taxonID	type	description	language	source
AC1F87FEFFECFF8FFF61F882FC7FB40B.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri. Europe: common on Q. petraea and Q. pubescens, occasionally on Q. robur and Q. frainetto, Q. dalechampii and Q. hartwissiana. Greece, Turkey and Iran: Q. infectoria. Life history. Known only from the bud galls of the asexual generation. Molecular data suggest that the sexual generation of this species develops in cryptic bud galls currently attributed to the A. burgundus complex or to A. atkinsonae Melika, Stone, Sadeghi & Zargaran, 2008 (as in Fig. 52) (Stone et al. 2008; Tavakoli et al. 2008). The gall of the asexual generation occupies the acorn and acorn cup, covering the entire surface of the acorn. Young galls consist of a circle of petal-like spines radiating from a young acorn cup. The fully developed spines in a mature gall originate as small bumps within this circle, gradually developing into long, twisted spines that are often branched, and reach 30 mm in length. Individual galls may reach 6 cm in diameter and are single-chambered, but aggregations of several galls may form a multi-chambered mass reaching 10 cm in diameter. Young galls are bright pink and coated by sticky resin (Fig. 7), whereas mature galls are light brown and not sticky (Fig. 8). Some of the galls drop from the tree in fall and mature on the ground, whereas others remain on the tree after adult emergence and become black.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFECFF8FFF61F882FC7FB40B.taxon	description	Phenology. Galls become apparent in July and mature in the fall. Some adults emerge in late September-early October, while others emerge in February and March. A few enter diapause and emerge in the following year.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFECFF8FFF61F882FC7FB40B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Mt. Hermon, 1500 and 1780 m. a. s. l., Mt. Kahal. Elsewhere: Widespread from Northern Europe to Iran.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFECFF8FFF61F882FC7FB40B.taxon	discussion	Comments. The galls of this species resemble galls of the asexual generation of A. cecconii on the same oak host (Fig. 6) (previously known as A. megalucidus Melika, Stone, Sadeghi & Pujade-Villar, synonymized in the present paper) but differ from them in the branching, irregular, harder and more pointed spines, and in containing a single larval chamber, whereas galls of A. cecconii are multi-chambered.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEDFF8CFF61FC64FCEAB7E6.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. ithaburensis (sexual generation) and Q. boissieri (asexual generation). Galls of the asexual generation can also be found on the introduced Q. pedunculiflora, which is widely planted in Israel as an ornamental. Elsewhere: Q. coccifera, Q. brantii, and Q. libani (sexual generation) (Maisuradze 1968; Katilmiş & Kiyak 2008), Q. infectoria in Turkey and Iran, and possibly Q. pubescens in Greece (asexual generation) (Pujade- Villar et al. 2002). Life history. The association of the sexual and asexual generations of this species was established for the first time in the present study. The sexual generation develops on oaks from section Cerris, on which it induces spherical multi-chambered catkin galls, composed of 10 – 18 delicate, conical, thin-walled units that are joined at their bases, 25 – 30 mm in diameter when mature (Fig. 47). The units are round, with undulating rims, and contain 1 – 2 chambers each. They are smooth-surfaced and green when young, becoming reddish where exposed to the sun, and turning brown when mature (Fig. 48). Some of the galls are green to light purple and covered by velvety hair. Old galls remain on the tree until the next year. The asexual generation develops on oaks from section Quercus, inducing large, conspicuous, globular, multi-chambered bud galls of up to 50 mm in diameter (Fig. 6). These galls are densely covered by slightly curved, long and thin spines, up to 10 mm long, which are blunt-tipped and easily broken. The gall is light green when young, turning grayish when old.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEDFF8CFF61FC64FCEAB7E6.taxon	description	Phenology. Galls of the sexual generation usually begin to develop in late February and adults emerge from them in April, but at higher elevations (e. g., in En Zivan) they develop later and adults emerged in July. Galls of the asexual generation mature in fall, and while most adults emerge from them in January, some emerge in early spring and some remain in diapause for at least 2 years.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEDFF8CFF61FC64FCEAB7E6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Galls of the sexual generation are common throughout the distribution range of Q. ithaburensis, whereas galls of the asexual generation are common in the northern part of Israel but rare in Zur Hadassa (the Judean Mountains). Elsewhere: known from Greece, Transcaucasia, Turkey, Jordan, and Iran.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEDFF8CFF61FC64FCEAB7E6.taxon	discussion	Comments. Galls of the sexual generation are very distinct and do not resemble any other oak catkin galls in Israel. They resemble galls of the sexual generation of A. lucidus (= A. aestivalis) in Europe. When young, A. lucidus galls have a shiny, waxy surface, whereas the galls of A. cecconii are covered by fine pubescence. In Israel galls of the asexual generation resemble those of A. caputmedusae (Figs 7 – 8) but differ from them in having straight and more delicate spines compared to the irregularly branched and pointier spines of A. caputmedusae and in being multi-chambered as opposed to single-chambered. Andricus megalucidus is synonymized here under A. cecconii based on molecular evidence (Shachar, unpublished).	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEEFF8CFF61FECFFD5CB404.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri; Turkey and Iran: Q. infectoria. Life history. Known only from the bud galls of the asexual generation. The gall develops on the acorn-cup, is ellipsoid, multi-chambered, up to 20 mm in diameter, and covered by short spines of up to 3 mm in length (Fig. 12). The gall turns from green to white as it matures, at which point the spines are easily detached from it, leaving purple dots behind.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEEFF8CFF61FECFFD5CB404.taxon	description	Phenology. Galls become visible from mid-August and adults emerge in November-December (Tavakoli et al. 2008). Some galls drop from the tree and the wasps complete their development in them on the ground.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEEFF8CFF61FECFFD5CB404.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Rare, found only in Allone HaBashan. Elsewhere: Iran and Turkey.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEEFF8CFF61FECFFD5CB404.taxon	discussion	Comments. Galls of this species are somewhat similar to galls of the asexual generation of A. lucidus (Fig. 5), but A. lucidus galls have numerous longer spines, are green and covered by sticky resin, whereas galls of A. chodjaii are not sticky. This gall is hardly distinguishable from that of A. seckendorffi (Wachtl), which is known from Europe and Turkey, and where these species occur together they can be distinguished from each other only on the basis of adult morphology (Tavakoli et al. 2008).	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEEFF8CFF61FC62FA8FB1A5.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. libani (sexual generation) and Q. boissieri (asexual generation). Iran: Q. infectoria. Life history. Prior to the present study, only the asexual generation of this species was known and the association between it and the sexual generations is established here for the first time. Galls of the sexual generation develop in catkin galls of oaks from section Cerris, are up to 6 mm long, conical, pointy and singlechambered, usually in clusters (as in Fig. 49). They are light green and soft when very young, turning bright red when mature. Galls of the asexual generation develop on oaks from section Quercus, are up to 20 mm in diameter, usually composed of three splayed, thick and smooth lobes, each ending in a few elongate projections pointing in the same direction and only slightly curved (Fig. 17). The gall is green when young, turning pale straw-yellow, hard and woody when mature.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEEFF8CFF61FC62FA8FB1A5.taxon	description	Phenology. Galls of the sexual generation begin to develop in March-April and adults emerge from them in May. Galls of the asexual generation begin to develop in August and adults emerge from them in January-February, after which the galls may remain on the tree for several years	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEEFF8CFF61FC62FA8FB1A5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Mt. Hermon 1500 and 1780 m. a. s. l. Elsewhere: galls of the asexual generation are known from Iran and Turkey (Tavakoli et al. 2008; Mutun & Dinç 2015).	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEEFF8CFF61FC62FA8FB1A5.taxon	discussion	Comments. Galls of the asexual generation of this species may be confused with those of A. coriarius (Figs 15 – 16), but A. coriarius galls have more numerous spine-like projections that vary in length unlike the three thick lobes of A. coriaformis galls. Galls of the sexual generation are very similar to those of A. grossulariae on Q. ithaburensis (Figs 49 – 50) but are found on Q. libani. Molecular data suggest that adults reared from these galls are genetically identical to those of A. coriariformis (Shachar, unpublished data) and thus represent the sexual generation of A. coriariformis, hence the species is now known from galls and adults of both generations.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEEFF8DFF61F901FBD2B496.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. ithaburensis, Q. libani, Q. cerris (sexual generation), Q. boissieri (asexual generation). Elsewhere: numerous oak species from sections Cerris (sexual generation) and Quercus (asexual generation). Life history. Both the sexual and asexual generations were previously recorded (Stone et al. 2008), but a detailed description of the sexual-generation galls was not given and is provided here for the first time. Galls of the sexual generation develop on oaks from section Cerris. They usually form a cluster of 15 or more conical, single- chambered, 2.0 – 2.5 mm long and 1.5 mm wide units that are tapered apically, smooth, greenish-brown and thinwalled (Fig. 52). Galls of the asexual generation are found on oaks from section Quercus, and are morphologically diverse. The typical galls are composed of several tapering, curved lobes up to 30 mm long, which form a big, irregular sphere and are multi-chambered (Fig. 15). Other galls in the population have shorter, thicker lobes (Fig. 16). Young galls are pale green with flexible spiny lobes, sometimes with soft brown hair at their center. Mature galls are brown and woody.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEEFF8DFF61F901FBD2B496.taxon	description	Phenology. Adults of the sexual generation emerge in May in most locations in Israel, but at higher elevations and cooler habitats (e. g. Mt. Hermon) galls become apparent only in April and adults emerge in June. Galls of the asexual generation begin to develop in August and adults emerge from them in late December to January, after which galls may remain on the tree for several years.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEEFF8DFF61F901FBD2B496.