed these two lots, and CMNZ M123 [ex ZS 818], as syntypes of R. citrina, but this does not stand scrutiny. The last-mentioned lot is from Buller River, which is not the type locality of citrina . The collector is not stated in the CMNZ molluscan catalogue but was probably Julius von Haast (see Hutton (1884c: 208). The catalogue indicates that lots M1416 and M5456 from Greymouth, along with M1417 from Balclutha, were all identified as citrina and were included in ‘old No. 122’ in Hutton’s collection. Hutton’s original labels for this material have been lost or destroyed. The register does not state who the material from Greymouth was collected by, and there is no indication that these two specimens are primary type material of citrina . The specimens from Balclutha (M1417) were evidently collected by Hutton himself, and were identified as R. patula by Hutton (1884b: 167, 1884c: 208), and R. otagoensis by Powell (1930).</p><p>Hutton (1882p: 282, 1883d: 139, 1884b: 167, 1884c: 208) described citrina and patula as differing from one another in shell and animal colouration, and radula features, but there has been confusion over the identity and distributions of these two taxa. Hutton (1884c: 208) recorded citrina from Greymouth and Buller River, and patula from Greymouth and Balclutha, respectively. Suter (1913: 772) treated them as separate species, but noted that the type material of R. citrina consisted of juvenile shells only, and observed that “it is not easy to separate this species from R. patula by shell characters alone”. Powell (1946: 129) considered that they were separate species with partly overlapping distributions, noting that “from Greymouth to the Buller River two forms occur, a reddish-brown one with a greatly accelerated last whorl, which is definitely patula, and a yellowish-olive one with closely coiled whorls, which is almost certainly the adult of citrina ”. His interpretation of citrina was based mainly on the specimen from Buller River in CMNZ M123, mentioned above. Powell (1946: 129, text fig. C1) described this specimen, which has since been badly damaged, as “an adult or nearly so, of 18.5 mm diameter, with “closely coiled whorls and the yellowish-olive coloration of citrina ”. He recorded R. citrina from Maruia Springs, Rewanui, and Lake Kaniere, in addition to Hutton’s records from Greymouth and Buller River. Parkinson (1979: 10), Powell (1979: 345), Spencer &amp; Willan (1996) and Spencer et al. (2009) all listed R. citrina and R. patula as separate species, though the firstmentioned author noted that citrina was rather poorly known. Conversely, Efford (1998: 11) cast doubt on the putative differences in shell coloration and coiling between R. citrina and R. patula, noting that he was unable to detect these “once allowance is made for age-related changes in shell shape”. He suggested that most previous records of citrina were referable to R. patula, but that some may have been based on R. perampla Powell, 1946 .</p><p>Recent field surveys and preliminary results of a phylogenetic study (F. Brook &amp; M. Kennedy unpub. data) indicate that there are two species of Rhytida in the vicinity of Greymouth that correspond to Hutton’s citrina and patula, respectively. Given that the whereabouts of the type material of the former is not known, and in order to prevent further confusion over the identity of this species and stabilise the nomenclature, we designate a specimen from Mt Davy, Rewanui, illustrated in pl. 6, fig. D (NMNZ M.329343), as the neotype of Rhytida citrina Hutton, 1882 . As interpreted here R. citrina is considerably more widely distributed in the northwestern South Island than was previously recognised (below). Assigned to genus Rhytida Albers, 1860 by Hutton (1882) and subsequent authors, but this placement requires re-evaluation (M. Kennedy &amp; T. King unpub. data).</p><p>Current taxonomy. Rhytida citrina Hutton, 1882 — Hutton (1884b: 167, 1884c: 208), Hedley &amp; Suter (1893: 631), Suter (1894b: 286, 1913: 772), Powell (1946: 129, 1979: 345), Parkinson (1979: 10), Spencer et al. (2009: 218).</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand, South Island from Cape Farewell south to Greymouth and Poplars Range, Lewis Pass (AIM and NMNZ collection records).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA1CFFFE50B6FAF2FDD5B884	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA1DFFE150B6F8ECFD9BBD64.text	AD3987E6FA1DFFE150B6F8ECFD9BBD64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gerontia cordelia Hutton, Titirangi 1883	<div><p>Gerontia cordelia Hutton, 1883</p><p>Pl. 6, fig. B</p><p>Hutton, 1883. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 476.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype (designated here), CMNZ M274 (dry shell).</p><p>Label details. ‘40. Gerontia cordelia Hutton, Titirangi, Auckland’, pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting.</p><p>Type locality. Listed as ‘Titirangi, Auckland (Cheeseman)’ by Hutton (1883g: 476, 1884b: 179), but this is probably incorrect (see below).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: 66, pl. 22, figs. 34–36—‘drawn by Mr. Suter from Prof. Hutton’s type’); Suter (1913: pl. 25, figs. 8, a, b—possibly the same specimen as illustrated by Pilsbry).