identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
AC6A87E0FFB667315BB5CFEC8D6221F6.text	AC6A87E0FFB667315BB5CFEC8D6221F6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ernsta Grishin	<div><p>Ernsta Grishin, gen. n.</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ 8301DAE5-F4D8-4EE8-BFDC-BFF4BCE2A8E9</p><p>Type species: Pyrgus colotes Druce, 1875 (Fig. 2a).</p><p>Diagnosis. Morphologically similar to Spialia Swinhoe, 1912, where these species were placed previously. Keys to 5, 15, 21 (exclude antithesis of 25), or thesis 11 in de Jong (1978: 28 &amp; 30), constituting his colotes, delagoae, and dromus species groups. Differs from its relatives by the following characters. Ventral hindwing with straight median white band not separated into sports, i.e., white spot in cell RS-M 1 (space 6) joins central spot (discal cell) to the outer (and not inner) spot in cell Sc+R 1 -RS (space 7), but in many species of Spialia this band either broken into spots or directed basad at costa. While Spialia species lack costal fold in males, some Ernsta species have costal fold ( colotes species group). Species with costal fold are in addition characterized by the central white discal cell spot on dorsal forewing not closer to discocellular spot than to the basal cell spot and no two white spots are present above over the central cell spot (to distinguish from asterodia species group of de Jong (1978) that does not belong to Ernsta) and hindwing submarginal pale spots in cells M 1 -M 2 &amp; M 2 -M 3 (spaces 4 &amp; 5) offset basad from the rest of the submarginal spots. Species without costal fold either lack the basal white spots in discal cell on dorsal forewing, however, some white scales along cubital vein may be present forming a narrow streak (the delagoae species group), or on dorsal forewing in CuA 2 -1A+2A cell (space 1B) the outer lower median spot absent and inner lower median spot not smaller than the outer upper median spot ( dromus species group). In male genitalia, uncus not deeply incised, gnathos dorsally joined to tegumen, if gnathos free (in some species from the delagoae group), then coecum of aedeagus shortened or absent. In DNA COI barcode region, a combination of the following base pairs is diagnostic: A46T, C278T, T280A, T282T (not C), T301T (not C), T349A, G353G (not T), A481A (not T or C), and 529(not T).</p><p>Derivation of the name. The name is a feminine noun in the nominative singular. It honors Ernst Brockmann of Lich, Germany and his unstoppable passion for Hesperiidae in general and the Grizzled skippers in particular. Without his enthusiasm, help, encouragement and specimens this study would not be accomplished.</p><p>Species included: Encompasses delagoae, colotes, and dromus species groups, as they were defined by de Jong (1978). Full species list is given below. These are mostly African species, only three of which ( E. colotes, E. mangana, and E. bifida) cross the Red Sea into the southern corner of the Arabian Peninsula, and one ( E. zebra) is recorded from the northwestern Himalayas.</p><p>The phylogenetic trees (Fig. 1) suggest that this genus has split into two groups: one contains the type species of the genus, and the other one is named here as a subgenus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC6A87E0FFB667315BB5CFEC8D6221F6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Brockmann, Ernst;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Brockmann, Ernst, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Grishin, Nick V. (2020): A genomic perspective on the taxonomy of the subtribe Carcharodina (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Carcharodini). Zootaxa 4748 (1): 182-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4748.1.10
