identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
49941D92F1F89E3B2BE9BF18A864CB9F.text	49941D92F1F89E3B2BE9BF18A864CB9F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pheidole roosevelti-group	<div><p>Diagnosis of the Pheidole roosevelti-group <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24885" title="Lookup 'Pheidole roosevelti-group' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span></p><p>The species of the Pheidole roosevelti-group <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24885" title="Lookup 'Pheidole roosevelti-group' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> can be distinguished from those of other congeners by the following combination of characters.</p><p>1. Mesonotum of major and minor workers with a posteriorly projecting process.</p><p>2. Mesonotal declivity of major and minor workers concave.</p><p>3. Propodeal spines elongate and either simple or modified apically into an angulate point or bifurcation.</p><p>4. Pronotal spines or projections absent.</p><p>5. Hypostoma of major worker with a well developed median tooth, one pair of inner teeth, and one pair of outer teeth.</p><p>6. Palp formula 2:2 in major and minor workers.</p><p>7. Petiole peduncle elongate.</p><p>8. Occipital carina absent dorsally.</p><p>The recent discovery of five new species and an examination of additional material for the two previously described species requires a broadening of the original diagnosis outlined by Mann (1921) for the P. roosevelti-group <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24885" title="Lookup 'P. roosevelti-group' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>. Pheidole simplispinosa <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238046" title="Lookup 'Pheidole simplispinosa' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> sp. n., with its simple propodeal spines, truncated mesonotal process and unmargined head, is both the most aberrant of the group and the primary cause for broadening the definition. However, compared to other Pheidole <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24885" title="Lookup 'Pheidole' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> of the Pacific region, P. simplispinosa <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238046" title="Lookup 'P. simplispinosa' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> is more similar in morphology to the other members of the P. roosevelti-group <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24885" title="Lookup 'P. roosevelti-group' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> than to any other species examined.</p><p>Synopsis of Pheidole roosevelti-group <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24885" title="Lookup 'Pheidole roosevelti-group' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span></p><p>P. bula <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238044" title="Lookup 'P. bula' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> sp. n.</p><p>P. colaensis Mann <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33675" title="Lookup 'P. colaensis Mann' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, 1921</p><p>P. furcata <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:232210" title="Lookup 'P. furcata' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> sp. n.</p><p>P. pegasus <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238045" title="Lookup 'P. pegasus' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> sp. n.</p><p>P. roosevelti Mann <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33974" title="Lookup 'P. roosevelti Mann' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, 1921</p><p>P. simplispinosa <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238046" title="Lookup 'P. simplispinosa' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> sp. n.</p><p>P. uncagena <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238047" title="Lookup 'P. uncagena' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> sp. n.</p><p>Key to species</p><p>The following keys diagnose the known minor workers, major workers, and queens of each species included in the Pheidole roosevelti-group <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24885" title="Lookup 'Pheidole roosevelti-group' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> with the exception of the queen caste of Pheidole uncagena <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238047" title="Lookup 'Pheidole uncagena' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> sp. n, which is unknown.</p><p>Minors</p><p>1 Propodeal spines simple, evenly tapering to a single straight acuminate point without becoming bifurcate or angulate apically (Figs. 21b, 48); mesonotal process truncated into a blunt process without lamellate or distinct posterior margin (Figs. 21a, 48); head as broad as long, scapes shorter, metafemur shorter (CI 0.98-1.03, SL 0.77-0.85, FL 0.80-0.91, n = 10).................................................... P simplispinosa <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238046" title="Lookup 'P simplispinosa' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, sp. n.</p><p>- Propodeal spines modified apically with bifurcate or angulate tip, but never evenly tapering to a single straight acuminate point (Figs. 22b, 33, 36, 39, 42, 45, 51); mesonotal process with lamellate or acute posterior margin (Figs. 22a, 33, 36, 39, 42, 51); head longer than broad, scapes longer, metafemur longer (CI 0.87-0.96, SL 0.97-1.66, n = 51)................................................................................................................2</p><p>2 Head, in full face view, smooth and shining above level of eyes (Figs. 35, 41, 50); promesonotum, in dorsal view, smooth and shining (Figs. 37, 43, 52) .......................................................................................... 3</p><p>- Head, in full face view, rugose to rugoreticulate above level of eyes (Figs. 32, 38, 44); promesonotum, in dorsal view, transversely rugose to rugoreticulate (Figs. 34, 40, 46) .......................................................... 5</p><p>3 Head venter, in profile, with genal carinae modified into elevated flanges (Figs. 25, 51); mesonotal process, in dorsal view, strongly attenuated (Figs. 24, 52); head, in full face view, oval shaped without posterolateral corners forming obtuse angles (Fig. 50); propodeal spines with dorsal edge approximately as long as anterior edge (PSI 0.87-1.13, n = 8); color of petiole, postpetiole and gaster distinctly lighter than mesosoma and head....................................................................................................... P. uncagena <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238047" title="Lookup 'P. uncagena' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, sp. n.</p><p>- Head venter, in profile, with genal carinae either indistinct (Fig. 26b) or forming a collar around foramen (Fig. 27b), but never modified into elevated flanges; mesonotal process, in dorsal view, broad (Figs. 23, 37, 43); head, in full face view, subquadrate with posterolateral corners forming obtuse angles (Figs. 35, 41); propodeal spines with dorsal edge either distinctly shorter than anterior edge (PSI 0.29-0.77, n = 8) or distinctly longer than anterior edge (PSI 1.46-1.71, n = 9); color of petiole, postpetiole and gaster either lighter or same as mesosoma and head........................................................................................................ 4</p><p>4 Propodeal spines with dorsal edge distinctly longer than anterior edge (PSI 1.46-1.71, n = 9) (Figs. 13, 42); posterior of head strongly pinched dorsoventrally (Figs. 27a, 42), appearing flattened in profile and shield-like in full face view; color of petiole, postpetiole and gaster distinctly lighter than mesosoma and head; scapes longer, metafemur longer (SL 1.21-1.27, FL 1.58-1.66, n = 9)................. P. pegasus <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238045" title="Lookup 'P. pegasus' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, sp. n.