</p><p>Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of Gerontia cordelia to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 178), and was pre-empted by his brief description of Gerentia [sic] cordelia in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 476). These descriptions were based on one or more specimens that were putatively collected by Thomas Cheeseman in Titirangi, West Auckland. However, the locality details are probably incorrect as there have been no subsequent records of this species from the Auckland region (e.g., Powell 1952: 167, AIM and NMNZ collection records). Early workers variously assigned G. cordelia to family Charopidae (e.g., Hutton 1884c: 200), Helicidae (e.g., Pilsbry 1892–1893, Suter 1894b), Phenacohelicidae (e.g., Suter 1913) and Flammulinidae (e.g., Powell 1937). Powell (1952: 167) recognised that G. cordelia was a paryphantid [i.e., = family Rhytididae], and designated it as the type species of subgenus Delouagapia Powell, 1952, in genus Delos Hutton, 1904 . Delouagapia has generally been treated as a separate genus following Climo (1977: 61).</p><p>Current taxonomy. Delouagapia cordelia (Hutton 1883) — Climo (1977: 61), Spencer et al. (2009: 218).</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand; northern North Island, from Tangihua Range to North Cape (Powell 1979: 348, AIM and NMNZ collection records).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA1DFFE150B6F8ECFD9BBD64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA02FFE350B6FC4DFC70BFF5.text	AD3987E6FA02FFE350B6FC4DFC70BFF5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paryphanta lignaria Hutton, Mount 1888	<div><p>Paryphanta lignaria Hutton, 1888</p><p>Hutton, 1888. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 20 (1888): 43.</p><p>Type material. The original description was based on a single broken shell (i.e., holotype, by monotypy) that was loaned to Hutton by ‘Dr Gaze, of Westport’ (Hutton 1888a: 44; Suter 1913: xiv; Powell 1946: 106). The whereabouts of the type specimen is not known, and it is presumed to have been lost or destroyed (see below).</p><p>Type locality. ‘… on the saddle between the Mokihinui and Lyell Rivers’ (Hutton 1888: 44).</p><p>Remarks. Described in genus Paryphanta Albers, 1850, assigned to subgenus Powelliphanta by O’Connor (1945), and the latter treated as a full genus by Climo (1977: 60) and subsequent authors. Hutton’s (1888: 43–44) original description of the holotype of Paryphanta lignaria stated that it had a maximum diameter of about two inches (= c. 50 mm), a slightly-elevated spire “forming an angle of about 135 o”, and that the base had been mostly broken off, leaving the “shape of the umbilicus and the aperture uncertain”. The remaining part of the base was “smooth and polished”, in contrast to the apical surface, which was “finely irregularly granulated by deeply undulating impressed lines”, and had a colour pattern of irregular “dark reddish brown and pale brownish-yellow” radial streaks. There are no published illustrations of the holotype. Pilsbry (1894: 31, pl. 1, figs. 1–3) illustrated a putative type specimen of lignaria, “drawn by Mr. H. Suter”. It is the larger one of two specimens in CMNZ M690 that had been presented to Canterbury Museum by Dr Gaze in 1893 (i.e., entry for 14 August 1893 in CMNZ Accession Register for 1891– 1933), and which was incorrectly listed as a ‘cotype’ of lignaria by Hutton (1898 – 1900: 7), and as the ‘type’ by Suter (1913: 784). The entry in the Accession Register does not state where the specimens in M690 were collected, and the original label has been lost or destroyed. A handwritten note associated with M690 states: “Note by A.W.B. Powell pasted to previous mount: Paryphanta unicolorata Powell 1930 . Mt Frederick locality probably correct but omit reference to saddle between Mokihinui and Lyell Rivers. Certainly not the type of lignaria which measures 2 ins. in greatest diameter (Hutton 1888), 21.7.1930 ”. Although not stated explicitly, Powell’s note suggests that the specimens in M690 were originally labelled as being from two separate localities. The two specimens differ from Hutton’s description of lignaria, and from Paryphanta unicolorata Powell, 1930 (see comments on the latter taxon below), in being smaller, and having weakly calcified shells with a smooth, shiny apical surface. From shell characters they appear to belong to the group of Powelliphanta patrickensis (Powell, 1949) and related species (see Walker 2003, Walker et al. 2008), which was referred to as the Powelliphanta Kawatiri complex by Daly et al. (2019).</p><p>Hutton (1900: 22, pl. 2) and Suter (1915, pl. 32, fig. 12, a, b) illustrated a shell from ‘Mount Rochfort, near Westport’, which they identified as Paryphanta lignaria . This specimen (i.e., CMNZ M694) was of a similar size to the holotype of lignaria, but differed in having a more elevated spire and being “of a yellowish-brown or luteous colour, the brown bands being obsolete” (Hutton, 1900: 22). In the first of a series of papers on the taxonomy of New Zealand Paryphantidae (now Rhytididae), Powell (1930: 42–43) interpreted the distribution of typical lignaria as extending from the north side of the Mokihinui River to Karamea. He included the Mt Rochfort taxon in a new species, Paryphanta unicolorata Powell, 1930, with a type locality at Seddonville, and a distribution south of the Mokihinui River (see also Powell 1936: pl. 10). The latter taxon was differentiated from lignaria on shell colour, being uniformly olive-brown rather than radially striped as per Hutton’s original description of lignaria . Powell (1941: 239, 253) inferred that the type material of lignaria was probably lost, but later (Powell 1946: 106; 1949: 348) suggested that “an unlabeled specimen from the collection of the late Mr. Boswell of Westport” (i.e., AIM MA71492) may be the missing holotype of lignaria, albeit without providing any convincing