taxonID	type	description	language	source
842CC44D1F09CC567E2705946D13307C.taxon	description	Description. Female. Body plump, assuming a C to open spiral shape. Lip region continuous, anteriorly rounded. Labial papillae prominent. Cuticle 8 - 10 μm thick at poslabial region, 5 - 7 μm along the body and 12 - 14 μm on tail posterior to anus. Guide ring 6 - 7 μm wide. One lateral pore anterior to guide ring, 2 - 4 along odontostyle, 1 - 2 along odontophore, 4 - 5 in narrow part of the oesophagus and 3 - 4 in bulb region as well as 3 - 5 dorsal and 7 - 10 ventral; numerous lateral body pores observed. Amphidial fovea pouch like, short, almost as wide as long, funnel shape with code E 5 according to Chen et al. (1997) and type 4 according to Decraemer and Coomans (2007), amphidial aperture assumed to be a minute pore, hardly visible under light microscope; fusus (sensillium pouch) at 51.6 + / - 2.7 (49.5 - 56) μm, n = 7 from anterior end. Odontostyle slender, 2 μm wide at base. Pharyngo-intestinal valve, variable in shape (broadly rounded to heart-shape) and size, slightly wider than long: 19 + / - 1.4 (17 - 20) x 15.4 + / - 3.1 (12 - 19) μm, n = 5. Normal arrangement of pharyngeal glands: nuclei of the dorsal and subventral glands situated at 23.6 - 32.1 % (n = 3) and 50.7 - 58.9 % (n = 8) of the distance from anterior end of the bulb. Dorsal gland nuclei 2 μm diam., subventral gland nuclei 3 - 4 μm diam. Nerve ring surrounding odontophore base, at 222.9 + / - 11.3 (203 - 242.5) μm from anterior end, a second nerve ring situated at a short distance behind the first one. Lateral chord 25 - 29 μm wide. Vagina extending to ca. half corresponding body width. Pars distalis vaginae 23 - 27 μm long; pars proximalis vaginae 28 - 35 μm long, thick walled. Uteri very long, anterior uterus 481.0 + / - 105.1 (372.5 - 662.5), posterior uterus 473.2 + / - 114.2 (357.5 - 660) μm long, respectively; well developed sphincter between uterus and pars dilatata oviductus, pars dilatata and uteri usually containing numerous sperm cells. Prerectum 426.9 + / - 79.7 (310 - 595) μm long, rectum 45.5 + / - 1.6 (43 - 48) μm or about 0.7 - 0.8 of body diameter at anus. Tail bluntly conoid, rounded to hemispherical. Two pairs of lateral pores. Male. Habitus as in females, posterior part more strongly coiled ventrad. Shape of lip region similar to that in females. Cuticle 5 - 8 μm thick at poslabial region, 7 - 9 at guiding ring level, 4 - 6 μm along the body and 9 - 13 μm on tail posterior to cloaca. One lateral pore anterior to guide ring, 2 - 3 along odontostyle, 1 - 2 along odontophore, 3 - 5 in narrow part of the oesophagus and 3 - 4 in pharyngeal bulb region as 4 dorsal and 7 - 10 ventral; numerous lateral body pores present. Fusus at 52.3 + / - 3.7 (47 - 57) μm, n = 7 from anterior end. Nerve ring surrounding odontophore base, at 231.8 + / - 12.2 (217.5 - 259.5) μm from anterior end, a second nerve ring situated at a short distance behind the first one. Pharyngo-intestinal valve, variable in shape (broadly rounded to heart-shape) and size, almost as long as wide: 16.6 + / - 3.2 (13 - 23) x 18 + / - 3.1 (13 - 22) μm, n = 6. Lateral chord 20 - 25 μm wide. Supplements 3 - 4 adanal pairs followed by 10 - 14 arranged irregularly in a single row. Spicules massive, slightly curved ventrally, lateral guiding piece 27 - 28 μm long. Spermatozoids round small (4 - 6 μm diam.). Tail short, bluntly conoid, dorsally convex, ventrally slightly concave, three pairs of lateral pores. Juveniles. Morphometrics obtained from juvenile specimens, and of the relationship between the lengths of their functional and replacement odontostyles and body lengths, confirmed the presence of four juvenile stages (Figure 9). Habitus in the shape of more or less open C, tail of the first stage juvenile conoid elongated whereas in the subsequent developmental stages the tail is conoid (second stage) to bluntly conoid (third and fourth stage).	en	Peneva, Vlada K., Lazarova, Stela S., Luca, Francesca De, Brown, Derek J. F. (2013): Description of Longidorus cholevae sp. n. (Nematoda, Dorylaimida) from a riparian habitat in the Rila Mountains, Bulgaria. ZooKeys 330: 1-26, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.330.5750, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.330.5750
842CC44D1F09CC567E2705946D13307C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species is named after Dr Boryana Choleva, Faculty of Biology, University of Sofia, retired, for her substantial contribution to the knowledge of the fam. Longidoridae in Bulgaria. Phylogenetic relationships of Longidorus cholevae with other Longidorus species The amplification of D 2 - D 3 expansion domains of the 28 S rDNA and the ITS containing region yielded single fragments of 800 bp and 1384 bp, respectively, based on sequencing. The ITS 1 and ITS 2 sizes were 579 bp and 338 bp, respectively that resulted in the shortest ITS recorded for Longidorus so far. Intra-individual and intra-population sequence variability in ITS and no variability in D 2 D 3 domains have been observed. A BLAST search for D 2 - D 3 region showed a 80 - 93 % degree of similarity