</p><p>- Propodeal spines with dorsal edge distinctly shorter than anterior edge (PSI 0.29-0.77, n = 8) (Figs. 14, 36); posterior of head weakly pinched dorsoventrally (Figs. 26a, 36), but not appearing flattened in profile or a shield-like in full face view; color of petiole, postpetiole and gaster same as mesosoma and head; scapes shorter, metafemur shorter (SL 0.99-1.06, FL 1.12-1.23, n = 8).................................. P. colaensis <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33675" title="Lookup 'P. colaensis' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span></p><p>5 Head venter smooth and shining (Fig. 39); in profile, genal carinae inconspicuous (Figs. 26b, 39)............ ........................................................................................................................................... P. furcata <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:232210" title="Lookup 'P. furcata' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, sp. n.</p><p>- Head venter sculptured (Figs. 33, 45); strongly produced genal carinae present (Figs. 28b, 33, 45).........6</p><p>6 Head, in full face view, with strongly branching network of longitudinal and transverse rugae (Fig. 44); spaces between head rugoreticulum strongly foveolate; pronotum, in dorsal view, rugoreticulate (Fig. 46); mesonotal process, in dorsal view, broadly lamellate and with a medially excised posterior margin (Fig. 46)............................................................................................................................................. P. roosevelti <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33974" title="Lookup 'P. roosevelti' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span></p><p>- Head, in full face view, with discontinuous longitudinal rugae that branch occasionally, but become rugoreticulate only on posterolateral corners of head (Fig. 32); spaces between head rugae smooth and shining; pronotum, in dorsal view, shining with transverse rugae (Fig. 34); mesonotal process, in dorsal view, narrowly lamellate with flat to weakly concave posterior margin (Fig. 34)........................... P bula <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238044" title="Lookup 'P bula' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, sp. n.</p><p>Majors</p><p>1 Mesonotal process, in profile, truncated into a blunt angle without lamellate or acute posterior margin (Figs. 8a, 69); propodeal spines simple, evenly tapering to a single straight acuminate point without becoming bifurcate or angulate apically (Figs. 8b, 69); posterolateral lobes, in full face view, with distinct transverse rugae extending from median cleft to posterolateral corners (Figs. 11, 68); scapes short (SL 0.73-0.84, n = 9)...................................................................................................... P. simplispinosa <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238046" title="Lookup 'P. simplispinosa' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, sp. n.</p><p>- Mesonotal process, in profile, with acute posterior angle or lamella (Figs. 9a, 10a, 54, 57, 60, 63, 66, 72); propodeal spines usually modified apically with bifurcate or angulate tip (Figs. 9b, 10b, 54, 57, 60, 63, 66, 72); posterolateral lobes, in full face view, variably sculptured but never with distinct transverse rugae extending from median cleft to posterolateral corners (Figs. 53, 56, 59, 62, 65, 71); scapes of variable length (SL 0.90-1.19, n = 35).....................................................................................................................2</p><p>2 Posterolateral lobes, in full face view, smooth and shining without rugae or carinae (Figs. 12a, 56); median ocellus present and well developed (Figs. 12b, 56); intercarinular spaces on head smooth and shining; postpetiole with anterior face and dorsum smooth and shining without rugulae; gaster with basal portion of first tergite smooth and shining (Fig. 58) ................................................................. P. colaensis <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33675" title="Lookup 'P. colaensis' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span></p><p>- Posterolateral lobes, in full face view, sculptured with rugae or carina (Figs. 53, 59, 62, 65, 68, 71); median ocellus present or absent; intercarinular spaces on head smooth and shining to foveolate; postpetiole with anterior face and dorsum smooth and shining to rugulose-foveolate; gaster with basal portion of first tergite smooth and shining to densely sculptured ................................................................................ 3</p><p>3 Posterolateral lobes, in full face view, rugoreticulate, such that longitudinal rugae are intersected by transverse rugae (Figs. 53, 59, 65); pronotum, in dorsal view, rugoreticulate, such that transverse rugae are often intersected by longitudinal rugae (Figs. 55, 61, 67); sides of petiole, in posterior view, subparallel without laterally projecting processes ......................................................................................................... 4</p><p>- Posterolateral lobes, in full face view, carinate, such that longitudinal carinae are not intersected by transverse carinae (Figs. 62, 71); pronotum, in dorsal view, rugose, such that transverse rugae not intersected by longitudinal rugae (Figs. 64, 73); sides of petiole, in posterior view, emarginated with laterally projecting processes................................................................................................................................................ 6</p><p>4 Posterolateral lobes, in full face view, with rugoreticulum terminating before obtaining posterior margin (Fig. 59); in dorsal view, length of median basigastral sculpturing immediately posterior to postpetiole attachment longer than length of postpetiole (Figs. 15, 61); head shorter (HL 1.95-2.04, n = 7)................ ........................................................................................................................................... P. furcata <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:232210" title="Lookup 'P. furcata' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, sp. n.</p><p>- Posterolateral lobes, in full face view, with rugoreticulum obtaining posterior margin (Figs. 53, 65); in dorsal view, length of median basigastral sculpturing immediately posterior to postpetiole attachment shorter than length of postpetiole (Figs. 55, 67); head longer (HL 2.06-2.38, n = 13)...............................5</p><p>5 Head, in full face view, with intercarinular spaces densely and distinctly foveolate (Fig. 65); postpetiolar dorsum, in dorsal view, rugulose with foveolate interspaces; scapes shorter relative to head (SI 0.41-0.46, n =8)......................................................................................................................................... P. roosevelti <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33974" title="Lookup 'P. roosevelti' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span></p><p>- Head, in full face view, with intercarinular spaces smooth and shining to weakly impressed, but never densely nor distinctly foveolate (Fig. 53); postpetiolar dorsum, in dorsal view, smooth and shining; scapes longer relative to head (SI 0.48-0.53, n = 5).......................................................................... P. bula <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238044" title="Lookup 'P. bula' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, sp. n.