taxonID	type	description	language	source
AC4687AA9B72C53917DCA1CCFA4AFA9F.taxon	materials_examined	Types. Holotype: apterous viviparous female (number 1 of measurement series), CHILE, Los Ríos region, Valdivia province, Valdivia [approx. 39 ° 50 ’ S, 74 ° 18 ’ W], 5 December 2000, on Nothofagus dombeyi, P. A. Brown & C. C. Ramírez leg.; Karyotype number RLB 4587; Natural History Museum London collection. Paratypes: 13 apterous viviparous females [apt.], 4 alate viviparous females [al.] and 1 alatoid nymph [nym.], Natural History Museum London and University of León collections. CHILE, Los Ríos region, same data as holotype, 11 apt. and 1 nym.; CHILE, Los Lagos region, Chiloe province, Ancud at Senda Darwin [approx. 41 ° 53 ’ S, 73 ° 39 ’ W, 20 m], 7 December 2000, on Nothofagus nitida, 1 nym., P. A. Brown & C. C. Ramírez leg.; Karyotype number RLB 4583. CHILE, Los Ríos region, Valdivia province, Niebla [39 ° 52 ' S, 73 ° 24 ' W, 25 m], 3 February 2016, on Nothofagus dombeyi, 2 apt. and 4 al., Mier Durante, Nieto Nafría & Ortego leg.	en	Nafría, Juan Manuel Nieto, Von Dohlen, Carol D., Brown, Paul A., Durante, M. Pilar Mier, Ortego, Jaime, López Ciruelos, Sara I., Licht, Megan (2019): Three new species of the genus Neuquenaphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae, Spicaphidinae) from southernmost South America. Zootaxa 4590 (5): 525-545, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4590.5.2
AC4687AA9B72C53917DCA1CCFA4AFA9F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name of the new species, blackmani, is devoted to Roger L. Blackman (scientific associate of the Natural History Museum, London), who studied the karyotype of the species and recognised the specimens as being of a new species.	en	Nafría, Juan Manuel Nieto, Von Dohlen, Carol D., Brown, Paul A., Durante, M. Pilar Mier, Ortego, Jaime, López Ciruelos, Sara I., Licht, Megan (2019): Three new species of the genus Neuquenaphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae, Spicaphidinae) from southernmost South America. Zootaxa 4590 (5): 525-545, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4590.5.2
AC4687AA9B72C53917DCA1CCFA4AFA9F.taxon	description	Description. Apterous viviparous females (Figures 1 A, 2 A – H). From 14 specimens. When alive pale green. Body 2.15 – 2.95 mm. Other measurements are in Table 2. Mounted specimens very pale in general, with cephalic dorsum in part, antennae, clypeus, mandibular and marginal lames, penultimate and ultimate segment of rostrum, legs and finger-shaped processes (whole or mostly) pale brown, other segment of rostrum, siphunculi, genital and anal plates and cauda very pale brown. Spiracular and intersegmental sclerites inconspicuous. No wax pores observed. Finger-shaped processes are ornamented with rings of wrinkles on its proximal part and scarce and small spinules on middle and distal part, with tenuously imbricated margin, and ending in sharp spines, which are much shorter than the apical setae, which are pointed, more or less lancet-shaped or tapering. Head with four fingershaped processes, two anterior with two setae each, and two posterior, and two pairs of seated setae, one pair behind the base of anterior processes, sometimes on small elevations or in several cases sited on the basal part of the process, and the other pair lateral to posterior processes, minute and pointed. Frons sinuate, with conspicuous lateral and medial tubercles, and a tenuous epicraneal line. Ventral face of head smooth in general with a pair of lateral setae, delicate and pointed, and with a medial oval-shaped bulge, rough and with two pairs of setae, thick and pointed. Antennae longer than body and progressively pigmented to apex. Antennal segment I with scarce and feeble striae and 10 – 12 setae, thick and pointed. Antennal flagellum progressively imbricate from almost smooth segment III proximal part to apex. Inner margin of antennal segment III with 8 – 12 setae, pointed and thinner than those of segment I. Base of antennal segment VI with (1) 2 (3) setae, fine and pointed. Primary sensoria small and ciliate; satellite sensoria also ciliate and distal relative to primary. Rostrum short, never reaching beyond middle coxae. Ultimate rostral segment with 3 – 4 accessory setae, long and delicate. Prothorax with four spinal fingershaped processes and always with a broad marginal bulge, rugose and carrying one seta on its anterior part, and sometimes with a submarginal wart-shaped process, with 1 – 3 setae, plus a marginal small wart-shaped process or tubercle. Mesothorax and metathorax with spinal, pleural, submarginal and marginal finger-shaped processes on each. Legs slender. Femora smooth; femoral setae scarce, short and pointed. Tibiae with scarce and little marked striae and setae longer and more abundant than those in femora, mainly on its distal third, and also pointed. Tarsi imbricated. First tarsal segments usually with two dorsal setae (sometimes lacking or lost) and (5) 7 ventral setae, which are long and delicate. Empodial setae spatulate. Abdominal segments 1 to 4 with spinal, pleural, submarginal and marginal finger-shaped processes on each; abdominal segments 5 and 6 only with three pairs each, lacking submarginal ones. Siphunculus with slight and much spaced striae on proximal part, 2 (sometimes one of them incomplete) to 4 rows of cells