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Mt. Hermon, 1500 and 1780 m. a. s. l., Mt. Kahal, En Zivan, Allone HaBashan, Tel Hazeqa. Elsewhere: common and widespread in Europe, from Great Britain to the Iberian Peninsula and Greece, Morocco, Turkey, Transcaucasia and Iran (Melika 2006 b).	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEEFF8DFF61F901FBD2B496.taxon	discussion	Comments. Galls of the sexual generation (Fig. 52) are very similar to galls of the A. burgundus species complex. Stone et al. (2008) showed that the sexual generation of several Andricus species, including A. caputmedusae, A. coriarius and A. hystrix, develops in small, aggregated bud galls similar to those of the A. burgundus species complex or A. atkinsonae. Our unpublished molecular results corroborate that observation, hence the galls and adults of both generations of A. coriarius are now known. Adults of the sexual generation will be described elsewhere. The typical galls of the asexual generation are superficially similar to those of A. grossulariae (Fig. 9) but differ in the more delicate and pointed lobes. The less common morphologies of this gall (Fig. 16) resemble the galls of A. coriariformis (Fig. 17) but lobes of the latter are shorter and widely splayed.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEFFF8DFF61FC1FFCC0B17C.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri. Elsewhere: Q. infectoria. Life history. Known only from the bud galls of the asexual generation, which develop from lenticel (accessory) buds on the trunk and well-established branches. These are big, striking galls, 20 – 40 mm in diameter, composed of pyramidal units that form a spherical structure, pinkish, with a velvety cover (Fig. 11), and contain a single central chamber embedded in spongy tissue. Old galls remain on the tree for several years. Molecular data suggest that the sexual generation of this species develops in cryptic bud galls currently attributed to the Andricus burgundus complex (Stone et al. 2008).	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEFFF8DFF61FC1FFCC0B17C.taxon	description	Phenology. The galls develop through the summer and mature by late September-early October. In Israel, adults emerge from January to early February, whereas in Europe they usually emerge in spring.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEFFF8DFF61FC1FFCC0B17C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Odem Forest, En Zivan, Allone HaBashan, Tel Hazeqa, Rehan Forest. Elsewhere: a locally common eastern-mediterranean species known from Croatia, Greece, Southern Italy, Turkey, Iran, West Azarbaijan, Kurdistan and Algeria.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEFFF8DFF61FC1FFCC0B17C.taxon	discussion	Comments. The galls of this species cannot be mistaken for any other gall in Israel. They resemble the galls of A. hartigi Hartig on Q. petraea, Q. pubescens and Q. robur in Europe and Asia Minor but A. hartigi galls are covered by detachable spines whereas A. curtisii galls are velvety.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEFFF8AFF61F94AFC2FB524.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. ithaburensis. Elsewhere: common on Quercus petraea, Q. pubescens, Q. robur, and a few other species. Life history. Both the sexual and asexual generations are known, but only the sexual generation was found in Israel, in either leaves or branch tips. Leaf galls constitute inconspicuous, spherical, 2 mm swellings of the leaf margin or along leaf veins, yellowish-green when young, turning pale brown when mature (Sternlicht 1968 b, Fig. 46). Branch-tip galls (Sternlicht 1968 b, Fig. 58) constitute swellings of the shoot, 4 – 8 mm long and 3 – 6 mm wide, and are the same color of the branch. The asexual generation develops in smooth, ovoid, thin-walled, single- chambered bud galls within the bud scales, 3 – 4 mm in length and 2 mm in diameter. The base of the mature gall remains concealed within the bud scales. The gall is initially greenish-red, turning brown when mature. Usually found singly, rarely in pairs. The larval chamber is surrounded by spongy tissue.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEFFF8AFF61F94AFC2FB524.taxon	description	Phenology. Galls of the sexual generation appear in April and adults emerge from them in May-June. Sternlicht (1968 b) recorded the branch galls in January-February and the leaf galls in March, and adults emerged from them in June-July. The galls of the asexual generation begin to develop in June and mature by October. Adults usually emerge from them in February-March, although some remain in diapause inside the gall for another year.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEFFF8AFF61F94AFC2FB524.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Rare in Tivo’n. Elsewhere: a very common and widespread species throughout the distribution range of European white oaks, Morocco, east to Transcaucasia and Iran.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEFFF8AFF61F94AFC2FB524.taxon	discussion	Comments. Sternlicht (1968 b) attributed the branch galls to Andricus nr. curvator and the leaf galls to Andricus sp., but both of types of galls indeed belong to A. curvator.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFE8FF8AFF61FDB6FACDB386.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri. Elsewhere: several species from section Quercus. Life history. Both the sexual and asexual generations are known, but in Israel only the galls of the asexual generation were found. These are brown, scaly, artichoke-like bud galls at the tips of branches, up to 13 mm in diameter and 20 mm long, (Fig. 23) and are single chambered. Young galls are closed tightly but open as they mature to release a small, internal spherical chamber (Fig. 24), which drops to the ground, where the insect completes its development. Old galls remain on the tree for several years and become brown (Fig. 24). The sexual generation develops in small catkin galls, thin walled, up to 2 mm long, with a pointed tip, covered by dense, pale pubescence and surrounded by the anthers. The galls are initially green, turning pale brown when mature (Adler 1881).	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFE8FF8AFF61FDB6FACDB386.taxon	description	Phenology. Galls of the sexual generation begin to develop in April, mature in May, and adults emerge from them immediately. Adults of the asexual generation emerge in April of the following spring, but some remain in diapause in the leaf litter inside the expelled, spherical chamber of the gall for another year.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFE8FF8AFF61FDB6FACDB386.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Mt. Hermon 1500 and 1780 m. a. s. l., Mt. Kahal, Odem Forest, En Zivan, Allone HaBashan, Tel Hazeqa, Mt. Meron, Pa’ar cave, Mt. Addir, Nahal Rakefet. Elsewhere: a widespread species in the Western Palaearctic, from Morocco and Iberia to Great Britain and southern Scandinavia and eastwards to Iran.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFE8FF8BFF61FAE1FDB2B656.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri (asexual generation) and Q. ithaburensis (sexual generation). Elsewhere: several species from section Quercus (asexual generation) and section Cerris (sexual generation). Life history. Until recently, A. grossulariae was known only from its sexual generation, but rearing experiments (Walker 2002) and molecular data (Stone et al. 2008) associated it with galls that had been traditionally attributed to the asexual generation of A. mayri / A. panteli, hence these two species were synonymized under A. grossulariae. The sexual generation induces conical, pointy catkin galls, up to 7 mm long, singlechambered, and usually in clusters. They are light green and soft when very young (Fig. 49), turning bright red to deep purple and woody when mature (Fig. 50). Old galls remain on the tree until the next year. The asexual generation develops in bud galls that are up to 50 mm in diameter, composed of thick, tapering projections that form a sphere (Fig. 9), and are multi-chambered. They are bright green and sticky when young, turning light brown, woody, and not sticky when mature. Old galls may remain on the tree for a year.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFE8FF8BFF61FAE1FDB2B656.taxon	description	Phenology. In Israel, galls of the sexual generation begin to develop in late February to early March and adults emerge from them in late March, but in higher, colder localities (e. g., Odem Forest and En Zivan) they develop later in the season and adults emerge in May. Galls of the asexual generation develop during the fall and adults emerge in January.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFE8FF8BFF61FAE1FDB2B656.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Galls of the sexual generation are common and widespread throughout the distribution range of Q. ithaburensis in the country. Galls of the asexual generation are common in the northern part of Israel but are rare in Zur Hadassa (Judean Mountains). Elsewhere: A widespread and locally common species from Northern Africa through the Iberian Peninsula across Europe and the Balkans to Asia Minor, Iran and Caucasia.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFE8FF8BFF61FAE1FDB2B656.taxon	discussion	Comments. Galls of the sexual generation are very similar to those of A. coriariformis on Q. libani, but develop on Q. ithaburensis. They are also somewhat similar to galls of A. vindobonensis (Fig. 51) but differ from them in having pointed apices and in their bright red color when mature, whereas the galls of A. vindobonensis are kidney- or bean-shaped, and dull purple-green when mature. Galls of the asexual generation are somewhat similar to the less common morphologies of A. coriarius galls (Fig. 16) but are more robust, and their lobes are shorter, more numerous and less tapered.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFE9FF8BFF61FE42FC9CB385.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri (asexual generation). Elsewhere: Q. petraea, Q. pubescens, Q. robur and Q. infectoria (asexual generation); Q. cerris (sexual generation). Life history. The sexual generation of this species has been described recently (Folliot & Pujade-Villar 2006) from adult males, but in Israel the species is known only from the bud galls of its asexual generation. These are composed of multiple elongate, flexible projections that form a sphere of up to 6 mm in diameter (Fig. 10). They are green to purple and sticky when young, turning light brown, woody, and not sticky when mature. The sexual generation develops in single-chambered, solitary bud galls, 8 mm long and 1.3 mm in diameter, with longitudinal ribs and blunt tip. The gall is almost entirely concealed within the bud scales, smooth, medium to light brown or orange-brown (Folliot & Pujade-Villar 2006).	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFE9FF8BFF61FE42FC9CB385.taxon	description	Phenology. In Israel, galls of the asexual generation begin to develop in June on branches close to the ground on young trees, and adults emerge from them in October. In Europe and Asia Minor adults emerge in September. Galls of the sexual generation develop in early spring and adults emerge from them in April-May.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFE9FF8BFF61FE42FC9CB385.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Rare, found only on Mt. Meron and Pa’ar cave. Elsewhere: Southern and Central Europe and Turkey.