identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
AC1F87FEFFE1FF80FF61FE98FA26B347.text	AC1F87FEFFE1FF80FF61FE98FA26B347.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cynipidae	<div><p>Key to galls of Israeli oak Cynipidae on Quercus boissieri</p><p>1. Bud galls............................................................................................ 2</p><p>- Leaf, acorn, or catkin gall.............................................................................. 18</p><p>2. Spherical gall with or without spines or protuberances........................................................ 9</p><p>- Gall not spherical..................................................................................... 3</p><p>3. Gall composed of several distinct, elongate or tapered lobes (Figs 15–17)......................................... 4</p><p>- Gall not composed of distinct, elongate lobes (Figs 21, 23–26).................................................. 5</p><p>4. Irregularly shaped gall up to 65 mm in diameter, composed of long, tapered, delicate lobes of varying length, pale green when young, brown and woody when mature................ Andricus coriarius (Hartig), asexual (fall) generation (Figs 15–16)</p><p>- Gall usually composed of 3 thick, widely splayed lobes........................................................................................... Andricus coriariformis Melika, Challis &amp; Stone, asexual (fall) generation (Fig. 17)</p><p>5. Scaly, artichoke-like brown gall, up to 13 mm wide and 20 mm long, in apical buds. Tip of gall tightly closed when young, open when mature............................. Andricus foecundatrix (Hartig), asexual (fall) generation (Figs 23–24)</p><p>- Gall different from above............................................................................... 6</p><p>6. Cylindrical, velvety, light brown gall in apical bud, narrowest at mid part......................................................................................... Andricus tomentosus (Trotter), asexual (fall) generation (Fig. 25)</p><p>- Gall different from above............................................................................... 7</p><p>7. Gall with very long and pointed, sometimes curved apex, widest basally. Brown and woody. Very rare....................................................................... Andricus solitarius (Fonscolombe), asexual (fall) generation</p><p>- Gall different from above............................................................................... 8</p><p>8. Rigid, pentagon-shaped gall, 5–15 mm in diameter, composed of 5 velvety units. Green when young, brown when mature. Rare.......................................... Andricus megatruncicolus Melika, asexual (fall) generation (Fig. 21)</p><p>- Carambola-shaped gall, with 3–4 distinct longitudinal ridges, 5–7 mm long, 3–5 mm wide. Green when young, pale brown when mature.................................................. Andricus sp. 3, sexual (spring) generation (Fig. 26)</p><p>9. Gall entirely composed of distinct lobes forming spherical structure (Figs 9–11)................................... 10</p><p>- Gall is spiny or smooth sphere, not composed of discrete lobes (Figs 5–6, 13–14, 18–20, 22)......................... 12</p><p>10. Gall composed of short and thick, pyramidal lobes, 20–40 mm in diameter, pinkish and spongy............................................................................. Andricus curtisii (Müller), asexual (fall) generation (Fig. 11)</p><p>- Gall composed of long tapered extensions................................................................. 11</p><p>11. Gall up to 6 mm in diameter, green to purple, sticky and flexible when young, light brown and woody when mature. On lower branches close to the ground.............................. Andricus hystrix Kieffer, asexual (fall) generation (Fig. 10)</p><p>- Gall up to 20 mm in diameter, with longitudinal ridges between lobes. Bright green and sticky when young, light brown and woody when mature................................. Andricus grossulariae Giraud, asexual (fall) generation (Fig. 9)</p><p>12. Irregularly spherical gall, up to 20 mm in diameter, smooth, wrinkly, without spines or projections, pale brown................................................................. Biorhiza pallida Olivier, sexual (spring) generation (Fig. 22)</p><p>- Gall completely or partially covered by spines or projections.................................................. 13</p><p>13. Projections or spines distributed uniformly on entire gall surface............................................... 14</p><p>- Projections or spines usually confined to specific part of gall, not covering entire surface............................ 15</p><p>14. Gall more than 25 mm in diameter, densely covered by brittle, slightly curved, thin and blunt spines up to 10 mm in length. Shiny green and sticky when young, pale brown and woody when mature............................................................................................... Andricus cecconii Kieffer, asexual (fall) generation (Fig. 6)</p><p>- Gall usually much smaller, covered by straight, blunt, short spines, up to 6 mm in length. Light green or red and sticky when young, brown and woody when mature..................... Andricus lucidus (Hartig), asexual (fall) generation (Fig. 5)</p><p>15. Big gall, more than 18 mm in diameter.................................................................... 16</p><p>- Smaller gall, up to 15 mm in diameter.................................................................... 17</p><p>16. Gall up to 30 mm in diameter, bearing 2–3 mm long projections, often joined by shallow ridges. Pale green when young, very pale brown and extremely hard when mature. Very common.................................................................................... Andricus sternlichti Bellido, Pujade-Villar &amp; Melika, asexual (fall) generation (Fig. 20)</p><p>- Gall of up to 40 mm in diameter, with circle of tiny spines around widest part. Green, soft, fleshy and sticky when young, deep plum-like purple and rigid when mature.............. Andricus quercustozae (Bosc), asexual (fall) generation (Figs 13–14)</p><p>17. Gall without stalk, with apical ‘crown’, resembling blueberry. On branch tips, mostly in clusters. Green when young, brown and very hard when mature............................. Andricus moreae (Graeffe), asexual (fall) generation (Fig. 18)</p><p>- Gall carried on long stalk, with very short apical projections up to 1.2 mm long, pale brown. Only on Mt. Hermon....................................................................... Andricus sp. 1, asexual (fall) generation (Fig. 19)</p><p>18. Acorn gall.......................................................................................... 19</p><p>- Leaf or catkin gall.................................................................................... 20</p><p>19. Gall densely covered by long, curved, tapered and branching spines up to 30 mm long. Pink and sticky when young, pale brown and woody when old. Only on Mt. Hermon..... Andricus caputmedusae (Hartig), asexual (fall) generation (Figs 7–8)</p><p>- Gall evenly covered by short spines up to 3 mm long, green when young, very pale brown to white with purple spines when mature. Very rare...................................... Andricus chodjaii Melika, asexual (fall) generation (Fig. 12)</p><p>20. Catkin gall.......................................................................................... 21</p><p>- Leaf gall............................................................................................ 22</p><p>21. Spherical gall, up to 8 mm in diameter, fleshy, shiny, light green with purple ‘veins’......................................................................... Neuroterus quercusbaccarum (Linnaeus), sexual (spring) generation (Fig. 27)</p><p>- Clustered galls, each 2 mm in diameter, light brown to yellow, densely covered by whitish, short, hairs............................................................................... Andricus sp. 2, sexual (spring) generation (Fig. 28)</p><p>22. Elongate gall, 5–15 mm long, usually with acute tip, soft and green when young, hard and reddish-brown when mature. Very rare; only on Mt. Hermon.................................. Cynips cornifex Hartig, asexual (fall) generation (Fig. 29)</p><p>- Circular, spherical or ovoid galls......................................................................... 23</p><p>23. Flat, blister-like gall between upper and lower epidermis of leaf, 3 mm in diameter, paler green than leaf............................................................. Neuroterus numismalis (Geoffroy), sexual (spring) generation (Fig. 30)</p><p>- Gall on underside surface of leaf. Different from above....................................................... 24</p><p>24. Small, ovoid gall attached to main leaf vein, 1.5–3 mm long, up to 2 mm wide, accompanied by two thin, leafy ‘wings’. Yellowish-green and shiny when young, with purple or red dots when mature......................................................................................... Neuroterus anthracinus (Curtis), asexual (fall) generation (Fig. 31)</p><p>- Circular or spherical gall, different from above............................................................. 25</p><p>25. Gall is entire sphere, clustered or solitary (Figs 32–33)...................................................... 26</p><p>- Gall is half sphere, ring-shaped or flat, usually in clusters (Figs 34–36).......................................... 27</p><p>26. Gall is fleshy, firm sphere, 15–25 mm in diameter, light green with white dots when young, yellowish with white dots when old, usually in clusters................................. Cynips quercus (Fourcroy), asexual (fall) generation (Fig. 32)</p><p>- Gall is crinkled sphere, 4–6 mm in diameter, green when young, light brown when old, not in clusters........................................................................... Cynips divisa Hartig, asexual (fall) generation (Fig. 33)</p><p>27. Fleshy dome or doughnut-shaped gall.................................................................... 28</p><p>- Flat, thin gall, sometimes with raised margins, up to 7 mm in diameter, usually in clusters. Pale green to dark pink or purple................................................... Neuroterus albipes (Schenck), asexual (fall) generation (Fig. 34)</p><p>28. Dome-shaped gall, 3 mm high above leaf surface, up to 6 mm in diameter, pale green when young, with dark pink rim or completely pink when mature....................... Neuroterus quercusbaccarum, asexual (fall) generation (Figs 35–36A)</p><p>- Doughnut-shaped gall, up to 2 mm above leaf surface and 3 mm in diameter, with central pit, silky brown.................................................................... Neuroterus numismalis, asexual (fall) generation (Fig. 36B)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFE1FF80FF61FE98FA26B347	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFE2FF81FF61FB2DFA26B1B7.text	AC1F87FEFFE2FF81FF61FB2DFA26B1B7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cynipidae	<div><p>Key to galls of Israeli oak Cynipidae on Quercus ithaburensis</p><p>1. Acorn or catkin galls, found in spring...................................................................... 2</p><p>- Leaf, bud, or twig galls, found in spring or fall.............................................................. 8</p><p>2. Scaly gall in young acorn, up to 12 mm long, not sticky, light green................................................................................................. Pseudoneuroterus saliens (Kollar), sexual generation (Fig. 57)</p><p>- Catkin gall, different from above......................................................................... 3</p><p>3. Common spherical gall, 25–30 mm in diameter, composed of thin-walled, flat subunits, light green to reddish, sometimes with velvety cover when young, light brown when mature; occupies entire catkin.................................................................................................... Andricus cecconii, sexual generation (Figs 47–48)</p><p>- Smaller gall, tapered or ovoid, usually in clusters............................................................ 4</p><p>4. Conical, tapered galls.................................................................................. 5</p><p>- Velvety, ovoid galls.................................................................................... 6</p><p>5. Clustered galls up to 2.5 mm long each, cryptic, light brown............... Andricus coriarius, sexual generation (Fig. 52)</p><p>- Clustered, galls up to 7 mm long each, light green and soft when young, bright red to deep purple and rigid when mature.............................................................. Andricus grossulariae, sexual generation (Figs 49–50)</p><p>6. Cryptic, ovoid galls, 1.5–2 mm in diameter, green when young, light brown when mature, covered by white, velvety hair.................................................. Cerroneuroterus lanuginosus (Giraud), sexual generation (Fig. 54)</p><p>- More conspicuous galls, spherical or kidney-shaped.......................................................... 7</p><p>7. Kidney-shaped, velvey galls, up to 4 mm long, green when young, purple-green when mature, usually in panicle clusters........................................................ Andricus vindobonensis Müllner, sexual generation (Fig. 51)</p><p>- Spherical galls, 4–7 mm in diameter, light green with velvety white hair, usually not clustered...................................................................................... Pseudoneuroterus sp. 2, sexual generation (Fig. 53)</p><p>8. Leaf galls............................................................................................ 9</p><p>- Bud or twig galls..................................................................................... 16</p><p>9. Gall constitutes integral part of leaf...................................................................... 10</p><p>- Gall attached to one side of leaf, detachable................................................................ 12</p><p>10. Rigid gall on the main leaf vein, up to 3 mm wide, same color as leaf.................................................................................. Andricus sp. nr. quercusradicis (Fabricius), sexual (spring) generation (Fig. 65)</p><p>- Gall not on the main leaf vein........................................................................... 11</p><p>11. Big, amorphous gall, occupying entire or most of leaf, hard and inflated on underside, soft and covered by dense hair on upper side, green with white hair when young, dark brown with golden hair when mature........................................................................................ Andricus sp. nr. istvani, sexual (spring) generation (Fig. 63)</p><p>- Smaller, spherical gall, up to 12 mm in diameter, with tapered apical extension up to 4 mm long, hard and green when young, dark brown when old............................................................................................................. Dryocosmus mikoi Melika, Tavakoli, Stone &amp; Azizkhani, sexual (spring) generation (Fig. 64).</p><p>12. Flattened gall with central pit, very hairy, usually in clusters................................................... 13</p><p>- Spherical or elliptical gall, smooth, often in clusters......................................................... 14</p><p>13. Gall up to 7 mm in diameter, 5 mm high, completely covered by white to golden, silky, long hairs, black at center......................................................... Cerroneuroterus lanuginosus, asexual (fall) generation (Figs 60–61)</p><p>- Gall up to 6 mm in diameter, 2 mm high, somewhat flower-shaped with irregular rims, completely covered by white to pinkish hairs, white at center....................... Cerroneuroterus gyulaigaraiae (Melika), asexual (fall) generation (Fig. 62)</p><p>14. Succulent, spherical gall, up to 10 mm in diameter when mature, usually next to leaf vein. Tiny, soft and green, covered by short black hairs when young, green to velvety brown when mature................................................................................................. Chilaspis israeli (Sternlicht), asexual (fall) generation (Fig. 59)</p><p>- Gall up to 5 mm in diameter, elliptical or ovoid............................................................. 