AC6A87E0FFB167315BB5CA948CE424C7.text	AC6A87E0FFB167315BB5CA948CE424C7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Delaga Grishin 1940	<div><p>Delaga Grishin, subgen. n.</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ A5431ACA-C253-4414-AE23-97A320D45D4D</p><p>Type species: Pyrgus delagoae Trimen, 1898 (Fig. 2b).</p><p>Diagnosis. Keys to 15 in de Jong (1978: 30), constituting his delagoae species group. Morphologically differs from other species in the genus by the following characters. Forewing dorsal white spots at the base of CuA 2 -1A+2A cell (space 1B) absent, and the spot at the base of the discal cell is absent in most species (some white scales along cubital vein may be present forming a narrow streak). Ventral hindwing with a straight median white band, i.e., a white spot in cell RS-M 1 (space 6) joins the central spot (discal cell) to the outer (and not inner) spot in cell Sc+R 1 - RS (space 7). In male genitalia, coecum of aedeagus shortened or absent; valva with the costal process and harpe (=cucullus) lacks a fold covering the costal process, or the fold is small. In DNA COI barcode region, a combination of the following base pairs is diagnostic: T19A, T22A, T70A, T374G, and T646C.</p><p>Derivation of the name. The name is a feminine noun in the nominative singular derived from the name of the type species.</p><p>Species included: Encompasses delagoae species groups, as it was defined by de Jong (1978). Full species list is given below.</p><p>In addition to Ernsta, the phylogenetic trees (Fig. 1) suggest a second new genus, which while being monophyletic with Ernsta is prominently different from it.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC6A87E0FFB167315BB5CA948CE424C7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Brockmann, Ernst;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Brockmann, Ernst, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Grishin, Nick V. (2020): A genomic perspective on the taxonomy of the subtribe Carcharodina (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Carcharodini). Zootaxa 4748 (1): 182-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4748.1.10
AC6A87E0FFB167305BB5CF8A8B5C2522.text	AC6A87E0FFB167305BB5CF8A8B5C2522.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Agyllia Grishin	<div><p>Agyllia Grishin, gen. n.</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ 095B9432-5CCE-4CBF-8EB6-B9711FDABA25</p><p>Type species: Pyrgus agylla Trimen, 1889 (Fig. 2c).</p><p>Diagnosis. Keys to 2 in de Jong (1978: 28), constituting his asterodia species group. Morphologically differs from close relatives by the following characters. Out of three spots in forewing discal cell, rectangular middle spot (the largest) closer to streak-like spot at distal end of cell than to well-developed and rounded basal spot; no dorsal white spots at base of CuA 2 -1A+2A cell (space 1B). Ventral hindwing with a straight median white band, i.e., a white spot in cell Rs-M 1 (space 6) joins the central spot (discal cell) to the outer (and not inner) spot in cell Sc+R 1 -Rs (space 7). In male genitalia, uncus deeply incised; valva with large costal process and harpe (=cucullus) lacks a fold covering the costal process. In DNA COI barcode region, a combination of the following base pairs is diagnostic: A307T, A352T, T364C, C401T, T403A, T500C, and A502T.</p><p>Derivation of the name. The name is a feminine noun in the nominative singular derived from the name of the type species.</p><p>Species included: Encompasses asterodia species groups as it was defined by de Jong (1978). Full species list is given below.</p><p>Second, we observe that Carcharodus is not monophyletic. Only one species, Carcharodus tripolina (Verity, 1925) groups with the type species of the genus Carcharodus alceae (Esper, 1780) . These results are consistent with the recent treatment by Coutsis (2016), who placed all other Carcharodus species in Reverdinus Ragusa, 1919 . In our trees, Reverdinus is in the same cluster with Muschampia Tutt, 1906 and the branch length separating Reverdinus from other Muschampia is not significantly larger than the branch lengths separating Muschampia species from each other. Thus, we consider Reverdinus Ragusa, 1919 to be a subgenus of Muschampia . Additionally, we see that genus names previously given to various groups currently placed in Muschampia indeed denote monophyletic groups within the genus and we suggest to treat these groups as subgenera: Warrenohesperia Strand, 1928, Sloperia Tutt, 1906 and Tuttia Warren, 1926 (Fig. 1).</p><p>Third, we find that “ Muschampia ” cribrellum (Eversmann, 1841), the type species of the genus Favria Tutt, 1906 is not monophyletic with Muschampia . Instead, it is a confident sister of Gomalia in nuclear genome trees (Fig. 1 ab). Its phylogenetic position is not very strongly supported in the mitogenome tree (88% bootstrap, Fig. 1c), but it is well-separated from Muschampia . This species has been a puzzle and is uniquely characterized by spined mid-tibiae. Therefore we reinstate Favria as a valid genus, currently monotypic.