evidence in support of this. Powell (1949: 350) designated a shell that he had illustrated previously (Powell, 1930: pl. 4, fig. 1) as a neotype. It is part of a lot of 20 specimens (AIM MA64520) from near St. Helens, Mokihinui, c. 25 km NW of the type locality of lignaria cited by Hutton (1888). Powell (1949: 347–357) gave a detailed account of the taxonomic history of Paryphata (Powelliphanta) lignaria sensu lato . He inferred that the type locality of lignaria given by Hutton (1888) was incorrect, and that “Hutton’s locality for his 1900 record of ‘ lignaria ’ [i.e., from Mt Rochfort] is evidently erroneous, the specimen being a unicolorata, probably from the Seddonville area”. In the same paper he reinterpreted the distribution of lignaria sensu stricto as being restricted to coastal hill country extending north from the Mokihinui River mouth to Kongahu Point and Corbyvale, and recognised several subspecies from adjoining areas (including lignaria unicolorata), and one from the Leslie and upper Karamea rivers, based mainly on differences in shell colouring (Powell 1949: 350, pl. 67). Most subsequent workers have followed Powell’s interpretations of the lignaria group of subspecies (e.g., Parkinson 1979, Powell 1979, Meads et al. 1984, Walker 2003), but Climo (1978b) proposed an alternative classification in which lignaria sensu lato of Powell was treated as a subspecies of Powelliphanta hochstetteri (Pfeiffer, 1862) . Genetic studies by Walker (2003: 200), Trewick et al. (2008), and Buckley et al. (2014) indicated that Powell’s lignaria group is monophyletic and not closely related to hochstetteri . The last-mentioned study also found that there was a lack of monophyly in mitochondrial COI sequences among Powell’s subspecies of lignaria, and that only one subspecies, Powelliphanta lignaria rotella Powell, 1938, had a distinct nuclear genotype as determined from microsatellite data.</p><p>Powell (1949: 348) noted that following the original description there had been no further valid records of lignaria from the vicinity of the Lyell-Mokihinui Saddle. That is apparently still the case, and a brief search carried out during the present study failed to find any snails or empty shells of this species in beech and Dracophyllum forest on and around the saddle. However, surveys over the last few decades have shown that the distribution of Powelliphanta lignaria unicolorata (Powell, 1930) extends up the Mokihinui River South Branch to within a few kilometers of the Lyell-Mokihinui Saddle (Walker 2003: 121, pl. 39). Although shells of unicolorata are generally a plain olive-brown in colour, some have irregular, reddish-brown radial streaks matching Hutton’s original description of lignaria (e.g., NMNZ M.77190, M.125507, M.308311, and this, along with the geographic proximity of unicolorata to the type locality of lignaria, indicates that Parphanta unicolorata Powell, 1930 is probably a synonym of Paryphanta lignaria Hutton, 1888 . If this interpretation is correct a new subspecific name will be required for the population on the coastal range north of Mokihinui River, which was treated as lignaria sensu stricto by Powell (1949: 350, 1979: 336), Meads et al. (1984: 295), Walker (2003: 111, pl. 35) and others. This eventuality was anticipated by Powell (1946: 106), who noted that the identity of lignaria “cannot be finalized until topotypes of Hutton’s species are obtained, but the indications are that …. the Mokihinui-Karamea coastal form will require to be named, my nomination of a St. Helens specimen as neotype becoming void”.</p><p>During the present study a previously unreported population of Powelliphanta in the Kawatiri complex of Daly (2019) was found in alpine shrub-tussockland on the Lyell Range, above the Lyell-Mokihinui Saddle, confirming a prediction by Powell (1949: 348). The shells differ from Hutton’s description of lignaria in their smaller adult size (maximum shell diameter of c. 44 mm), and smooth, shiny surface on both the spire and base, and may be conspecific with the larger specimen in CMNZ M690. A record of Powelliphanta lignaria unicolorata further north on Lyell Range by Walker (2003: pl. 39) was an error based on misidentification of a species of the Kawatiri complex (K. Walker pers. comm. 2019).</p><p>With regard to Hutton’s (1900: 22, pl. 2) record of putative Paryphanta lignaria from Mt Rochfort, it is possible that the illustrated specimen in CMNZ M694 was in fact from this locality as originally stated (i.e., not from the Seddonville area, as suggested by Powell 1949: 352), and represents a separate taxon that has not been recollected there, and may now be extinct. The shell differs from typical unicolorata in having a more elevated spire, and a more rapidly descending final whorl, and in these regards it shows similarities with illustrations of Powelliphanta “Buller River” by Walker (2003: 130, pl. 42).</p><p>Current taxonomy. Powelliphanta lignaria (Hutton, 1888) —after Powell (1949: 350; 1979: 336; Meads et al. 1984: 295; Walker 2003: 111).</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand; South Island, northern West Coast: local populations of Powelliphanta lignaria sensu lato are present in the Mokihinui River catchment, in hill country between Ngakawau River and Seddonville Flats, on the coastal range between Mokihinui and Little Wanganui rivers, and in the lower and middle reaches of Karamea River catchment (Powell 1949, Meads et al. 1984, Walker 2003).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA02FFE350B6FC4DFC70BFF5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA00FFE550B6FDC3FD70BC22.text	AD3987E6FA00FFE550B6FDC3FD70BC22.