15</p><p>15. Rigid, elliptical gall on main leaf vein, up to 5 mm long, 3 mm high, usually on underside but sometimes on upperside of leaf or on petiole, light brown to brown........................ Pseudoneuroterus saliens, asexual (fall) generation (Fig. 58)</p><p>- Ovoid gall, 1.5–3 mm long, sometimes on main leaf vein, up to 2 mm wide, accompanied by a thin, leafy ‘wing’, on underside of leaf. Yellow-green and shiny............................. Neuroterus anthracinus, asexual (fall) generation (Fig. 66)</p><p>16. Conspicuous, spherical to ovoid twig gall, same color and structure of twig........................................................................................... Pseudoneuroterus macropterus Hartig, asexual (fall) generation</p><p>- Bud gall............................................................................................ 17</p><p>17. Cryptic spring gall.................................................................................... 18</p><p>- Conspicuous fall or spring gall.......................................................................... 19</p><p>18. Smooth, conical, single-unit gall, 1.5–2 mm long, sheathed by bud scales, thin walled, same color as scales............................................................. Pseudoneuroterus macropterus, sexual (spring) generation (Fig. 55)</p><p>- Velvety, spherical, gall, 4.5–5 mm in diameter, composed of several fused units, each 1.3–2 mm in diameter.................................................................. Pseudoneuroterus sp. 1, sexual (spring) generation (Fig. 56).</p><p>19. Spherical, smooth, single-unit gall....................................................................... 20</p><p>- Partly or completely hairy gall, composed of several units.................................................... 23</p><p>20. Gall up to 15 mm in diameter........................................................................... 21</p><p>- Gall more than 15 mm in diameter, multi-chambered........................................................ 22</p><p>21. Gall light green when young, light brown to brown when mature, sometimes slightly wrinkled, with free internal, ovoid larval chamber................ Aphelonyx persica Melika, Stone, Sadeghi &amp; Pujade-Villar, asexual (fall) generation (Figs 37–38)</p><p>- Gall same color as branch, extremely hard and thick-walled, without free internal larval chamber........................................................... Andricus coriarius gall invaded by Synophrus politus, sexual generation (Fig. 41)</p><p>22. Spherical gall, sometimes wrinkly, up to 30 mm in diameter, light green and fleshy when young, light brown to brown and rigid when mature.......... Aphelonyx persica gall invaded by Synergus variabilis, asexual (fall) generation (Figs 39–40).</p><p>- Spherical to amorphic gall, up to 30 mm in diameter, extremely hard, same color and texture as branch............................................ Synophrus olivieri Kieffer, sexual (spring) generation, original gall inducer unknown (Fig. 42)</p><p>23. Very sticky, deeply grooved, velvety gall, up to 20 mm in diameter, at tips of young branches, bright green to deep purple........................................................ Dryocosmus mayri Müllner, sexual (fall) generation (Fig. 46)</p><p>- Gall not sticky, different from above...................................................................... 24</p><p>24. Spherical gall composed of rigid mushroom-shaped subunits; green, soft and completely covered by short, white fuzz when young, woody and fuzzy only on tip of subunits when mature.................................................................................................... Andricus miriami Shachar, asexual (fall) generation (Figs 43–44)</p><p>- Amorphous, very hairy gall, composed of small triangular subunits, densely covered by long hair, whitish-pinkish when young, golden-brown when mature.............................. Chilaspis israeli, sexual (spring) generation (Fig. 45)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFE2FF81FF61FB2DFA26B1B7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFE3FF8EFF61F93DFA26B39C.text	AC1F87FEFFE3FF8EFF61F93DFA26B39C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cynipidae	<div><p>Key to galls of Israeli oak Cynipidae on Quercus calliprinos, Q. libani and Q. cerris</p><p>1. Galls on Q. calliprinos ................................................................................. 2</p><p>- Gallson Q. libani or Q. cerris ............................................................................ 4</p><p>2. Leaf galls............................................................................................ 3</p><p>- Branch galls. Spherical or elongate woody swelling, 10–35 mm long............................................................................................... Plagiotrochus razeti Barbotin, asexual (fall) generation (Fig. 73)</p><p>3. Gall is conspicuous swelling on both sides of leaf, 8–14 mm in diameter, light green when young, red when mature, often in clusters, multi-chambered................... Plagiotrochus quercusilicis (Fabricius), sexual (spring) generation (Fig. 74)</p><p>- Gall is slender swelling on both sides of leaf, 2 mm in diameter, sometimes in clusters, single-chambered....................................................................... Plagiotrochus coriaceus (Mayr), asexual (fall) generation</p><p>4. Leaf galls............................................................................................ 5</p><p>- Bud, acorn or catkin galls............................................................................... 8</p><p>5. Gall is large swelling of leaf midrib on Q. libani, same color of leaf when young, light brown when mature............................................................... Andricus melikai Pujade-Villar, sexual (spring) generation (Fig. 68)</p><p>- Gall attached to leaf; different from above.................................................................. 6</p><p>6. Gall constitutes tapered, dark-purple chamber carried on thin, delicate stalk, on Q. libani ................................................................................... Andricus sp. nr. amenti, sexual (spring) generation (Fig. 69)</p><p>- Spherical or elliptical gall, different from above............................................................. 7</p><p>7. Spherical gall, up to 7 mm in diameter, completely covered by pinkish, silky long hairs, with black center. Usually in clusters. On Q. libani and Q. cerris ....................... Cerroneuroterus sp. nr. lanuginosus, asexual (fall) generation (Fig. 70)</p><p>- Elliptical gall, up to 2 mm in diameter, covered by small projections, pale when young, green to dark red and purple when mature. On Q. libani .................................. Cerroneuroterus minutulus (Giraud), asexual (fall) generation</p><p>8. Acorn or catkin gall.................................................................................... 9</p><p>- Bud gall............................................................................................ 11</p><p>9. Soft, scaly gall in young acorn, up to 12 mm long, light green. On Q. libani .......................................................................................... Pseudoneuroterus saliens, sexual (spring) generation (Fig. 57)</p><p>- Catkin gall, clustered, cone shaped with tapered apex, on Q. libani ............................................. 10</p><p>10. Gall light green when young, bright red when mature not densely clustered...................................................................................................... Andricus coriariformis sexual (spring) generation</p><p>- Gall light brown throughout development; always densely clustered.............................................. ......................................................... Andricus coriarius, sexual (spring) generation (Fig. 52)</p><p>11. Gall composed of one spherical unit...................................................................... 12</p><p>- Gall composed of several units.......................................................................... 13</p><p>12. Gall up to 15 mm in diameter, light green when young, light brown to brown when mature, sometimes slightly wrinkled, with internal ovoid larval chamber moving freely within gall. On Q. libani ............................................. ...................................................... Aphelonyx persica, asexual (fall) generation (Figs. 37–38)</p><p>- Slightly irregularly-shaped gall, sometimes wrinkled, up to 30 mm in diameter, light green when young, light brown to brown when mature, multi-chambered. On Q. libani ........................................................................................... Aphelonyx persica gall invaded by Synergus variabilis, asexual (fall) generation (Figs 39–40)</p><p>13. Mulberry-shaped gall, composed of 17–40 small units, up to 6 mm long, green with light brown tips, velvety, sometimes sticky when young; hard and brown when mature. On Q. libani and Q. cerris ........................................................................................... Andricus miriami Shachar, sexual (spring) generation (Figs 71–72)</p><p>- Big, leafy rosette bud gall, 25–40 mm in diameter, multi-chambered. On Q. libani .................................................................................. Andricus multiplicatus Giraud, sexual (spring) generation (Fig. 67)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFE3FF8EFF61F93DFA26B39C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFECFF8EFF61F9ECFC43B025.text	AC1F87FEFFECFF8EFF61F9ECFC43B025.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus Hartig 1840	<div><p>Andricus Hartig, 1840</p><p>A large Holarctic genus of approximately 300 described species (Melika &amp; Abrahamson 2002), inducing a great diversity of galls on all tree organs and on numerous oak species from sections Cerris, Quercus, Lobatae and Protobalanus . The genus is represented by 81 species in the Western Palearctic fauna, 28 of which are known from both generations, (Stone et al. 2008). Some species exhibit obligate host alternations between a sexual generation on oaks from section Cerris and an asexual generation on oaks from section Quercus . Curently, 28 species are known from Israel from Q. ithaburensis, Q. boissieri, Q. libani and Q. cerris .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFECFF8EFF61F9ECFC43B025	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFECFF8FFF61F882FC7FB40B.text	AC1F87FEFFECFF8FFF61F882FC7FB40B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus caputmedusae (Hartig 1843)	<div><p>Andricus caputmedusae (Hartig, 1843)</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri . Europe: common on Q. petraea and Q. pubescens, occasionally on Q. robur and Q. frainetto, Q. dalechampii and Q. hartwissiana . Greece, Turkey and Iran: Q. infectoria .</p><p>Life history. Known only from the bud galls of the asexual generation. Molecular data suggest that the sexual generation of this species develops in cryptic bud galls currently attributed to the A. burgundus complex or to A. atkinsonae Melika, Stone, Sadeghi &amp; Zargaran, 2008 (as in Fig. 52) (Stone et al. 2008; Tavakoli et al. 2008). The gall of the asexual generation occupies the acorn and acorn cup, covering the entire surface of the acorn. Young galls consist of a circle of petal-like spines radiating from a young acorn cup. The fully developed spines in a mature gall originate as small bumps within this circle, gradually developing into long, twisted spines that are often branched, and reach 30 mm in length. Individual galls may reach 6 cm in diameter and are single-chambered, but aggregations of several galls may form a multi-chambered mass reaching 10 cm in diameter. Young galls are bright pink and coated by sticky resin (Fig. 7), whereas mature galls are light brown and not sticky (Fig. 8). Some of the galls drop from the tree in fall and mature on the ground, whereas others remain on the tree after adult emergence and become black.</p><p>Phenology. Galls become apparent in July and mature in the fall. Some adults emerge in late September-early October, while others emerge in February and March. A few enter diapause and emerge in the following year.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Mt. Hermon, 1500 and 1780 m.a.s.l., Mt. Kahal. Elsewhere: Widespread from Northern Europe to Iran.</p><p>Comments. The galls of this species resemble galls of the asexual generation of A. cecconii on the same oak host (Fig. 6) (previously known as A. megalucidus Melika, Stone, Sadeghi &amp; Pujade-Villar, synonymized in the present paper) but differ from them in the branching, irregular, harder and more pointed spines, and in containing a single larval chamber, whereas galls of A. cecconii are multi-chambered.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFECFF8FFF61F882FC7FB40B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEDFF8CFF61FC64FCEAB7E6.text	AC1F87FEFFEDFF8CFF61FC64FCEAB7E6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus cecconii Kieffer 1901	<div><p>Andricus cecconii Kieffer, 1901</p><p>Andricus megalucidus Melika, Stone, Sadeghi &amp; Pujade-Villar, new synonym .</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. ithaburensis (sexual generation) and Q. boissieri (asexual generation). Galls of the asexual generation can also be found on the introduced Q. pedunculiflora, which is widely planted in Israel as an ornamental. Elsewhere: Q. coccifera, Q. brantii, and Q. libani (sexual generation) (Maisuradze 1968; Katilmiş &amp; Kiyak 2008), Q. infectoria in Turkey and Iran, and possibly Q. pubescens in Greece (asexual generation) (Pujade- Villar et al. 2002).</p><p>Life history. The association of the sexual and asexual generations of this species was established for the first time in the present study. The sexual generation develops on oaks from section Cerris, on which it induces spherical multi-chambered catkin galls, composed of 10–18 delicate, conical, thin-walled units that are joined at their bases, 25–30 mm in diameter when mature (Fig. 47). The units are round, with undulating rims, and contain 1–2 chambers each. They are smooth-surfaced and green when young, becoming reddish where exposed to the sun, and turning brown when mature (Fig. 48). Some of the galls are green to light purple and covered by velvety hair. Old galls remain on the tree until the next year. The asexual generation develops on oaks from section Quercus, inducing large, conspicuous, globular, multi-chambered bud galls of up to 50 mm in diameter (Fig. 6). These galls are densely covered by slightly curved, long and thin spines, up to 10 mm long, which are blunt-tipped and easily broken. The gall is light green when young, turning grayish when old.</p><p>Phenology. Galls of the sexual generation usually begin to develop in late February and adults emerge from them in April, but at higher elevations (e.g., in En Zivan) they develop later and adults emerged in July. Galls of the asexual generation mature in fall, and while most adults emerge from them in January, some emerge in early spring and some remain in diapause for at least 2 years.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Galls of the sexual generation are common throughout the distribution range of Q. ithaburensis, whereas galls of the asexual generation are common in the northern part of Israel but rare in Zur Hadassa (the Judean Mountains). Elsewhere: known from Greece, Transcaucasia, Turkey, Jordan, and Iran.</p><p>Comments. Galls of the sexual generation are very distinct and do not resemble any other oak catkin galls in Israel. They resemble galls of the sexual generation of A. lucidus (= A. aestivalis) in Europe. When young, A. lucidus galls have a shiny, waxy surface, whereas the galls of A. cecconii are covered by fine pubescence. In Israel galls of the asexual generation resemble those of A. caputmedusae (Figs 7–8) but differ from them in having straight and more delicate spines compared to the irregularly branched and pointier spines of A. caputmedusae and in being multi-chambered as opposed to single-chambered. Andricus megalucidus is synonymized here under A. cecconii based on molecular evidence (Shachar, unpublished).