</p><p>Fourth, we see that the holotype of Tavetana jeanneli Picard, 1949 (Fig. 3) is not a dark form of Gomalia elma (Trimen, 1862) as currently considered, but a Gomalia species well removed from it. COI barcodes of the two species differ by nearly 7% (45 base pairs). Moreover, the differences in genitalia of the Indian Gomalia elma albofasciata Moore, 1879 (see plate 23, D 2 in Evans, 1949) and the African nominal subspecies (plate 13 in Evans, 1937) argue for the species status of the Indian taxon. Most notably, ampulla of male genitalic valva is expanded in C. albofasciata compared to C. elma, in which costa smoothly transitions to a tooth-like ending of harpe.</p><p>Furthermore, we elevate to species Spialia lugens (Staudinger, 1886) and Spialia carnea (Reverdin, 1927) formerly considered subspecies of Spialia orbifer (Hübner, [1823]) . Sequencing of S. lugens and S. carnea type specimens in the Berlin Museum für Naturkunde reveals 2.2%-3.2% difference in COI barcode from nominotypical populations of S. orbifer . Distinct barcodes combined with the differences in facies suggest species-level status for these taxa. Spialia lugens differs from the two other species by the larger size, darker wing above with faint or absent submarginal sports, rarely, and mostly in females, better developed (de Jong, 1978). S. carnea is characterized by warm reddish to brown-yellow color of hindwing below and reduced submarginal spots on hindwing below in cells M 1 -M 2 and M 2 -M 3.</p><p>Finally, difference in male genitalia, notably the shape of uncus (de Jong, 1978; Evans, 1937), suggest that Ernsta bifida (Higgins, 1924), a species distinct from Ernsta zebra (Butler, 1888) and not its subspecies. Taken together, the data we obtained suggest the following taxonomic arrangement of the subtribe Carcharodina.</p><p>Taxonomic arrangement of the subtribe Carcharodina. Based on our analysis, the list of species arranged into genera and subgenera is given below. Synonymic names are included for genera and subgenera. Names treated as synonyms (genera and names of type species that are considered to be synonyms) are preceded by “=”: not followed by daggers are subjective junior synonyms; † objective junior synonyms; ‡ unavailable names (such as homonyms and nomina nuda); “preocc.” indicates preoccupied, the taxonomic order (all insects) of the senior name is shown in brackets. Synonyms are attributed to subgenera. Type species (TS) for genera and subgenera are listed and underlined. For type species that are considered to be synonyms, valid names are shown in parenthesis. For valid genera and subgenera (not their synonyms), names of the type species or names which type species are considered to be synonyms of, are underlined in the list. Subspecies names are not listed pending further studies.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC6A87E0FFB167305BB5CF8A8B5C2522	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Brockmann, Ernst;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Brockmann, Ernst, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Grishin, Nick V. (2020): A genomic perspective on the taxonomy of the subtribe Carcharodina (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Carcharodini). Zootaxa 4748 (1): 182-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4748.1.10
AC6A87E0FFB367335BB5CFCB8CEC2490.text	AC6A87E0FFB367335BB5CFCB8CEC2490.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spialia Swinhoe 1912	<div><p>Spialia Swinhoe, 1912; TS: galba Fabricius</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC6A87E0FFB367335BB5CFCB8CEC2490	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Brockmann, Ernst;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Brockmann, Ernst, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Grishin, Nick V. (2020): A genomic perspective on the taxonomy of the subtribe Carcharodina (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Carcharodini). Zootaxa 4748 (1): 182-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4748.1.10