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFE9FF8BFF61FE42FC9CB385.taxon	discussion	Comments. Galls of the asexual generation are somewhat similar to those of A. grossulariae (Fig. 9) but differ from them in their smaller size, more delicate lobes, and the lack of longitudinal ridges along the lobes. Furthermore, in Israel A. grossulariae galls develop on high branches whereas A. hystrix galls are usually found on lower branches of young trees. The rare, single-chambered, spiny gall of Andricus serotinus (Giraud) (unknown from Israel) develops in similar regions on similar hosts, but can be distinguished form galls of A. hystrix by the fact that it is covered in many fine, almost feathery spines.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFE9FF8BFF61FB14FBCBB1D3.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri. Elsewhere: several species from section Quercus. Life history. Recent rearing experiments (Walker 2002) and unpublished molecular data showed that the sexual generation of this species is the taxon previously known as Andricus aestivalis. The asexual generation induces small to medium, spherical bud galls, up to 25 mm in diameter (Fig. 5). The gall is composed of short, straight and blunt lobes of up to 6 mm in length and is multi-chambered. Young galls are light green or reddishpurple and sticky, turning brown, woody and not sticky when mature. Old galls remain on the trees for several years and often lose the lobes. The sexual generation is known from Europe, where it induces big, rosette-like catkin galls, up to 25 mm in diameter on Q. cerris.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFE9FF8BFF61FB14FBCBB1D3.taxon	description	Phenology. Galls of the asexual generation begin to develop in August and adults emerge from them in January-February.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFE9FF8BFF61FB14FBCBB1D3.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Mt. Hermon 1780 m a. s. l. and 1500 m a. s. l., Odem Forest, En Zivan, Allone HaBashan, Tel Hazeqa, Mt. Meron, Mt. Adir. Elsewhere: widespread from Southern France to Iran.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFE9FF88FF61F8CEFD11B69F.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri. Iran and Turkey: Q. infectoria. Life history. Known only from the bud galls of the asexual generation, which are pentagon-shaped, 5 – 15 mm in diameter and single-chambered (Fig. 21). The galls are broadly attached to the branch and are composed of five flattened units that sheath a spherical mass. Old galls remain on the tree for several years.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFE9FF88FF61F8CEFD11B69F.taxon	description	Phenology. Galls develop over the summer and mature in September, adults emerge in the following spring (Tavakoli et al. 2008).	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFE9FF88FF61F8CEFD11B69F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Very rare, found only twice in one location on Mt. Hermon at 1780 m. a. s. l. Elsewhere: Iran and Turkey.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFE9FF88FF61F8CEFD11B69F.taxon	discussion	Comments. The species epithet reflects the close similarity of the adults and galls of the asexual generation to those of Andricus truncicolus (Giraud), and the larger size of the gall. The extreme rarity of purely asexual lifecycles in oak gallwasps (Stone et al. 2002) suggests that A. megatruncicolus has a sexual generation which probably develops on oaks from section Cerris.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEAFF88FF61FE17FAB6B4F5.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. libani. Greece: Q. ithaburensis ssp. macrolepis (= aegilops). Life history. Known only from the the leaf galls of the sexual generation, which constitute substantial swellings of the leaf midrib and are multi-chambered (Fig. 68). Viable galls were found in June and July but no adults were reared from them.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEAFF88FF61FE17FAB6B4F5.taxon	description	Phenology. Galls begin to develop in April-May and adults emerged from them in June (in Greece) (Pujade- Villar et al. 2002).	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEAFF88FF61FE17FAB6B4F5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Very rare, found only twice on Mt. Hermon at 1780 m. a. s. l. Otherwise known only from Greece (Pujade-Villar et al. 2002).	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEAFF88FF61FE17FAB6B4F5.taxon	discussion	Comments. Galls of this species superficially resemble those of A. istvani from Iran as both species cause multi-chambered leaf swellings on oaks from section Cerris. However, based on a comparison of the galls collected in Israel to those deposited in the PHMB, we concluded that the Israeli species is A. melikai.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEAFF89FF61FBF2FB37B524.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Q. ithaburensis (asexual generation) and Q. libani and Q. cerris (sexual generation). Life history. Prior to the present study, only the asexual generation of this species was known but recent molecular data suggest that Andricus morula (Shachar et al. 2017) is actually the sexual generation of Andricus miriami (Shachar, unpublished data), therefore the association of the two generations is established here for the first time (but see discussion of previous suggestions under the comments section). Galls of the sexual generation develop in mulberry-like catkin galls, composed of 17 – 40 small units attached to the branch at their bases (Figs 71 – 72). Young galls are soft and green to light brown at their tips, and completely covered by white velvety hairs and coated by nectar that attracts other insects. Mature galls are 12 – 17 mm long, 10 – 14 mm wide, and their apical part turns darker. The asexual generation develops in large and conspicuous bud galls, 20 – 40 mm in diameter, composed of 10 – 40 mushroom-shaped units that are joined at their bases to form a sphere (Fig. 43). Each subunit contains several larval chambers. Young galls are green, soft, and completely covered by short, white fuzz, whereas mature galls are woody, with the white fuzz limited to the tips of units. Old galls may remain on the tree for several years (Fig. 44).	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEAFF89FF61FBF2FB37B524.taxon	description	Phenology. Galls of the sexual generation begin to develop in April and mature in June through July, when they reach their final size. Adults emerge in July and early August, after which the galls dry up, become woody and may remain on the tree for another year. Galls of the asexual generation begin to develop towards the end of March and mature in September. Adults emerge in January.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEAFF89FF61FBF2FB37B524.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: The sexual generation is currently known only from Israel: Mt. Hermon 1500 and 1780 m. a. s. l., Mt. Kahal. The asexual generation is common and widespread throughout the distribution range of the host plant and is has also been recorded from Jordan (Nieves Aldrey & Massa 2006).	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEAFF89FF61FBF2FB37B524.taxon	discussion	Comments. The name A. miriami has recently been validated in a formal description (Shachar et al. 2015). Sternlicht (1968 b, Fig. 29) mentioned both the sexual and asexual generations of A. miriami and described their galls, but did not provide evidence for the association between them. More recently, Nieves Aldrey & Massa (2006) and Rizzo & Askew (2009) recorded A. miriami from Jordan, where they reported to have found galls of both generations, but again, did not say what this decision was based on and did not describe the actual wasps. Our unpublished molecular data indicate that the taxon attributed by Sternlicht (1968 b) to the sexual generation of Andricus miriami is a distinct species, close to A. istvani, and that A. morula is genetically identical to A. miriami. Therefore, we synonymize here A. morula under A. miriami, and this species is now known from galls and adults of both generations. Galls of the sexual generation of A. miriami resemble somewhat galls of the sexual generation of A. cecconii (Figs 47 – 48) but are much smaller, woodier, elongate rather than spherical, and always sticky with a velvety cover, whereas A. cecconii galls are never sticky and may or may not have a velvety cover. The asexual generation of Andricus turcicus Melika, Mutun & Dinç induces similar galls on Q. infectoria and Q. petraea in Turkey, but these are small and single-chambered compared to the big, multi-chambered galls of A. miriami.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEBFF89FF61FD84FCD0B21D.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri. Elsewhere: Q. pubescens and Q. infectoria. Life history. Known only from the bud galls of the asexual generation. These are spherical, single-chambered galls, 10 mm in diameter, resembling a blueberry, with a small apical ‘ crown’. They are found on the terminal parts of branches, usually in small clusters, dark green, turning brown and very hard when mature (Fig. 18). Old galls remain on the tree for several years and turn darker. The similarity of this species to host-alternating Andricus species suggests that if a sexual generation exists, it induces galls on oaks from section Cerris (e. g. Q. cerris, Q. brantii, Q. libani).	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEBFF89FF61FD84FCD0B21D.taxon	description	Phenology. Galls develop quickly from early to late August and the adults emerge from them in Israel in September-October (elsewhere also in November). In other countries where this species is known, some of the adults overwinter inside the galls and emerge in March of the following year.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEBFF89FF61FD84FCD0B21D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Mt. Hermon 1500 and 1780 m. a. s. l., Odem Forest, Allone HaBashan, Mt. Addir. Elsewhere: Geece, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Iran.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEBFF89FF61FD84FCD0B21D.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species has not been collected for many years following its original description and its status was uncertain (Bellido et al. 2003). However, recently, many galls were found and adults were reared from Greece, Syria and Iran (Kwast 2005; Azizkhani et al. 2006), as well as during the present study. The general shape and phenology of these galls resemble those of A. sternlichti (Fig. 20) but A. sternlichti galls are much bigger, pale brown when mature, and have typical pointy protuberances connected by ridges, which are absent in the much smaller and darker brown galls of A. moreae.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEBFF89FF61FA6AFC69B05E.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. libani. Elsewhere: Q. brantii, Q. cerris, Q. trojana. Life history. Known only from the bud galls of the sexual generation, which are multi-chambered, often aggregated leafy rosettes, 25 – 40 mm in diameter, with numerous larval chambers at the bases of the rosette leaves (Fig. 67). Old galls remain on the tree for a year.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEBFF89FF61FA6AFC69B05E.taxon	description	Phenology. Galls begin to develop in May, at which time the rosette is bright green. Adults emerge from them in June, after which the gall turns brown and dries out.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEBFF89FF61FA6AFC69B05E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Mt. Hermon, 1780 m. a. s. l. Eleswhere: common from South-central Europe to Turkey.