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFEDFF8CFF61FC64FCEAB7E6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEEFF8CFF61FECFFD5CB404.text	AC1F87FEFFEEFF8CFF61FECFFD5CB404.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus chodjaii Melika 2008	<div><p>Andricus chodjaii Melika, 2008</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri; Turkey and Iran: Q. infectoria .</p><p>Life history. Known only from the bud galls of the asexual generation. The gall develops on the acorn-cup, is ellipsoid, multi-chambered, up to 20 mm in diameter, and covered by short spines of up to 3 mm in length (Fig. 12). The gall turns from green to white as it matures, at which point the spines are easily detached from it, leaving purple dots behind.</p><p>Phenology. Galls become visible from mid-August and adults emerge in November-December (Tavakoli et al. 2008). Some galls drop from the tree and the wasps complete their development in them on the ground.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Rare, found only in Allone HaBashan. Elsewhere: Iran and Turkey.</p><p>Comments. Galls of this species are somewhat similar to galls of the asexual generation of A. lucidus (Fig. 5), but A. lucidus galls have numerous longer spines, are green and covered by sticky resin, whereas galls of A. chodjaii are not sticky. This gall is hardly distinguishable from that of A. seckendorffi (Wachtl), which is known from Europe and Turkey, and where these species occur together they can be distinguished from each other only on the basis of adult morphology (Tavakoli et al. 2008).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFEEFF8CFF61FECFFD5CB404	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEEFF8CFF61FC62FA8FB1A5.text	AC1F87FEFFEEFF8CFF61FC62FA8FB1A5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus coriariformis Melika, Challis & Stone 2008	<div><p>Andricus coriariformis Melika, Challis &amp; Stone, 2008</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. libani (sexual generation) and Q. boissieri (asexual generation). Iran: Q. infectoria .</p><p>Life history. Prior to the present study, only the asexual generation of this species was known and the association between it and the sexual generations is established here for the first time. Galls of the sexual generation develop in catkin galls of oaks from section Cerris, are up to 6 mm long, conical, pointy and singlechambered, usually in clusters (as in Fig. 49). They are light green and soft when very young, turning bright red when mature. Galls of the asexual generation develop on oaks from section Quercus, are up to 20 mm in diameter, usually composed of three splayed, thick and smooth lobes, each ending in a few elongate projections pointing in the same direction and only slightly curved (Fig. 17). The gall is green when young, turning pale straw-yellow, hard and woody when mature.</p><p>Phenology. Galls of the sexual generation begin to develop in March-April and adults emerge from them in May. Galls of the asexual generation begin to develop in August and adults emerge from them in January-February, after which the galls may remain on the tree for several years</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Mt. Hermon 1500 and 1780 m.a.s.l. Elsewhere: galls of the asexual generation are known from Iran and Turkey (Tavakoli et al. 2008; Mutun &amp; Dinç 2015).</p><p>Comments. Galls of the asexual generation of this species may be confused with those of A. coriarius (Figs 15–16), but A. coriarius galls have more numerous spine-like projections that vary in length unlike the three thick lobes of A. coriaformis galls. Galls of the sexual generation are very similar to those of A. grossulariae on Q. ithaburensis (Figs 49–50) but are found on Q. libani . Molecular data suggest that adults reared from these galls are genetically identical to those of A. coriariformis (Shachar, unpublished data) and thus represent the sexual generation of A. coriariformis, hence the species is now known from galls and adults of both generations.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFEEFF8CFF61FC62FA8FB1A5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEEFF8DFF61F901FBD2B496.text	AC1F87FEFFEEFF8DFF61F901FBD2B496.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus coriarius (Hartig 1843)	<div><p>Andricus coriarius (Hartig, 1843)</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. ithaburensis, Q. libani, Q. cerris (sexual generation), Q. boissieri (asexual generation). Elsewhere: numerous oak species from sections Cerris (sexual generation) and Quercus (asexual generation).</p><p>Life history. Both the sexual and asexual generations were previously recorded (Stone et al. 2008), but a detailed description of the sexual-generation galls was not given and is provided here for the first time. Galls of the sexual generation develop on oaks from section Cerris. They usually form a cluster of 15 or more conical, single- chambered, 2.0– 2.5 mm long and 1.5 mm wide units that are tapered apically, smooth, greenish-brown and thinwalled (Fig. 52). Galls of the asexual generation are found on oaks from section Quercus, and are morphologically diverse. The typical galls are composed of several tapering, curved lobes up to 30 mm long, which form a big, irregular sphere and are multi-chambered (Fig. 15). Other galls in the population have shorter, thicker lobes (Fig. 16). Young galls are pale green with flexible spiny lobes, sometimes with soft brown hair at their center. Mature galls are brown and woody.</p><p>Phenology. Adults of the sexual generation emerge in May in most locations in Israel, but at higher elevations and cooler habitats (e.g. Mt. Hermon) galls become apparent only in April and adults emerge in June. Galls of the asexual generation begin to develop in August and adults emerge from them in late December to January, after which galls may remain on the tree for several years.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Mt. Hermon, 1500 and 1780 m.a.s.l., Mt. Kahal, En Zivan, Allone HaBashan, Tel Hazeqa. Elsewhere: common and widespread in Europe, from Great Britain to the Iberian Peninsula and Greece, Morocco, Turkey, Transcaucasia and Iran (Melika 2006b).</p><p>Comments. Galls of the sexual generation (Fig. 52) are very similar to galls of the A. burgundus species complex. Stone et al. (2008) showed that the sexual generation of several Andricus species, including A. caputmedusae, A. coriarius and A. hystrix, develops in small, aggregated bud galls similar to those of the A. burgundus species complex or A. atkinsonae . Our unpublished molecular results corroborate that observation, hence the galls and adults of both generations of A. coriarius are now known. Adults of the sexual generation will be described elsewhere.</p><p>The typical galls of the asexual generation are superficially similar to those of A. grossulariae (Fig. 9) but differ in the more delicate and pointed lobes. The less common morphologies of this gall (Fig. 16) resemble the galls of A. coriariformis (Fig. 17) but lobes of the latter are shorter and widely splayed.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFEEFF8DFF61F901FBD2B496	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEFFF8DFF61FC1FFCC0B17C.text	AC1F87FEFFEFFF8DFF61FC1FFCC0B17C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus curtisii (Muller 1870)	<div><p>Andricus curtisii (Müller, 1870)</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri . Elsewhere: Q. infectoria .</p><p>Life history. Known only from the bud galls of the asexual generation, which develop from lenticel (accessory) buds on the trunk and well-established branches. These are big, striking galls, 20–40 mm in diameter, composed of pyramidal units that form a spherical structure, pinkish, with a velvety cover (Fig. 11), and contain a single central chamber embedded in spongy tissue. Old galls remain on the tree for several years. Molecular data suggest that the sexual generation of this species develops in cryptic bud galls currently attributed to the Andricus burgundus complex (Stone et al. 2008).</p><p>Phenology. The galls develop through the summer and mature by late September-early October. In Israel, adults emerge from January to early February, whereas in Europe they usually emerge in spring.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Odem Forest, En Zivan, Allone HaBashan, Tel Hazeqa, Rehan Forest. Elsewhere: a locally common eastern-mediterranean species known from Croatia, Greece, Southern Italy, Turkey, Iran, West Azarbaijan, Kurdistan and Algeria.</p><p>Comments. The galls of this species cannot be mistaken for any other gall in Israel. They resemble the galls of A. hartigi Hartig on Q. petraea, Q. pubescens and Q. robur in Europe and Asia Minor but A. hartigi galls are covered by detachable spines whereas A. curtisii galls are velvety.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFEFFF8DFF61FC1FFCC0B17C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEFFF8AFF61F94AFC2FB524.text	AC1F87FEFFEFFF8AFF61F94AFC2FB524.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus curvator Hartig 1840	<div><p>Andricus curvator Hartig, 1840</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. ithaburensis . Elsewhere: common on Quercus petraea, Q. pubescens, Q. robur, and a few other species.</p><p>Life history. Both the sexual and asexual generations are known, but only the sexual generation was found in Israel, in either leaves or branch tips. Leaf galls constitute inconspicuous, spherical, 2 mm swellings of the leaf margin or along leaf veins, yellowish-green when young, turning pale brown when mature (Sternlicht 1968b, Fig. 46). Branch-tip galls (Sternlicht 1968b, Fig. 58) constitute swellings of the shoot, 4–8 mm long and 3–6 mm wide, and are the same color of the branch. The asexual generation develops in smooth, ovoid, thin-walled, single- chambered bud galls within the bud scales, 3–4 mm in length and 2 mm in diameter. The base of the mature gall remains concealed within the bud scales. The gall is initially greenish-red, turning brown when mature. Usually found singly, rarely in pairs. The larval chamber is surrounded by spongy tissue.</p><p>Phenology. Galls of the sexual generation appear in April and adults emerge from them in May-June. Sternlicht (1968b) recorded the branch galls in January-February and the leaf galls in March, and adults emerged from them in June-July. The galls of the asexual generation begin to develop in June and mature by October. Adults usually emerge from them in February-March, although some remain in diapause inside the gall for another year.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Rare in Tivo’n. Elsewhere: a very common and widespread species throughout the distribution range of European white oaks, Morocco, east to Transcaucasia and Iran.</p><p>Comments. Sternlicht (1968b) attributed the branch galls to Andricus nr. curvator and the leaf galls to Andricus sp., but both of types of galls indeed belong to A. curvator .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFEFFF8AFF61F94AFC2FB524	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFE8FF8AFF61FDB6FACDB386.text	AC1F87FEFFE8FF8AFF61FDB6FACDB386.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus foecundatrix (Hartig 1840)	<div><p>Andricus foecundatrix (Hartig, 1840)</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri . Elsewhere: several species from section Quercus .</p><p>Life history. Both the sexual and asexual generations are known, but in Israel only the galls of the asexual generation were found. These are brown, scaly, artichoke-like bud galls at the tips of branches, up to 13 mm in diameter and 20 mm long, (Fig. 23) and are single chambered. Young galls are closed tightly but open as they mature to release a small, internal spherical chamber (Fig. 24), which drops to the ground, where the insect completes its development. Old galls remain on the tree for several years and become brown (Fig. 24). The sexual generation develops in small catkin galls, thin walled, up to 2 mm long, with a pointed tip, covered by dense, pale pubescence and surrounded by the anthers. The galls are initially green, turning pale brown when mature (Adler 1881).</p><p>Phenology. Galls of the sexual generation begin to develop in April, mature in May, and adults emerge from them immediately. Adults of the asexual generation emerge in April of the following spring, but some remain in diapause in the leaf litter inside the expelled, spherical chamber of the gall for another year.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Mt. Hermon 1500 and 1780 m.a.s.l., Mt. Kahal, Odem Forest, En Zivan, Allone HaBashan, Tel Hazeqa, Mt. Meron, Pa’ar cave, Mt. Addir, Nahal Rakefet. Elsewhere: a widespread species in the Western Palaearctic, from Morocco and Iberia to Great Britain and southern Scandinavia and eastwards to Iran.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFE8FF8AFF61FDB6FACDB386	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFE8FF8BFF61FAE1FDB2B656.text	AC1F87FEFFE8FF8BFF61FAE1FDB2B656.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus grossulariae Giraud 1859	<div><p>Andricus grossulariae Giraud, 1859</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri (asexual generation) and Q. ithaburensis (sexual generation). Elsewhere: several species from section Quercus (asexual generation) and section Cerris (sexual generation).</p><p>Life history. Until recently, A. grossulariae was known only from its sexual generation, but rearing experiments (Walker 2002) and molecular data (Stone et al. 2008) associated it with galls that had been traditionally attributed to the asexual generation of A.mayri / A.panteli, hence these two species were synonymized under A. grossulariae . The sexual generation induces conical, pointy catkin galls, up to 7 mm long, singlechambered, and usually in clusters. They are light green and soft when very young (Fig. 49), turning bright red to deep purple and woody when mature (Fig. 50). Old galls remain on the tree until the next year. The asexual generation develops in bud galls that are up to 50 mm in diameter, composed of thick, tapering projections that form a sphere (Fig. 9), and are multi-chambered. They are bright green and sticky when young, turning light brown, woody, and not sticky when mature. Old galls may remain on the tree for a year.</p><p>Phenology. In Israel, galls of the sexual generation begin to develop in late February to early March and adults emerge from them in late March, but in higher, colder localities (e.g., Odem Forest and En Zivan) they develop later in the season and adults emerge in May. Galls of the asexual generation develop during the fall and adults emerge in January.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Galls of the sexual generation are common and widespread throughout the distribution range of Q. ithaburensis in the country. Galls of the asexual generation are common in the northern part of Israel but are rare in Zur Hadassa (Judean Mountains). Elsewhere: A widespread and locally common species from Northern Africa through the Iberian Peninsula across Europe and the Balkans to Asia Minor, Iran and Caucasia.</p><p>Comments. Galls of the sexual generation are very similar to those of A. coriariformis on Q. libani, but develop on Q. ithaburensis . They are also somewhat similar to galls of A. vindobonensis (Fig. 51) but differ from them in having pointed apices and in their bright red color when mature, whereas the galls of A. vindobonensis are kidney- or bean-shaped, and dull purple-green when mature. Galls of the asexual generation are somewhat similar to the less common morphologies of A. coriarius galls (Fig. 16) but are more robust, and their lobes are shorter, more numerous and less tapered.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFE8FF8BFF61FAE1FDB2B656	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFE9FF8BFF61FE42FC9CB385.text	AC1F87FEFFE9FF8BFF61FE42FC9CB385.