</p><p>6 Propodeal spines, in profile, with dorsal edge as long as or longer than anterior edge (Figs. 17, 63); mesonotal process, in dorsal view, broad basally (Figs. 19, 64); petiole with posterior face smooth and shining; head wider, metafemur longer, scapes longer (HW 2.20-2.35, FL 1.59-1.66, SL 1.15-1.19, n = 3) P. pegasus <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238045" title="Lookup 'P. pegasus' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, sp. n.</p><p>- Propodeal spines, in profile, with dorsal edge distinctly shorter than anterior edge (Figs. 18, 72); mesonotal process, in dorsal view, strongly attenuated basally (Fig. 20, 73); petiole with posterior face rugoreticulate; head narrower, metafemur shorter, scapes shorter (HW 2.05-2.12, FL 1.51-1.57, SL 1.09-1.12, n = 5).................................................................................................................................... P. uncagena <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238047" title="Lookup 'P. uncagena' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, sp. n.</p><p>Queens</p><p>1 Propodeal spines simple and straight, evenly tapering to a single acuminate point without becoming bifurcate or angulate apically (Figs. 29, 90); scapes short (SL 0.87, FL n = 1).............. P simplispinosa <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238046" title="Lookup 'P simplispinosa' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, sp. n.</p><p>- Propodeal spines modified apically with bifurcate or angulate tip, but never evenly tapering to a single straight acuminate point (Figs. 30, 31, 75, 78. 81. 84. 87); scapes long (SL 0.97-1.24, n = 15)...............2</p><p>2 Mesonotum, in profile, lower than pronotum (Figs. 31, 75, 78, 81); pronotum, in dorsal view, largely visible(Figs. 76, 79, 82); sides of head, in full face view, subparallel or weakly diverging posteriorly (Figs. 74, 77, 80); head narrow (HW 1.12-1.35, n = 8)........................................................................................3</p><p>- Mesonotum, in profile, subequal in height to pronotum (Figs. 30, 84, 87), pronotum, in profile, largely concealed by mesonotum (Figs. 85, 88); sides of head, in full face view, strongly diverging posteriorly (Figs. 83, 86); head broad (HW 1.55-1.95, n = 7)......................................................................................5</p><p>3 Head venter densely sculptured; anterior face of postpetiole with regular longitudinal rugulae.................. ................................................................................................................................................ P. bula <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238044" title="Lookup 'P. bula' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, sp. n.</p><p>- Head venter smooth and shining; postpetiole with anterior face either smooth and shining or with weak irregular sculpture, but never with regular longitudinal rugulae ................................................................. 4</p><p>4 Head with posterolateral corners smooth and shining (Fig. 77); petiolar node, in posterior view, concave; postpetiolar dorsum smooth and shining; in dorsal view, length of median sculpturing immediately posterior to postpetiole attachment shorter than length of postpetiole (Fig. 16); head wider and longer (HW 1.29-1.35, HL 1.27-1.30, n = 3)............................................................................................... P. colaensis <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33675" title="Lookup 'P. colaensis' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span></p><p>- Head with posterolateral corners rugoreticulate and with intercarinular spaces foveolate (Figs. 80); petiolar node, in posterior view, flat; postpetiolar dorsum transversely striate; in dorsal view, length of median sculpturing immediately posterior to postpetiole attachment equal to or longer than length of postpetiole (Fig. 15); head narrower and shorter (HW 1.12-1.18, HL 1.14-1.17, n = 3)................... P. furcata <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:232210" title="Lookup 'P. furcata' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, sp. n.</p><p>5 Head, in full face view, with posterior portion rugoreticulate such that irregular longitudinal rugae are often intersected by irregular transverse rugae (Fig. 86); ground sculpture between eyes and frontal carinae densely and distinctly foveolate; head narrower and shorter (HW 1.55-1.70, HL 1.37-1.52, n = 6).... .................................................................................................................................................. P. roosevelti <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33974" title="Lookup 'P. roosevelti' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span></p><p>- Head, in full face view, with posterior portion longitudinally carinate such that longitudinal carinae may occasionally branch, but are never intersected by transverse carinae or rugae (Fig. 83); ground sculpture between eyes and frontal carinae smooth and shining; head wider and longer (HW 1.96, HL 1.73, n = 1).... ......................................................................................................................................... P. pegasus <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238045" title="Lookup 'P. pegasus' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, sp. n.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/49941D92F1F89E3B2BE9BF18A864CB9F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sarnat, E. M.	Sarnat, E. M. (2008): A taxonomic revision of the Pheidole roosevelti-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Fiji. Zootaxa 1767: 1-36, URL: http://hol.osu.edu/reference-full.html?id=21683
9A70DF42799B40AF289EEA3E4E5DCA81.text	9A70DF42799B40AF289EEA3E4E5DCA81.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pheidole bula	<div><p>Pheidole bula <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238044" title="Lookup 'Pheidole bula' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> Sarnat sp. n.</p><p>Figs. 32-34, 53-55, 74-76</p><p>Holotype major, FIJI: Viti Levu, Mt. Tomanivi 3.4 km E Navai Village, 1.ii.2005, 1320m, -17.61481°, 178.01825°, exposed mountain summit, nesting under stone, (E. M. Sarnat), EMS#1789, CASENT0171113 (FNIC).</p><p>Paratypes. From same nest series as holotype: 2 alate queens (CASENT0174000, CASENT0171114), 1 dealate queen (CASENT0174003), 2 males (CASENT0174008, CASENT0171115), 4 majors (CASENT0174001, CASENT0174004, CASENT0174006, CASENT0174009), 5 minors (CASENT0171017, CASENT0174002, CASENT0174005, CASENT0174007, CASENT0174010) (FNIC, NMNH, ANIC); additional specimens in alcohol (NMNH).</p><p>MAJOR. TL 5.60-6.27, HL 2.06-2.14, HW 2.05-2.12, CI 0.93-0.99, FL 1.51-1.57, FI 0.69-0.71, SL 1.09-1.12, SI 0.49-0.52 (5 measured).</p><p>Head distinctly broader behind eyes than in front of eyes. Median ocellus absent in type series. Mesonotal process produced as a thick lamellate plate overhanging propodeum, slightly upturned apically; in dorsal view attachment to mesonotum broad, posterior margin flat to weakly excised. Propodeal spines maintaining an evenly stout thickness for basal 4/5 length whereupon the anterior edge angles obliquely towards the posterior edge to form an acuminate tip. In posterior view, petiole node deeply excised. Postpetiole taller than long; as tall as petiole; steep anterior and posterior faces converging to form an obtusely angulate vertex; in dorsal view subpentagonal with modest lateral projections.