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhytida patula Hutton, Greymouth 1882	<div><p>Rhytida patula Hutton, 1882</p><p>Pl. 6, figs. E, F</p><p>Hutton, 1882. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 282.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype (designated by Powell 1946: 127), CMNZ M122 [ex ZS 823], and paralectotypes (5), CMNZ M121 (dry shells). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has a radula mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Rhytida patula, Greymouth, XVI p. 167’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.59), which is probably primary type material (see radula descriptions by Hutton 1883d: 139, 1884b: 167).</p><p>Label details. CMNZ M121 —‘ Greymouth, Hutton coll.’, CMNZ M122 —‘ Greymouth, R. Helms coll.’, ‘ Lectotype sel. by A.W. B. Powell 1936 ’, and accompanying handwritten note ‘ Largest is holotype, agrees with Hutton’s dimensions. AWBP’.</p><p>CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M121—‘ Rhytida patula Hutton, Greymouth, (old No., 121)’; M122— ‘ Rhytida patula Hutton, Greymouth, presumably Type, (ZS 823)’.</p><p>Type locality. ‘Greymouth (R. Helms)’ (Hutton 1882p: 282, 1883d: 139).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1884b: pl. 10, fig. Q) probably from type material; Powell (1946: text figs. D4–6— lectotype).</p><p>Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of Rhytida patula to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1882, but publication was delayed until May 1883 (Hutton 1883d: 139), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1882p: 282). A description by Hutton (1884b: 167, pl. 10, fig. Q) of a radula of patula was probably based on the putative type material in CMNZ 2017.17.59 mentioned above. As noted in the preceding species entry, Hutton (1883d: 139) differentiated R. patula from R. citrina, both described from material from Greymouth, on the basis of shell and animal coloration, and radula details. From the start there has been confusion over the identity and distribution of both species. Powell (1946: 127) noted that type material of R. patula at CMNZ comprised six ‘co-types’ and he selected the largest specimen, which most closely matched the shell dimensions given by Hutton (1883d: 138), as the lectotype, which is illustrated here in pl. 6, fig. F. Re-examination of this type series indicates that it is a mixed lot that contains two different species, a fact evidently not recognized by Hutton and other workers. One paralectotype (M121.5) is conspecific with the lectotype of R. patula, three match the neotype of R. citrina Hutton, 1882 and are interpreted here as that species (M121.1–M121.3), and one small juvenile shell was indeterminate (M121.4). One of the paralectotypes identified as R. citrina, M121.3, is illustrated here in pl. 6, fig. E. Records of R. patula from Balclutha by Hutton (1884b: 167, 1884c: 208), Hedley &amp; Suter, (1893: 630) and Suter (1894b: 286, 1913: 777), based on CMNZ M1417, refer to a different species, Rhytida otagoensis Powell, 1930 . Powell (1946: 127, 1979: 345) recorded R. patula from several localities on the West Coast of the South Island between Whanganui Inlet and Lake Kaniere, and Parkinson (1979: 10) stated that this species was distributed over “most of the West Nelson block”. Efford (1998: 36, fig. 4J) mapped R. patula as having a wide distribution in the northwestern South Island, from Cape Farewell south to Shantytown (south of Greymouth) and Lewis Pass, albeit noting that this could be a complex of related species. Preliminary results of a phylogenetic study (M. Kennedy &amp; T. King unpub. data) confirm this suspicion, and indicate that R. patula has a more restricted distribution than previously recognised (see below). Assigned to genus Rhytida Albers, 1860 by Hutton (1882) and subsequent authors, but this placement requires re-evaluation (M. Kennedy &amp; T. King unpub. data).</p><p>Current taxonomy. Rhytida patula Hutton, 1882 — Hutton (1884b: 167, 1884c: 208), Hedley &amp; Suter (1893: 630), Suter (1894b: 286, 1913: 776), Powell (1946: 127, 1979: 345), Parkinson (1979: 10), Efford (1998: 36), Spencer et al. (2009: 218).</p><p>Distribution. New Zealand; northern West Coast, coastal ranges between Charleston and Shantytown (AIM and NMNZ collection records).</p><p>Part 2: Land snail species introduced into New Zealand</p><p>Infraclass Pulmonata</p><p>Order Stylommatophora</p><p>Family AGRIOLIMACIDAE H. Wagner, 1935</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA00FFE550B6FDC3FD70BC22	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA06FFE450B6FDA4FD9CBE8B.text	AD3987E6FA06FFE450B6FDA4FD9CBE8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Limax molestus Hutton, Dunedin, Purchased 1879	<div><p>Limax molestus Hutton, 1879</p><p>Hutton, 1879. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 11 (1878): 331.</p><p>Type material. Syntypes (11), OMNZ IV5714 (in alcohol), syntype (1), NHMUK 1886.11.18.26 (in alcohol). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has a radula mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Limax agrestis, Dunedin, XVI p. 167’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.86), which is probably primary type material of Limax molestus Hutton, 1879 (see radula description by Hutton 1882h: 154).</p><p>Label details. OMNZ IV5714—‘ L. molestus Hutton, = Limax agrestis Hutton, Dunedin (in Hutton’s handwriting)’.</p><p>NHMUK molluscan register details. 