at the apex, and a broad flange. Abdominal segment 7 with two pairs of fingershaped processes; segment 8 with one pair of finger shaped processes and 1 – 3 marginal setae in all, pointed and relatively thick. Knob of cauda elongated, with 27 – 38 (42) setae, long and delicate. Alatoid nymphs. From 1 specimen. Body 2.35 mm. Very similar to apterous viviparous females, with: (1) frons less sinuous; (2) three or four secondary sensoria on proximal part of antennal segment III, transverse-oval and ciliate, (3) front femora more robust than middle and hind femora; (4) first tarsal segments without dorsal setae; and (5) siphunculi tapering. Measurements in Table 2. Alate viviparous females (Figures 1 B, 2 I – V). From 4 specimens, measured. When alive pale green with head and thorax brown. Body 2.22 – 2.55 mm. Other measurements are in Table 2. Mounted specimens with head, thorax and appendages brown, abdomen very pale, with anal plate and cauda dusky, and siphunculi dark brown. Four pairs of abdominal intersegmental sclerites, small and pale; spiracular sclerites also pale. Tegument smooth in general. No wax pores observed. Head with two anterior conical-shaped tubercles, blunt and smooth, sometimes absent, with two setae, thin, rigid and pointed. Frons gently wavy. Dark brown to black ring around each ocellus; the ring around the anterior ocellus contacts the dark epicraneal line. Seated dorso-cephalic setae similar in shape to those on cephalic processes. Ventro-cephalic setae delicate and pointed. Antennae much longer than body. Antennal segment I with 9 – 11 setae, shorter than dorso-cephalic ones, delicate and pointed. Antennal flagellum progressively imbricate from smooth proximal part of segment III to apex. Antennal segment III with 20 – 26 setae on its inner margin, pointed and thinner than those of segment I, and with 1 – 4 secondary sensoria, placed on the end of second fifth of its length, oval-transverse and with thick margin. Base of antennal segment VI with two setae, fine and pointed. Primary and satellite sensoria ciliate. Rostrum short, never reaching beyond middle coxae. Ultimate rostral segment also short and with 3 – 4 accessory setae, long and delicate. Prothorax with setae long, thin, rigid and pointed; two spinal setae sometimes placed on conical-shaped tubercles or elevations. Mesothorax sometimes with 2 tubercles similar in shape and size to prothoracic ones. Front legs with dark femorotibial articulation and different in shape to other legs: femur rather more strongly developed than other femora and with a conspicuous subapical tooth, and tibia widened at base. Middle and hind legs slender. Cuticular ornamentation and setae of legs similar to those in apterous viviparous females, except for the presence of 2 – 4 tooth-like setae (or coarse spines) at the end of each tibia. Abdomen with 8 spinal pairs of processes, rod-shaped on segments 1 to 3 and 8, conical-shaped tubercles on segments 4 to 7, and 3 – 4 marginal pairs and 1 – 3 submarginal pairs of processes, conical-shaped tubercles of varied heights, blunt and smooth, or cuticular elevations, all of them with thin, rigid, pointed and long apical seta. Dorsal abdominal setae when they are not on processes, including pleural ones, sometimes placed on very small elevations. Siphunculi as usual in alate females of Neuquenaphis, with striae on the proximal part, 11 – 15 rows of cells in the distal reticulate part and slightly flanged. Abdominal segment 8 with 2 – 3 marginal setae in all. Caudal knob elongated and relatively pointed, with 20 – 22 setae. Karyotype. From Blackman et al. (2003), female number 2 n = 12.	en	Nafría, Juan Manuel Nieto, Von Dohlen, Carol D., Brown, Paul A., Durante, M. Pilar Mier, Ortego, Jaime, López Ciruelos, Sara I., Licht, Megan (2019): Three new species of the genus Neuquenaphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae, Spicaphidinae) from southernmost South America. Zootaxa 4590 (5): 525-545, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4590.5.2
AC4687AA9B72C53917DCA1CCFA4AFA9F.taxon	discussion	Nucleotide sequences. Neighbor-joining dendrograms generated from the two mitochondrial loci placed this species closest to N. aurata sp. n. (Figure 7). Genetic distances between N. blackmani sp. n. and N. aurata sp. n. at the two loci are low (1.1 – 1.8 %; Table 3) but within the range for other well-accepted species (Foottit et al., 2008; Nieto Nafría et al., 2016; Nieto Nafría et al., 2019). N. blackmani sp. n. is genetically well differentiated from the remaining Neuquenaphis species sampled, with distances ranging from 7.1 – 18.7 % across the two loci (Table 3).	en	Nafría, Juan Manuel Nieto, Von Dohlen, Carol D., Brown, Paul A., Durante, M. Pilar Mier, Ortego, Jaime, López Ciruelos, Sara I., Licht, Megan (2019): Three new species of the genus Neuquenaphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae, Spicaphidinae) from southernmost South America. Zootaxa 4590 (5): 525-545, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4590.5.2