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFEBFF89FF61FA6AFC69B05E.taxon	discussion	Comments. This gall resembles that of A. cydoniae Giraud, which is unknown from Israel and develops on the same oak hosts. However, the galls of A. cydoniae are genuinely multi-chambered, with many larval chambers inside a single solid mass of tissue, rather than an aggregation of distinct galls. In Europe, A. multiplicatus is known from Q. cerris but we did not find it on this host plant in Israel. The morphology of the galls on the different host plants in Iran and Europe is similar to that of the Israeli galls on Q. libani.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF4FF96FF61FF7FFA9BB420.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri. Elsewhere: several oak species from section Quercus. Life history. Known only from the bud galls of the asexual generation, although population genetic evidence strongly supports the existence of an unknown sexual generation (Rokas et al. 2003). The galls constitute some of the most conspicuous cynipid galls in Israel. They are big and spherical (up to 40 mm in diameter), with a whorl of small, tapered spines around their widest circumference (Figs 13 – 14). Young developing galls are green, soft, fleshy and very sticky (Fig. 13), and turn purple and woody as they mature. Mature galls are deep purple, resembling the color of a plum, sticky, woody on the outside but spongy on the inside, with a single central larval chamber. Old galls may remain on the tree for several years.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF4FF96FF61FF7FFA9BB420.taxon	description	Phenology. Galls begin to develop in July and adults emerge the following spring. Adults may diapause for up to 3 years.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF4FF96FF61FF7FFA9BB420.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Mt. Hermon 1500 and 1780 m. a. s. l., Odem Forest, En Zivan, Allone HaBashan, Tel Hazeqa, Mt. Meron (very rare). Certain trees in Odem Forest and Allone HaBashan regularly bear hundreds of galls. Elsewhere: a widespread and common Western Palaearctic species, from North Africa across Southern Europe to Asia Minor.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF4FF96FF61FF7FFA9BB420.taxon	discussion	Comments. Galls of this species are somewhat similar to those of A. hungaricus Hartig from Hungary, Austria and the Balkan, but A. hungaricus galls do not have the typical whorl of small spines and are not sticky.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF4FF96FF61FC8EFF71B2AA.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri. Elsewhere: Several oak species from section Quercus. Life history. Both the sexual and asexual generations are known, but in Israel only old bud galls of the asexual generation were found and no adults were reared. These galls are conical, single-chambered swellings at the tips of branches, widest basally, with very long and pointed, sometimes curved apex, brown and woody when mature. The sexual generation is known from Europe to induce single-chambered catkin galls, which develop from the flower buds on a stunted inflorescence petiole (Docters van Leeuwen 1934). The base of the gall is surrounded by stunted anthers, filaments and a small circle of hairs.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF4FF96FF61FC8EFF71B2AA.taxon	description	Phenology. Old galls of the asexual generation were found in Israel in July. In Europe, galls of the sexual generation develop before the catkin elongates, mature in May, and adults emerge from them soon afterwards. Galls of the asexual generation become visible in June, mature at the end of summer, and adults emerge from them in October.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF4FF96FF61FC8EFF71B2AA.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Very rare, observed only twice on Mt. Hermon at 1500 m. a. s. l. and on Mt. Meron. Elsewhere: A widespread but usually uncommon species all over Europe, northwest Africa, Transcaucasia and Iran.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF4FF97FF61FA37FC19B7C4.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri, Q. pedunculiflora. Elsewhere: Q. pubescens, Q. infectoria and a few other species of section Quercus. Life history. Known only from the bud galls of the asexual generation, which are spherical, single-chambered, 20 – 22 mm in diameter, attached to the branch by a very short stalk and bear several pointed projections often joined by ridges (Fig. 20). Young galls are green and fleshy, turning pale brown and extremely hard when mature. Molecular phylogenetic work (Stone et al. 2008) suggests that if a sexual generation exists, it probably induces galls on oaks of section Cerris.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF4FF97FF61FA37FC19B7C4.taxon	description	Phenology. Galls begin to develop in May and adults emerge from them in early October, after which the galls may remain on the tree for several years.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF4FF97FF61FA37FC19B7C4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Common throughout the distribution range of Q. boissieri. Elsewhere: widespread from France to Turkey, Syria and Iran.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF4FF97FF61FA37FC19B7C4.taxon	discussion	Comments. Galls of this species are of the most common cynipid galls on Q. boissieri in Israel and are also frequently observed on the introduced Q. pedunculiflora that is commonly planted in gardens and public areas. The species is named after Sternlicht, who recognized that it was undescribed and intended to describe it as “ Andricus carmelis ”. However, the species was described only in 2003 by Bellido et al., who eliminated the confusion between it and A. gallaetinctoriae and A. tinctoriusnostrus.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF5FF97FF61FAFDFB86B033.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. libani and Q. cerris. Life history. Known only from the delicate, single-chambered leaf galls of the sexual generation, which are composed of an oval purple chamber that is carried on a long stalk for a total length of 8 – 11 mm (Fig. 69).	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF5FF97FF61FAFDFB86B033.taxon	description	Phenology. Young galls were observed in April and a single female of the sexual generation emerged in May.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF5FF97FF61FAFDFB86B033.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from Israel: common on some trees on Mt. Hermon at 1780 m. a. s. l. and more rare at 1500 m. a. s. l. and on Mt. Kahal.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF5FF97FF61FAFDFB86B033.taxon	discussion	Comments. Similar galls in Europe that develop in catkins of oaks from section Quercus belong to A. alniensis Folliot, A. amenti Giraud, A. callidoma Hartig, A. malpighii (Adler) and A. seminationis (Giraud) (Melika 2006 b). However, the single adult we reared in Israel differs morphologically from those of the European species and is found on leaves of an oak from section Cerris. Together with preliminary molecular data (Shachar, unpublished) this suggests that the Israeli population represents a distinct species despite the similar gall morphology. A formal description of this species will be published elsewhere once more adults are reared.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF5FF97FF61FEA4FF41B5F9.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri. Elsewhere: several oak species from section Quercus. Life history. Known only from the bud galls of the asexual generation, which develop on lateral or terminal buds. They are conical, 14 – 18 mm long, brown with a velvety cover and single-chambered, widest at base, thinner at mid-part, and widen again apically (Fig. 25).	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF5FF97FF61FEA4FF41B5F9.taxon	description	Phenology. In Israel, young galls were found in November but no adults were reared. In Europe the larvae overwinter for 1 – 2 years inside the galls and adults emerge in March-April.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF5FF97FF61FEA4FF41B5F9.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Rare on Mt. Hermon at 1780 m. a. s. l., Allone HaBashan, Tel Hazeqa (only on one tree but in large numbers), Mt. Meron, Pa’ar cave. Elsewhere: Locally common in Southern and Eastern Europe, Turkey and Iran.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF5FF97FF61FCF6FE74B3F2.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. ithaburnsis. Elsewhere: Q. cerris. Life history. Known only from the catkin galls of the sexual generation, which are kidney-shaped, up to 4 mm long, single-chambered, often in aggregations (Fig. 51). They are green when young, sometimes turning purple when mature, and covered by velvety fuzz. Old galls drop to the ground with the dry catkin.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF5FF97FF61FCF6FE74B3F2.taxon	description	Phenology. Galls begin to develop in March and adults emerge from them in late April through June-July.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF5FF97FF61FCF6FE74B3F2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Rare in En Zivan and Tel Hazeqa. Elsewhere: Patchy distribution but sometimes common in the Balkans and Turkey.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF5FF97FF61FCF6FE74B3F2.taxon	discussion	Comments. The galls of this species are somewhat similar to those of A. grossulariae (Figs 49 – 50) but are kidney- or bean-shaped and purple or green when mature, whereas A. grossulariae galls have pointed apices and are bright red when mature.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF5FF94FF61F8BCFC72B6E3.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. ithaburensis. Life history. Known only from the leaf galls of the sexual generation. These are large, conspicuous galls, 10 – 45 mm long, amorphous, and multi-chambered (Fig. 63). The underside of the galled leaf is rigid and swollen, and its upper side is soft and densely covered by short hairs. Young galls are green with white hairs, turning dark brown with golden hairs as they mature. Phenology. Galls begin to develop in February and adults emerge in March.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF5FF94FF61F8BCFC72B6E3.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from Israel: En Zivan, Yehudiyya, Hosha'aya, Alonim, Tiv’on.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF5FF94FF61F8BCFC72B6E3.taxon	discussion	Comments. The galls of this species are similar to those of A. istvani from Iran (Tavakoli et al. 2008) but the adults reared from them are morphologically different. Sternlicht (1968 b) attributed these galls to the sexual generation of Andricus miriami but preliminary molecular data (Shachar, unpublished) indicate that this is a distinct species, the formal description of which will be given elsewhere.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF6FF94FF61FAFEFEDEB0A2.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plant in Israel: Q. boissieri. Life history. Known only from the bud galls of the asexual generation, which are spherical, 10 – 12 mm in diameter, with tiny protuberances on distal half, carried on a distinct stalk and are light brown (Fig. 19). The walls of the gall are thick and encircle a single, thin-walled larval chamber.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF6FF94FF61FAFEFEDEB0A2.taxon	description	Phenology. Galls attained their final size and shape in August, when they contained big larvae, and a single adult emerged in November.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF6FF94FF61FAFEFEDEB0A2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: rare, found only on Mt. Hermon at 1500 and 1780 m. a. s. l.