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus hystrix Kieffer 1897	<div><p>Andricus hystrix Kieffer, 1897</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri (asexual generation). Elsewhere: Q. petraea, Q. pubescens, Q. robur and Q. infectoria (asexual generation); Q. cerris (sexual generation).</p><p>Life history. The sexual generation of this species has been described recently (Folliot &amp; Pujade-Villar 2006) from adult males, but in Israel the species is known only from the bud galls of its asexual generation. These are composed of multiple elongate, flexible projections that form a sphere of up to 6 mm in diameter (Fig. 10). They are green to purple and sticky when young, turning light brown, woody, and not sticky when mature. The sexual generation develops in single-chambered, solitary bud galls, 8 mm long and 1.3 mm in diameter, with longitudinal ribs and blunt tip. The gall is almost entirely concealed within the bud scales, smooth, medium to light brown or orange-brown (Folliot &amp; Pujade-Villar 2006).</p><p>Phenology. In Israel, galls of the asexual generation begin to develop in June on branches close to the ground on young trees, and adults emerge from them in October. In Europe and Asia Minor adults emerge in September. Galls of the sexual generation develop in early spring and adults emerge from them in April-May.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Rare, found only on Mt. Meron and Pa’ar cave. Elsewhere: Southern and Central Europe and Turkey.</p><p>Comments. Galls of the asexual generation are somewhat similar to those of A. grossulariae (Fig. 9) but differ from them in their smaller size, more delicate lobes, and the lack of longitudinal ridges along the lobes. Furthermore, in Israel A. grossulariae galls develop on high branches whereas A. hystrix galls are usually found on lower branches of young trees. The rare, single-chambered, spiny gall of Andricus serotinus (Giraud) (unknown from Israel) develops in similar regions on similar hosts, but can be distinguished form galls of A. hystrix by the fact that it is covered in many fine, almost feathery spines.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFE9FF8BFF61FE42FC9CB385	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFE9FF8BFF61FB14FBCBB1D3.text	AC1F87FEFFE9FF8BFF61FB14FBCBB1D3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus lucidus (Hartig 1843)	<div><p>Andricus lucidus (Hartig, 1843)</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri . Elsewhere: several species from section Quercus .</p><p>Life history. Recent rearing experiments (Walker 2002) and unpublished molecular data showed that the sexual generation of this species is the taxon previously known as Andricus aestivalis . The asexual generation induces small to medium, spherical bud galls, up to 25 mm in diameter (Fig. 5). The gall is composed of short, straight and blunt lobes of up to 6 mm in length and is multi-chambered. Young galls are light green or reddishpurple and sticky, turning brown, woody and not sticky when mature. Old galls remain on the trees for several years and often lose the lobes. The sexual generation is known from Europe, where it induces big, rosette-like catkin galls, up to 25 mm in diameter on Q. cerris .</p><p>Phenology. Galls of the asexual generation begin to develop in August and adults emerge from them in January-February.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Mt. Hermon 1780 m a.s.l. and 1500 m a.s.l., Odem Forest, En Zivan, Allone HaBashan, Tel Hazeqa, Mt. Meron, Mt. Adir. Elsewhere: widespread from Southern France to Iran.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFE9FF8BFF61FB14FBCBB1D3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFE9FF88FF61F8CEFD11B69F.text	AC1F87FEFFE9FF88FF61F8CEFD11B69F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus megatruncicolus Melika 2008	<div><p>Andricus megatruncicolus Melika, 2008</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri . Iran and Turkey: Q. infectoria .</p><p>Life history. Known only from the bud galls of the asexual generation, which are pentagon-shaped, 5–15 mm in diameter and single-chambered (Fig. 21). The galls are broadly attached to the branch and are composed of five flattened units that sheath a spherical mass. Old galls remain on the tree for several years.</p><p>Phenology. Galls develop over the summer and mature in September, adults emerge in the following spring (Tavakoli et al. 2008).</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Very rare, found only twice in one location on Mt. Hermon at 1780 m.a.s.l. Elsewhere: Iran and Turkey.</p><p>Comments. The species epithet reflects the close similarity of the adults and galls of the asexual generation to those of Andricus truncicolus (Giraud), and the larger size of the gall. The extreme rarity of purely asexual lifecycles in oak gallwasps (Stone et al. 2002) suggests that A. megatruncicolus has a sexual generation which probably develops on oaks from section Cerris.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFE9FF88FF61F8CEFD11B69F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEAFF88FF61FE17FAB6B4F5.text	AC1F87FEFFEAFF88FF61FE17FAB6B4F5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus melikai Pujade-Villar 2002	<div><p>Andricus melikai Pujade-Villar, 2002</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. libani . Greece: Q. ithaburensis ssp. macrolepis (= aegilops).</p><p>Life history. Known only from the the leaf galls of the sexual generation, which constitute substantial swellings of the leaf midrib and are multi-chambered (Fig. 68). Viable galls were found in June and July but no adults were reared from them.</p><p>Phenology. Galls begin to develop in April-May and adults emerged from them in June (in Greece) (Pujade- Villar et al. 2002).</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Very rare, found only twice on Mt. Hermon at 1780 m.a.s.l. Otherwise known only from Greece (Pujade-Villar et al. 2002).</p><p>Comments. Galls of this species superficially resemble those of A. istvani from Iran as both species cause multi-chambered leaf swellings on oaks from section Cerris. However, based on a comparison of the galls collected in Israel to those deposited in the PHMB, we concluded that the Israeli species is A. melikai .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFEAFF88FF61FE17FAB6B4F5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEAFF89FF61FBF2FB37B524.text	AC1F87FEFFEAFF89FF61FBF2FB37B524.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus miriami Shachar 2015	<div><p>Andricus miriami Shachar, 2015</p><p>Andricus morula (Shachar, Inbar &amp; Dorchin), new synonym .</p><p>Host plants. Q. ithaburensis (asexual generation) and Q. libani and Q. cerris (sexual generation).</p><p>Life history. Prior to the present study, only the asexual generation of this species was known but recent molecular data suggest that Andricus morula (Shachar et al. 2017) is actually the sexual generation of Andricus miriami (Shachar, unpublished data), therefore the association of the two generations is established here for the first time (but see discussion of previous suggestions under the comments section). Galls of the sexual generation develop in mulberry-like catkin galls, composed of 17–40 small units attached to the branch at their bases (Figs 71–72). Young galls are soft and green to light brown at their tips, and completely covered by white velvety hairs and coated by nectar that attracts other insects. Mature galls are 12–17 mm long, 10–14 mm wide, and their apical part turns darker. The asexual generation develops in large and conspicuous bud galls, 20–40 mm in diameter, composed of 10–40 mushroom-shaped units that are joined at their bases to form a sphere (Fig. 43). Each subunit contains several larval chambers. Young galls are green, soft, and completely covered by short, white fuzz, whereas mature galls are woody, with the white fuzz limited to the tips of units. Old galls may remain on the tree for several years (Fig. 44).</p><p>Phenology. Galls of the sexual generation begin to develop in April and mature in June through July, when they reach their final size. Adults emerge in July and early August, after which the galls dry up, become woody and may remain on the tree for another year. Galls of the asexual generation begin to develop towards the end of March and mature in September. Adults emerge in January.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: The sexual generation is currently known only from Israel: Mt. Hermon 1500 and 1780 m.a.s.l., Mt. Kahal. The asexual generation is common and widespread throughout the distribution range of the host plant and is has also been recorded from Jordan (Nieves Aldrey &amp; Massa 2006).</p><p>Comments. The name A. miriami has recently been validated in a formal description (Shachar et al. 2015). Sternlicht (1968b, Fig. 29) mentioned both the sexual and asexual generations of A. miriami and described their galls, but did not provide evidence for the association between them. More recently, Nieves Aldrey &amp; Massa (2006) and Rizzo &amp; Askew (2009) recorded A. miriami from Jordan, where they reported to have found galls of both generations, but again, did not say what this decision was based on and did not describe the actual wasps. Our unpublished molecular data indicate that the taxon attributed by Sternlicht (1968b) to the sexual generation of Andricus miriami is a distinct species, close to A. istvani, and that A. morula is genetically identical to A. miriami . Therefore, we synonymize here A. morula under A. miriami, and this species is now known from galls and adults of both generations.</p><p>Galls of the sexual generation of A. miriami resemble somewhat galls of the sexual generation of A. cecconii (Figs 47–48) but are much smaller, woodier, elongate rather than spherical, and always sticky with a velvety cover, whereas A. cecconii galls are never sticky and may or may not have a velvety cover. The asexual generation of Andricus turcicus Melika, Mutun &amp; Dinç induces similar galls on Q. infectoria and Q. petraea in Turkey, but these are small and single-chambered compared to the big, multi-chambered galls of A. miriami .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFEAFF89FF61FBF2FB37B524	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEBFF89FF61FD84FCD0B21D.text	AC1F87FEFFEBFF89FF61FD84FCD0B21D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus moreae (Graeffe 1905)	<div><p>Andricus moreae (Graeffe, 1905)</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri . Elsewhere: Q. pubescens and Q. infectoria .</p><p>Life history. Known only from the bud galls of the asexual generation. These are spherical, single-chambered galls, 10 mm in diameter, resembling a blueberry, with a small apical ‘crown’. They are found on the terminal parts of branches, usually in small clusters, dark green, turning brown and very hard when mature (Fig. 18). Old galls remain on the tree for several years and turn darker. The similarity of this species to host-alternating Andricus species suggests that if a sexual generation exists, it induces galls on oaks from section Cerris (e.g. Q. cerris, Q. brantii, Q. libani).</p><p>Phenology. Galls develop quickly from early to late August and the adults emerge from them in Israel in September-October (elsewhere also in November). In other countries where this species is known, some of the adults overwinter inside the galls and emerge in March of the following year.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Mt. Hermon 1500 and 1780 m.a.s.l., Odem Forest, Allone HaBashan, Mt. Addir. Elsewhere: Geece, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Iran.</p><p>Comments. This species has not been collected for many years following its original description and its status was uncertain (Bellido et al. 2003). However, recently, many galls were found and adults were reared from Greece, Syria and Iran (Kwast 2005; Azizkhani et al. 2006), as well as during the present study.</p><p>The general shape and phenology of these galls resemble those of A. sternlichti (Fig. 20) but A. sternlichti galls are much bigger, pale brown when mature, and have typical pointy protuberances connected by ridges, which are absent in the much smaller and darker brown galls of A. moreae .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFEBFF89FF61FD84FCD0B21D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEBFF89FF61FA6AFC69B05E.text	AC1F87FEFFEBFF89FF61FA6AFC69B05E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus multiplicatus Giraud 1859	<div><p>Andricus multiplicatus Giraud, 1859</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. libani . Elsewhere: Q. brantii, Q. cerris, Q. trojana .</p><p>Life history. Known only from the bud galls of the sexual generation, which are multi-chambered, often aggregated leafy rosettes, 25–40 mm in diameter, with numerous larval chambers at the bases of the rosette leaves (Fig. 67). Old galls remain on the tree for a year.</p><p>Phenology. Galls begin to develop in May, at which time the rosette is bright green. Adults emerge from them in June, after which the gall turns brown and dries out.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Mt. Hermon, 1780 m.a.s.l. Eleswhere: common from South-central Europe to Turkey.</p><p>Comments. This gall resembles that of A. cydoniae Giraud, which is unknown from Israel and develops on the same oak hosts. However, the galls of A. cydoniae are genuinely multi-chambered, with many larval chambers inside a single solid mass of tissue, rather than an aggregation of distinct galls. In Europe, A. multiplicatus is known from Q. cerris but we did not find it on this host plant in Israel. The morphology of the galls on the different host plants in Iran and Europe is similar to that of the Israeli galls on Q. libani .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFEBFF89FF61FA6AFC69B05E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF4FF96FF61FF7FFA9BB420.text	AC1F87FEFFF4FF96FF61FF7FFA9BB420.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus quercustozae (Bosc 1792)	<div><p>Andricus quercustozae (Bosc, 1792)</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri . Elsewhere: several oak species from section Quercus .</p><p>Life history. Known only from the bud galls of the asexual generation, although population genetic evidence strongly supports the existence of an unknown sexual generation (Rokas et al. 2003). The galls constitute some of the most conspicuous cynipid galls in Israel. They are big and spherical (up to 40 mm in diameter), with a whorl of small, tapered spines around their widest circumference (Figs 13–14). Young developing galls are green, soft, fleshy and very sticky (Fig. 13), and turn purple and woody as they mature. Mature galls are deep purple, resembling the color of a plum, sticky, woody on the outside but spongy on the inside, with a single central larval chamber. Old galls may remain on the tree for several years.</p><p>Phenology. Galls begin to develop in July and adults emerge the following spring. Adults may diapause for up to 3 years.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Mt. Hermon 1500 and 1780 m.a.s.l., Odem Forest, En Zivan, Allone HaBashan, Tel Hazeqa, Mt. Meron (very rare). Certain trees in Odem Forest and Allone HaBashan regularly bear hundreds of galls. Elsewhere: a widespread and common Western Palaearctic species, from North Africa across Southern Europe to Asia Minor.</p><p>Comments. Galls of this species are somewhat similar to those of A. hungaricus Hartig from Hungary, Austria and the Balkan, but A. hungaricus galls do not have the typical whorl of small spines and are not sticky.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF4FF96FF61FF7FFA9BB420	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF4FF96FF61FC8EFF71B2AA.text	AC1F87FEFFF4FF96FF61FC8EFF71B2AA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus solitarius (Fonscolombe 1832)	<div><p>Andricus solitarius (Fonscolombe, 1832)</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri . Elsewhere: Several oak species from section Quercus .