AC4687AA9B72C53917DCA1CCFA4AFA9F.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Nothofagus dombeyi (Mirb.) Oerst. and N. nitida (Phil.) Krasser (Nothofagaceae) are the host-plant species of Neuquenaphis blackmani sp. n. Oviparous females and males have not been collected, but we predict that the species is holocyclic, because other species of Neuquenaphis are known to be holocyclic, althoug these two species of Nothofagus are evergreen trees.	en	Nafría, Juan Manuel Nieto, Von Dohlen, Carol D., Brown, Paul A., Durante, M. Pilar Mier, Ortego, Jaime, López Ciruelos, Sara I., Licht, Megan (2019): Three new species of the genus Neuquenaphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae, Spicaphidinae) from southernmost South America. Zootaxa 4590 (5): 525-545, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4590.5.2
AC4687AA9B72C53917DCA1CCFA4AFA9F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Neuquenaphis blackmani sp. n. has been recorded in localities of the provinces of Valdivia (Los Ríos) and Chiloe (Los Lagos), although it is possible that it has a wider distribution, following the distribution of its host plants.	en	Nafría, Juan Manuel Nieto, Von Dohlen, Carol D., Brown, Paul A., Durante, M. Pilar Mier, Ortego, Jaime, López Ciruelos, Sara I., Licht, Megan (2019): Three new species of the genus Neuquenaphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae, Spicaphidinae) from southernmost South America. Zootaxa 4590 (5): 525-545, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4590.5.2
AC4687AA9B72C53917DCA1CCFA4AFA9F.taxon	description		en	Nafría, Juan Manuel Nieto, Von Dohlen, Carol D., Brown, Paul A., Durante, M. Pilar Mier, Ortego, Jaime, López Ciruelos, Sara I., Licht, Megan (2019): Three new species of the genus Neuquenaphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae, Spicaphidinae) from southernmost South America. Zootaxa 4590 (5): 525-545, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4590.5.2
AC4687AA9B72C53917DCA1CCFA4AFA9F.taxon	discussion	Taxonomic discussion, diagnostic characteristics. Neuquenaphis blackmani sp. n. must be included in the nominotypical subgenus. Neuquenaphis essigi, N. edwardsi, N. schlingeri and N. blackmani sp. n. have the same diploid chromosome number, 12, but their idiograms are different (Blackman et al., 2003). Apterous and alate viviparous females of N. essigi have 2 pairs of cephalic processes and have no marginal setae on abdominal segment 8 (for this reason this species is included in the subgenus Spicaphis) and antennae are shorter than body. Apterae of N. edwardsi also have antennae shorter than body, have no submarginal abdominal processes and apical setae on processes are different in shape (blunt or with thickened apex) and size (short) than those in the new species; alatae of N. edwardsi have antennae somewhat shorter (at most 1.5 times body), few abdominal processes and pigmented marginal sclerites. Both apterae and alata of N. schlingeri have no abdominal spinal processes. The pattern of abdominal processes of the apterous viviparous females of N. blackmani sp. n. and N. valdiviana (whose presence is limited to Valdivia province [Los Ríos]) is similar to each other. Apterous females of N. valdiviana have antennae shorter and setae on processes thickened at apex and shorter than those of N. blackmani; alate females of N. valdiviana have many dorso-abdominal pigmented sclerites and antennae also relatively short. The diploid chromosome number of N. valdiviana is 6. Apterous viviparous females of N. palliceps also have long antennae, short ultimate rostral segment and poorly pigmented abdomen; specimens of summer and autumn generations have six longitudinal series of finger-shaped processes, but apterae of early generations, including fundatrices, also have submarginal processes on presiphuncular abdominal segments; they can be distinguished from those of N. blackmani by having processes that are not so spinulated and apical setae that are blunt, and they have no prothoracic marginal bulge. Alate viviparous females of N. palliceps have fewer protruding processes than N. blackmani and their antennal segment VI processus terminalis is relatively longer, 5.5 – 8.8 in N. palliceps (from Quednau, 2010 and our data) versus 4.7 – 5.8 in N. blackmani. Diploid chromosome number is an additional difference: 6 in N. palliceps and 12 in N. blackmani. Apterous viviparous females of N. staryi (diploid chromosome number = 14) and N. michelbacheri (unknown karyotype) are not known; they could resemble those of the new species; in the absence of them we can use the characteristics of their alatoid nymphs, which are known. Apical setae on processes of both species are different to those of N. blackmani sp. n.: short and very thick at the apex in N. michelbacheri and shorter than the apical spines in N. staryi. Alatae of both species can be distinguished from those of N. blackmani by the ultimate rostral segment (longer in them than in N. blackmani); in addition, alatae of N. michelbacheri have antennae only slightly longer than body and carry more secondary sensoria on antennal segment III, and alatae of N. staryi have no abdominal presiphuncular marginal processes. The identification of apterous and alate viviparous females of N. blackmani sp. n. that can be collected in the future can be done using the dichotomous key included in the taxonomic discussion of Neuquenaphis ramirezi sp. n.	en	Nafría, Juan Manuel Nieto, Von Dohlen, Carol D., Brown, Paul A., Durante, M. Pilar Mier, Ortego, Jaime, López Ciruelos, Sara I., Licht, Megan (2019): Three new species of the genus Neuquenaphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae, Spicaphidinae) from southernmost South America. Zootaxa 4590 (5): 525-545, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4590.5.2