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF6FF94FF61FAFEFEDEB0A2.taxon	discussion	Comments. The galls of this species are somewhat similar to those of A. sternlichti (Fig. 20) but are much smaller, carried on a longer stalk, and their protuberances are limited to the apical half of the gall whereas those on galls of A. sternlichti are found all over the gall. They are also somewhat similar to galls of Dryocosmus tavakolii Melika, Stone & Azizkhani, but adult morphology and preliminary molecular data (Shachar, unpublished) suggest that they represent a distinct species, the formal description of which will be published elsewhere. The following two species are considered to be undescribed because of their unique gall morphologies, which do not resemble those of any known species. Although no adults were reared from the galls, they are tentatively ascribed here to Andricus based on the general resemblance of some gall attributes to those of Andricus species in Israel and Europe.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF6FF94FF61FDCCFD37B3F1.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. ithaburensis; Elsewhere: Mainly oaks from section Cerris (sexual generation) and from both Cerris and Quercus sections (asexual generation). Life history. Both the sexual and asexual generations are known. The sexual generation induces singlechambered, usually aggregated leaf galls on Q. ithaburensis, which are cryptic swellings of the main leaf vein, up to 3 mm in width (Fig. 65). The asexual generation develops in woody, thick-walled multi-chambered root galls on Q. ithaburensis that are 3 – 10 cm in diameter when mature (Sternlicht 1968 b, Fig. 1).	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF6FF94FF61FDCCFD37B3F1.taxon	description	Phenology. This species has a two-year lifecycle. Galls of the sexual generation develop in spring and adults emerge from them in September-October (Sternlicht 1968 b). In Europe adults emerge in August-September and some may emerge the following year (Melika 2006 b). The root galls of the asexual generation develop in the second year of the lifecycle. They mature in September and adults overwinter in them and emerge the following spring.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF6FF94FF61FDCCFD37B3F1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: En Zivan, Mezar, Tiv’on, Hadera. Elsewhere: widespread in Europe and Northwest Africa to Transcaucasia and Asia Minor.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF6FF94FF61FDCCFD37B3F1.taxon	discussion	Comments. The identity of this species could not be established with confidence because no adults were reared from the galls. Based on the morphology of the galls and the available data on its life history, we assume that it is related to A. quercusradicis, although that species is known from oaks in section Quercus whereas the galls in Israel are found on oaks from section Cerris.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF7FF95FF61FF7FFC58B698.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plant in Israel. Q. boissieri. Life history. Known only from the catkin galls of the sexual generation. These are small, spherical galls, 2 mm in diameter, light brown to yellow, densely covered by short whitish hairs, single-chambered, and are found in clusters (Fig. 28).	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF7FF95FF61FF7FFC58B698.taxon	description	Phenology. Galls were found in May but no adults were reared from them.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF7FF95FF61FF7FFC58B698.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Observed only once on a single tree in Mt. Kahal.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF7FF95FF61FE16FB01B406.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plant in Israel. Q. boissieri. Life history. Known only from the bud galls of the sexual generation, which resemble a small carambola fruit, with 3 – 4 distinct longitudinal ridges, 5 – 7 mm long and 3 – 5 mm wide and single-chambered (Fig. 26). Young galls are green and fleshy, turnning pale brown when mature.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF7FF95FF61FE16FB01B406.taxon	description	Phenology. Young galls were found in April and matured in June but no adults were reared from them. They were found only on low branches of young trees, close to the ground.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF7FF95FF61FE16FB01B406.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: rare species, found only on a few trees on Mt. Meron and Pa’ar cave.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF7FF95FF61FB9EFB0DB026.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. ithaburensis and Q. libani. Elsewhere: Q. libani, Q. brantii, Q. castaneifolia. Life history. Known only from the bud galls of the asexual generation, which are spherical, single-chambered, 10 – 14 mm in diameter, with velvety, sometimes slightly wrinkled surface, broadly attached to the branch or sometimes to the trunk (Fig. 37), often in clusters of 5 – 8. The gall contains an internal ovoid chamber that is attached to the inside wall in young galls but detaches from it and rolls freely inside the mature gall (Fig. 38). Young galls are light green, turning brown when mature. Old galls remain on the trees for several years.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF7FF95FF61FB9EFB0DB026.taxon	description	Phenology. Galls appear in August and adults emerge from them in October-November. In the present study one adult emerged from a gall on Q. libani in January.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF7FF95FF61FB9EFB0DB026.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Common on Q. ithaburensis throughout its distribution range; on Q. libani found only on Mt. Hermon at 1780 m. a. s. l. Elsewhere: Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Iran.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF7FF95FF61FB9EFB0DB026.taxon	discussion	Comments. Galls of A. persica are very similar to those of A. cerricola and A. kordestanica but these species have not been found in Israel. The galls are often invaded by the inquiline Synergus variabilis Mayr, especially on Q. ithaburensis. An invaded gall is bigger, irregularly shaped and multichambered (Figs 39 – 40), whereas an uninvaded gall is spherical and single-chambered (Figs 37 – 38). Sternlicht (1968 b) listed the axesual generation of Andricus kollari Hartig as occurring in Israel (his Figs 18 – 20) but we never found this species in Israel and conclude that Sternlicht mistook its galls for those of Aphelonyx persica. Galls of the two species are somewhat similar in shape and colour but those of A. kollari develop only on oaks from section Quercus.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF7FF92FF61F881FDEEB7E6.taxon	description	associated with oaks of section Quercus, on which the asexual generation develops in root galls and the sexual generation in bud galls (Melika 2006 b).	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF0FF92FF61FECFFAF0B404.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri. Elsewhere: several oak species from section Quercus. Life history. The sexual generation induces multi-chambered, irregularly spherical, soft and spongy galls, 15 – 30 mm in diameter, light brown when mature (Fig. 22). The asexual generation develops in multi-chambered galls in the roots.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF0FF92FF61FECFFAF0B404.taxon	description	Phenology. Galls of the sexual generation appear shortly after bud burst and mature through May and June. In Israel adults emerge in May, whereas in Southern Northern Europe they emerge at the end of May or in late June, respectively. Galls of the asexual generation take two years to mature, and complete their developement in the winter of their second year. The wingless females of the asexual generation emerge in the winter or very early spring, climb up the tree, and lay their eggs on shoots (Melika 2006 b).	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF0FF92FF61FECFFAF0B404.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Rare; known only from Mt. Kahal. Only the sexual generation was found in the present study, as root galls were not surveyed. Elsewhere: A widespread and often common species known from Europe, Northwestern Africa, east to Transcaucasia, Turkey and Iran. Data on the distribution in the Far East of Russia appears to be erroneous due to misidentification with another species - B. nawai (Ashmead) (Melika 2012).	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF0FF92FF61FB25FADEB18B.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. ithaburensis. Elsewhere (Syria and Iran): Q. ithaburensis, Q. brantii. Life history. Known only from the leaf galls of the asexual generation, which are circular, flat, rigid structures, up to 2 mm thick and 6 mm in diameter, white at center, orange along undulating rims, and covered by sparse white hairs (Fig. 62). They are usually found in clusters and then their rims can be slightly irregular as they are squeezed together.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF0FF92FF61FB25FADEB18B.taxon	description	Phenology. Galls appear in August, drop to the ground in late October to November, and the pupae or adults overwinter in them on the ground. Adults emerge in January. Parasitism rates in Israel can exceed 80 %.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF0FF92FF61FB25FADEB18B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Mezar, Bet Keshet Forest, Hosha'aya, Alonim, Tiv’on, HaSharon Forest. Elsewhere: Syria, Iran.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF0FF92FF61FB25FADEB18B.taxon	discussion	Comments. The galls of this species are superficially similar to those of Cerroneuroterus lanuginosus on the same host plant (Figs 60 – 61) but differ from them in being orange with a white center rather than white with a black center, and in being less hairy. Sternlicht (1968 b) referred to this species as Neuroterus sp. (his Fig. 44).	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF0FF93FF61F8E4FBD4B4FB.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. ithaburensis. Elsewhere: several oak species from section Cerris. Life history. The sexual and asexual generations of this species are associated with each other for the first time in the present study. The sexual generation induces inconspicuous, spherical catkin galls, 1.5 – 2 mm in diameter, green when young, turning brown when mature, covered by white hairs (Fig. 54). The galls are single-chambered and the chamber fills the entire volume of the gall. The asexual generation induces flat, circular leaf galls, up to 7 mm in diameter and 5 mm thick, densely covered by long, white to golden hairs with a black center of shorter hairs (Figs 60 – 61). These are probably the most abundant cynipid galls in Israel, which often cover the entire leaf surface; a single tree can bear tens of thousands of galls, although gall density may vary dramatically between years and trees.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF0FF93FF61F8E4FBD4B4FB.taxon	description	Phenology. Galls of the sexual generation appear in early February and adults emerge from them in late February. Galls of the asexual generation begin to develop in August, drop from the leaf or together with the leaves in fall, and the wasps overwinter in them as pupae or adults. Adults emerge in January.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF0FF93FF61F8E4FBD4B4FB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Very common and widespread throughout the distribution range of Q. ithaburensis. Elsewhere: A common species from South-central Europe to Transcaucasia and Iran.