AC6A87E0FFB367325BB5CF828A4D2336.text	AC6A87E0FFB367325BB5CF828A4D2336.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spialia (Spialia) Swinhoe 1912	<div><p>Subgenus Spialia Swinhoe, 1912; TS: galba Fabricius</p><p>=‡ Powellia Tutt, 1906 (preoc. Maskell, 1879 [ Hemiptera]); TS: =‡ sao Hübner, 1800 ( sertorius Hoffmansegg) = Neospialia Koçak, 1989; TS: =‡ sao Hübner, 1800 ( sertorius Hoffmansegg)</p><p>Spialia mafa (Trimen, 1870)</p><p>Spialia galba (Fabricius, 1793)</p><p>Spialia spio (Linnaeus, 1764)</p><p>Spialia ali Oberthür, 1881</p><p>Spialia therapne (Rambur, 1832)</p><p>Spialia sertorius (Hoffmannsegg, 1804)</p><p>Spialia rosae Hernández-Roldán, Dapporto, Dincă, Vicente &amp; Vila, 2016</p><p>Spialia orbifer (Hübner, [1823])</p><p>Spialia lugens (Staudinger, 1886); new status, was a subspecies of S. orbifer</p><p>Spialia carnea (Reverdin, 1927); new status, was a subspecies of S. orbifer</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC6A87E0FFB367325BB5CF828A4D2336	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Brockmann, Ernst;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Brockmann, Ernst, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Grishin, Nick V. (2020): A genomic perspective on the taxonomy of the subtribe Carcharodina (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Carcharodini). Zootaxa 4748 (1): 182-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4748.1.10
AC6A87E0FFB267325BB5CCA08DE52556.text	AC6A87E0FFB267325BB5CCA08DE52556.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ernsta (Ernsta) Grishin	<div><p>Subgenus Ernsta Grishin;</p><p>TS: colotes Druce</p><p>Ernsta colotes (Druce, 1875); new combination, was in Spialia</p><p>Ernsta confusa (Higgins, 1924); new combination, was in Spialia</p><p>Ernsta wrefordi (Evans, 1951); new combination, was in Spialia</p><p>Ernsta paula (Higgins, 1924); new combination, was in Spialia</p><p>Ernsta secessus (Trimen, 1891); new combination, was in Spialia</p><p>Ernsta dromus (Plötz, 1884); new combination, was in Spialia</p><p>Ernsta ploetzi (Aurivillius, 1891); new combination, was in Spialia</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC6A87E0FFB267325BB5CCA08DE52556	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Brockmann, Ernst;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Brockmann, Ernst, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Grishin, Nick V. (2020): A genomic perspective on the taxonomy of the subtribe Carcharodina (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Carcharodini). Zootaxa 4748 (1): 182-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4748.1.10
AC6A87E0FFB267325BB5C8F88C652149.text	AC6A87E0FFB267325BB5C8F88C652149.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spialia (Platygnathia) Picard 1948	<div><p>Subgenus Platygnathia Picard, 1948; stat. rev., was a synonym of Spialia; TS: phlomidis Herrich-Schäffer</p><p>Spialia phlomidis (Herrich-Schäffer, [1845])</p><p>Spialia struvei (Püngeler, 1914)</p><p>Spialia fetida Zhdanko, 1992</p><p>Spialia irida Zhdanko, 1993</p><p>Spialia osthelderi (Pfeiffer, 1932)</p><p>Spialia geron (Watson, 1893)</p><p>Spialia doris (Walker, 1870)</p><p>Spialia diomus (Hopffer, 1855)</p><p>Spialia ferax (Wallengren, 1863)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC6A87E0FFB267325BB5C8F88C652149	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Brockmann, Ernst;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Brockmann, Ernst, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Grishin, Nick V. (2020): A genomic perspective on the taxonomy of the subtribe Carcharodina (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Carcharodini). Zootaxa 4748 (1): 182-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4748.1.10
AC6A87E0FFB2673D5BB5CE588A5222E2.text	AC6A87E0FFB2673D5BB5CE588A5222E2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gomalia Moore 1879	<div><p>Gomalia Moore, 1879;</p><p>TS: albofasciata Moore = Tavetana Picard, 1949; TS: jeanneli Picard</p><p>Gomalia elma (Trimen, 1862)</p><p>Gomalia jeanneli (Picard, 1949); stat. rev., was a synonym of G. elma</p><p>Gomalia albofasciata Moore, 1879; stat. rev., was a subspecies of G. elma</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC6A87E0FFB2673D5BB5CE588A5222E2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Brockmann, Ernst;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Brockmann, Ernst, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Grishin, Nick V. (2020): A genomic perspective on the taxonomy of the subtribe Carcharodina (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Carcharodini). Zootaxa 4748 (1): 182-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4748.1.10