AC4687AA9B7BC53D17DCA549FA81FF6A.taxon	description	2010. Mier Durante, M. P., Ortego, J. and Nieto Nafría, J. M.: Neuquenaphis palliceps (misident.). Types. Holotype: apterous viviparous female (number 16 of measurement series), CHILE, Magallanes region, Magallanes province, Fuerte Bulnes [53 ° 37 ' S, 37 ° 55 ' W, 100 m], 7 February 2016, on Nothofagus betuloides, Nieto Nafría, Mier Durante & Ortego leg., University of León collection. Paratypes: 68 apterous viviparous females [apt.] and 1 alate viviparous female [al.]. CHILE, Magallanes region, same data as holotype, 36 apt; ARGENTINA, Santa Cruz province, Parque Nacional los Glaciares [50 ° 28 ' S, 73 ° 02 ' W, 230 m], 16 January 2000, on Nothofagus betuloides, 4 apt., 1 al., Nieto Nafría & Mier Durante leg.; ARGENTINA, Tierra del Fuego province, Lapataia [54 ° 51 ' S, 68 ° 35 ' W, 20 m], 8 January 2000, on Nothofagus betuloides, 9 apt.; ARGENTINA, Tierra del Fuego province, Ushuaia [54 ° 48 ' S, 68 ° 18 ' W, 50 m], 7 January 2000, on Nothofagus betuloides, 19 apt. University of León and Natural History Museum London collections.	en	Nafría, Juan Manuel Nieto, Von Dohlen, Carol D., Brown, Paul A., Durante, M. Pilar Mier, Ortego, Jaime, López Ciruelos, Sara I., Licht, Megan (2019): Three new species of the genus Neuquenaphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae, Spicaphidinae) from southernmost South America. Zootaxa 4590 (5): 525-545, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4590.5.2
AC4687AA9B7BC53D17DCA549FA81FF6A.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name of the new species, aurata, is a classic Latin adjective for " golden ", " with the colour of gold ", due to the colour in life of the apterae of the species, in the feminine gender to match the feminine Neuquenaphis genus name.	en	Nafría, Juan Manuel Nieto, Von Dohlen, Carol D., Brown, Paul A., Durante, M. Pilar Mier, Ortego, Jaime, López Ciruelos, Sara I., Licht, Megan (2019): Three new species of the genus Neuquenaphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae, Spicaphidinae) from southernmost South America. Zootaxa 4590 (5): 525-545, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4590.5.2
AC4687AA9B7BC53D17DCA549FA81FF6A.taxon	description	Description. Apterous viviparous females. (Figures 3 A, 4 A – I). From 69 specimens, 50 of which were measured. When alive yellow gold or yellow straw, with smoky dorsal processes. Body 2.35 – 3.23 mm. Other measurements are in Table 2. Mounted specimens pale cream in general, with cephalic dorsum, antennae, clypeus, mandibular and marginal lames, rostrum and legs pale brown; siphunculi mostly also pale brown, with a small dark brown apical portion; genital and anal plates and cauda very pale brown; several finger-shaped processes also pale brown, but most of them, specially spinal and pleural ones, with distal 50 - 80 % dark brown or very dark brown; spiracular and intersegmental sclerites inconspicuous. Tegument smooth in general. No wax pores observed. All processes with imbricated margin, with rings of wrinkles on proximal third and with spinules on middle and distal thirds, which are somewhat more robust and dense than in Neuquenaphis blackmani, and ending in sharp spines, which are shorter than the apical setae, with straight margins or lancet-shaped, but usually with blunt apices. Head with two pairs of finger-shaped processes, each of the anterior pair with two apical setae. Sometimes the seta behind each anterior process is situated upon it. Frons sinuate; a tenuous epicraneal line present. Ventral face of head with two pair of setae on an oval-medial bulge, thick and pointed, and one seta each side, delicate and pointed. Antennae longer than body and progressively pigmented to apex. Antennal segment I almost smooth and carrying 10 – 14 thick and pointed setae. Antennal flagellum progressively imbricate from almost smooth proximal half of segment III. Inner margin of antennal segment III with 5 – 16 setae, pointed and thinner than those of segment I. Base of antennal segment VI with 2 (4) setae, fine and pointed. Primary sensoria ciliate and small; satellite sensoria also ciliate and most of them placed distally to primary sensorium. Rostrum short, never reaching beyond middle coxae. Ultimate rostral segment with 2 – 6 accessory setae, long and delicate. Prothorax with four spinal finger-shaped processes and with a postero-lateral broad rough bulge that usually carries a wart-shaped process on its anterior part, and usually with pleural and submarginal wart-shaped processes or tubercles (sometimes simple elevations). Mesothorax and metathorax with four pairs of finger-shaped processes (spinal, pleural, submarginal and marginal) on each. Legs slender. Femora smooth and with scarce setae short and pointed. Tibiae with scarce and feint striae and more abundant setae than on femora, mainly on its distal third, longer than on femora and pointed. Tarsi imbricated. Setae on first tarsal segments with 7 ventral setae and usually 2 dorsal, all long and delicate. Empodial setae spatulate. Abdominal segments 1 to 4 with 4 pairs of finger-shaped processes; abdominal segment 5 and 6 with only 3 pairs (submarginal ones