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF0FF93FF61F8E4FBD4B4FB.taxon	discussion	Comments. The sexual generation is known from Austria and Hungary, and although adults in Europe and in Israel are slightly different morphologically, we consider them to belong to the same species. Sternlicht (1968 b) attributed the galls of this species to the sexual generation of Neuroterus aprilinus Giraud (currently a synonym of Neuroterus politus Hartig (Pujade-Villar & Ros-Farré 2001 )). However, the galls of C. lanuginosus are covered by white hairs and are thin walled, whereas those of N. politus are smooth with a fleshy wall when young, turning thick when mature. Galls of the asexual generation are similar to galls induced by an unidentified cecidomyiid species on the same host plant but the cecidomyiid galls are brownish-white and are evident as rigid tubercles on the upper side of the leaf, whereas the galls of C. lanuginosus are usually white and are evident only on the underside of the leaf. Galls of the sexual generation of this species have been attributed so far to C. cerrifloralis but molecular work shows that they actually belong to C. lanuginosus (Shachar, unpublished data), therefore we synonymize C. cerrifloralis under C. lanuginosus and the species is now known from both generations.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF1FF93FF61FA57FC45B0FC.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Q. libani, Q. cerris. Life history. Known only from the leaf galls of the asexual generation, which are flat, spherical, up to 5 mm thick and 7 mm in diameter, covered by long, whitish or pinkish to golden hairs with a black center of shorter hairs, usually in clusters (Fig. 70).	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF1FF93FF61FA57FC45B0FC.taxon	description	Phenology. Galls begin to develop in August, drop to the ground in the fall, and the larvae overwinter in them on the ground. No adults were reared.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF1FF93FF61FA57FC45B0FC.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Mt. Hermon 1500 and 1780 m. a. s. l., Mt. Kahal.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF1FF93FF61FA57FC45B0FC.taxon	discussion	Comments. The galls of this species are very similar to those of C. lanuginosus on Q. ithaburensis (Figs 60 – 61) but their hairs are pinkish to golden as opposed to the white hairs on C. lanuginosus galls. As no adulsts were reared it was impossible to determine whether the galls on Q. libani belong to C. lanuginosus or belong to a different species. Somewhat similar galls are induced by an unidentified cecidomyiid species on the same host plant but these have brownish hairs and are evident as rigid tubercles on the upperside of the leaf, whereas galls of Cerroneuroterus nr. lanuginosus are evident only on the underside of the leaf.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF1FF93FF61FBF4FA35B244.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. libani. Europe: Q. cerris. Life history. Known only from the leaf galls of the asexual generation, which are found on veins, predominantly on the lower side of the lamina, elliptical, up to 2 mm in diameter, covered by small projections, usually solitary but sometimes in aggregations. Young galls are pale, turning green to dark red and purple when mature.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF1FF93FF61FBF4FA35B244.taxon	description	Phenology. Galls are first observed in August and mature in November. Larvae overwinter inside the galls in the leaf litter and adults emerge early the following spring.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF1FF93FF61FBF4FA35B244.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Mt. Hermon, 1780 m. a. s. l. Elsewhere: Central Europe, Turkey Balkan, Northern Africa.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF2FF90FF61FDAEFD5EB23A.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. ithaburensis. Elsewhere: Q. brantii, Q. castaneifolia, Q. libani. Life history. The sexual generation induces big and hairy, multi-chambered catkin galls, 20 – 40 mm in diameter (Fig. 45), composed of small triangular subunits that are densely covered by long hairs. Each unit contains one very rigid larval chamber that is attached to the catkin petiole. When young, the hairs are whitish to pinkish, turning golden-brown when mature. The asexual generation induces detachable, spherical leaf galls, up to 10 mm in diameter, which are often alined on the underside of the leaf and are single chambered (Fig. 59). Young galls are tiny and covered by black fuzz, turning green and hard when mature. They then drop from the leaves, turning brown with a velvety cover after a few days on the ground, and the larvae diapause in them for 4 – 10 months.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF2FF90FF61FDAEFD5EB23A.taxon	description	Phenology. Galls of the sexual generation begin to develop in February and adults emerge from them in late February to early March or in April in the Golan Heights. Galls of the asexual generation begin to develop in September and mature in December. Some of the larvae pupate and emerge as adults in February-March of the following year, whereas others remain in diapause and emerge only in October.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF2FF90FF61FDAEFD5EB23A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Throughout the distribution range of Q. ithaburensis. Elsewhere: Lebanon, Jordan, Iran.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF2FF90FF61FDAEFD5EB23A.taxon	discussion	Comments. Sternlicht (1968 b) described Chilaspis israeli (his Figs 49, 57) as a subspecies of Chilaspis nitida Giraud, which was later recognized as a distinct species by Pujade-Villar et al. (2003 b). Galls of both generations are very similar to those of C. nitida in Europe but are bigger (up to 10 mm in diameter compared to 5 mm in C. nitida), and the two species are geographically separated, with C. israeli restricted to several oak species in the Levant and Iran and C. nitida to Q. cerris in Europe.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF2FF90FF61F9BFFCE6B0E5.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri. Elsewhere: Q. pubescens, Q. petraea, Q. infectoria. Life history. Known only from the leaf galls of the asexual generation, which are bilaterally flat projections, 5 – 15 mm long, usually with a blunt tip, on the underside of the leaf (Fig. 29). They are soft and green when young, turning hard and reddish-brown when mature.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF2FF90FF61F9BFFCE6B0E5.taxon	description	Phenology. In Israel, viable galls were found in November but no adults were reared. In Europe, galls of this species begin to develop in June, drop to the ground with the leaves when mature, and the adults emerge in April of the following year.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF2FF90FF61F9BFFCE6B0E5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Very rare, observed only once on a single tree on Mt. Hermon at 1780 m. a. s. l. Elsewhere: Widespread and locally abundant from southern France to Iran.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF3FF91FF61FF7FFB9FB5F8.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri. Elsewhere: several oak species from section Quercus. Life history. Both the sexual and asexual generations are known but in Israel only the leaf galls of the asexual generation were found. These are spherical, detachable galls on the underside of the leaves, 4 – 6 mm in diameter and single-chambered (Fig. 33). Young galls are green and fleshy, turning golden-brown and thick-walled when mature. Galls of the sexual generation are small, conical, single-chambered leaf-margin galls with a small apical tip.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF3FF91FF61FF7FFB9FB5F8.taxon	description	Phenology. In Europe, galls of the asexual generation begin to develop in June and adults emerge from them in October-November or in February-March of the following year. In Israel they were found in July but no adults were reared from them. Galls of the sexual generation develop rapidly after leaf burst in spring and adults emerge in May.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF3FF91FF61FF7FFB9FB5F8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Throughout the distribution range of Q. boissieri. Elsewhere: A common species from the Iberian Peninsula to Transcaucasia and Iran.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF3FF91FF61FF7FFB9FB5F8.taxon	discussion	Comments. Galls of the asexual generation of this species are somewhat similar to those of Cynips quercus on the same host plant (Fig. 32) but are smaller and golden-brown rather than green.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF3FF91FF61FCF6FEF7B245.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri. Elsewhewe: several oak species from section Quercus. Life history. Known in Israel only from the leaf galls of the asexual generation, which are spherical, singlechambered galls, 15 – 25 mm in diameter, resembling small grapes (Fig. 32). The galls are fleshy, firm, light green with white dots when young, yellowish with white dots when mature. The larval chamber is located in the center of the gall, surrounded by a thin wall. The sexual generation is known from Europe to develop in single-chambered galls in dormant lenticel buds, often on the trunk or on larger branches, and rarely on shoots of the previous year (Melika 2006 b).	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF3FF91FF61FCF6FEF7B245.taxon	description	Phenology. Galls of the asexual generation appear in July and drop to the ground in November-December while still attached to the leaves. Adults emerge from them in January-February. Galls of the sexual generation appear in Europe in May and adults emerge from them in June (Melika 2006 b).	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF3FF91FF61FCF6FEF7B245.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Mt. Hermon at 1500 and 1780 m. a. s. l., Odem Forest, En Zivan, Allone HaBashan, Tel Hazeqa, Mt. Meron, Mt. Addir. Elsewhere: A common species throughout Europe and Asia Minor, to Turkey and Lebanon, but restricted only to the extreme northeast of the Iberian Peninsula and absent from Portugal.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF3FF91FF61FCF6FEF7B245.taxon	discussion	Comments. Galls of the asexual generation are similar to those of Cynips quercusfolli Linnaeus in Europe (Melika 2006 b).	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF3FF9EFF61F8E4FCB9B7CB.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. ithaburensis. Elsewhere: Q. ithaburensis, Q. cerris and Q. macrolepis. Life history. Known only from the bud galls of the sexual generation, which are irregularly spherical masses, up to 20 mm in diameter, composed of 6 – 20 units, each with a single larval chamber (Fig. 46). They are light green to deep purple, sometimes with white hairs apically, and are very sticky.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF3FF9EFF61F8E4FCB9B7CB.taxon	description	Phenology. Galls begin to develop in February and adults emerge from them in late February-March. Distribution. Israel: Mezar, Bet Keshet Forest, Hosha'aya, Alonim, Tiv’on, HaSharon Forest. Elsewhre: Austria, Hungary, Ukraine, Greece, Turkey and Jordan.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFCFF9EFF61FEA4FABFB5B1.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. ithaburensis. Elsewhere: Q. libani, Q. brantii and Q. castaneifolia. Life history. Known only from the leaf galls of the sexual generation, which constitute spherical swellings at the base of leaves, up to 12 mm in diameter, with an apical ‘ crest’ up to 4 mm long (Fig. 64). They are singlechambered, fleshy and bright green when young, turning hard as they mature, and dark brown when old.