1886.11.18.26—‘ Limax molestus Hutton, Dunedin, Purchased of the Commission for the New Zealand, Indian and Colonial Exhibition 1886’.</p><p>Type locality. ‘ Dunedin, Wellington, etc. Abundant everywhere’ (Hutton 1879: 331) .</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Hutton (1882h: 154, pl. 3, figs. H, P—as Limax agrestis; radula and jaw ‘from one of my type specimens from Dunedin’,).</p><p>Remarks. The original label of the type material of Limax molestus at OMNZ has been lost or destroyed, but transcribed details indicate that this material was collected and identified by Hutton himself. A specimen of L. molestus that was mentioned by Cockerell &amp; Collinge (1893: 201) as being “in the British Museum … from Dunedin (Otago Univ. Mus.)” is possibly a syntype (NHMUK 1886.11.18.26). It was evidently sent to London as an exhibit in the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886 and was subsequently purchased by the British Museum. There has been confusion over the identity L. molestus . Hutton (1879: 331) noted that it was “closely allied to L. agrestis of Europe’, but differed in some anatomical characters. Its distribution was initially listed as New Zealand only (Hutton 1879: 331, 1880: 25), but it was subsequently treated as a junior synonym of Limax agrestis Linnaeus, 1758 (Hutton 1882h: 154; Hutton 1884c: 212; Musson 1891: 891; Suter 1892b: 279; Cockerell &amp; Collinge 1893: 175, 201; Hedley &amp; Suter, 1893: 665; Suter 1913: 1071) and Limax laevis Müller, 1774 (Grimpe &amp; Hoffmann 1925: 408). Barker (1979: 427) inferred that early records of L. agrestis from New Zealand were misidentifications of Deroceras reticulatum (Müller, 1774) . He listed L. molestus as a junior synonym of the latter taxon, noting that ‘Hutton’s brief description appears to fall within the general description of this species’, albeit without examination of type material. Deroceras reticulatum is native to Europe, and has a wide adventive distribution including in central Asia, North and South America, South Africa, islands of the Atlantic and Indian oceans, Australia, New Zealand and some Pacific islands (Barker 1999: 39; Wiktor 2000: 509; Herbert 2010; Welter-Schultes, 2012: 469). In New Zealand this species is present mostly in modified habitats, throughout the North and South Islands, and on Rakiura/Stewart, Chatham, Auckland and Campbell islands (Barker 1999: 39, 40, map 3).</p><p>Current taxonomy. A subjective junior synonym of Deroceras reticulatum (Müller, 1774) — Barker (1979: 427, 1982: 179, 1999: 38).</p><p>Family ARIONIDAE Gray, 1840</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA06FFE450B6FDA4FD9CBE8B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA07FFE450B6FF3CFD80B802.text	AD3987E6FA07FFE450B6FF3CFD80B802.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Arion incommodus Hutton, Dunedin, Purchased 1879	<div><p>Arion incommodus Hutton, 1879</p><p>Hutton, 1879. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 11 (1878): 331.</p><p>Type material. Syntypes (58), OMNZ IV5715 (in alcohol), and syntype (1), NHMUK 1886.11.18.25 (in alcohol). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has a radula and shell fragment mounted on glass slides with the label details ‘ Arion fuscus, Dunedin, XIV p. 154’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.50–2017.17.51), which are probably primary type material of Arion incommodus Hutton, 1879 (see radula description by Hutton 1882h: 154– 155).</p><p>Label details. OMNZ IV5715—‘ A. incommodus, = Arion subfusca Hutton, Dunedin (in Hutton’s handwriting)’.</p><p>NHMUK molluscan register details. 1886.11.18.25—‘ Arion incommodus Hutton, Dunedin, Purchased of the Commission for the New Zealand, Indian and Colonial Exhibition 1886’.</p><p>Type locality. ‘Dunedin, not uncommon in gardens etc.’ (Hutton 1879: 331).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Hutton (1882h: pl. 3, figs. K, R—as Arion fuscus; radula and jaw ‘from a Dunedin specimen’).</p><p>Remarks. The original label of the type material of Arion incommodus at OMNZ has been lost or destroyed, but transcribed details indicate that this material was collected and identified by Hutton himself. A specimen of A. incommodus that was mentioned by Cockerell (1891b: 221) as being “in the British Museum from Dunedin (Otago Univ. Mus.)” is possibly a syntype (NHMUK 1886.11.18.25). It was evidently sent to London as an exhibit in the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886 and was subsequently purchased by the British Museum. Barker (1979: 418, 1999: 47) was apparently unaware of the type material of A. incommodus in OMNZ and referred to the NHMUK material as a “type specimen (?)”, and a “probable holotype ”, respectively. There has been confusion over the identity of Arion incommodus . Its distribution was initially listed as New Zealand only (Hutton 1879: 331, 1880: 26), but it was subsequently treated as a junior synonym of the European species Arion fuscus (Müller, 1774) (e.g., Hutton 1882h: 154, 1884c: 212; Simroth 1889: 65; Musson 1891: 890) and Arion subfuscus (Draparnaud, 1805) (e.g., Cockerell 1891b: 221; Suter 1892b: 280, 1913: 1072; Cockerell &amp; Collinge 1893: 190, Hedley &amp; Suter 1893: 665; Thomson 1922: 263). Barker (1979: 418, 1999: 45, 47) examined the specimen of A. incommodus at NHMUK and noted that it appeared to be a junior synonym of Arion hortensis Férussac, 1819 . Hutton’s (1879) description was the first record of this taxon from New Zealand. Barker (1982: 178, 1999: 46, 47, map 5) noted that A. hortensis was present in a wide range of modified habitats throughout the North and South islands but was less common in the southern South Island. Arion hortensis is native to northwestern Europe, and has been introduced to New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, North America, Madeira, St Helena and Sri Lanka (Winter 1984: 9; Barker 1999:46; Herbert 2010; Welter-Schultes, 2012: 476).