</p><p>Life history. Both the sexual and asexual generations are known, but in Israel only old bud galls of the asexual generation were found and no adults were reared. These galls are conical, single-chambered swellings at the tips of branches, widest basally, with very long and pointed, sometimes curved apex, brown and woody when mature. The sexual generation is known from Europe to induce single-chambered catkin galls, which develop from the flower buds on a stunted inflorescence petiole (Docters van Leeuwen 1934). The base of the gall is surrounded by stunted anthers, filaments and a small circle of hairs.</p><p>Phenology. Old galls of the asexual generation were found in Israel in July. In Europe, galls of the sexual generation develop before the catkin elongates, mature in May, and adults emerge from them soon afterwards. Galls of the asexual generation become visible in June, mature at the end of summer, and adults emerge from them in October.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Very rare, observed only twice on Mt. Hermon at 1500 m.a.s.l. and on Mt. Meron. Elsewhere: A widespread but usually uncommon species all over Europe, northwest Africa, Transcaucasia and Iran.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF4FF96FF61FC8EFF71B2AA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF4FF97FF61FA37FC19B7C4.text	AC1F87FEFFF4FF97FF61FA37FC19B7C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus sternlichti Bellido, Pujade-Villar & Melika 2003	<div><p>Andricus sternlichti Bellido, Pujade-Villar &amp; Melika, 2003</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri, Q. pedunculiflora . Elsewhere: Q. pubescens, Q. infectoria and a few other species of section Quercus .</p><p>Life history. Known only from the bud galls of the asexual generation,which are spherical, single-chambered, 20–22 mm in diameter, attached to the branch by a very short stalk and bear several pointed projections often joined by ridges (Fig. 20). Young galls are green and fleshy, turning pale brown and extremely hard when mature. Molecular phylogenetic work (Stone et al. 2008) suggests that if a sexual generation exists, it probably induces galls on oaks of section Cerris.</p><p>Phenology. Galls begin to develop in May and adults emerge from them in early October, after which the galls may remain on the tree for several years.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Common throughout the distribution range of Q. boissieri . Elsewhere: widespread from France to Turkey, Syria and Iran.</p><p>Comments. Galls of this species are of the most common cynipid galls on Q. boissieri in Israel and are also frequently observed on the introduced Q. pedunculiflora that is commonly planted in gardens and public areas.</p><p>The species is named after Sternlicht, who recognized that it was undescribed and intended to describe it as “ Andricus carmelis ”. However, the species was described only in 2003 by Bellido et al., who eliminated the confusion between it and A. gallaetinctoriae and A. tinctoriusnostrus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF4FF97FF61FA37FC19B7C4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF5FF97FF61FAFDFB86B033.text	AC1F87FEFFF5FF97FF61FAFDFB86B033.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus Hartig 1840	<div><p>Andricus sp. nr. amenti</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. libani and Q. cerris .</p><p>Life history. Known only from the delicate, single-chambered leaf galls of the sexual generation, which are composed of an oval purple chamber that is carried on a long stalk for a total length of 8–11 mm (Fig. 69).</p><p>Phenology. Young galls were observed in April and a single female of the sexual generation emerged in May.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from Israel: common on some trees on Mt. Hermon at 1780 m.a.s.l. and more rare at 1500 m.a.s.l. and on Mt. Kahal.</p><p>Comments. Similar galls in Europe that develop in catkins of oaks from section Quercus belong to A. alniensis Folliot, A. amenti Giraud, A. callidoma Hartig, A. malpighii (Adler) and A. seminationis (Giraud) (Melika 2006b) . However, the single adult we reared in Israel differs morphologically from those of the European species and is found on leaves of an oak from section Cerris. Together with preliminary molecular data (Shachar, unpublished) this suggests that the Israeli population represents a distinct species despite the similar gall morphology. A formal description of this species will be published elsewhere once more adults are reared.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF5FF97FF61FAFDFB86B033	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF5FF97FF61FEA4FF41B5F9.text	AC1F87FEFFF5FF97FF61FEA4FF41B5F9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus tomentosus (Trotter 1901)	<div><p>Andricus tomentosus (Trotter, 1901)</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri . Elsewhere: several oak species from section Quercus .</p><p>Life history. Known only from the bud galls of the asexual generation, which develop on lateral or terminal buds. They are conical, 14–18 mm long, brown with a velvety cover and single-chambered, widest at base, thinner at mid-part, and widen again apically (Fig. 25).</p><p>Phenology. In Israel, young galls were found in November but no adults were reared. In Europe the larvae overwinter for 1–2 years inside the galls and adults emerge in March-April.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Rare on Mt. Hermon at 1780 m.a.s.l., Allone HaBashan, Tel Hazeqa (only on one tree but in large numbers), Mt. Meron, Pa’ar cave. Elsewhere: Locally common in Southern and Eastern Europe, Turkey and Iran.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF5FF97FF61FEA4FF41B5F9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF5FF97FF61FCF6FE74B3F2.text	AC1F87FEFFF5FF97FF61FCF6FE74B3F2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus vindobonensis Mullner 1901	<div><p>Andricus vindobonensis Müllner, 1901</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. ithaburnsis . Elsewhere: Q. cerris .</p><p>Life history. Known only from the catkin galls of the sexual generation, which are kidney-shaped, up to 4 mm long, single-chambered, often in aggregations (Fig. 51). They are green when young, sometimes turning purple when mature, and covered by velvety fuzz. Old galls drop to the ground with the dry catkin.</p><p>Phenology. Galls begin to develop in March and adults emerge from them in late April through June-July.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Rare in En Zivan and Tel Hazeqa. Elsewhere: Patchy distribution but sometimes common in the Balkans and Turkey.</p><p>Comments. The galls of this species are somewhat similar to those of A. grossulariae (Figs 49–50) but are kidney- or bean-shaped and purple or green when mature, whereas A. grossulariae galls have pointed apices and are bright red when mature.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF5FF97FF61FCF6FE74B3F2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF5FF94FF61F8BCFC72B6E3.text	AC1F87FEFFF5FF94FF61F8BCFC72B6E3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus Hartig 1840	<div><p>Andricus sp. nr. istvani</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. ithaburensis . Life history. Known only from the leaf galls of the sexual generation. These are large, conspicuous galls, 10–</p><p>45 mm long, amorphous, and multi-chambered (Fig. 63). The underside of the galled leaf is rigid and swollen, and its upper side is soft and densely covered by short hairs. Young galls are green with white hairs, turning dark brown with golden hairs as they mature.</p><p>Phenology. Galls begin to develop in February and adults emerge in March.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from Israel: En Zivan, Yehudiyya, Hosha'aya, Alonim, Tiv’on.</p><p>Comments. The galls of this species are similar to those of A. istvani from Iran (Tavakoli et al. 2008) but the adults reared from them are morphologically different. Sternlicht (1968b) attributed these galls to the sexual generation of Andricus miriami but preliminary molecular data (Shachar, unpublished) indicate that this is a distinct species, the formal description of which will be given elsewhere.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF5FF94FF61F8BCFC72B6E3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF6FF94FF61FAFEFEDEB0A2.text	AC1F87FEFFF6FF94FF61FAFEFEDEB0A2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus Hartig 1840	<div><p>Andricus sp. 1</p><p>Host plant in Israel: Q. boissieri .</p><p>Life history. Known only from the bud galls of the asexual generation, which are spherical, 10–12 mm in diameter, with tiny protuberances on distal half, carried on a distinct stalk and are light brown (Fig. 19). The walls of the gall are thick and encircle a single, thin-walled larval chamber.</p><p>Phenology. Galls attained their final size and shape in August, when they contained big larvae, and a single adult emerged in November.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: rare, found only on Mt. Hermon at 1500 and 1780 m.a.s.l.</p><p>Comments. The galls of this species are somewhat similar to those of A. sternlichti (Fig. 20) but are much smaller, carried on a longer stalk, and their protuberances are limited to the apical half of the gall whereas those on galls of A. sternlichti are found all over the gall. They are also somewhat similar to galls of Dryocosmus tavakolii Melika, Stone &amp; Azizkhani, but adult morphology and preliminary molecular data (Shachar, unpublished) suggest that they represent a distinct species, the formal description of which will be published elsewhere.</p><p>The following two species are considered to be undescribed because of their unique gall morphologies, which do not resemble those of any known species. Although no adults were reared from the galls, they are tentatively ascribed here to Andricus based on the general resemblance of some gall attributes to those of Andricus species in Israel and Europe.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF6FF94FF61FAFEFEDEB0A2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF6FF94FF61FDCCFD37B3F1.text	AC1F87FEFFF6FF94FF61FDCCFD37B3F1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus Hartig 1840	<div><p>Andricus sp. nr. quercusradicis (Fabricius, 1798)</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. ithaburensis; Elsewhere: Mainly oaks from section Cerris (sexual generation) and from both Cerris and Quercus sections (asexual generation).</p><p>Life history. Both the sexual and asexual generations are known. The sexual generation induces singlechambered, usually aggregated leaf galls on Q. ithaburensis, which are cryptic swellings of the main leaf vein, up to 3 mm in width (Fig. 65). The asexual generation develops in woody, thick-walled multi-chambered root galls on Q. ithaburensis that are 3–10 cm in diameter when mature (Sternlicht 1968b, Fig.1).</p><p>Phenology. This species has a two-year lifecycle. Galls of the sexual generation develop in spring and adults emerge from them in September-October (Sternlicht 1968b). In Europe adults emerge in August-September and some may emerge the following year (Melika 2006b). The root galls of the asexual generation develop in the second year of the lifecycle. They mature in September and adults overwinter in them and emerge the following spring.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: En Zivan, Mezar, Tiv’on, Hadera. Elsewhere: widespread in Europe and Northwest Africa to Transcaucasia and Asia Minor.</p><p>Comments. The identity of this species could not be established with confidence because no adults were reared from the galls. Based on the morphology of the galls and the available data on its life history, we assume that it is related to A. quercusradicis, although that species is known from oaks in section Quercus whereas the galls in Israel are found on oaks from section Cerris.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF6FF94FF61FDCCFD37B3F1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF7FF95FF61FF7FFC58B698.text	AC1F87FEFFF7FF95FF61FF7FFC58B698.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus Hartig 1840	<div><p>Andricus sp. 2</p><p>Host plant in Israel. Q. boissieri .</p><p>Life history. Known only from the catkin galls of the sexual generation. These are small, spherical galls, 2 mm in diameter, light brown to yellow, densely covered by short whitish hairs, single-chambered, and are found in clusters (Fig. 28).</p><p>Phenology. Galls were found in May but no adults were reared from them.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Observed only once on a single tree in Mt. Kahal.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF7FF95FF61FF7FFC58B698	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF7FF95FF61FE16FB01B406.text	AC1F87FEFFF7FF95FF61FE16FB01B406.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus Hartig 1840	<div><p>Andricus sp. 3</p><p>Host plant in Israel. Q. boissieri .</p><p>Life history. Known only from the bud galls of the sexual generation, which resemble a small carambola fruit, with 3–4 distinct longitudinal ridges, 5–7 mm long and 3–5 mm wide and single-chambered (Fig. 26). Young galls are green and fleshy, turnning pale brown when mature.</p><p>Phenology. Young galls were found in April and matured in June but no adults were reared from them. They were found only on low branches of young trees, close to the ground.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: rare species, found only on a few trees on Mt. Meron and Pa’ar cave.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF7FF95FF61FE16FB01B406	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF7FF95FF61FC61FE0DB31C.text	AC1F87FEFFF7FF95FF61FC61FE0DB31C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aphelonyx Mayr 1881	<div><p>Aphelonyx Mayr, 1881</p><p>A Western Palearctic genus with three species, A. cerricola (Giraud), A. persica Melika, Stone, Sadeghi &amp; Pujade- Villar, and A. kordestanica Melika, all of which are known only from the asexual generation and induce bud galls on oaks of section Cerris.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF7FF95FF61FC61FE0DB31C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF7FF95FF61FB9EFB0DB026.text	AC1F87FEFFF7FF95FF61FB9EFB0DB026.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aphelonyx persica Melika, Stone, Sadeghi & Pujade-Villar 2004	<div><p>Aphelonyx persica Melika, Stone, Sadeghi &amp; Pujade-Villar, 2004</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. ithaburensis and Q. libani . Elsewhere: Q. libani, Q. brantii, Q. castaneifolia .</p><p>Life history. Known only from the bud galls of the asexual generation, which are spherical, single-chambered, 10–14 mm in diameter, with velvety, sometimes slightly wrinkled surface, broadly attached to the branch or sometimes to the trunk (Fig. 37), often in clusters of 5–8. The gall contains an internal ovoid chamber that is attached to the inside wall in young galls but detaches from it and rolls freely inside the mature gall (Fig. 38). Young galls are light green, turning brown when mature. Old galls remain on the trees for several years.</p><p>Phenology. Galls appear in August and adults emerge from them in October-November. In the present study one adult emerged from a gall on Q. libani in January.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Common on Q. ithaburensis throughout its distribution range; on Q. libani found only on Mt. Hermon at 1780 m.a.s.l. Elsewhere: Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Iran.