AC6A87E0FFBD673D5BB5C98C8C2A2312.text	AC6A87E0FFBD673D5BB5C98C8C2A2312.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Favria Tutt 1906	<div><p>Favria Tutt, 1906; stat. rev.</p><p>, was a synonym of Muschampia;</p><p>TS: cribrellum Eversmann</p><p>Favria cribrellum (Eversmann, 1841)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC6A87E0FFBD673D5BB5C98C8C2A2312	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Brockmann, Ernst;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Brockmann, Ernst, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Grishin, Nick V. (2020): A genomic perspective on the taxonomy of the subtribe Carcharodina (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Carcharodini). Zootaxa 4748 (1): 182-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4748.1.10
AC6A87E0FFBD673D5BB5C8D48C2721F6.text	AC6A87E0FFBD673D5BB5C8D48C2721F6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Muschampia Tutt 1906	<div><p>Subgenus Muschampia Tutt, 1906;</p><p>TS: proto Ochsenheimer</p><p>= Tuttia Warren, 1926; TS: tessellum Hübner</p><p>Muschampia tessellum (Hübner, [1800-1803])</p><p>Muschampia nomas (Lederer, 1855)</p><p>Muschampia tersa Evans, 1949</p><p>Muschampia nobilis (Staudinger, 1882)</p><p>Muschampia kuenlunus (Grum-Grshimailo, 1893)</p><p>Muschampia protheon (Rambur, 1858)</p><p>Muschampia gigas (Bremer, 1864)</p><p>Muschampia proto Ochsenheimer, 1808</p><p>Muschampia proteides (F.Wagner,1929)</p><p>Muschampia mohammed (Oberthür, 1887)</p><p>Muschampia leuzeae (Oberthür, 1881)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC6A87E0FFBD673D5BB5C8D48C2721F6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Brockmann, Ernst;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Brockmann, Ernst, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Grishin, Nick V. (2020): A genomic perspective on the taxonomy of the subtribe Carcharodina (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Carcharodini). Zootaxa 4748 (1): 182-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4748.1.10
AC6A87E0FFBD673D5BB5C81C8D5B23DA.text	AC6A87E0FFBD673D5BB5C81C8D5B23DA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Muschampia Tutt 1906	<div><p>Muschampia Tutt, 1906;</p><p>TS: proto Ochsenheimer</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC6A87E0FFBD673D5BB5C81C8D5B23DA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Brockmann, Ernst;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Brockmann, Ernst, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Grishin, Nick V. (2020): A genomic perspective on the taxonomy of the subtribe Carcharodina (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Carcharodini). Zootaxa 4748 (1): 182-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4748.1.10
AC6A87E0FFBD673D5BB5CF788A652522.text	AC6A87E0FFBD673D5BB5CF788A652522.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Reverdinus Ragusa 1919	<div><p>Subgenus Reverdinus Ragusa, 1919; stat. rev., new placement,</p><p>was a synonym of Carcharodus;</p><p>TS: =‡ altheae</p><p>Hübner, [1800–1803] ( floccifera Zeller)</p><p>= Lavatheria Verity, 1940; new placement, was a synonym of Carcharodus; TS: lavatherae Esper</p><p>Muschampia floccifera (Zeller, 1847); new combination, was in Carcharodus</p><p>Muschampia orientalis (Reverdin, 1913); new combination, was in Carcharodus</p><p>Muschampia dravira (Moore, [1875]); new combination, was in Carcharodus</p><p>Muschampia stauderi (Reverdin, 1913); new combination, was in Carcharodus</p><p>Muschampia baeticus (Rambur, 1840); new combination, was in Carcharodus</p><p>Muschampia lavatherae (Esper, 1783); new combination, was in Carcharodus</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC6A87E0FFBD673D5BB5CF788A652522	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Brockmann, Ernst;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Brockmann, Ernst, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Grishin, Nick V. (2020): A genomic perspective on the taxonomy of the subtribe Carcharodina (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Carcharodini). Zootaxa 4748 (1): 182-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4748.1.10