</p><p>Region between frontal carinae with straight longitudinal carinae branching into reticulate network on vertex and full length of posterolateral lobes; intercarinular spaces smooth and shining to shallowly impressed. Eye surrounded by elevated rugoreticulum. Antennal scrobe smooth and shining in some specimens, overlain by short discontinuous rugae in others. Clypeus mostly smooth and shining; anterior margin with several short carinae in addition to those extending from frontal lobes, median carinae weak to absent. Lateral portions of posterolateral lobes with a smooth and shining patch surrounded by sculpture. Head venter densely rugoreticulate. Promesonotum rugoreticulate. Anepisternum weakly rugose. Katepisternum mostly smooth and shining, occasionally with weak carinae. Petiole with anterior and posterior faces smooth, laterally and ventrally rugose. Postpetiole dorsum smooth and shining, sides rugose. First tergite of gaster with basal sculpture short and weak to absent. First sternite of gaster lightly sculptured laterally. Gaster otherwise smooth and shining. Body dark reddish-brown with lighter appendages.</p><p>MINOR. TL 3.60-3.92, HL 0.81-0.89, HW 0.70-0.78, CI 0.87-0.90, FL 1.08-1.23, FI 1.26-1.39, SL 0.97-1.08, SI 1.16-1.25, AE 0.27-0.31, DE 0.17-0.20, PSI 0.55-0.68 (8 measured).</p><p>Head, in full face view, subquadrate, sides weakly convex, posterolateral corners rounded and weakly obtuse, posterior margin flat to convex expect where weakly excised medially; in profile, posterior margin dorsoventrally pinched where dorsum and venter join at an obtuse angle. Genal carinae strongly produced as elevated flanges on ventrolateral portion of head that weaken before joining together medially. Clypeus with anterior margin convex laterally, flat to weakly convex medially. Frontal carinae terminating near eye level. Mesonotal process produced as a short lamellate plate with upwardly deflected margins; in dorsal view, attachment to mesonotum broad, posterior margin convex to excised. Propodeal spines thickening apically into a bifurcation with a short blunt anterior point and a long acuminate posterior point that projects at an oblique angle; length of dorsal edge less than length of anterior edge.</p><p>Head medially smooth and shining with discontinuous and occasionally branching carinae, laterally and ventrally rugoreticulate. Clypeus with a few weak carinae attached to anterior border. Promesonotum, in dorsal view, mostly smooth and shining with a few weak and discontinuous transverse rugae. Anepisternum rugose. Katepisternum mostly smooth and shining. Dark reddish-brown with slightly lighter appendages.</p><p>QUEEN. TL 5.85-6.36, HL 1.27-1.31, HW 1.28-1.29, CI 0.98-1.01, SL 1.00-1.01, SI 0.76-0.80, FL 1.02-1.04, FI 0.78-0.79, ML 0.71-0.76, MI 0.55-0.59 (3 measured).</p><p>Head subquadrate with sides approximately as wide anteriorly as posteriorly. Mesoscutum, in profile, small, less than half height of pronotum; in dorsal view, not obscuring pronotum. Scutellum, in dorsal view, with posterior portion produced as a weakly elevated circular plate. Propodeal spines maintaining an evenly stout thickness for basal 4/5 length whereupon the anterior edge angles obliquely towards the posterior edge to form an acuminate tip. Petiole broadly cuneate; in posterior view, petiole node flat to weakly concave. Postpetiole, in dorsal view, subpentagonal with modest lateral projections.</p><p>Region between frontal carinae with irregular longitudinal carinae that occasionally branch; intercarinular spaces smooth and shining to shallowly impressed. Head with lateral and ventral regions rugoreticulate. Antennal scrobe smooth and shining, overlain by short discontinuous rugae. Clypeus mostly smooth and shining; anterior margin with short carinae laterally, median carinae absent. Pronotum rugoreticulate. Mesoscutum, in dorsal view, with discontinuous rugae medially and long arcuate rugae laterally that curve towards median as they approach posterior margin. Scutellum mostly smooth and shining. Anepisternum rugoreticulate. Katepisternum mostly smooth and shining with weak rugulae. Petiole sculptured laterally, ventrally and on posterior face. Postpetiole longitudinally rugulose. First tergite of gaster longitudinally striate basally. First sternite of gaster with dense mat of fine sculpture basally. Body dark reddish-brown with lighter appendages.</p><p>Etymology. Bula is the Fijian word for 'life' and serves as the ubiquitous greeting among Fijians.</p><p>Diagnosis, distribution and biology. Pheidole bula <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238044" title="Lookup 'Pheidole bula' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> is one of the smaller members of the P. roosevelti-group <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24885" title="Lookup 'P. roosevelti-group' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, and is endowed with modestly projecting spines and strong sculpturing. The species is most readily distinguished from its close relatives by the smooth and shining spaces between its facial rugae. While P. roosevelti <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33974" title="Lookup 'P. roosevelti' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> and P. furcata <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:232210" title="Lookup 'P. furcata' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> both have facial rugoreticulum (majors) or rugae (minors) similar to P. bula <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238044" title="Lookup 'bula' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, the interspaces between their rugae are filled with densely packed foveolae, giving them a duller appearance. The minor worker can be separated from all other minors of P. roosevelti-group <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24885" title="Lookup 'P. roosevelti-group' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> by the strong sculpturing of the ventral surface of its head. While the rugoreticulate face of P. bula <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238044" title="Lookup 'bula' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> is similar to P. roosevelti <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33974" title="Lookup 'P. roosevelti' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, the small queen and morphometric measurements suggest closer relationship to P. furcata <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:232210" title="Lookup 'P. furcata' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> from Kadavu and P. colaensis <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33675" title="Lookup 'P. colaensis' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, which also occurs on Mt. Tomanivi.</p><p>Although P. colaensis <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33675" title="Lookup 'P. colaensis' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> was encountered with relative frequency throughout the higher elevations of Mt. Tomanivi (Fiji's tallest mountain), P bula <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238044" title="Lookup 'P bula' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> was encountered only at the mountain's summit. The population of P. bula <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238044" title="Lookup 'bula' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> may therefore be in a precarious situation. With perhaps its closest extant relative occupying the lower elevations, and with no higher elevation to retreat to, it is possible that the current trends in climate change will consign P. bula <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238044" title="Lookup 'bula' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> to extinction in the near future.</p><p>Additional material examined. FIJI. Viti Levu: Mt. Tomanivi 3.4 km E Navai Village, 1.ii.2005, 1320m, -17.61481°, 178.01825°, moss forest, from sifted leaf litter, (E. M. Sarnat), EMS#1791-5, 3 minors (CASENT0174011 - CASENT0174013); Mt. Tomanivi 3.4 km E Navai Village, 1.ii.2005, 1320m, - 17.61481°, 178.01825°, exposed mountain summit, ground foraging, (E. M. Sarnat), EMS#1787, 3 minors (CASENT0174014 - CASENT0174016); Mt. Tomanivi summit, 27.viii.2006, 1320m, -17.61481°, 178.01825°, mossy rainforest and clearing, ground nest in moss mat, (P. S. Ward), PSW#15754.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9A70DF42799B40AF289EEA3E4E5DCA81	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sarnat, E. M.	Sarnat, E. M. (2008): A taxonomic revision of the Pheidole roosevelti-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Fiji. Zootaxa 1767: 1-36, URL: http://hol.osu.edu/reference-full.html?id=21683