</p><p>Comments. Galls of A. persica are very similar to those of A. cerricola and A. kordestanica but these species have not been found in Israel. The galls are often invaded by the inquiline Synergus variabilis Mayr, especially on Q. ithaburensis . An invaded gall is bigger, irregularly shaped and multichambered (Figs 39–40), whereas an uninvaded gall is spherical and single-chambered (Figs 37–38). Sternlicht (1968b) listed the axesual generation of Andricus kollari Hartig as occurring in Israel (his Figs 18–20) but we never found this species in Israel and conclude that Sternlicht mistook its galls for those of Aphelonyx persica . Galls of the two species are somewhat similar in shape and colour but those of A. kollari develop only on oaks from section Quercus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF7FF95FF61FB9EFB0DB026	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF7FF92FF61F881FDEEB7E6.text	AC1F87FEFFF7FF92FF61F881FDEEB7E6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Biorhiza Westwood 1840	<div><p>Biorhiza Westwood, 1840</p><p>A Holarctic genus with six species, four of which in the Nearctic Region (Melika &amp; Abrahamson 2002), one - B. nawai (Ashmead) in the Eastern Palaearctic, and another - B. pallida in the Western Palaearctic. All species are</p><p>associated with oaks of section Quercus, on which the asexual generation develops in root galls and the sexual generation in bud galls (Melika 2006b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF7FF92FF61F881FDEEB7E6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF0FF92FF61FECFFAF0B404.text	AC1F87FEFFF0FF92FF61FECFFAF0B404.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Biorhiza pallida (Olivier 1791)	<div><p>Biorhiza pallida (Olivier, 1791)</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri . Elsewhere: several oak species from section Quercus .</p><p>Life history. The sexual generation induces multi-chambered, irregularly spherical, soft and spongy galls, 15– 30 mm in diameter, light brown when mature (Fig. 22). The asexual generation develops in multi-chambered galls in the roots.</p><p>Phenology. Galls of the sexual generation appear shortly after bud burst and mature through May and June. In Israel adults emerge in May, whereas in Southern Northern Europe they emerge at the end of May or in late June, respectively. Galls of the asexual generation take two years to mature, and complete their developement in the winter of their second year. The wingless females of the asexual generation emerge in the winter or very early spring, climb up the tree, and lay their eggs on shoots (Melika 2006b).</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Rare; known only from Mt. Kahal. Only the sexual generation was found in the present study, as root galls were not surveyed. Elsewhere: A widespread and often common species known from Europe, Northwestern Africa, east to Transcaucasia, Turkey and Iran. Data on the distribution in the Far East of Russia appears to be erroneous due to misidentification with another species - B. nawai (Ashmead) (Melika 2012) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF0FF92FF61FECFFAF0B404	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF0FF92FF61FB25FADEB18B.text	AC1F87FEFFF0FF92FF61FB25FADEB18B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cerroneuroterus gyulaigaraiae (Melika 2006)	<div><p>Cerroneuroterus gyulaigaraiae (Melika, 2006)</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. ithaburensis . Elsewhere (Syria and Iran): Q. ithaburensis, Q. brantii .</p><p>Life history. Known only from the leaf galls of the asexual generation, which are circular, flat, rigid structures, up to 2 mm thick and 6 mm in diameter, white at center, orange along undulating rims, and covered by sparse white hairs (Fig. 62). They are usually found in clusters and then their rims can be slightly irregular as they are squeezed together.</p><p>Phenology. Galls appear in August, drop to the ground in late October to November, and the pupae or adults overwinter in them on the ground. Adults emerge in January. Parasitism rates in Israel can exceed 80%.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Mezar, Bet Keshet Forest, Hosha'aya, Alonim, Tiv’on, HaSharon Forest. Elsewhere: Syria, Iran.</p><p>Comments. The galls of this species are superficially similar to those of Cerroneuroterus lanuginosus on the same host plant (Figs 60–61) but differ from them in being orange with a white center rather than white with a black center, and in being less hairy. Sternlicht (1968b) referred to this species as Neuroterus sp. (his Fig. 44).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF0FF92FF61FB25FADEB18B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF0FF92FF61FC62FE9CB349.text	AC1F87FEFFF0FF92FF61FC62FE9CB349.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cerroneuroterus Melika & Pujade-Villar 2010	<div><p>Cerroneuroterus Melika &amp; Pujade-Villar, 2010</p><p>A Palearctic genus with nine species, inducing bud and leaf galls on oaks from section Cerris. Adults most closely resemble those of Neuroterus (Melika et al. 2010) .Three valid species are currently known from the Eastern Palaearctic and six species are known from the Western Palaearctic (Melika et al. 2010). Three of the latter occur in Israel, where they develop on Q. ithaburensis, Q. libani and Q. cerris . An additional species in Israel appears to be undescribed.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF0FF92FF61FC62FE9CB349	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF0FF93FF61F8E4FBD4B4FB.text	AC1F87FEFFF0FF93FF61F8E4FBD4B4FB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cerroneuroterus lanuginosus (Giraud 1859) Shachar & Melika & Inbar & Dorchin 2018	<div><p>Cerroneuroterus lanuginosus (Giraud, 1859)</p><p>Cerroneuroterus cerrifloralis (Müllner), new synonym .</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. ithaburensis . Elsewhere: several oak species from section Cerris.</p><p>Life history. The sexual and asexual generations of this species are associated with each other for the first time in the present study. The sexual generation induces inconspicuous, spherical catkin galls, 1.5–2 mm in diameter, green when young, turning brown when mature, covered by white hairs (Fig. 54). The galls are single-chambered and the chamber fills the entire volume of the gall. The asexual generation induces flat, circular leaf galls, up to 7 mm in diameter and 5 mm thick, densely covered by long, white to golden hairs with a black center of shorter hairs (Figs 60–61). These are probably the most abundant cynipid galls in Israel, which often cover the entire leaf surface; a single tree can bear tens of thousands of galls, although gall density may vary dramatically between years and trees.</p><p>Phenology. Galls of the sexual generation appear in early February and adults emerge from them in late February. Galls of the asexual generation begin to develop in August, drop from the leaf or together with the leaves in fall, and the wasps overwinter in them as pupae or adults. Adults emerge in January.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Very common and widespread throughout the distribution range of Q. ithaburensis . Elsewhere: A common species from South-central Europe to Transcaucasia and Iran.</p><p>Comments. The sexual generation is known from Austria and Hungary, and although adults in Europe and in Israel are slightly different morphologically, we consider them to belong to the same species. Sternlicht (1968b) attributed the galls of this species to the sexual generation of Neuroterus aprilinus Giraud (currently a synonym of Neuroterus politus Hartig (Pujade-Villar &amp; Ros-Farré 2001)) . However, the galls of C. lanuginosus are covered by white hairs and are thin walled, whereas those of N. politus are smooth with a fleshy wall when young, turning thick when mature.</p><p>Galls of the asexual generation are similar to galls induced by an unidentified cecidomyiid species on the same host plant but the cecidomyiid galls are brownish-white and are evident as rigid tubercles on the upper side of the leaf, whereas the galls of C. lanuginosus are usually white and are evident only on the underside of the leaf.</p><p>Galls of the sexual generation of this species have been attributed so far to C. cerrifloralis but molecular work shows that they actually belong to C. lanuginosus (Shachar, unpublished data), therefore we synonymize C. cerrifloralis under C. lanuginosus and the species is now known from both generations.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF0FF93FF61F8E4FBD4B4FB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF1FF93FF61FA57FC45B0FC.text	AC1F87FEFFF1FF93FF61FA57FC45B0FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cerroneuroterus Melika & Pujade-Villar 2010	<div><p>Cerroneuroterus sp. nr. lanuginosus (Giraud, 1859)</p><p>Host plants. Q. libani, Q. cerris .</p><p>Life history. Known only from the leaf galls of the asexual generation, which are flat, spherical, up to 5 mm thick and 7 mm in diameter, covered by long, whitish or pinkish to golden hairs with a black center of shorter hairs, usually in clusters (Fig. 70).</p><p>Phenology. Galls begin to develop in August, drop to the ground in the fall, and the larvae overwinter in them on the ground. No adults were reared.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Mt. Hermon 1500 and 1780 m.a.s.l., Mt. Kahal.</p><p>Comments. The galls of this species are very similar to those of C. lanuginosus on Q. ithaburensis (Figs 60– 61) but their hairs are pinkish to golden as opposed to the white hairs on C. lanuginosus galls. As no adulsts were reared it was impossible to determine whether the galls on Q. libani belong to C. lanuginosus or belong to a different species. Somewhat similar galls are induced by an unidentified cecidomyiid species on the same host plant but these have brownish hairs and are evident as rigid tubercles on the upperside of the leaf, whereas galls of Cerroneuroterus nr. lanuginosus are evident only on the underside of the leaf.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF1FF93FF61FA57FC45B0FC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF1FF93FF61FBF4FA35B244.text	AC1F87FEFFF1FF93FF61FBF4FA35B244.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cerroneuroterus minutulus (Giraud 1859)	<div><p>Cerroneuroterus minutulus (Giraud, 1859)</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. libani . Europe: Q. cerris .</p><p>Life history. Known only from the leaf galls of the asexual generation, which are found on veins, predominantly on the lower side of the lamina, elliptical, up to 2 mm in diameter, covered by small projections, usually solitary but sometimes in aggregations. Young galls are pale, turning green to dark red and purple when mature.</p><p>Phenology. Galls are first observed in August and mature in November. Larvae overwinter inside the galls in the leaf litter and adults emerge early the following spring.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Mt. Hermon, 1780 m.a.s.l. Elsewhere: Central Europe, Turkey Balkan, Northern Africa.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF1FF93FF61FBF4FA35B244	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF2FF90FF61FDAEFD5EB23A.text	AC1F87FEFFF2FF90FF61FDAEFD5EB23A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chilaspis israeli Sternlicht 1968	<div><p>Chilaspis israeli Sternlicht, 1968</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. ithaburensis . Elsewhere: Q. brantii, Q. castaneifolia, Q. libani .</p><p>Life history. The sexual generation induces big and hairy, multi-chambered catkin galls, 20–40 mm in diameter (Fig. 45), composed of small triangular subunits that are densely covered by long hairs. Each unit contains one very rigid larval chamber that is attached to the catkin petiole. When young, the hairs are whitish to pinkish, turning golden-brown when mature. The asexual generation induces detachable, spherical leaf galls, up to 10 mm in diameter, which are often alined on the underside of the leaf and are single chambered (Fig. 59). Young galls are tiny and covered by black fuzz, turning green and hard when mature. They then drop from the leaves, turning brown with a velvety cover after a few days on the ground, and the larvae diapause in them for 4–10 months.</p><p>Phenology. Galls of the sexual generation begin to develop in February and adults emerge from them in late February to early March or in April in the Golan Heights. Galls of the asexual generation begin to develop in September and mature in December. Some of the larvae pupate and emerge as adults in February-March of the following year, whereas others remain in diapause and emerge only in October.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Throughout the distribution range of Q. ithaburensis . Elsewhere: Lebanon, Jordan, Iran.</p><p>Comments. Sternlicht (1968b) described Chilaspis israeli (his Figs 49, 57) as a subspecies of Chilaspis nitida Giraud, which was later recognized as a distinct species by Pujade-Villar et al. (2003b). Galls of both generations are very similar to those of C. nitida in Europe but are bigger (up to 10 mm in diameter compared to 5 mm in C. nitida), and the two species are geographically separated, with C. israeli restricted to several oak species in the Levant and Iran and C. nitida to Q. cerris in Europe.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF2FF90FF61FDAEFD5EB23A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF2FF90FF61FF7FFD85B6C0.text	AC1F87FEFFF2FF90FF61FF7FFD85B6C0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chilaspis Linnaeus 1758	<div><p>Chilaspis Linnaeus, 1758</p><p>A Western Palearctic genus with two species, C. israeli Sternlicht and C. nitida (Giraud), inducing catkin and leaf galls on oaks from section Cerris. The asexual and sexual generations are known for both species, developing in detachable leaf galls and catkin galls, respectively. Morphologically, the genus closely resembles Dryocosmus and Plagiotrochus (Pujade-Villar et al. 2003b; Melika et al. 2010), but its synonymization with Dryocosmus by Ács et al. (2007) was premature and did not incorporate adequately molecular or morphological characters found in other cynipid genera (e.g., Aphelonyx, and Neuroterus). In a more recent phylogenetic reconstruction, C. nitida and C. israeli formed a strongly-supported monophyletic clade together with Plagiotrochus, and were clearly separated from Dryocosmus (Stone et al. 2009) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF2FF90FF61FF7FFD85B6C0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF2FF90FF61F9BFFCE6B0E5.text	AC1F87FEFFF2FF90FF61F9BFFCE6B0E5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cynips cornifex Hartig 1843	<div><p>Cynips cornifex Hartig, 1843</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri . Elsewhere: Q. pubescens, Q. petraea, Q. infectoria .</p><p>Life history. Known only from the leaf galls of the asexual generation, which are bilaterally flat projections, 5–15 mm long, usually with a blunt tip, on the underside of the leaf (Fig. 29). They are soft and green when young, turning hard and reddish-brown when mature.</p><p>Phenology. In Israel, viable galls were found in November but no adults were reared. In Europe, galls of this species begin to develop in June, drop to the ground with the leaves when mature, and the adults emerge in April of the following year.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Very rare, observed only once on a single tree on Mt. Hermon at 1780 m.a.s.l. Elsewhere: Widespread and locally abundant from southern France to Iran.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF2FF90FF61F9BFFCE6B0E5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF2FF90FF61FAB5FC5FB137.text	AC1F87FEFFF2FF90FF61FAB5FC5FB137.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cynips Linnaeus 1758	<div><p>Cynips Linnaeus, 1758</p><p>The genus is represented by nine species in the Western Palaearctic and one species, C. staminobia Kovalev, in the Eastern Palaearctic (Melika 2012) as well as many species from The Nearctic Region (Kinsey 1930, 1936; Melika &amp; Abrahamson 2002). Three species are known from Israel on Q. boissieri .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF2FF90FF61FAB5FC5FB137	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF3FF91FF61FF7FFB9FB5F8.text	AC1F87FEFFF3FF91FF61FF7FFB9FB5F8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cynips divisa Hartig 1840	<div><p>Cynips divisa Hartig, 1840</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri . Elsewhere: several oak species from section Quercus .</p><p>Life history. Both the sexual and asexual generations are known but in Israel only the leaf galls of the asexual generation were found. These are spherical, detachable galls on the underside of the leaves, 4–6 mm in diameter and single-chambered (Fig. 33). Young galls are green and fleshy, turning golden-brown and thick-walled when mature. Galls of the sexual generation are small, conical, single-chambered leaf-margin galls with a small apical tip.