AC6A87E0FFBD673D5BB5CAB88C3E2762.text	AC6A87E0FFBD673D5BB5CAB88C3E2762.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sloperia Tutt 1906	<div><p>Subgenus Sloperia Tutt, 1906; stat. rev.,</p><p>was a synonym of Muschampia;</p><p>TS: poggei Lederer</p><p>= Reverdinia Warren, 1926; TS: staudingeri Speyer</p><p>Muschampia proteus (Staudinger, 1886)</p><p>Muschampia prometheus (Grum-Grshimailo, 1890)</p><p>Muschampia plurimacula (Christoph, 1893)</p><p>Muschampia staudingeri (Speyer, 1879)</p><p>Muschampia musta Evans, 1949</p><p>Muschampia lutulentus (Grum-Grshimailo, 1887)</p><p>Muschampia poggei (Lederer, 1858)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC6A87E0FFBD673D5BB5CAB88C3E2762	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Brockmann, Ernst;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Brockmann, Ernst, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Grishin, Nick V. (2020): A genomic perspective on the taxonomy of the subtribe Carcharodina (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Carcharodini). Zootaxa 4748 (1): 182-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4748.1.10
AC6A87E0FFBD673D5BB5CC0C8C3327B6.text	AC6A87E0FFBD673D5BB5CC0C8C3327B6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Warrenohesperia Strand 1928	<div><p>Subgenus Warrenohesperia Strand, 1928; stat. rev.,</p><p>was a synonym of Muschampia;</p><p>TS: antonia Speyer</p><p>=‡ Ramburia Warren, 1926 (preoc. Robineau-Desvoidy, 1851 [Diptera]); TS: antonia Speyer</p><p>Muschampia antonia (Speyer, 1879)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC6A87E0FFBD673D5BB5CC0C8C3327B6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Brockmann, Ernst;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Brockmann, Ernst, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Grishin, Nick V. (2020): A genomic perspective on the taxonomy of the subtribe Carcharodina (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Carcharodini). Zootaxa 4748 (1): 182-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4748.1.10
AC6A87E0FFBD673C5BB5CECC8C32234E.text	AC6A87E0FFBD673C5BB5CECC8C32234E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carcharodus Hubner 1819	<div><p>Carcharodus Hübner, [1819];</p><p>TS: alceae Esper</p><p>=† Syrichtus Boisduval, [1834]; TS: alceae Esper</p><p>=† Spilolhyrus Duponchel, 1835; TS: alceae Esper</p><p>Carcharodus alceae (Esper, 1780)</p><p>Carcharodus tripolina (Verity, 1925)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC6A87E0FFBD673C5BB5CECC8C32234E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Brockmann, Ernst;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Brockmann, Ernst, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Grishin, Nick V. (2020): A genomic perspective on the taxonomy of the subtribe Carcharodina (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Carcharodini). Zootaxa 4748 (1): 182-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4748.1.10
AC6A87E0FFBC673F5BB5CDEB8BC5207D.text	AC6A87E0FFBC673F5BB5CDEB8BC5207D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carcharodina	<div><p>Identification key to genera of Carcharodina .</p><p>The key provides phenotypic characters for all Carcharodina genera to aid their identification.</p><p>1. Hindwing outer margin evenly rounded without crenulation. Fringes prominently checkered. Wings white-spotted (checkered appearance, i.e. dark-brown background with many opaque pale spots): central pale spot in discal cell on dorsal forewing positioned before the origin of vein CuA 1 and the pale spot in space CuA 1 -CuA 2 positioned in the middle between the discal cell spot and the spot in cell M 3 -CuA 1, or closer to the latter........................................................ 2</p><p>- Hindwing more or less crenulate or fringes uncheckered and hindwing slightly produced at vein 1A+2A. Wings marbled and with hyaline spots, if white-spotted, then central pale spot in discal cell on dorsal forewing usually centered around the origin of vein CuA 1, and if not, then it overlaps with the CuA 1 -CuA 2 cell spot, which is closer to the discal cell spot than to the spot in M 3 -CuA 1 cell......................................................................................... 4</p><p>2. Out of three spots in forewing discal cell, rectangular middle spot (the largest) closer to streak-like spot at distal end of cell than to well-developed and rounded basal spot. Male with costal fold. Uncus deeply incised................... Agyllia gen. n.