among Longidorus spp. suggesting that Longidorus cholevae can be easily identified from other species by using this ribosomal region. The closest species were Longidorus poessneckensis (93 % similarity), Longidorus caespiticola, Longidorus macrosoma and Longidorus helveticus (92 % similarity). Pairwise BLAST comparisons of the ITS sequence of Longidorus cholevae with those of Longidorus spp. from the database displayed high nucleotide dissimilarity and considerable variation in length. Our preliminary phylogenetic analyses based on all the D 2 - D 3 Longidorus sequences deposited in NCBI revealed that the new species clusters into a well-supported group of Longidorus species having a European distribution: Longidorus caespiticola, Longidorus macrososma, Longidorus poessneckensis, Longidorus helveticus and Longidorus carniolensis (trees not presented). The monophyly of this group has been highly supported also in other studies, including SSU phylogenetic analyses (Robbins et al. 2009, Gutierrez-Gutierrez et al. 2013). All these are large species, very similar in their morphology having long odontostyles, elongated or short not bilobed pouch-like amphidial fovea, continuous head region, short bluntly conoid to almost hemisphaercial tail, mainly amphimictic (only with Longidorus macrosoma and Longidorus poessneckensis males are rare). Longidorus caespiticola and Longidorus macrososma occur mainly in western Europe including the British Isles, Longidorus poessneckensis was reported from central (Germany, Slovakia and Czech Republik) and northern Europe (Poland); the first two species were found in association with a wide range of crops and forest trees (Brown and Boag 1975, Boag and Brown 1975); Longidorus poessneckensis with preference toflood plains and hill deciduos forest habitat (Liskova and Kumari 2010) and Longidorus helveticus associated with deciduous forest and orchard threes in central Europe (Lamberti et al. 2001, Sirca and Urek 2009, Kumari and Subbotin 2012). Longidorus carniolensis is known only from Slovenia (grapevine) and Longidorus cholevae sp. n. - only from Bulgaria (riparian vegetation). Probably, Longidorus pius, known so far only from Macedonia and having similar morphology, is part of this group, however, no sequences of D 2 - D 3 region are available. Further, for phylogenetic analysis Longidorus species from GenBank with the highest match of BLAST search were aligned along with Longidorus cholevae D 2 - D 3 and partial 18 S-ITS 1 sequences and these alignments included sequences from various populations (Table 1). The trees obtained by NJ, ML and BI methods showed similar topology and differed in the position of poorly supported clades, and thus only the BI trees with posterior probabilities higher than 0.8 and bootstrap values above 70 % (NJ and ML) are presented (Figs 10 - 11). The phylogenetic tree of the D 2 - D 3 region (Fig. 10) showed two well-supported clades: Clade I consists of three subclades: two highly supported subclades containing various populations of I 1) Longidorus helveticus and I 2) Longidorus macrosoma, and one subclade having lower values for ML bootstrap support (52 %) and BI posterior probabilities (0.72) I 3) that includes the new species Longidorus cholevae, two populations of Longidorus carniolensis from Slovenia and two populations of Longidorus poessneckensis from the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The second clade (II) consists of two well-supported subclades: II 1) consisted of Longidorus caespiticola from Slovenia and Belgium and one Longidorus cf. caespiticola from Bulgaria and subclade II 2) consisted of three populations of Longidorus caespiticola from Scotland, Belgium and Germany. It is possible that these populations represent two different species that requires further investigation. The phylogenetic reconstructions of the partial 18 S-ITS 1 region revealed more unstable groups due to the shorter sequence length and higher sequence variability. Three of the Longidorus spp. belonging to the above mentioned group (Longidorus cf. caespiticola, Longidorus helveticus and Longidorus macrosoma) and two additional species (Longidorus pius and Longidorus raskii) originating from Macedonia and Switzerland have been separated from other ITS 1 Longidorus sequences (the tree not presented) and further analysed (Fig. 11). Three clades were distinguished, two well supported clades consisting of: 1) Longidorus macrosoma, Longidorus helveticus and Longidorus pius and 2) Longidorus cf. caespiticola and Longidorus raskii, and one not well resolved 3) containing only Longidorus cholevae sp. n. The species forming these clades have similar tail shape in first stage juveniles: digitate in clade 1, bluntly conoidal in clade 2, elongate conoidal in clade 3.	en	Peneva, Vlada K., Lazarova, Stela S., Luca, Francesca De, Brown, Derek J. F. (2013): Description of Longidorus cholevae sp. n. (Nematoda, Dorylaimida) from a riparian habitat in the Rila Mountains, Bulgaria. ZooKeys 330: 1-26, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.330.5750, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.330.5750