0233A30F846ADA9A24514F5D6A4797D5.text	0233A30F846ADA9A24514F5D6A4797D5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pheidole colaensis Mann	<div><p>Pheidole colaensis Mann <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33675" title="Lookup 'Pheidole colaensis Mann' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span></p><p>Figs. 35-37, 56-58, 77-79</p><p>Pheidole colaensis Mann <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33675" title="Lookup 'Pheidole colaensis Mann' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, 1921: 441. Syntypes, 2 majors, 4 minors. FIJI: Viti Levu, Nadarivatu, (W. M. Mann), (MCZ, examined; NMNH, examined).</p><p>MAJOR. TL 5.78-7.06, HL 1.91-2.19, HW 1.77-2.01, CI 0.88-0.93, FL 1.33-1.49, FI 0.65-0.70, SL 0.94- 1.05, SI 0.46-0.49 (9 measured).</p><p>Head with sides not distinctly broader posterior to eyes than anterior to eyes. Median ocellus present and well-developed in all specimens examined. Mesonotal posterior process produced as a thick slightly upturned lamellate plate overhanging propodeum; in dorsal view attachment to mesonotum broad, posterior margin flat to excised. Propodeal spines maintaining an evenly stout thickness for basal 4/5 length whereupon the anterior edge angles obliquely towards the posterior edge to form an acuminate tip. In posterior view, petiole node moderately excised. Postpetiole taller than long; as tall as petiole; steep anterior and posterior faces converging to form an obtusely angulate vertex; in dorsal view subpentagonal with modest lateral projections.</p><p>Region between frontal carinae with straight longitudinal carinae extending onto vertex and terminating before reaching entirely smooth and shining posterolateral lobes; intercarinular spaces smooth and shining. Elevated carinae between eye and antennal insertion, eye and mandible insertion, and ventrad of eye. Antennal scrobe smooth and shining. Clypeus smooth and shining; carinae extend from anterior margin to frontal lobes. Lateral and ventrolateral portions of posterolateral lobes entirely smooth and shining, posteriorly with shallow oblong impressions. Head venter rugose. Promesonotum with weak transverse rugae. Anepisternum weakly rugose. Katepisternum entirely smooth and shining. Petiole with apical and posterior faces smooth, laterally and ventrally rugose. Postpetiole dorsum mostly smooth and shining, sides rugose. First tergite of gaster with sculpture short and weak to absent. First sternite of gaster lightly sculptured laterally at base. Gaster otherwise smooth and shining. Body reddish-brown with lighter appendages.</p><p>MINOR. TL 3.34-3.90, HL 0.78-0.88, HW 0.68-0.81, CI 0.88-0.93, FL 1.12-1.23, FI 1.37-1.48, SL 0.99-1.06, SI 1.18-1.28, AE 0.27-0.31, DE 0.08-0.22, PSI 0.29-0.77 (8 measured).</p><p>Head, in full face view, subquadrate, sides convex, posterolateral corners rounded and obtuse, posterior margin flat to convex expect where weakly excised medially; in profile, posterior margin dorsoventrally pinched where dorsum and venter join at an obtuse angle. Genal carinae produced as an inconspicuous collar surrounding ventral foramen. Clypeus with anterior margin convex laterally, flat to weakly convex medially. Frontal carinae terminating near eye level. Mesonotal process produced as a lamellate plate with upwardly deflected margins; in dorsal view, attachment to mesonotum broad, posterior margin excised. Propodeal spines thickening apically into a weak bifurcation with a short anterior point or blunt angle, and a long acuminate posterior point that projects at an oblique angle; length of dorsal edge less than length of anterior edge.</p><p>Head entirely smooth and shining except for weak longitudinal carinae below level of eyes. Clypeus with a few weak carinae attached to anterior border. Promesonotum, in dorsal view, smooth and shining. Anepisternum rugose. Katepisternum mostly smooth and shining. Reddish-brown with slightly lighter appendages.</p><p>QUEEN. TL 6.44-6.77, HL 1.27-1.30, HW 1.29-1.35, CI 1.02-1.03, SL 0.99, SI 0.76-0.78, FL 1.34- 1.35, FI 1.04-1.05, ML 0.55-0.57, MI 0.86-0.89 (2 measured).</p><p>Head subquadrate with sides approximately as wide anteriorly as posteriorly. Mesoscutum, in profile, small, less than half height of pronotum; in dorsal view, not obscuring pronotum. Scutellum, in dorsal view, with posterior portion produced as a weakly elevated circular plate. Propodeal spines maintaining an evenly stout thickness for basal 4/5 length whereupon the anterior edge angles obliquely towards the posterior edge to form an acuminate tip. Petiole broadly cuneate; in posterior view, petiole node concave. Postpetiole, in dorsal view, subpentagonal with modest lateral projections.</p><p>Region between frontal carinae with straight unbranching longitudinal carinae terminating before obtaining posterior margin; intercarinular spaces smooth and shining. Region between eyes and antennal insertions with elevated arcuate carinae. Posterolateral corners of head smooth and shining. Head venter mostly smooth and shining, weak sculpture present medially. Antennal scrobe smooth and shining. Clypeus mostly smooth and shining; anterior margin with short carinae laterally, median carinae absent. Pronotum mostly smooth and shining, rugoreticulate posteriorly. Mesoscutum, in dorsal view, with discontinuous rugae medially and long arcuate rugae laterally that curve towards median as they approach posterior margin. Scutellum mostly smooth and shining. Anepisternum rugoreticulate. Katepisternum mostly smooth and shining with weak rugulae. Petiole sculptured laterally and ventrally, anterior and posterior faces smooth and shining. Postpetiole with anterior face transversely rugulose, dorsum and posterior face smooth and shining. First tergite of gaster longitudinally costulate basally, sculpture immediately posterior to postpetiole shorter than length of postpetiole. First sternite of gaster sculptured basally. Body reddish-brown with lighter appendages.</p><p>Diagnosis, distribution and biology. Pheidole colaensis <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33675" title="Lookup 'Pheidole colaensis' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> is most readily distinguished from other P roosevelti-group <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24885" title="Lookup 'P roosevelti-group' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> species by its shiny integument and reduced sculpture. Pheidole colaensis <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33675" title="Lookup 'Pheidole colaensis' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> is the only species in which the posterolateral lobes of the major caste are entirely free of sculpture. While the minor workers of the Vanua Levu species P. pegasus <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238045" title="Lookup 'P. pegasus' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> and P. uncagena <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238047" title="Lookup 'P. uncagena' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> also lack facial sculpturing above eye level, the propodeal spines of P. colaensis <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33675" title="Lookup 'P. colaensis' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> bear a distinctly shorter dorsal edge. Although Mann (1921) uses the presence of the median ocellus to distinguish P. colaensis <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33675" title="Lookup 'P. colaensis' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> from P. roosevelti <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33974" title="Lookup 'P. roosevelti' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, a review of material subsequently collected proves the character to be relatively variable. While all majors of P. colaensis <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33675" title="Lookup 'P. colaensis' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> examined by the author bear a prominent, well-developed median ocellus, the feature ranges from completely absent to poorly developed in the examined majors of P. roosevelti <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33974" title="Lookup 'P. roosevelti' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, often varying even within nest series. An even greater range of variability is seen within the type series of P. pegasus <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238045" title="Lookup 'P. pegasus' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>.</p><p>While P. colaensis <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33675" title="Lookup 'P. colaensis' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> appears to be restricted to the few high elevation ranges of Viti Levu, the species is locally abundant where it occurs. Pheidole colaensis <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33675" title="Lookup 'Pheidole colaensis' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> is widely sympatric with P. roosevelti <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33974" title="Lookup 'P. roosevelti' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, with the former tending to occupy the higher elevations (800m - 1,300m) and the latter preferring a slightly lower range (300m - 1,000m). Although P. colaensis <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33675" title="Lookup 'P. colaensis' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> majors are scarce and timid, the minors can be observed foraging about the leaf litter some distance from their nests. The nest entrance of P. colaensis <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33675" title="Lookup 'P. colaensis' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> typically consists of a single turret built of small soil pellets that rises 3-5cm above the ground, and leads to chambers over one meter deep that contain many hundreds or thousands of workers. The multiple dealate queens recovered from nest excavations suggest that the species might be polygynous. The queens of P. colaensis <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33675" title="Lookup 'P. colaensis' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, like those of P. bula <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238044" title="Lookup 'bula' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> and P. furcata <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:232210" title="Lookup 'P. furcata' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, are small with reduced mesosomas.</p><p>Additional material examined. FIJI. Viti Levu: Koroyanitu National Heritage Park Mt. Batilamu near summit 3.2km SE Abaca Village, 24.viii.2006, 1125m, -17.56944°, 177.97000°, high elevation wet forest, from turret nest in bare soil, (E. M. Sarnat), EMS#2332, 3 majors (CASENT0174017, CASENT0174020, CASENT0174023), 6 minors (CASENT0174018 - CASENT0174022, CASENT0174024, CASENT0174025); Monasavu Rd. 1.75km SE Waimoque Settlement, 28.viii.2006, 850m, -17.67035°, 177.99375 °, from turret nest in bare soil, (E. M. Sarnat), EMS#2365, 2 dealate queens (CASENT0174041, CASENT0174044), 7 majors (CASENT0174042, CASENT0174045, CASENT0174047, CASENT0174050, CASENT0174051, CASENT0174053, CASENT0174055), 7 minors (CASENT0174043, CASENT0174046, CASENT0174048, CASENT0174049, CASENT0174052, CASENT0174054, CASENT0174056); 7km S Monasavu Dam near powerstation headquarters, 2.ii.2005, 800m, -17.81018°, 178.03773°, from sifted leaf litter, (E. M. Sarnat), EMS#1806, 3 minors (CASENT0174036 - CASENT0174038); 7km S Monasavu Dam near powerstation headquarters, 2.ii.2005, 800m, -17.81018°, 178.03773°, from sifted leaf litter, (E. M. Sarnat), EMS#1808, 1 minor (CASENT0174039); Mt. Tomanivi 8 km ESE Navai Village, 3.ii.2005, 1023m, - 17.62415°, 178.00558°, mid-elevation rainforest, foraging, (E. M. Sarnat), EMS#1823, 4 majors (CASENT0171103, CASENT0174026 - CASENT0174028), 5 majors (CASENT0171020, CASENT0174029, CASENT0174057 - CASENT0174059); 3 km E Navai Village trail to Mt. Tomanivi, 1.ii.2005, 1105m, -17.51850°, 178.00680°, mid-elevation rainforest, from turret nest in bare soil, (E. M. Sarnat), EMS#1784, 3 minors (CASENT0174030 - CASENT0174032); 3.2 km E Navai Village, trail to Mt. Tomanivi, 1.ii.2005, 1294m, -17.61583°, 178.01683°, moss forest, ground foraging, (E. M. Sarnat), EMS#1785, 3 minors (CASENT0174033 - CASENT0174035).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0233A30F846ADA9A24514F5D6A4797D5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sarnat, E. M.	Sarnat, E. M. (2008): A taxonomic revision of the Pheidole roosevelti-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Fiji. Zootaxa 1767: 1-36, URL: http://hol.osu.edu/reference-full.html?id=21683
B590AA981958C0429FD310E4EC6F1F03.text	B590AA981958C0429FD310E4EC6F1F03.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pheidole furcata	<div><p>Pheidole furcata <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:232210" title="Lookup 'Pheidole furcata' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> Sarnat sp. n.</p><p>Figs. 38-40, 59-61, 80-82</p><p>Holotype major, FIJI: Kadavu, Mt. Washington 1.4 km SSW Lomaji Village, 5.ix.2006, 760m, -19.11806°, 177.98750°, high elevation moss forest, turret nest in bare soil, (E. M. Sarnat), EMS#2407, CASENT0171111, (FNIC).</p><p>Paratypes. From same nest series as holotype: 4 dealate queens (CASENT0171112, CASENT0174063, CASENT0174069, CASENT0174072), 11 majors (CASENT0171111, CASENT0174060, CASENT0174061, CASENT0174064, CASENT0174066, CASENT0174067, CASENT0174070, CASENT0174073, CASENT0174075, CASENT0174076, CASENT0174078, CASENT0174079), 8 minors (CASENT0171025, CASENT0174062, CASENT0174065, CASENT0174068, CASENT0174071, CASENT0174074, CASENT0174077, CASENT0174080), (FNIC, NMNH, ANIC, MCZ, LACM); additional specimens in alcohol(NMNH).</p><p>MAJOR. TL 6.01-6.61, HL 1.95-2.04, HW 1.82-1.96, CI 0.92-0.96, FL 1.31-1.41, FI 0.64-0.72, SL 0.99-1.04, SI 0.49-0.53 (7 measured).</p><p>Head with sides not distinctly broader posterior to eyes than anterior to eyes. Median ocellus absent in all specimens examined. Mesonotal process produced as a thick lamellate plate overhanging propodeum; in dorsal view attachment to mesonotum broad, posterior margin flat to excised. Propodeal spines maintaining an evenly stout thickness for basal 4/5 length whereupon the anterior edge angles obliquely towards the posterior edge to form a posteriorly projecting acuminate tip. Petiole node, in posterior view, moderately excised. Postpetiole taller than long; as tall as petiole; steep anterior and posterior faces converging to form an obtusely angulate vertex; in dorsal view subpentagonal with modest lateral projections.