lacking) on each. Siphunculus almost smooth, with 2 (sometimes one incomplete) – 5 rows of cells at the apex, and with a broad flange. Abdominal segment 7 with two pairs of fingershaped processes; abdominal segment 8 with a single pair of finger-shaped processes and 1 – 3 in all marginal setae, delicate and pointed. Knob of cauda elongated, with 37 – 66 setae. Alate viviparous females. (Figures 3 B, 4 J – Q). From 1 specimen. When alive cream yellow with head and thorax dark brown. Body 2.10 mm. Mounted specimens with head, thorax and appendages brown, with the apex of front femora dark brown, and abdomen transparent in general, with spiracular sclerites very pale, intersegmental sclerites inconspicuous, anal plate and cauda dusky, and siphunculi brown to dark brown. Tegument smooth in general. No wax pores observed. Measurements in Table 2. Head with two short finger-shaped processes on the anterior margin, with 2 apical setae and another one on half proximal part. Frons gently wavy. Dark brown ring around each ocellus; that around the uneven one contacts the dark epicraneal line. Ventro-cephalic setae delicate and pointed, two pairs on medial oval bulge and two lateral. Antennae longer than body. Antennal segment I with 11 – 12 setae, similar in shape but longer than dorso-cephalic posterior setae. Antennal segment III smooth, with 15 – 16 setae on its inner margin, pointed and thinner than those of segment I, and with 3 – 4 secondary sensoria, oval-transverse, with thick margin and placed on the end of second fifth of segment length. Other antennal segments progressively imbricate. Base of antennal segment VI with 2 setae, fine and pointed. Primary and satellite sensoria ciliate. Rostrum short, not reaching beyond middle coxae. Ultimate rostral segment also short and with 4 accessory setae, long and delicate. Prothorax with two spinal setiferous elevations and a slight postero-lateral bulge. Mesothorax with two spinal short tubercles. Front leg with pigmented femorotibial articulation and different in shape to other legs, which are slender, with femur more strongly developed and with a conspicuous subapical tooth and tibia widened at base. Cuticular ornamentation and setae of legs similar to those in apterous viviparous females, except for the presence of 1 – 3 setae tooth-like (or spines) at the end of each tibiae. Spinal processes on all abdominal segments: rod-shaped on 1 – 3 and 8, tubercles on 4 – 6 and short rod-shaped on 7. Marginal processes on segments 1 to 6 diverse of shape: short rod-shaped or tubercles. Few and erratically disposed submarginal abdominal processes, tubercles or elevations. Apical setae of these processes always long, thin, rigid and pointed. Siphunculus as usual in alate females of Neuquenaphis, with striae on the proximal no-reticulate part, 9 – 10 rows of cells in the distal reticulate part and slightly flanged. Abdominal segment 8 with one lateral setae each side. Caudal knob elongated and relatively pointed, with 18 setae. First instar nymph (or aged embryo). From 2 specimens. Antenae with 5 segments, II and VI (base) with 2 setae each. Ultimate rostral segment without accessory (secondary) setae. Processes of head inconspicuous. Other processes wart-shaped, with strong spines and minuscule apical seta, only spinal on thoracic segments, and three, two and one pairs respectively on abdominal segments 1 to 6, 7 and 8. Anal segment with 2 setae. Karyotype. No known. Nucleotide sequences. See above discussion of N. blackmani in addition to Figure 7 and Table 3.	en	Nafría, Juan Manuel Nieto, Von Dohlen, Carol D., Brown, Paul A., Durante, M. Pilar Mier, Ortego, Jaime, López Ciruelos, Sara I., Licht, Megan (2019): Three new species of the genus Neuquenaphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae, Spicaphidinae) from southernmost South America. Zootaxa 4590 (5): 525-545, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4590.5.2
AC4687AA9B7BC53D17DCA549FA81FF6A.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Nothofagus betuloides (Mirb.) Oerst. is the host plant of Neuquenaphis aurata sp. n. We can expect the now established species to be holocyclic, although the oviparous females and males have not been collected yet, Nothofagus betuloides is an evergreen tree.	en	Nafría, Juan Manuel Nieto, Von Dohlen, Carol D., Brown, Paul A., Durante, M. Pilar Mier, Ortego, Jaime, López Ciruelos, Sara I., Licht, Megan (2019): Three new species of the genus Neuquenaphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae, Spicaphidinae) from southernmost South America. Zootaxa 4590 (5): 525-545, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4590.5.2