</p><p>Phenology. In Europe, galls of the asexual generation begin to develop in June and adults emerge from them in October-November or in February-March of the following year. In Israel they were found in July but no adults were reared from them. Galls of the sexual generation develop rapidly after leaf burst in spring and adults emerge in May.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Throughout the distribution range of Q. boissieri . Elsewhere: A common species from the Iberian Peninsula to Transcaucasia and Iran.</p><p>Comments. Galls of the asexual generation of this species are somewhat similar to those of Cynips quercus on the same host plant (Fig. 32) but are smaller and golden-brown rather than green.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF3FF91FF61FF7FFB9FB5F8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF3FF91FF61FCF6FEF7B245.text	AC1F87FEFFF3FF91FF61FCF6FEF7B245.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cynips quercus Fourcroy 1758	<div><p>Cynips quercus Fourcroy, 1758</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri . Elsewhewe: several oak species from section Quercus .</p><p>Life history. Known in Israel only from the leaf galls of the asexual generation, which are spherical, singlechambered galls, 15–25 mm in diameter, resembling small grapes (Fig. 32). The galls are fleshy, firm, light green with white dots when young, yellowish with white dots when mature. The larval chamber is located in the center of the gall, surrounded by a thin wall. The sexual generation is known from Europe to develop in single-chambered galls in dormant lenticel buds, often on the trunk or on larger branches, and rarely on shoots of the previous year (Melika 2006b).</p><p>Phenology. Galls of the asexual generation appear in July and drop to the ground in November-December while still attached to the leaves. Adults emerge from them in January-February. Galls of the sexual generation appear in Europe in May and adults emerge from them in June (Melika 2006b).</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Mt. Hermon at 1500 and 1780 m.a.s.l., Odem Forest, En Zivan, Allone HaBashan, Tel Hazeqa, Mt. Meron, Mt. Addir. Elsewhere: A common species throughout Europe and Asia Minor, to Turkey and Lebanon, but restricted only to the extreme northeast of the Iberian Peninsula and absent from Portugal.</p><p>Comments. Galls of the asexual generation are similar to those of Cynips quercusfolli Linnaeus in Europe (Melika 2006b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF3FF91FF61FCF6FEF7B245	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF3FF91FF61FA21FB7AB184.text	AC1F87FEFFF3FF91FF61FA21FB7AB184.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dryocosmus Giraud 1859	<div><p>Dryocosmus Giraud, 1859</p><p>A Holarctic genus of 29 species, inducing leaf, twig, shoot and bud galls on oaks from sections Cerris; Castanea, and Chrysolepis . Most species are known from both generations. Adults resemble those of Chilaspis but differ from them in certain morphological characters. This is a paraphyletic genus, with seven species in the Western Palaearctic (Cerasa et al. 2018) and many species in the Eastern Palaearctic (Tang et al. 2016a) and the Nearctic Regions (Melika &amp; Abrahamson 2002). Two species are known from Israel on Q. ithaburensis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF3FF91FF61FA21FB7AB184	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF3FF9EFF61F8E4FCB9B7CB.text	AC1F87FEFFF3FF9EFF61F8E4FCB9B7CB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dryocosmus mayri Mullner 1901	<div><p>Dryocosmus mayri Müllner, 1901</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. ithaburensis . Elsewhere: Q. ithaburensis, Q. cerris and Q. macrolepis .</p><p>Life history. Known only from the bud galls of the sexual generation, which are irregularly spherical masses, up to 20 mm in diameter, composed of 6–20 units, each with a single larval chamber (Fig. 46). They are light green to deep purple, sometimes with white hairs apically, and are very sticky.</p><p>Phenology. Galls begin to develop in February and adults emerge from them in late February-March. Distribution. Israel: Mezar, Bet Keshet Forest, Hosha'aya, Alonim, Tiv’on, HaSharon Forest. Elsewhre: Austria, Hungary, Ukraine, Greece, Turkey and Jordan.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF3FF9EFF61F8E4FCB9B7CB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFCFF9EFF61FEA4FABFB5B1.text	AC1F87FEFFFCFF9EFF61FEA4FABFB5B1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dryocosmus mikoi Melika, Tavakoli, Stone & Azizkhani 2006	<div><p>Dryocosmus mikoi Melika, Tavakoli, Stone &amp; Azizkhani, 2006</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. ithaburensis . Elsewhere: Q. libani, Q. brantii and Q. castaneifolia .</p><p>Life history. Known only from the leaf galls of the sexual generation, which constitute spherical swellings at the base of leaves, up to 12 mm in diameter, with an apical ‘crest’ up to 4 mm long (Fig. 64). They are singlechambered, fleshy and bright green when young, turning hard as they mature, and dark brown when old.</p><p>Phenology. Galls begin to develop in March (June in higher elevations - e.g., En Zivan) and adults emerge in May-June.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Rare in En Zivan, Mezar, Yehudiyya, Dan and Hagoshrim. Elsewhere: Iran.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFFCFF9EFF61FEA4FABFB5B1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFCFF9EFF61FC1DFC08B1A6.text	AC1F87FEFFFCFF9EFF61FC1DFC08B1A6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neuroterus albipes (Schenck 1863)	<div><p>Neuroterus albipes (Schenck, 1863)</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri . Elsewhere: several oak species from sections Quercus and Cerris.</p><p>Life history. Galls of the sexual generation are elliptical leaf-margin galls, up to 4 mm in length, causing deformation of the leaf, light brown, covered by short white hairs, rigid and single-chambered. Galls of the asexual generation are flat, irregularly spherical leaf galls, up to 7 mm in diameter, usually in clusters (Fig. 34). They have a central pit and resemble a small flower with undulating margins, varying in color from pale green to pink and purple.</p><p>Phenology. Galls of the sexual generation were observed in May and July but no adults were reared from them. Galls of the asexual generation appear in August, mature and drop from the leaves in late November- December, and the larvae overwinter in them on the ground until adult emergence in January-February. In Europe, adults emerge in spring.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Galls of the sexual generation are rare and were observed on only a few occasions in Tel Hazeqa, Mt. Meron, Pa’ar cave and Rehan Forest. Galls of the asexual generation were found on Mt. Hermon at 1500 and 1780 m.a.s.l., Odem Forest, En Zivan, Allone HaBashan, Tel Hazeqa, Pa’ar cave and Mt. Addir. Elsewhere: Widespread and occasionally common from the Iberian Peninsula north to Great Britain Isles and east to Turkey and Transcaucasia. Also known from Northern Africa.</p><p>Comments. The galls of the asexual generation are somewhat similar to those of Neuroterus quercusbaccarum on Q. boissieri (Figs 35–36A) but are flatter and thinner, with no hairs.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFFCFF9EFF61FC1DFC08B1A6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFCFF9EFF61FD3EFEC3B492.text	AC1F87FEFFFCFF9EFF61FD3EFEC3B492.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neuroterus Hartig 1840	<div><p>Neuroterus Hartig, 1840</p><p>A large Holarctic genus of 92 species, which induce leaf, catkin and bud galls on oaks from sections Cerris and Quercus (Melika &amp; Abrahamson 2002) . Alternation of generations is known. Six species are known from the Western Palaearctic and seven are known from the Eastern Palaearctic. Four species occur in Israel on Q. boissieri and Q. ithaburensis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFFCFF9EFF61FD3EFEC3B492	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFCFF9FFF61F90FFCA1B52B.text	AC1F87FEFFFCFF9FFF61F90FFCA1B52B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neuroterus anthracinus Curtis 1838	<div><p>Neuroterus anthracinus Curtis, 1838</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri, Q. ithaburensis . Elsewere: mostly on oaks from section Quercus but also on species from section Cerris.</p><p>Life history. Both generations are known but in Israel only the asexual generation was found so far. It induces single-chambered leaf galls which constitute small, ovoid sturctures, 1.5–3 mm long and up to 2 mm wide, wrapped between two thin, wing-like extensions (Figs 31, 66). They are yellow to green and shiny when young, and develop purple or red dots as they mature and then drop from the leaf, leaving the ‘wings’ behind. The sexual generation develops in single-chambered, lateral or terminal bud galls, usually gregarious (2–6 galls in one group), rounded or slightly ovate, 2 mm long and 1.5 mm in diameter when mature, green or yellowish, smooth, often with distorted leaves attached to the side or tip of the gall.</p><p>Phenology. Galls of the asexual generation appear in late August, mature by September, drop to the ground, and adults emerge from them the following spring. Galls of the sexual generation develop rapidly in Europe and adults emerge from them in May-June.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Widespread and common throughout the distribution range of Q. boissieri . Elsewhere: Common and locally abundant throughout most of Europe to Crimea, Turkey and Iran.</p><p>Comments. Sternlicht (1968b) referred to this species as Andricus ostreus, a name that was later synonymized under Neuroterus anthracinus (Pujade-Villar et al. 1998) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFFCFF9FFF61F90FFCA1B52B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFDFF9FFF61FD84FE8BB3D4.text	AC1F87FEFFFDFF9FFF61FD84FE8BB3D4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neuroterus numismalis (Geoffroy in Fourcroy 1785)	<div><p>Neuroterus numismalis (Geoffroy in Fourcroy, 1785)</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri . Elsewhere: several oak species from section Quercus .</p><p>Life history. The sexual generation develops in circular, single-chambered leaf blisters, 3 mm in diameter, with a small central bump on both sides of the leaf (Fig. 30). When young, the galls are the same color of the leaves and therefore difficult to notice. When mature, they turn paler green. The asexual generation induces buttonshaped, single-chambered leaf galls, up to 3 mm in diameter, with a pitted center surrounded by silky goldenbrown hairs (Fig. 36B).</p><p>Phenology. The phenology of this species in Israel is unclear because in June galls of the sexual generation contained small larvae, whereas in Europe adults already emerge from these galls at that time of year. Galls of the asexual generation begin to develop in August and drop from the leaf in November. Larval development continues on the ground and adults emerge in March.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Galls of the sexual generation were found on Mt. Hermon at 1780 m.a.s.l., Mt. Meron, Pa’ar cave, Mt. Addir, and Zur Hadassa. Galls of the asexual generation were also found on Mt. Hermon at 1500 m.a.s.l. and in Allone HaBashan. Elsewhere: A pan-European species extending eastwards as far as Iran.</p><p>Comments. Galls of the sexual generation cannot be mistaken for any other leaf galls in Israel. They are similar to those of Andricus gallaeurnaeformis Fonscolombe in Iberia and Turkey but the latter do not have the central bump.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFFDFF9FFF61FD84FE8BB3D4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFDFF9FFF61FAD2FBC7B079.text	AC1F87FEFFFDFF9FFF61FAD2FBC7B079.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neuroterus quercusbaccarum Linnaeus 1758	<div><p>Neuroterus quercusbaccarum Linnaeus, 1758</p><p>Host plant. Israel: Q. boissieri . Elsewhere: several species from section Quercus .</p><p>Life history. The sexual generation induces the largest catkin galls on oaks in Israel. These are fleshy, spherical galls, up to 8 mm in diameter, smooth, shiny, light green with purple ‘veins’ and single-chambered (Fig. 27). The asexual generation induces dome-shaped leaf galls, up to 6 mm in diameter, with a pointed central projection, single-chambered, usually in clusters (Fig. 35, 36A). When young, the galls are pale green, sometimes covered by very short, reddish hairs, turning pink as they mature.</p><p>Phenology. Galls of the asexual generation appear in August, drop from the leaves in November-December and adults emerge from them in March. Galls of the sexual generation appear in March and adults emerge from them in April-May.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Known from galls of both generations throughout the distribution range of Q. boissieri . Elsewhere: Common and widespread from Northwestern Africa to Norway, Russia and Iran.</p><p>Comments. Galls of the asexual generation are similar to those of Neuroterus tricolor Hartig in Europe but the latter are spherical rather than dome-shaped and do not have a central pointed projection.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFFDFF9FFF61FAD2FBC7B079	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFDFF9CFF61F87AFA83B62F.text	AC1F87FEFFFDFF9CFF61F87AFA83B62F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plagiotrochus Mayr 1881	<div><p>Plagiotrochus Mayr, 1881</p><p>The genus is represented by 14 species in the Western Palearctic, of mostly Mediterranean distribution, which induce galls on all parts of oaks from section Ilex and less commonly Cerris (Nieves-Aldrey 2001; Melika &amp; Abrahamson 2002). Seven species are known in the Eastern Palaearctic (Tang et al. 2016b). Both generations are known for most species, the majority of which are associated only with evergreen oaks. Adults resemble those of Chilaspis . Three species are known from Israel on Q. calliprinos, one of which has been found only once.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFFDFF9CFF61F87AFA83B62F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFEFF9CFF61FE87FEF8B594.text	AC1F87FEFFFEFF9CFF61FE87FEF8B594.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plagiotrochus coriaceus (Mayr 1882)	<div><p>Plagiotrochus coriaceus (Mayr, 1882)</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. calliprinos . Elsewhere: Q. ilex and Q. coccifera .</p><p>Life history. Known only from the leaf galls of the asexual generation, which are slender, single-chambered swellings protruding on both sides of the leaf, 2 mm in diameter, sometimes in aggregations.</p><p>Phenology. The galls develop in spring and summer and adults emerge the following spring. In Israel old galls were observed in May.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Found once in Nahal Sfunim at the foothills of Mt. Carmel. Elsewhere: Western Mediterranean.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFFEFF9CFF61FE87FEF8B594	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFEFF9CFF61FD12FB44B21D.text	AC1F87FEFFFEFF9CFF61FD12FB44B21D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plagiotrochus quercusilicis (Fabricius 1798)	<div><p>Plagiotrochus quercusilicis (Fabricius, 1798)</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. calliprinos . Elsewhere: Q. ilex and Q. coccifera .</p><p>Life history. Known only from the leaf galls of the sexual generation, which are multi-chambered, fleshy, rigid, ovoid, up to 8 mm in diameter, occupying most of the leaf (Fig. 74). The galls are green when young, red when mature, with smooth and shiny surface.</p><p>Phenology. Galls begin to develop in March and adults emerge from them in April-May.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Odem Forest, Mt. Meron, Pa’ar cave, Kfar Hahoresh, Tiv’on, Mt. Carmel, Zur Hadassa. Elsewhere: This is the most common and widespread species in the genus Plagiotrochus, with a circummediterranean distribution.