</p><p>Current taxonomy. A subjective junior synonym of Arion hortensis Férussac, 1819 — Barker (1982: 178, 1999: 98).</p><p>Family MILACIDAE Ellis, 1926</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA07FFE450B6FF3CFD80B802	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA07FFE750B6F9BCFDD3BA2A.text	AD3987E6FA07FFE750B6F9BCFDD3BA2A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Milax emarginatus Hutton, Dunedin, Purchased 1879	<div><p>Milax emarginatus Hutton, 1879</p><p>Hutton, 1879. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 11 (1878): 331.</p><p>Type material. Syntypes (3), OMNZ IV5716 (in alcohol), and syntype (1), NHMUK 1886.11.18.16 (in alcohol). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has a radula, jaw and shell mounted on glass slides with the label details ‘ Milax emarginatus, Dunedin, XIV p. 154’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.110–2017.17.112), which are probably primary type material of Milax emarginatus Hutton, 1879 (see radula description by Hutton 1882h: 154).</p><p>Label details. OMNZ IV5716—‘ Milax emarginatus = Amalia gagates Hutton, Dunedin (in Hutton’s handwriting)’.</p><p>NHMUK molluscan register details. 1886.11.18.16—‘ Milax emarginatus Hutton, Dunedin, Purchased of the Commission for the New Zealand, Indian and Colonial Exhibition 1886’.</p><p>Type locality. ‘Dunedin; common in gardens etc.’ (Hutton 1879: 331).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Jaw and radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1882h: pl. 3, figs. I, pl. 4, fig. S) probably from type material.</p><p>Remarks. The original label of the type material of Milax emarginatus at OMNZ has been lost or destroyed, but transcribed details indicate that this material was collected and identified by Hutton himself (see also Hutton 1884c: 205). A specimen of M. emarginatus that was mentioned by Cockerell (1891a: 340) as having been “found at Dunedin (Otago University Museum), in the British Museum” is possibly a syntype (NHMUK 1886.11.18.16). It was evidently sent to London as an exhibit in the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886 and was subsequently purchased by the British Museum. There has been confusion over the identity of Milax emarginatus Hutton. Its distribution was initially listed as New Zealand only (Hutton 1879: 331, 1880: 26, 1884c: 205; Cockerell 1891a: 340), but Musson (1891: 886) implied that it could be adventive in New Zealand, and Hedley &amp; Suter (1893: 665) listed it as adventive. Suter (1913: 1072) noted that it was related to Limax gagates Draparnaud, 1805, and it was treated as a junior synonym of this species by Thomson (1922: 261), Powell (1979: 450) and Barker (1979: 420, 1982: 178, 1999: 87). Milax gagates (Draparnaud) is thought to be native to the coastal zone and islands of the western Mediterranean, and possibly Canary Islands, and has a very wide synanthropic distribution that includes central and northern Europe, South Africa, Atlantic islands, North and South America, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and some Pacific islands (Wiktor 1987: 205, map 3; Barker 1999; Herbert 2010; Welter-Schultes, 2012: 432). It was first recorded in New Zealand in the Bay of Islands in 1840 (as Limax fuliginosus Gould, 1852), and was recorded by Barker (1999: 89, map 18) as being widely distributed in modified habitats in the North and South islands, and present also on Chatham Island.</p><p>Current taxonomy. A junior synonym of Milax gagates (Draparnaud, 1801) — Powell (1979), Barker (1979, 1982, 1999).</p><p>Family TESTACELLIDAE Gray, 1840</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA07FFE750B6F9BCFDD3BA2A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA04FFE650B6FBDDFE67BCF6.text	AD3987E6FA04FFE650B6FBDDFE67BCF6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Testacella vagans Hutton 1882	<div><p>Testacella vagans Hutton, 1882</p><p>Pl. 6, fig. G</p><p>Hutton, 1882. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 282.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype (designated by Barker 1999: 98), CMNZ M352 &amp; paralectotypes (2), CMNZ M5033 [ex ZS 1098] (dry shells). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has a radula mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Testacella vagans, Auckland, XVI, pl. 9, fig. T’ (CMNZ 2017.17.57) in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.57), which is probably primary type material.</p><p>Label details. CMNZ M352—‘ Auckland, Hutton coll.’</p><p>Type locality. ‘ Auckland (T. F. Cheeseman)’ (Hutton 1882p: 282); ‘ Auckland (T.F. Cheeseman), and Waiuku (T. Kirk)’ (Hutton 1883d: 140).</p><p>Previous illustrations of type material. Radula teeth of Testacella vagans illustrated by Hutton (1884b: pl. 10, fig. T) probably from type material.