AC4687AA9B7BC53D17DCA549FA81FF6A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Neuquenaphis aurata sp. n. has been recorded in four localities, the southernmost two in the Argentine Tierra del Fuego in the northern banks of the Beagle Channel, about 580 km in a straight line from the northernmost one, situated on the shores of Argentino Lake (Santa Cruz, Argentina), marking an area that broadly coincides with that of its host plant, Nothofagus betuloides. Taxonomic discussion, diagnostic characteristics. Neuquenaphis aurata sp. n. must be included in the nominotypical subgenus. Neuquenaphis aurata sp. n. is very similar to Neuquenaphis blackmani sp. n. Apterous viviparae of both species have a different set of dorso-prothoracic processes: N. aurata usually has a wart-shaped process on the anterior part of broad marginal bulge and pleural and submarginal wart-shaped processes. The setae on processes are also different: pointed in N. blackmani sp. n. and usually blunt in N. aurata sp. n. The quantitative characteristics of both species are very close; the only appreciable differences in apterous viviparous females are the length of the apical setae on the spinal finger-shaped processes of anterior abdominal segments (7 – 10 µm in N. blackmani versus 10 – 18 µm in N. aurata), and the ratio length / basal width of the ultimate rostral segment (1.13 – 1.43 times in N. blackmani versus 0.95 – 1.25 times in N. aurata). Between alata of both species the differences are: lengths of antennal segments III (absolute length and relative to processus terminalis) and IV, second segment of hind tarsi, caudal knob and apical setae on processes on abdominal segment 8 (see Table 2), but they have little reliability because they are based on one specimen of N. aurata. The differences of N. aurata with other species of Neuquenaphis (N. essigi, N. edwardsi, N. schlingeri, N. valdiviana, N. palliceps, N. staryi and N. michelbacheri) are the same as above mentioned for N. blackmani. First instar nymphs (or aged embryos) are similar to those of N. palliceps, but cephalic and prothoracic process are finger-shaped in this species. The original identification of the paratypes of the new species from the Argentinean provinces of Tierra del Fuego and Santa Cruz as N. palliceps (Nieto Nafría et al., 2004; Mier Durante et al., 2010) was due to the short ultimate rostral segment, long antennae and abundant submarginal processes, which are also present in the early generations of N. palliceps. While N. blackmani sp. n. and N. aurata sp. n. are genetically very similar (though distinct), both are well differentiated from N. palliceps, with distances ranging from 7.1 – 8.2 % across the two loci (Table 3). The identification of apterous and alate viviparous females of N. aurata sp. n. that can be collected in the future can be done using the dichotomous key included in the taxonomic discussion of Neuquenaphis ramirezi sp. n. Ideally, future sampling would include replicate populations from both N. blackmani and N. aurata to assess intra-specific variation; from such data diagnostic nucleotide positions could be determined for each species.	en	Nafría, Juan Manuel Nieto, Von Dohlen, Carol D., Brown, Paul A., Durante, M. Pilar Mier, Ortego, Jaime, López Ciruelos, Sara I., Licht, Megan (2019): Three new species of the genus Neuquenaphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae, Spicaphidinae) from southernmost South America. Zootaxa 4590 (5): 525-545, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4590.5.2
AC4687AA9B7FC52317DCA15DFD96F87C.taxon	description	2018. Blackman, R. L. and Eastop V. F.: Neuquenaphis sp. B of Blackman et al. (2003). Types. Holotype: apterous viviparous female (number 27 of measurement series), CHILE, Aysén region, General Carrera province: Jeinimeni lake [approx. 46 ° 50 ’ S 72 ° 01 ’ W, 850 m], 9 December 2001, on Nothofagus pumilio, Brown and Villagra et al. leg. Natural History Museum London collection. Paratypes: 57 apterous viviparous females [apt.]. CHILE, La Araucanía region, Cautín province, Conguillio National Park [approx. 38 ° 50 ’ S 71 ° 37 ’ W, 520 m], 9 December 2000, on N. pumulio, 1 apt., P. A. Brown & C. Ramírez leg., Karyotype number RLB 4575. CHILE, Aysén region, same data than holotype, 8 apt.; CHILE, Aysén region, same locality and collectors than the holotype, 25 November 2001, on Nothofagus antarctica and on N. pumilio 4 plus 1 apt., respectively; 26 November 2001, on N. pumilio, 1 apt.; 8 December 2001, on N. pumilio, 1 apt.; CHILE, Aysén region, General Carrera province: Verde lake [approx. 46 ° 51 ’ S 72 ° 04 ’ W, 860 m], 2 December 2001, 3 apt., 6 December 2001, 6 apt., Brown and Villagra et al. leg .. CHILE, Magallanes region, Magallanes province, Las Vacas [52 ° 22 ’ S 71 ° 25 ’ W, 290 m], 4 February 2016, on N. pumilio, 6 apt., Nieto Nafría, Mier Durante and Ortego leg.; CHILE, Magallanes region, Última Esperanza province, Guardería Grey [51 ° 07 ’ S 73 ° 07 ’ W, 60 m], 5 February 2016, on N. pumilio, 4 apt., same collectors; CHILE, Magallanes region, Pehoé island [51 ° 05 ’ S 72 ° 59 ’ W, 40 m], 5 February 2016, on N. pumilio, 22 apt., same collectors. Natural History Museum London and University of León collections.	en	Nafría, Juan Manuel Nieto, Von Dohlen, Carol D., Brown, Paul A., Durante, M. Pilar Mier, Ortego, Jaime, López Ciruelos, Sara I., Licht, Megan (2019): Three new species of the genus Neuquenaphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae, Spicaphidinae) from southernmost South America. Zootaxa 4590 (5): 525-545, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4590.5.2
AC4687AA9B7FC52317DCA15DFD96F87C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name of the new species, ramirezi, is devoted to Claudio C. Ramírez Rivera. (associate professor of the University of Talca, Chile), who is coauthor of several papers on Chilean Neuquenaphis species (Quiroz et al., 1999; Blackman et al., 2003; Gaete-Eastman et al., 2004; Ramírez et al., 2008) and who also collected specimens.	en	Nafría, Juan Manuel Nieto, Von Dohlen, Carol D., Brown, Paul A., Durante, M. Pilar Mier, Ortego, Jaime, López Ciruelos, Sara I., Licht, Megan (2019): Three new species of the genus Neuquenaphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae, Spicaphidinae) from southernmost South America. Zootaxa 4590 (5): 525-545, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4590.5.2