</p><p>Comments. When young, the galls resemble those of Plagiotrochus australis Mayr on Q. ilex in the Western Mediterranean Region but P. australis galls are single-chambered whereas those of P. quercusilicis are multichambered. Sternlicht (1968b) referred to galls of this species as belonging to the sexual generation of Plagiotrichus kiefferianus Tavares, a species that has been synonymized under P. gallaeramulorum Boyer de Fonscolombe (Pujade-Villar 2005) . The possibility that P. quercusilicis and P. gallaeramulorum are synonymous was first suggested by Tavares (1926) and later by Nieves-Aldrey (2001) but without clear evidence.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFFEFF9CFF61FD12FB44B21D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFEFF9CFF61FA9EFB4DB0C1.text	AC1F87FEFFFEFF9CFF61FA9EFB4DB0C1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plagiotrochus razeti Barbotin 1985	<div><p>Plagiotrochus razeti Barbotin, 1985</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. calliprinos . Elsewhere: Q. ilex .</p><p>Life history. Both the sexual and asexual generations are known but in Israel only the branch galls of the asexual generation were found. These constitute 10–35 mm long globular to elongate, multi-chambered swellings of the branch (Fig. 73). The larval chambers are arranged in a circle around at the gall circumference. The sexual generation induces single-chambered galls in lateral and terminal buds and in catkins, sometimes in aggregations.</p><p>Phenology. In Iberia, galls of the asexual generation develop in summer and adults emerge from them in December-January. Galls of the sexual generation develop in May and adults emerge at the end of that month (Nieves-Aldrey 2001).</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Pa’ar cave, Tivo'n, Mt. Carmel. Elsewhere: Iberian Peninsula, France.</p><p>Comments. The three females we reared from galls of the asexual generation run to P. razeti in available keys (Nieves-Aldrey 2001) and their comparison to voucher specimens of P. razeti from Iberia, deposited in the PHMB, suggested that they belong to that species. Galls of the asexual generation resemble those of Plagiotrochus gallaeramulorum from Europe but the larval chambers in the latter are arranged along the longitudinal axis of the gall rather than radially. Sternlicht attributed these galls to the asexual generation of Plagiotrichus kiefferianus, a species that was since synonymized with Plagiotrochus gallaeramulorum (Pujade-Villar 2005) . We consider this species to be distinct from Plagiotrichus gallaeramulorum due to the different structure of the galls.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFFEFF9CFF61FA9EFB4DB0C1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFFFF9DFF61FF7FFB7BB60D.text	AC1F87FEFFFFFF9DFF61FF7FFB7BB60D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudoneuroterus Kinsey 1923	<div><p>Pseudoneuroterus Kinsey, 1923</p><p>A Western Palearctic genus of four species, which is closely related to Neuroterus (Melika et al. 2010) . Species in this genus induce leaf, acorn or branch galls on oaks from section Cerris, and both generations are known for some of them. Two described and two undescribed species are known from Israel on Q. ithaburensis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFFFFF9DFF61FF7FFB7BB60D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFFFF9DFF61FE7AFB22B3F1.text	AC1F87FEFFFFFF9DFF61FE7AFB22B3F1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudoneuroterus macropterus (Hartig 1843)	<div><p>Pseudoneuroterus macropterus (Hartig, 1843)</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. ithaburensis . Elsewhere: Several species from section Cerris.</p><p>Life history. Prior to the present study, only the asexual generation of this species was known (Sternlicht 1968b) and the association between it and its sexual generation is established here for the first time. Galls of the asexual generation are multi-chambered stem swellings, 5–60 mm in length, of the same color of the branch (Fig. 12 in Sternlicht 1968b). The sexual generation develops in small, conical bud galls, up to 2 mm in length, inside the basal part of a bud scale (Fig. 55). The single-chambered gall is green when young, light brown when mature, with thin and delicate walls but harder than the scale itself. The larva occupies the entire volume of the gall.</p><p>Phenology. Galls of the sexual generation were found in early February and adults emerged from them later that month. Galls of the asexual generation become evident in summer but no adults were reared from them in the present study. Sternlicht (1968b) reported to have reared adults in February-March or in September-October of the following year.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Sexual generation: Hosha’aya, Alonim, Tiv’on, Hasharon Forest. Asexual generation: Rare, observed only once in the present study in Yehudiyya. Also recorded from Tiv’on (as Neuroterus macropterus) (Sternlicht 1968b). Elsewhere: Widespread and locally common from Central Europe to Iran.</p><p>Comments. Sternlicht (1968b) attributed the galls of this species to the sexual generation of Neuroterus aprilinus Mayr (his Figs 21–22), a species that was later synonymized under Neuroterus politus (Pujade-Villar &amp; Ros-Farré 2001) . However, the galls we found are ovoid and thin-walled whereas those of N. politus are thickwalled and pointed apically, and our molecular data suggest that this species does not belong in Neuroterus . Instead, these data suggest that adults reared from the sexual generation galls are genetically identical to those of Pseudoneuroterus macropterus (based on sequences in Genbank), and thus represent the sexual generation of that species. Therefore, P. macropterus is now known from galls and adults of both generations.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFFFFF9DFF61FE7AFB22B3F1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFFFF9AFF61FAFDFBC9B62F.text	AC1F87FEFFFFFF9AFF61FAFDFBC9B62F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudoneuroterus saliens Kollar 1857	<div><p>Pseudoneuroterus saliens Kollar, 1857</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. ithaburensis, Q. libani and Q. cerris . Elsewhere: several species from section Cerris.</p><p>Life history. The sexual generation forms multi-chambered galls in the first-year acorns of Q. ithaburensis, Q. libani and Q. cerris (Fig. 57). Infected acorns stop developing, do not fall from the tree, and appear fresh and light green, with no other external evidence of the gall. Galls on all three oak species in Israel look the same. The asexual generation induces elliptical leaf galls, up to 5 mm long and 3 mm wide on Q. ithaburensis (Fig. 58). These are single-chambered, rigid, light to dark brown, and are usually aggregated on the underside of the leaf but sometimes also on its upper side or on the leaf petiole.</p><p>Phenology. Galls of the sexual generation begin to develop in February and adults emerge from them in March. In higher elevations (e.g., En Zivan, Mt. Hermon), the galls appear in April and adults emerge in May, whereas in Europe they emerge in June-August. Galls of the asexual generation appear in Israel in August but no adults were reared from them in the present study due to extremely high parasitism rates. In Europe, adults emerge from these galls in April.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Galls of both generations are widespread on Mt. Hermon at 1500 and 1780 m.a.s.l., Mt. Kahal, En Zivan, Yehudiyya, Mezar, Dan Valley, Hagoshrim, Hosha’aya, Alonim, Tiv’on and HaSharon Forest. Galls of the asexual generation were also found in Nahal Rakefet, Bet Keshet Forest, Pardes Hanna and Zikhron Ya'akov. Elsewhere: Widespread from the Iberian Peninsula to Iran.</p><p>Comments. No other species in Israel develops in first-year acorns and no species induces similar leaf galls on Q. ithaburensis, hence this species can be recognized with confidence. Sternlicht (1968b) attributed the galls of the sexual generation to Neuroterus sp. (his Fig. 56), and those of the asexual generation to Neuroterus saltans Giraud (his Fig. 43), a name that was later synonymized under Pseudoneuroterus saliens (Melika et al. 2010) . In the same work he mentioned another thin-walled, yellow to brown ovoid gall that is attached to the leaf midrib or petiole (his Fig. 41) and referred to it as Neutoterus sp., but we ascribe this gall as well to P. saliens .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFFFFF9AFF61FAFDFBC9B62F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF8FF9AFF61FCF6FDFBB349.text	AC1F87FEFFF8FF9AFF61FCF6FDFBB349.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudoneuroterus Kinsey 1923	<div><p>Pseudoneuroterus sp. 2</p><p>Host plant in Israel. Q. ithaburensis .</p><p>Life history. This species is currently known only from its sexual generation, which develops in cryptic, ovoid galls, 4–7 mm in diameter, in apical buds (Fig. 53). The galls are soft, light green, with velvety white cover.</p><p>Phenology. Galls were found in early February and adults emerged from them in early March.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Mezar, Hosha’aya, Alonim, Hasharon Forest.</p><p>Comments. Mrphological and molecular data (Shachar, unpulished) place this specis in Pseudoneuroterus but due to the small number of adults we obtained, the species is not described here formally and will be dealt with once more material become available.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF8FF9AFF61FCF6FDFBB349	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF8FF9AFF61FE87FB63B5F8.text	AC1F87FEFFF8FF9AFF61FE87FB63B5F8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudoneuroterus Kinsey 1923	<div><p>Pseudoneuroterus sp. 1</p><p>Host plant in Israel: Q. ithaburensis .</p><p>Life history. This species develops in cryptic, spherical bud galls, 4.5–5 mm in diameter, which are composed of several fused units and covered by white velvety fuzz (Fig. 56).</p><p>Phenology. Galls were first observed in early February and adults emerged from them in early March.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Hasharon Forest.</p><p>Comments. The galls of this species are somewhat similar to those of Dryocosmus tavakolii Melika, Stone &amp; Azizkhani, but adult morphology and molecular data (Shachar, unpulished) show that they belong in Pseudoneuroterus . The species will be formally described once more material becomes available.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF8FF9AFF61FE87FB63B5F8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF8FF9AFF61FB25FE11B11B.text	AC1F87FEFFF8FF9AFF61FB25FE11B11B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synophrus Hartig 1843	<div><p>Synophrus Hartig, 1843</p><p>A West Palearctic genus of 7 species, which was originally described as a gall inducer on oaks from section Cerris but later transferred to the inquilinous tribe Synergini on the basis of adult morphology (Ronquist 1994). Species in this genus invade various galls on oaks from section Cerris. Invasion of a gall by Synophrus is always lethal to the gall inducer (Pujade-Villar et al. 2003a; Pénzes et al. 2009) and is associated with extensive modification of the gall tissues, almost similar to the effect of the gall-inducer itself (Pénzes et al. 2009). Two species are currently known from Israel on Q. ithaburensis .Two additional species, S. libani Melika &amp; Pujade-Villar and S. syriacus Melika, which are known from Lebanon and Syria, respectively (Pénzes et al. 2009), may also occur in Israel but have not been found yet.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF8FF9AFF61FB25FE11B11B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF8FF9AFF61F999FE01B0FE.text	AC1F87FEFFF8FF9AFF61F999FE01B0FE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synophrus olivieri Kieffer 1898	<div><p>Synophrus olivieri Kieffer, 1898</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. ithaburensis . Elsewhere: Q. suber and Q. ithaburensis .</p><p>Host gall-wasp: Unknown.</p><p>Life history. Known only from the sexual generation, which develops in extremely hard, multi-chambered galls of irregular shape, up to 30 mm in diameter, of the same color of the branch (Fig. 42; Sternlicht 1968b, Figs 10–11).</p><p>Phenology. Galls develop in spring and adults emerge from them in March of the following year.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Mezar, Bet Keshet Forest, Hosha’aya, Alonim, Tiv’on, HaSharon Forest. Elsewhere: North Africa, Asia Minor.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF8FF9AFF61F999FE01B0FE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF9FF9BFF61FCAAFBCFB4DA.text	AC1F87FEFFF9FF9BFF61FCAAFBCFB4DA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus Hartig 1840	<div><p>Synergus Hartig, 1840</p><p>This is the biggest genus of cynipid inquilines, with 117 described species throughout the Holarctic and Neotropical Regions. The genus is found in galls of species associated mostly with deciduous oaks of sections Cerris, Ilex, Lobatae and Quercus . One species is known from Israel on Q. ithaburensis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF9FF9BFF61FCAAFBCFB4DA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF9FF9BFF61FBD5FDDDB2D3.text	AC1F87FEFFF9FF9BFF61FBD5FDDDB2D3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus variabilis Mayr 1872	<div><p>Synergus variabilis Mayr, 1872</p><p>Host plant: Israel: Q. ithaburensis . Elsewhere: Q. cerris .</p><p>Host gall wasp: Israel: Aphelonyx persica . Elsewhere: several species in the genera Andricus, Aphelonyx, Dryocosmus and Pseudoneuroterus (Melika 2006b) .</p><p>(Invaded) gall and biology: Known only from the sexual generation, which develops in Israel in bud galls of Aphelonyx persica (Fig. 37) and causes substantial enlargement of the gall up to 30 mm in diameter. Invaded galls are light green and fleshy when young (Fig. 39), turning pale brown and woody when mature (Fig. 40). They appear in August and adults emerge in January-February. No adults of the original gall inducer emerged from invaded galls.</p><p>Distribution: Israel: Nahal Rakefet, Bet Keshet Forest, Hosha’aya, Alonim, Tiv’on, HaSharon Forest. Elsewhere: From Great Britain to Russia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF9FF9BFF61FBD5FDDDB2D3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF9FF9BFF61FF7FFD77B5DD.text	AC1F87FEFFF9FF9BFF61FF7FFD77B5DD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synophrus politus Hartig 1843	<div><p>Synophrus politus Hartig, 1843</p><p>Host plants. Israel: Q. ithaburensis . Elsewhere: several species from section Cerris.</p><p>Host gall-wasp. The sexual generation invades galls of species in the Andricus burgundus complex (Pénzes et al. 2009).</p><p>Life history. Known only from the sexual generation, which develops in galls induced by the Andricus burgundus complex (e.g., A. caputmedusae, A. coriarius, A. curtisii) (Pujade-Villar et al. 2003a; Pénzes et al. 2009). In Israel, this species has been reared from the clustered, conical bud galls of A. coriarius (Fig. 52), causing them to develop into a single spherical unilocular gall, up to 15 mm in diameter, of the same color of the branch, with very hard walls encircling a single larval chamber (Fig. 41; Sternlicht 1968b, Figs 13, 15–17). Invaded galls were found in February and adult inquilines emerged in December-January.</p><p>Distribution. Israel: Mezar, Hosha’aya, Alonim, Tiv’on, Hasharon Forest. Elsewhere: Northwest Africa to Iran.</p><p>Comments. The galls of this species resemble somewhat those of Aphelonys persica but A. persica galls are light brown, with more delicate and sometimes wrinkled surface (Fig. 37), whereas S. politus galls are of the same color of the branches, rougher and more rigid. Moreover, A. persica galls are hollow and thin-walled (Fig. 38) relative to the very thick-walled galls of S. politus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF9FF9BFF61FF7FFD77B5DD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shachar, Einat;Melika, George;Inbar, Moshe;Dorchin, Netta	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