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFCFF9EFF61FEA4FABFB5B1.taxon	description	Phenology. Galls begin to develop in March (June in higher elevations - e. g., En Zivan) and adults emerge in May-June.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFCFF9EFF61FEA4FABFB5B1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Rare in En Zivan, Mezar, Yehudiyya, Dan and Hagoshrim. Elsewhere: Iran.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFCFF9EFF61FC1DFC08B1A6.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri. Elsewhere: several oak species from sections Quercus and Cerris. Life history. Galls of the sexual generation are elliptical leaf-margin galls, up to 4 mm in length, causing deformation of the leaf, light brown, covered by short white hairs, rigid and single-chambered. Galls of the asexual generation are flat, irregularly spherical leaf galls, up to 7 mm in diameter, usually in clusters (Fig. 34). They have a central pit and resemble a small flower with undulating margins, varying in color from pale green to pink and purple.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFCFF9EFF61FC1DFC08B1A6.taxon	description	Phenology. Galls of the sexual generation were observed in May and July but no adults were reared from them. Galls of the asexual generation appear in August, mature and drop from the leaves in late November- December, and the larvae overwinter in them on the ground until adult emergence in January-February. In Europe, adults emerge in spring.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFCFF9EFF61FC1DFC08B1A6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Galls of the sexual generation are rare and were observed on only a few occasions in Tel Hazeqa, Mt. Meron, Pa’ar cave and Rehan Forest. Galls of the asexual generation were found on Mt. Hermon at 1500 and 1780 m. a. s. l., Odem Forest, En Zivan, Allone HaBashan, Tel Hazeqa, Pa’ar cave and Mt. Addir. Elsewhere: Widespread and occasionally common from the Iberian Peninsula north to Great Britain Isles and east to Turkey and Transcaucasia. Also known from Northern Africa.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFCFF9EFF61FC1DFC08B1A6.taxon	discussion	Comments. The galls of the asexual generation are somewhat similar to those of Neuroterus quercusbaccarum on Q. boissieri (Figs 35 – 36 A) but are flatter and thinner, with no hairs.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFCFF9FFF61F90FFCA1B52B.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri, Q. ithaburensis. Elsewere: mostly on oaks from section Quercus but also on species from section Cerris. Life history. Both generations are known but in Israel only the asexual generation was found so far. It induces single-chambered leaf galls which constitute small, ovoid sturctures, 1.5 – 3 mm long and up to 2 mm wide, wrapped between two thin, wing-like extensions (Figs 31, 66). They are yellow to green and shiny when young, and develop purple or red dots as they mature and then drop from the leaf, leaving the ‘ wings’ behind. The sexual generation develops in single-chambered, lateral or terminal bud galls, usually gregarious (2 – 6 galls in one group), rounded or slightly ovate, 2 mm long and 1.5 mm in diameter when mature, green or yellowish, smooth, often with distorted leaves attached to the side or tip of the gall.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFCFF9FFF61F90FFCA1B52B.taxon	description	Phenology. Galls of the asexual generation appear in late August, mature by September, drop to the ground, and adults emerge from them the following spring. Galls of the sexual generation develop rapidly in Europe and adults emerge from them in May-June.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFCFF9FFF61F90FFCA1B52B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Widespread and common throughout the distribution range of Q. boissieri. Elsewhere: Common and locally abundant throughout most of Europe to Crimea, Turkey and Iran.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFCFF9FFF61F90FFCA1B52B.taxon	discussion	Comments. Sternlicht (1968 b) referred to this species as Andricus ostreus, a name that was later synonymized under Neuroterus anthracinus (Pujade-Villar et al. 1998).	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFDFF9FFF61FD84FE8BB3D4.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. boissieri. Elsewhere: several oak species from section Quercus. Life history. The sexual generation develops in circular, single-chambered leaf blisters, 3 mm in diameter, with a small central bump on both sides of the leaf (Fig. 30). When young, the galls are the same color of the leaves and therefore difficult to notice. When mature, they turn paler green. The asexual generation induces buttonshaped, single-chambered leaf galls, up to 3 mm in diameter, with a pitted center surrounded by silky goldenbrown hairs (Fig. 36 B).	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFDFF9FFF61FD84FE8BB3D4.taxon	description	Phenology. The phenology of this species in Israel is unclear because in June galls of the sexual generation contained small larvae, whereas in Europe adults already emerge from these galls at that time of year. Galls of the asexual generation begin to develop in August and drop from the leaf in November. Larval development continues on the ground and adults emerge in March.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFDFF9FFF61FD84FE8BB3D4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Galls of the sexual generation were found on Mt. Hermon at 1780 m. a. s. l., Mt. Meron, Pa’ar cave, Mt. Addir, and Zur Hadassa. Galls of the asexual generation were also found on Mt. Hermon at 1500 m. a. s. l. and in Allone HaBashan. Elsewhere: A pan-European species extending eastwards as far as Iran.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFDFF9FFF61FD84FE8BB3D4.taxon	discussion	Comments. Galls of the sexual generation cannot be mistaken for any other leaf galls in Israel. They are similar to those of Andricus gallaeurnaeformis Fonscolombe in Iberia and Turkey but the latter do not have the central bump.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFDFF9FFF61FAD2FBC7B079.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plant. Israel: Q. boissieri. Elsewhere: several species from section Quercus. Life history. The sexual generation induces the largest catkin galls on oaks in Israel. These are fleshy, spherical galls, up to 8 mm in diameter, smooth, shiny, light green with purple ‘ veins’ and single-chambered (Fig. 27). The asexual generation induces dome-shaped leaf galls, up to 6 mm in diameter, with a pointed central projection, single-chambered, usually in clusters (Fig. 35, 36 A). When young, the galls are pale green, sometimes covered by very short, reddish hairs, turning pink as they mature.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFDFF9FFF61FAD2FBC7B079.taxon	description	Phenology. Galls of the asexual generation appear in August, drop from the leaves in November-December and adults emerge from them in March. Galls of the sexual generation appear in March and adults emerge from them in April-May.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFDFF9FFF61FAD2FBC7B079.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Known from galls of both generations throughout the distribution range of Q. boissieri. Elsewhere: Common and widespread from Northwestern Africa to Norway, Russia and Iran.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFDFF9FFF61FAD2FBC7B079.taxon	discussion	Comments. Galls of the asexual generation are similar to those of Neuroterus tricolor Hartig in Europe but the latter are spherical rather than dome-shaped and do not have a central pointed projection.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFEFF9CFF61FE87FEF8B594.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. calliprinos. Elsewhere: Q. ilex and Q. coccifera. Life history. Known only from the leaf galls of the asexual generation, which are slender, single-chambered swellings protruding on both sides of the leaf, 2 mm in diameter, sometimes in aggregations.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFEFF9CFF61FE87FEF8B594.taxon	description	Phenology. The galls develop in spring and summer and adults emerge the following spring. In Israel old galls were observed in May.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFEFF9CFF61FE87FEF8B594.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Found once in Nahal Sfunim at the foothills of Mt. Carmel. Elsewhere: Western Mediterranean.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFEFF9CFF61FD12FB44B21D.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. calliprinos. Elsewhere: Q. ilex and Q. coccifera. Life history. Known only from the leaf galls of the sexual generation, which are multi-chambered, fleshy, rigid, ovoid, up to 8 mm in diameter, occupying most of the leaf (Fig. 74). The galls are green when young, red when mature, with smooth and shiny surface.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFEFF9CFF61FD12FB44B21D.taxon	description	Phenology. Galls begin to develop in March and adults emerge from them in April-May.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFEFF9CFF61FD12FB44B21D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Odem Forest, Mt. Meron, Pa’ar cave, Kfar Hahoresh, Tiv’on, Mt. Carmel, Zur Hadassa. Elsewhere: This is the most common and widespread species in the genus Plagiotrochus, with a circummediterranean distribution.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFEFF9CFF61FD12FB44B21D.taxon	discussion	Comments. When young, the galls resemble those of Plagiotrochus australis Mayr on Q. ilex in the Western Mediterranean Region but P. australis galls are single-chambered whereas those of P. quercusilicis are multichambered. Sternlicht (1968 b) referred to galls of this species as belonging to the sexual generation of Plagiotrichus kiefferianus Tavares, a species that has been synonymized under P. gallaeramulorum Boyer de Fonscolombe (Pujade-Villar 2005). The possibility that P. quercusilicis and P. gallaeramulorum are synonymous was first suggested by Tavares (1926) and later by Nieves-Aldrey (2001) but without clear evidence.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFEFF9CFF61FA9EFB4DB0C1.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. calliprinos. Elsewhere: Q. ilex. Life history. Both the sexual and asexual generations are known but in Israel only the branch galls of the asexual generation were found. These constitute 10 – 35 mm long globular to elongate, multi-chambered swellings of the branch (Fig. 73). The larval chambers are arranged in a circle around at the gall circumference. The sexual generation induces single-chambered galls in lateral and terminal buds and in catkins, sometimes in aggregations.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFEFF9CFF61FA9EFB4DB0C1.taxon	description	Phenology. In Iberia, galls of the asexual generation develop in summer and adults emerge from them in December-January. Galls of the sexual generation develop in May and adults emerge at the end of that month (Nieves-Aldrey 2001).	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFEFF9CFF61FA9EFB4DB0C1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Pa’ar cave, Tivo'n, Mt. Carmel. Elsewhere: Iberian Peninsula, France.