AC4687AA9B7FC52317DCA15DFD96F87C.taxon	description	Description. Apterous viviparous females (Figures 5, 6). From 58 specimens, 56 of which were measured. When alive dark green or greenish brown without spots, or with spots more-or-less dark. Body 1.75 – 2.25 mm. Other measurements are in Table 2. Mounted specimens variably pigmented. In few pigmented specimens (perhaps the pallor of some specimens is an artefact of the preservation process) extensive areas of the body dorsum very pale, with (1) finger-shaped processes, anal plate and cauda pale cream, (2) cephalic dorsum and most part of prothoracic dorsum, marginal zones of meso- and metathorax, basal sclerites of finger-shaped processes and spiracular sclerites pale cream to cream, and (3) siphunculi and intersegmental muscular sclerites dark cream. In darker specimens on a pale background (1) head, dorsally and ventrally, basal sclerites of the marginal and submarginal abdominal finger-shaped processes, transverse bands on abdominal segments 7 and 8, spiracular sclerites, anal plate and cauda pale brown to brown, (2) dorsum of pro- and mesothorax, basal sclerites of metathoracic finger-shaped processes (sometimes coalescing with each other), basal sclerites of abdominal segments 1 – 6 with finger-shaped processes (also sometimes coalescing with each other), intersegmental sclerites and siphunculi brown to dark brown, usually the area in immediate contact with processes is less pigmented than the rest or is even pale. In all specimens, antennal segments I – IV, most of antennal segment V, rostrum and legs pale cream to cream; antennal segment VI and apex of segment V dark cream to brown or dark brown. No wax pores observed. All dorsal processes with proximal rings of wrinkles and with scarce and feeble spines, those of the apical ring shorter than the distal setae, which are short and widened and irregularly blunt at apex. Head with two pairs of finger-shaped processes, anterior one with two apical setae on each process. Sometimes the seta close the base of anterior finger-shaped process is sited on the basal part of the process. Frons nearly flat; epicraneal line usually inconspicuous on few pigmented specimens. Ventral head more or less wrinkled and with two lateral setae, delicate and pointed and with the typical medial bulge, oval, rugous and with two pairs of setae, thick and also pointed. Antennae usually longer than body. Antennal segment I almost smooth, with 6 – 15 thick and pointed setae. Antennal flagellum progressively imbricate from almost smooth proximal half of segment III. Inner margin of antennal segment III with 3 – 9 setae, pointed and thinner than those of segment I. Base of antennal segment VI with 1 – 3 setae, fine and pointed. Primary and satellite sensoria ciliate; several satellite sensoria distal to primary sensorium. Rostrum reaching beyond middle coxae. Ultimate rostral segment relatively long and with 2 – 8 accessory setae, long and delicate. Prothorax with four spinal finger-shaped processes in two rows, a postero-lateral bulge, broad, rough and carrying a wart-shaped process or tubercle or elevation on its anterior half, and usually wart-shaped processes pleural and submarginal, also variable in size. Mesothorax and metathorax with three pairs of thin finger-shaped processes (spinal, pleural and marginal) on each. Legs slender. Femora with scarce setae, short, delicate and pointed. Tibiae smooth or nearly smooth, with setae more abundant, longer and robust than those in femora and also pointed. First tarsal segments with 2 dorsal (sometimes lost or lacking) and 7 ventral setae, long and delicate. Second tarsal segment imbricated. Empodial setae spatulate. Abdominal segments 1 to 6 always with three pairs of thin finger-shaped processes (spinal, pleural and marginal) on each, and with finger-shaped or wart-shaped process or elevations on all or several of them. Siphunculus almost smooth, with 1 (sometimes incomplete) to 3 rows of cells at the apex and broad flange. Abdominal segment 7 with two pairs of finger-shaped processes; abdominal segment 8 with a single pair of finger-shaped processes and 2 in all marginal setae, delicate and pointed. Knob of cauda elongated, with (17) 20 – 26 (33) setae, long and delicate. Alate viviparous females. Still unknown. First instar nymph (or old embryo). From 2 specimens. Antennae with 5 segments, II and VI (base) with 2 setae each. Ultimate rostral segment without accessory (or secondary) setae. Anterior cephalic processes fingershaped and bifurcate in two short branches. Prothorax with four spinal finger-shaped processes and two marginal wart-shaped processes. Mesothorax and metathorax with spinal and pleural finger-shaped processes and marginal wart-shaped processes. Abdominal segment 1 to 6 with 3 pairs (spinal, pleural and marginal) of finger-shaped processes, segment 7 with two pairs and segment 8 with one pair. All processes scarcely spinuled, with a crown of spines, relatively long (approximately 4 – 5 times width at middle), blunt or enlarged at apex, smooth and with minuscule setae. Anal segment with 2 setae. Karyotype. From Blackman et al. (2003), females number 2 n = 16. Nucleotide sequences. Neighbor-joining dendrograms generated from the COI locus placed this species as most similar to N. similis and N. edwardsi (Figure 7). Of the latter, N. ramirezi sp. n. was genetically closer to N. similis (10.2 % for N. similis vs. 12.3 % for N. edwardsi). N. ramirezi sp. n. is genetically well differentiated from the remaining Neuquenaphis species sampled, with distances ranging from 10.2 – 21.5 % (Table 3).	