</p><p>- Out of three spots in forewing discal cell, rectangular middle spot (the largest) not closer to streak-like spot at distal end of cell than to basal spot, or basal spot absent. Male with or without costal fold. Uncus not deeply incised..................... 3</p><p>3. Ventral hindwing with straight median white band not separated into sports, i.e., white spot in cell RS-M 1 joins central spot (discal cell) to the outer (and not inner) spot in cell Sc+R 1 -RS. Hindwing submarginal pale spots in cells M 1 -M 2 &amp; M 2 -M 3 offset basad from the rest of the submarginal spots in species with costal fold. Species without costal fold either lack basal white spots in discal cell on dorsal forewing (some white scales along cubital vein may be present forming a narrow streak), or on dorsal forewing in CuA 2 -1A+2A cell the outer lower median spot absent and inner lower median spot forming a bar with inner upper median spot, larger than the outer upper median spot. Gnathos dorsally joined to tegumen, if gnathos free, then coecum of aedeagus shortened or absent.................................................................. Ernsta gen. n.</p><p>- Ventral hindwing median white band frequently broken into spots or if not, then usually directed basad at costa. Hindwing submarginal pale spots in cells M 1 -M 2 &amp; M 2 -M 3 in line with other submarginal spots or absent. In species with straight entire median white ventral hindwing band (similar to Ernsta gen. n.), basal white spots in discal cell on dorsal forewing present and in CuA 2 -1A+2A cell inner upper median spot absent, outer upper median spot well developed, nearly the same size as inner lower median spot. Male without costal fold. Gnathos not joined to tegumen, aedeagus typically with coecum....... Spialia</p><p>4. Fringes not checkered or indistinctly checkered. Hindwing outer margin wavy and slightly produced at vein 1A+2A. Mid-tibiae without a row of spines. Wings marbled and usually with hyaline spots. Caterpillar almost white, more elongated, foodplants Malvaceae ..................................................................................... Gomalia</p><p>- Fringes prominently checkered. Hindwing more or less crenulate. Caterpillar darker and stouter....................... 5</p><p>5. Mid-tibiae with a row of spines. Costa of valva with broad serrated process directed ventrad. Wings white-spotted. Single species currently included in this genus exhibits a nearly perfect, but apparently convergent, similarity in wing pattern with Muschampia tessellum (Hübner, [1800-1803]), differing by the subapical forewing white bar that almost always consists of 4 to 5 (instead of 3) spots............................................................................. Favria</p><p>- Mid-tibiae smooth, without a row of spines. Costa of valva without such process. Wings white-spotted or marbled and with hyaline spots......................................................................................... 6</p><p>6. Aedeagus thin. Uncus not longer than tegumen. Wings white-spotted, if marbled, then valva longer than wide and forewing pale bar defining the end of discal cell and central hyaline spots well-developed. Caterpillar foodplants (where known) Lamiaceae .......................................................................................... Muschampia</p><p>- Aedeagus very broad, expanded distally. Uncus longer than tegumen. Valva nearly as long as wide. Wings marbled and with hyaline spots, forewing pale bar defining the end of discal cell absent or inconspicuous and central hyaline spots smaller. Caterpillar foodplants Malvaceae and Euphorbiaceae .................................................. Carcharodus</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC6A87E0FFBC673F5BB5CDEB8BC5207D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zhang, Jing;Brockmann, Ernst;Cong, Qian;Shen, Jinhui;Grishin, Nick V.	Zhang, Jing, Brockmann, Ernst, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Grishin, Nick V. (2020): A genomic perspective on the taxonomy of the subtribe Carcharodina (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Carcharodini). Zootaxa 4748 (1): 182-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4748.1.10