</p><p>Region between frontal carinae with straight longitudinal carinae that extend unto vertex before integrating with a finely produced rugoreticulum on the posterolateral lobes. Posterolateral lobes, in full face view, with rugoreticulum terminating before obtaining posterior margin. Intercarinular spaces smooth and shining between frontal carinae; moderately foveolate on vertex and posterolateral lobes. Eye surrounded by elevated carinae. Antennal scrobe foveolate and overlain by short carinae. Clypeus smooth and shining; anterior margin with several carinae laterally, some of which extend onto frontal lobes, median carina weak to absent. Lateral and ventrolateral portions of posterolateral lobes mostly smooth and shining, posteriorly with shallow oblong impressions. Head venter rugoreticulate. Promesonotum rugoreticulate. Anepisternum weakly rugoreticulate. Katepisternum weakly striate. Petiole with apical and posterior faces smooth, laterally and ventrally rugose. Postpetiole transversely rugose, sides rugose. Gaster costulate on basal quarter of first segment; sternite of first segment striate laterally; elsewhere smooth and shining. Body reddish-brown with lighter appendages.</p><p>MINOR. TL 3.55-3.85, HL 0.79-0.83, HW 0.72-0.77, CI 0.90-0.92, FL 1.09-1.15, FI 1.37-1.41, SL 0.99-1.05, SI 1.21-1.29, AE 0.29-0.31, DE 0.18-0.23, PSI 0.59-0.78 (8 measured).</p><p>Head, in full face view, subquadrate, sides weakly convex, posterolateral corners rounded and weakly obtuse, posterior margin flat to convex; in profile, posterior margin dorsoventrally pinched where dorsum and venter join at an obtuse angle. Genal carinae weakly produced on ventrolateral portion of head. Clypeus with anterior margin convex laterally, flat to weakly convex medially. Frontal carinae terminating near eye level or integrating with rugoreticulum. Mesonotal process produced as a short lamellate plate with upwardly deflected margins; in dorsal view, attachment to mesonotum broad, posterior margin flat to weakly concave. Propodeal spines thickening apically into a bifurcation with a short anterior point or angle and a long acuminate posterior point that projects at an oblique angle; length of dorsal edge less than length of anterior edge.</p><p>Head dorsally rugoreticulate with weak foveolate ground sculpture, ventrally smooth and shining. Clypeus with a few weak carinae attached to anterior border. Promesonotum, in dorsal view, mostly smooth and shining with a few weak and discontinuous transverse rugae. Anepisternum rugose. Katepisternum mostly smooth and shining. Reddish-brown with slightly lighter appendages.</p><p>QUEEN. TL 5.90-5.95, HL 1.14-1.17, HW 1.12-1.18, CI 0.98-1.01, SL 0.97-1.00, SI 0.84-0.85, FL 1.08-1.30, FI 0.94-1.11, ML 0.51-0.53, MI 0.94-1.01 (3 measured).</p><p>Head subquadrate with sides approximately as wide anteriorly as posteriorly. Mesoscutum, in profile, small, less than half height of pronotum; in dorsal view, not obscuring pronotum. Scutellum, in dorsal view, with posterior portion produced as a weakly elevated circular plate. Propodeal spines maintaining an evenly stout thickness for basal 4/5 length whereupon the anterior edge angles obliquely towards the posterior edge to form an acuminate tip. Petiole broadly cuneate; in posterior view, petiole node flat to weakly concave. Postpetiole, in dorsal view, subpentagonal with modest lateral projections.</p><p>Region between frontal carinae with straight longitudinal carinae that become rugoreticulate near posterior margin. Region between eyes and antennal insertions with crenulated rugoreticulum that continues to posterolateral corners; intercarinular spaces densely packed with foveolae. Head venter mostly smooth and shining, weak sculpture present medially. Antennal scrobe smooth and shining. Clypeus mostly smooth and shining; anterior margin with short carinae laterally, median carinae absent. Pronotum with scattered rugulae. Mesoscutum, in dorsal view, smooth and shining anteriorly with arcuate rugae laterally that curve towards median as they approach posterior margin. Scutellum mostly smooth and shining. Anepisternum rugoreticulate. Katepisternum mostly smooth and shining with weak rugulae. Petiole sculptured laterally and ventrally, anterior and posterior faces smooth and shining. Postpetiole with anterior face and dorsum rugulose. First tergite of gaster longitudinally sculptured basally, sculpture immediately posterior to postpetiole longer than length of postpetiole. First sternite of gaster sculptured basally. Body reddish-brown with lighter appendages.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet furcata <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:232210" title="Lookup 'furcata' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> is a noun in apposition derived from furca, the Latin word for fork, to describe the bifurcate propodeal spines of the species.</p><p>Diagnosis, distribution and biology. Pheidole furcata <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:232210" title="Lookup 'Pheidole furcata' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, owing to its strong facial sculpture, is most similar to P. bula <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238044" title="Lookup 'bula' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> and P. roosevelti <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33974" title="Lookup 'P. roosevelti' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> in appearance. Whereas the facial sculpture of majors, in full face view, of P. bula <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238044" title="Lookup 'bula' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> and P. roosevelti <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33974" title="Lookup 'P. roosevelti' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> reaches the posterior margin, that of P. furcata <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:232210" title="Lookup 'P. furcata' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> is conspicuously shorter, leaving the posterior margin smooth and shining. The minor of P. furcata <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:232210" title="Lookup 'P. furcata' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> is separated from these other two species by the completely smooth and shining ventral surface of its head.</p><p>Known only from Mt. Washington, P. furcata <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:232210" title="Lookup 'P. furcata' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> is also the only species of the P. roosevelti-group <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24885" title="Lookup 'P. roosevelti-group' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> known from the southern island of Kadavu. Whereas many of the P. roosevelti-group <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24885" title="Lookup 'P. roosevelti-group' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> species are locally abundant where they occur, no foragers of P. furcata <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:232210" title="Lookup 'P. furcata' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> were observed at the type locality during the afternoon spent on the mountain. The collection was made by locating the signature earthen turret entrance of a nest rising several cm above the surrounding bare soil. Like P. bula <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238044" title="Lookup 'bula' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> and P. colaensis <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33675" title="Lookup 'P. colaensis' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, the queens of this species have strongly reduced mesosomas.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B590AA981958C0429FD310E4EC6F1F03	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sarnat, E. M.	Sarnat, E. M. (2008): A taxonomic revision of the Pheidole roosevelti-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Fiji. Zootaxa 1767: 1-36, URL: http://hol.osu.edu/reference-full.html?id=21683