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFEFF9CFF61FA9EFB4DB0C1.taxon	discussion	Comments. The three females we reared from galls of the asexual generation run to P. razeti in available keys (Nieves-Aldrey 2001) and their comparison to voucher specimens of P. razeti from Iberia, deposited in the PHMB, suggested that they belong to that species. Galls of the asexual generation resemble those of Plagiotrochus gallaeramulorum from Europe but the larval chambers in the latter are arranged along the longitudinal axis of the gall rather than radially. Sternlicht attributed these galls to the asexual generation of Plagiotrichus kiefferianus, a species that was since synonymized with Plagiotrochus gallaeramulorum (Pujade-Villar 2005). We consider this species to be distinct from Plagiotrichus gallaeramulorum due to the different structure of the galls.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFFFF9DFF61FE7AFB22B3F1.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. ithaburensis. Elsewhere: Several species from section Cerris. Life history. Prior to the present study, only the asexual generation of this species was known (Sternlicht 1968 b) and the association between it and its sexual generation is established here for the first time. Galls of the asexual generation are multi-chambered stem swellings, 5 – 60 mm in length, of the same color of the branch (Fig. 12 in Sternlicht 1968 b). The sexual generation develops in small, conical bud galls, up to 2 mm in length, inside the basal part of a bud scale (Fig. 55). The single-chambered gall is green when young, light brown when mature, with thin and delicate walls but harder than the scale itself. The larva occupies the entire volume of the gall.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFFFF9DFF61FE7AFB22B3F1.taxon	description	Phenology. Galls of the sexual generation were found in early February and adults emerged from them later that month. Galls of the asexual generation become evident in summer but no adults were reared from them in the present study. Sternlicht (1968 b) reported to have reared adults in February-March or in September-October of the following year.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFFFF9DFF61FE7AFB22B3F1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Sexual generation: Hosha’aya, Alonim, Tiv’on, Hasharon Forest. Asexual generation: Rare, observed only once in the present study in Yehudiyya. Also recorded from Tiv’on (as Neuroterus macropterus) (Sternlicht 1968 b). Elsewhere: Widespread and locally common from Central Europe to Iran.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFFFF9DFF61FE7AFB22B3F1.taxon	discussion	Comments. Sternlicht (1968 b) attributed the galls of this species to the sexual generation of Neuroterus aprilinus Mayr (his Figs 21 – 22), a species that was later synonymized under Neuroterus politus (Pujade-Villar & Ros-Farré 2001). However, the galls we found are ovoid and thin-walled whereas those of N. politus are thickwalled and pointed apically, and our molecular data suggest that this species does not belong in Neuroterus. Instead, these data suggest that adults reared from the sexual generation galls are genetically identical to those of Pseudoneuroterus macropterus (based on sequences in Genbank), and thus represent the sexual generation of that species. Therefore, P. macropterus is now known from galls and adults of both generations.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFFFF9AFF61FAFDFBC9B62F.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. ithaburensis, Q. libani and Q. cerris. Elsewhere: several species from section Cerris. Life history. The sexual generation forms multi-chambered galls in the first-year acorns of Q. ithaburensis, Q. libani and Q. cerris (Fig. 57). Infected acorns stop developing, do not fall from the tree, and appear fresh and light green, with no other external evidence of the gall. Galls on all three oak species in Israel look the same. The asexual generation induces elliptical leaf galls, up to 5 mm long and 3 mm wide on Q. ithaburensis (Fig. 58). These are single-chambered, rigid, light to dark brown, and are usually aggregated on the underside of the leaf but sometimes also on its upper side or on the leaf petiole.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFFFF9AFF61FAFDFBC9B62F.taxon	description	Phenology. Galls of the sexual generation begin to develop in February and adults emerge from them in March. In higher elevations (e. g., En Zivan, Mt. Hermon), the galls appear in April and adults emerge in May, whereas in Europe they emerge in June-August. Galls of the asexual generation appear in Israel in August but no adults were reared from them in the present study due to extremely high parasitism rates. In Europe, adults emerge from these galls in April.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFFFF9AFF61FAFDFBC9B62F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Galls of both generations are widespread on Mt. Hermon at 1500 and 1780 m. a. s. l., Mt. Kahal, En Zivan, Yehudiyya, Mezar, Dan Valley, Hagoshrim, Hosha’aya, Alonim, Tiv’on and HaSharon Forest. Galls of the asexual generation were also found in Nahal Rakefet, Bet Keshet Forest, Pardes Hanna and Zikhron Ya'akov. Elsewhere: Widespread from the Iberian Peninsula to Iran.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFFFFF9AFF61FAFDFBC9B62F.taxon	discussion	Comments. No other species in Israel develops in first-year acorns and no species induces similar leaf galls on Q. ithaburensis, hence this species can be recognized with confidence. Sternlicht (1968 b) attributed the galls of the sexual generation to Neuroterus sp. (his Fig. 56), and those of the asexual generation to Neuroterus saltans Giraud (his Fig. 43), a name that was later synonymized under Pseudoneuroterus saliens (Melika et al. 2010). In the same work he mentioned another thin-walled, yellow to brown ovoid gall that is attached to the leaf midrib or petiole (his Fig. 41) and referred to it as Neutoterus sp., but we ascribe this gall as well to P. saliens.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF8FF9AFF61FCF6FDFBB349.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plant in Israel. Q. ithaburensis. Life history. This species is currently known only from its sexual generation, which develops in cryptic, ovoid galls, 4 – 7 mm in diameter, in apical buds (Fig. 53). The galls are soft, light green, with velvety white cover.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF8FF9AFF61FCF6FDFBB349.taxon	description	Phenology. Galls were found in early February and adults emerged from them in early March.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF8FF9AFF61FCF6FDFBB349.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Mezar, Hosha’aya, Alonim, Hasharon Forest.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF8FF9AFF61FCF6FDFBB349.taxon	discussion	Comments. Mrphological and molecular data (Shachar, unpulished) place this specis in Pseudoneuroterus but due to the small number of adults we obtained, the species is not described here formally and will be dealt with once more material become available.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF8FF9AFF61FE87FB63B5F8.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plant in Israel: Q. ithaburensis. Life history. This species develops in cryptic, spherical bud galls, 4.5 – 5 mm in diameter, which are composed of several fused units and covered by white velvety fuzz (Fig. 56).	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF8FF9AFF61FE87FB63B5F8.taxon	description	Phenology. Galls were first observed in early February and adults emerged from them in early March.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF8FF9AFF61FE87FB63B5F8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Hasharon Forest.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF8FF9AFF61FE87FB63B5F8.taxon	discussion	Comments. The galls of this species are somewhat similar to those of Dryocosmus tavakolii Melika, Stone & Azizkhani, but adult morphology and molecular data (Shachar, unpulished) show that they belong in Pseudoneuroterus. The species will be formally described once more material becomes available.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF8FF9AFF61F999FE01B0FE.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. ithaburensis. Elsewhere: Q. suber and Q. ithaburensis. Host gall-wasp: Unknown. Life history. Known only from the sexual generation, which develops in extremely hard, multi-chambered galls of irregular shape, up to 30 mm in diameter, of the same color of the branch (Fig. 42; Sternlicht 1968 b, Figs 10 – 11).	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF8FF9AFF61F999FE01B0FE.taxon	description	Phenology. Galls develop in spring and adults emerge from them in March of the following year.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF8FF9AFF61F999FE01B0FE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Mezar, Bet Keshet Forest, Hosha’aya, Alonim, Tiv’on, HaSharon Forest. Elsewhere: North Africa, Asia Minor.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF9FF9BFF61FBD5FDDDB2D3.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plant: Israel: Q. ithaburensis. Elsewhere: Q. cerris. Host gall wasp: Israel: Aphelonyx persica. Elsewhere: several species in the genera Andricus, Aphelonyx, Dryocosmus and Pseudoneuroterus (Melika 2006 b). (Invaded) gall and biology: Known only from the sexual generation, which develops in Israel in bud galls of Aphelonyx persica (Fig. 37) and causes substantial enlargement of the gall up to 30 mm in diameter. Invaded galls are light green and fleshy when young (Fig. 39), turning pale brown and woody when mature (Fig. 40). They appear in August and adults emerge in January-February. No adults of the original gall inducer emerged from invaded galls.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF9FF9BFF61FBD5FDDDB2D3.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Israel: Nahal Rakefet, Bet Keshet Forest, Hosha’aya, Alonim, Tiv’on, HaSharon Forest. Elsewhere: From Great Britain to Russia.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF9FF9BFF61FF7FFD77B5DD.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Israel: Q. ithaburensis. Elsewhere: several species from section Cerris. Host gall-wasp. The sexual generation invades galls of species in the Andricus burgundus complex (Pénzes et al. 2009). Life history. Known only from the sexual generation, which develops in galls induced by the Andricus burgundus complex (e. g., A. caputmedusae, A. coriarius, A. curtisii) (Pujade-Villar et al. 2003 a; Pénzes et al. 2009). In Israel, this species has been reared from the clustered, conical bud galls of A. coriarius (Fig. 52), causing them to develop into a single spherical unilocular gall, up to 15 mm in diameter, of the same color of the branch, with very hard walls encircling a single larval chamber (Fig. 41; Sternlicht 1968 b, Figs 13, 15 – 17). Invaded galls were found in February and adult inquilines emerged in December-January.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF9FF9BFF61FF7FFD77B5DD.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel: Mezar, Hosha’aya, Alonim, Tiv’on, Hasharon Forest. Elsewhere: Northwest Africa to Iran.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
AC1F87FEFFF9FF9BFF61FF7FFD77B5DD.taxon	discussion	Comments. The galls of this species resemble somewhat those of Aphelonys persica but A. persica galls are light brown, with more delicate and sometimes wrinkled surface (Fig. 37), whereas S. politus galls are of the same color of the branches, rougher and more rigid. Moreover, A. persica galls are hollow and thin-walled (Fig. 38) relative to the very thick-walled galls of S. politus.	en	Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe, Dorchin, Netta (2018): The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history. Zootaxa 4521 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1