</p><p>Remarks. Hutton (1882h: 152, pl. 3, fig. E, pl. 4, fig. M) described and illustrated the radula of a semi-slug, that had been “collected by Mr. T. Kirk, at Waiuku, in the Lower Waikato district ”. He identified this specimen as Daudebardia novoseelandica Pfeiffer [= Rhytididae], albeit noting that its distinctive barbed teeth “appear to belong to Testacella ”. Hutton subsequently received additional specimens from Thomas Cheeseman that had been collected from gardens in the vicinity of Auckland and decided that they belonged to a new species of Testacella . He submitted a description of Testacella vagans to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1882, but publication was delayed until May 1883 (Hutton 1883d: 140), and was pre-empted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1882p: 282). A shell from the type series (lectotype) of T. vagans is illustrated here for the first time in pl. 6 fig. G. Cheeseman (1887: 170) suggested that vagans may “prove to be the European H. maugei, and that it is only naturalised in New Zealand ”. Musson (1891: 885) and Suter (1892b: 279) also considered that T. vagans was adventive in New Zealand, and it was listed as a junior synonym of T. maugei Férussac, 1819 by Hedley &amp; Suter (1893: 665), Suter (1913: 1073), Thomson (1922: 259), and as a junior synonym of T. haliotidea Draparnaud, 1801 by Barker (1979: 414, 1982: 177). Barker (1999: 98) later concluded that T. vagans was conspecific with T. maugei, based on examination of type material. The latter species is thought to be native to the Atlantic coastal zone between Morocco and NW France, and Canary, Azores, Madeira and Channel Islands (Welter-Schultes 2012: 419), and has been introduced to South Africa and New Zealand (Barker 1999, Herbert 2010). Hutton’s (1882h,p) descriptions are the earliest record of T. maugei from New Zealand. At present the only confirmed records are from the Auckland region, where this species is still extant locally in modified urban habitats (F. Brook pers. obs.). According to Barker (1999: 99), records of Testacella from elsewhere in New Zealand were based on T. haliotidea Draparnaud.</p><p>Current taxonomy. A subjective junior synonym of Testacella maugei Férussac, 1819 — Hedley &amp; Suter (1893: 665), Suter (1913: 1073), Thomson (1922: 259), Barker (1999: 99).</p><p>Part 3: Land snail species with type material incorrectly stated to be from New Zealand</p><p>Subclass Caenogastropoda</p><p>Order Architaenioglossa</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA04FFE650B6FBDDFE67BCF6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA05FFE950B6FC69FD13BFEB.text	AD3987E6FA05FFE950B6FC69FD13BFEB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyclotus charmian Hutton, Horokiwi 1883	<div><p>Cyclotus charmian Hutton, 1883</p><p>Pl. 7, fig. A</p><p>Hutton, 1883. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 477.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype (designated here), CMNZ M48 (dry shell).</p><p>CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M48—‘ Cyclotus charmian Hutton, Horokiwi: Wellington (1 specimen) (old No. 136) ’.</p><p>Type locality. Stated by Hutton (1883g: 477, 1884b: 184) to be ‘Horokiwi, Wellington’, but this is incorrect (see below).</p><p>Remarks. Type material of Cyclotus charmian is illustrated here for the first time in pl. 7 fig. A. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 183), and was pre-empted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 477). These descriptions were based on one or more specimens that T.W. Kirk sent to Hutton, and which putatively had been collected at Horokiwi, west of Petone, Wellington. However, there have been no other records of this species from New Zealand, and the locality details given by Kirk were undoubtedly incorrect. Kobelt &amp; Möllendorff (1898: 155) and Suter (1913: 684) considered that Cyclotus charmian was a mislocalised specimen of Cyclostoma (Cyclotus) macgillivrayi Pfeiffer, 1855 . The latter taxon, which was described from material in Hugh Cuming’s collection obtained by John MacGillivray in ‘Aneiteum, New Hebrides’ [= Aneityum, Vanuatu] (Pfeiffer 1855: 104, see also Brazier 1871: 587), was treated as a subspecies of Cyclostoma (Cyclophorus) fornicatum Pfeiffer, 1854, by Sykes (1902: 199), Clench (1949: 20), and as a subjective junior synonym of Gonatorhaphe fornicata (Pfeiffer, 1854) by Solem (1959: 183). The latter species was described from material in H. Cuming’s collection from ‘New Hebrides’ (Pfeiffer 1854a: 146). Cyclostoma (Cyclotus) recluzianum Pfeiffer, 1854, the type species of Gonatorhaphe Möllendorff, 1898 by subsequent designation of Möllendorff, 1900, was listed as a subjective junior synonym of fornicata by Sykes (1902: 199), Clench (1949: 19) and Solem (1959: 183). Type material of recluzianum in H. Cuming’s collection was incorrectly listed as being from ‘Salomon’s Islands’ by Pfeiffer (1854b: 51), but was actually from ‘Erromanga, New Hebrides’, according to Brazier (1871: 587). Primary type material of fornicata, macgillivrayi and recluzianum in the NHMUK collection (ex H. Cuming’s collection) was illustrated by Solem (1959: pl. 9, figs. 4–6). Gonatorhaphe fornicata (Pfeiffer, 1854) sensu Solem (1959) has a distribution restricted to Vanuatu, and has been recorded from Aneityum, Efate, Erromango and Espiritu Santo (Solem 1959).</p><p>Current taxonomy. Gonatorhaphe fornicata (Pfeiffer, 1854) — Solem (1959), Freeman et al. (1997).</p><p>Subclass Heterobranchia</p><p>Infraclass Pulmonata</p><p>Order STYLOMMATOPHORA</p><p>Family EUCONULIDAE H.B. Baker, 1928</p><p>Subfamily MICROCYSTINAE Thiele, 1931</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA05FFE950B6FC69FD13BFEB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA0AFFE950B6FE1CFDF3B93A.text	AD3987E6FA0AFFE950B6FE1CFDF3B93A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trochomorpha hermia Hutton, Manawatu 1883	<div><p>Trochomorpha hermia Hutton, 1883</p><p>Pl. 7, fig. D</p><p>Hutton, 1883. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 477.