en	Nafría, Juan Manuel Nieto, Von Dohlen, Carol D., Brown, Paul A., Durante, M. Pilar Mier, Ortego, Jaime, López Ciruelos, Sara I., Licht, Megan (2019): Three new species of the genus Neuquenaphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae, Spicaphidinae) from southernmost South America. Zootaxa 4590 (5): 525-545, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4590.5.2
AC4687AA9B7FC52317DCA15DFD96F87C.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Neuquenaphis ramirezi sp. n. has been collected on Nothofagus pumilio (Poepp. & Endl.) Krasser. and less frequently on N. antarctica (G. Forst.) Oerst. These trees are deciduous and sexuals of other Neuquenaphis species have been described, so it is probable that the life cycle of this species is holocyclic, although oviparous females and males have not yet been collected.	en	Nafría, Juan Manuel Nieto, Von Dohlen, Carol D., Brown, Paul A., Durante, M. Pilar Mier, Ortego, Jaime, López Ciruelos, Sara I., Licht, Megan (2019): Three new species of the genus Neuquenaphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae, Spicaphidinae) from southernmost South America. Zootaxa 4590 (5): 525-545, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4590.5.2
AC4687AA9B7FC52317DCA15DFD96F87C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Neuquenaphis ramirezi sp. n. has been recorded from six localities of Southern Chile; the northernmost (near the 38 ° S parallel) and the southernmost (near the 52 ° S parallel) localities delimit a wide area of distribution for the new species, which seems to be more frequent in the southern parts. Most of these localities are close to lakes or to the sea. Taxonomic discussion, diagnostic characteristics. Neuquenaphis ramirezi sp. n. must be included in the nominotypical subgenus. Dorsal-abdominal sclerotisation and pigmentation of apterous viviparous females of N. ramirezi sp. n. are similar to that of apterae of N. sensoriata, and apterae of early generations of N. edwardsi, but in the latter two species submarginal processes are unusual, and if they are present then they are short wart-shaped processes or cuticular elevations. In addition, apterous viviparae of N. sensoriata and N. edwardsi have antennae conspicuously shorter than body (at least 0.94 times body length in N. ramirezi) and relatively short antennal segment VI processus terminalis. Apterous viviparae of N. sensoriata, in which the diploid chromosome number is the same as N. ramirezi (16), have wider dorsal pigmentation and robust finger-shaped processes with blunt or rounded apical spines (pointed in N. ramirezi), and setae shorter than in N. ramirezi. Apterous viviparous females of N. staryi (diploid chromosome number 14) and N. michelbacheri (unknown karyotype) are unknown, and it could be that they resemble those of the new species. Alatoid nymphs of both species have antennae shorter than body (in three apterous nymphs of the new species antennae are 0.9 – 1.3 times body). In addition, setae of processes are inconspicuous in N. staryi nymphs and enlarged at apex in N. michelbacheri nymphs. N. ramirezi sp. n. can be distinguished from the other species of the nominotypical subgenus by the features of first instar nymphs (or embryos): in this species finger-shaped processes are approximately 4 – 5 times longer than width at middle, as in N. edwardsi, in all other species they are much shorter (see drawing in Quednau, 2010), but these processes in N. edwardsi have shorter apical spines and relatively longer terminal setae. Although we were unable to obtain sequences from the less variable tRNA-COII locus, the more variable COI barcode locus separates this species from the other Neuquenaphis species sampled, well beyond the 1 – 2 % minimum distance generally discriminating the most closely related aphid species (Foottit et al., 2008). The identification of apterous viviparous females of N. ramirezi sp. n. and also of N. blackmani sp. n. and N. aurata sp. n., collected in the future can be done using the dichotomous key below, which has been built on the basis of the identification keys for the species of the subgenus Neuquenaphis by Quednau (2010). It is advisable to use Quednau’s and Blackman & Eastop’s (2018) keys to corroborate future identifications, especially if the resolution of some couplets is difficult.	en	Nafría, Juan Manuel Nieto, Von Dohlen, Carol D., Brown, Paul A., Durante, M. Pilar Mier, Ortego, Jaime, López Ciruelos, Sara I., Licht, Megan (2019): Three new species of the genus Neuquenaphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae, Spicaphidinae) from southernmost South America. Zootaxa 4590 (5): 525-545, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4590.5.2