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype, CMNZ M353, and possible paralectotype (1), NMNZ M.180049 (dry shells) . Lectotype fixed by inference of holotype (ICZN Art. 74.6) by Freeman et al. (1997: 32) .</p><p>CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M353—‘ Trochomorpha ? hermia Hutton, Manawatu, Wellington, 1 specimen (135)’.</p><p>Label details. NMNZ M.180049—‘ Trochomorpha ? hermia Hutt., Manawatu, T.W. Kirk Coll., Pres. Tawera a Kapiti Lodge’, in R.K. Dell’s handwriting.</p><p>Type locality. Stated by Hutton (1883g: 477, 1884b: 183) to be ‘Manawatu’, but this is incorrect (see below).</p><p>Remarks. Type material of Trochomorpha hermia is illustrated here for the first time in pl. 7 fig. D. Hutton submitted a description of Trochomorpha (?) hermia to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 183), and was pre-empted by a brief description of Trachomorpha [sic] (?) hermia in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 477). These descriptions were based on specimens that T.W. Kirk sent to Hutton, and which reportedly had been collected in Manawatu, north of Wellington. Suter (1892c: 282) noted that hermia “corresponds quite well” with Helix (Helicigona) inversicolor Férussac [family Helicarionidae], from Mauritius, and inferred that the type material was mislocalised, and not from New Zealand. Suter (1913: 684) stated that hermia is not a New Zealand species, and treated it as a synonym of Pachystyla inversicolor (Férussac, 1821), as did Freeman et al. (1997: 32), but this name is a nomen nudum, as pointed out by Kennard (1943: 123), and the currently recognised name of the Mauritian taxon is Pachystyla bicolor (Lamarck, 1822) (e.g., Griffiths &amp; Florens 2006: 127– 128, pl. 32. figs. C–F). Subadult shells of P. bicolor are similar to Trochomorpha hermia, but the two taxa have very different teleoconch microsculpture, and are not conspecific (Owen Griffiths pers. comm. 2019). During the present study Michael Shea and Isabel Hyman (pers. comm. 2019) pointed out that, rather than being from Mauritius, Trochomorpha hermia is in fact conspecific with Helix campbellii Gray, 1834, which is endemic to Norfolk and Philip islands, Australia. The latter is the type species of Advena Gude, 1913, and belongs in Microcystinae Thiele, 1931 (Isabel Hyman unpub. data). Advena campbelli was described from material collected on Philip Island (Gray 1834: 65); a syntype (NHMUK 1982239) is illustrated here for the first time in pl. 7, fig. E. Advena campbellii charon Preston, 1913, described from material collected on Norfolk Island (Preston 1913: 526, Iredale 1945: 66, Smith 1992: 226), is a synonym, according to Hyman (2005) and Stanisic et al. (2010: 346, 564).</p><p>Taxonomy. Treated here as a subjective junior synonym of Advena campbellii (Gray, 1843) N. syn.</p><p>Family RHYTIDIDAE Pilsbry, 1893</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA0AFFE950B6FE1CFDF3B93A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
AD3987E6FA0AFFEB50B6F8CEFAC5BF7B.text	AD3987E6FA0AFFEB50B6F8CEFAC5BF7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amphidoxa lavinia Hutton 1883	<div><p>Amphidoxa lavinia Hutton, 1883</p><p>Pl. 7, fig. B</p><p>Hutton, 1883. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 476.</p><p>Type material. Syntypes (2), NMNZ M.1754 (dry shells). Label details. ‘ Palmerston North, T.W. Kirk’ .</p><p>Type locality. Stated by Hutton (1883g: 476, 1884b: 180) to be ‘Palmerston North’, but this is incorrect (see below).</p><p>Remarks. Type material of Amphidoxa lavinia is illustrated here for the first time in pl. 7 fig. B. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 180), and was pre-empted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 476). These descriptions were based on specimens that T.W. Kirk sent to Hutton, and which putatively had been collected at Palmerston North, north of Wellington. However, there have been no other records of this species from New Zealand, and the locality details given by Kirk were undoubtedly incorrect. Suter (1913: 683) considered that Amphidoxa lavinia Hutton, 1883 was a junior synonym of Helix capillacea Férussac, 1832, from Australia, as did Iredale (1938: 119). Smith (1992: 299) stated that A. lavinia was “not known to occur in Australia ”, but this was probably based on a misinterpretation of Iredale’s synonymy. Re-examination of type material indicates that Amphidoxa lavinia Hutton, 1883 is actually a synonym of Helix sinclairi Pfeiffer, 1846 . The latter taxon was described from one or more specimens collected by Dr. Andrew Sinclair in ‘Van Diemensland’ (= Tasmania, Australia). The lectotype (NHMUK 1842.11.2.23), fixed by inference of holotype (ICZN Article. 74.6) by Smith (1992: 304), is illustrated here for the first time in pl. 7, fig. C. Helix sinclairii is the type species of the genus Tasmaphena Iredale, 1933, in the family Rhytididae, by original designation. It is endemic to mid-northern, central and southern Tasmania (Smith &amp; Kershaw 1981: 69, map 36; Stanisic et al. 2018: 98).</p><p>Taxonomy. Treated here as a subjective junior synonym of Tasmaphena sinclairii (Pfeiffer, 1846) N. syn.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA0AFFEB50B6F8CEFAC5BF7B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brook, Fred J.;Kennedy, Martyn;King, Tania M.;Ridden, Johnathon;Shaw, Matthew D.;Spencer, Hamish G.	Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D., Spencer, Hamish G. (2020): Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa 4865 (1): 1-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