3F08875DC0014E9BEFD4F349C7D93E6D.text	3F08875DC0014E9BEFD4F349C7D93E6D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pheidole pegasus	<div><p>Pheidole pegasus <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238045" title="Lookup 'Pheidole pegasus' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> Sarnat sp. n.</p><p>Fig. 41-43, 62-64, 83-85</p><p>Holotype major, FIJI: Vanua Levu, Mt. Delaikoro 4.3 km SE Dogoru Village, 31.vii.2006, 910m, -16.59028°, 179.31580°, high elevation moss forest, from turret nest in bare soil, (E. M. Sarnat), EMS#2370, CASENT0171108, (FNIC).</p><p>Paratypes. From same nest series as holotype: 1 dealate queen (CASENT0171109), 2 majors (CASENT0171108, CASENT0174264, CASENT0174267), 10 minors (CASENT0171024, CASENT0174265, CASENT0174266, CASENT0174268 - CASENT0174275), (FNIC, NMNH, ANIC, LACM); additional specimens in alcohol (NMNH).</p><p>MAJOR. TL 6.45-6.98, HL 2.18-2.37, HW 2.20-2.35, CI 0.98-0.99, FL 1.59-1.66, FI 0.70-0.73, SL 1.15-1.19, SI 0.50-0.53 (2 measured).</p><p>Head with sides distinctly broader behind eyes than in front of eyes. Median ocellus present in two of the three specimens examined. Mesonotal posterior process produced as a thick, upturned plate overhanging propodeum, in dorsal view attachment to mesonotum broad, posterior margin flat to excised. Propodeal spines, in profile, with posteriorly projecting dorsal edge as long as or longer than anterior edge. Petiole node, in posterior view, with dorsum and sides deeply excised. Postpetiole taller than long; shorter than petiole; steep anterior and posterior faces converging to form an obtusely angulate vertex; in dorsal view subpentagonal with strong lateral projections.</p><p>Region between frontal carinae with straight longitudinal carinae that extend onto the posterolateral lobes; intercarinular spaces smooth and shining. Eye surrounded by elevated carinae. Antennal scrobe smooth and shining. Clypeus mostly smooth and shining; anterior margin with several carinae extending to frontal lobes; median carina weak to absent. Posterolateral portion of posterolateral lobes smooth and shining. Head venter rugose. Promesonotum transversely rugose. Anepisternum weakly rugose. Katepisternum mostly smooth and shining, occasionally with weak striae. Petiole with apical and posterior faces smooth, laterally and ventrally rugose. Postpetiole anterior face with weak transverse striae; dorsum and posterior face smooth with a few weak transverse carinae. Gaster striate-foveolate on basal fifth of first segment; sternite of first segment with arcuate striae; elsewhere smooth and shining. Body reddish-brown with lighter appendages.</p><p>MINOR. TL 3.91-4.39, HL 0.90-0.97, HW 0.83-0.89, CI 0.92-0.96, FL 1.38-1.42, FI 1.45-1.56, SL 1.21-1.27, SI 1.29-1.39, AE 0.29-0.33, DE 0.46-0.50, PSI 1.46-1.71 (9 measured).</p><p>Head, in full face view, subquadrate, sides convex, posterolateral corners rounded and obtuse, posterior margin flat laterally and concave medially; in profile, posterior margin strongly dorsoventrally pinched where dorsum and venter join at an acute angle. Genal carinae produced as a weakly elevated collar surrounding ventral foramen. Clypeus with anterior margin convex laterally and flat to weakly concave medially. Frontal carinae weak and terminating before eye level. Mesonotal process produced as a lamellate plate with upwardly deflected margins; in dorsal view, attachment to mesonotum broad, posterior margin moderately to strongly concave. Propodeal spines thickening apically into a bifurcation with a short anterior point or angle, and a long acuminate posterior point that projects at an oblique angle; length of dorsal edge approximately 1.5 times length of anterior edge.</p><p>Head smooth and shining on all surfaces. Clypeus occasionally with a few weak carinae attached to anterior border. Promesonotum, in dorsal view, mostly smooth and shining with a few very weak transverse impressions. Anepisternum smooth and shining. Katepisternum smooth and shining. Metapleuron smooth and shining with single carinae bordering metapleural gland. Head and mesosoma reddish-brown; waist, gaster and legs paler.</p><p>QUEEN. TL 8.77, HL 1.73, HW 1.95, CI 1.13, SL 1.24, SI 0.72, FL 1.67, FI 0.97, ML 0.73, MI 0.88 (1 measured).</p><p>Head subcordate with sides conspicuously narrower anteriorly than posteriorly. Mesoscutum, in profile, massive, approximately equal height as pronotum; in dorsal view, obscuring pronotum. Scutellum, in dorsal view, with posterior portion produced as a weakly elevated subtriangular plate. Propodeal spines with strongly projecting dorsal edge subequal in length to anterior edge. Petiole broadly cuneate; in posterior view, petiole node broad with strongly concave dorsum and moderately concave sides. Postpetiole, in dorsal view, subpentagonal with strong lateral projections.</p><p>Region between frontal carinae with straight longitudinal carinae that reach posterior margin. Region between eyes and antennal insertions with elevated carinae that continue to posterolateral corners; intercarinular spaces smooth and shining. Head venter with arcuate carinae bending toward median. Antennal scrobe smooth and shining. Clypeus mostly smooth and shining; anterior margin with short carinae laterally, median carinae present. Pronotum rugose and rugoreticulate. Mesoscutum, in dorsal view, with straight carinae that run posteriorly towards median. Scutellum densely rugose. Anepisternum rugose dorsally. Katepisternum rugose anteriorly. Petiole rugulose. Postpetiole rugulose. First tergite of gaster longitudinally sculptured basally, sculpture immediately posterior to postpetiole longer than length of postpetiole. First sternite of gaster sculptured basally. Dark reddish-brown with lighter appendages.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet pegasus <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238045" title="Lookup 'pegasus' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> is a noun in apposition in reference to the horse beast of Greek mythology, whose wings bear resemblance to the extraordinary propodeal spines of this species.</p><p>Diagnosis, distribution and biology. Pheidole pegasus <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238045" title="Lookup 'Pheidole pegasus' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, on account of its large size, long limbs, glassy integument, and extraordinarily long propodeal spines, is arguably the most distinctive species of the roosevelti <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33974" title="Lookup 'roosevelti' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> group. The only species that it can be confused with is P. uncagena <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238047" title="Lookup 'P. uncagena' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, with which it is sympatric. The major of P. pegasus <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238045" title="Lookup 'P. pegasus' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> can be distinguished from that of P. uncagena <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238047" title="Lookup 'P. uncagena' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> by the long dorsal edge of the propodeal spine and a broadly attached mesonotal process. The most distinctive differences between the minors of the two species, besides the longer spines and limbs of P. pegasus <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238045" title="Lookup 'P. pegasus' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, are both found on the head. Whereas P. pegasus <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238045" title="Lookup 'P. pegasus' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> has a strongly ventrodorsally flattened subquadrate head and inconspicuous genal carinae, the head of P. uncagena <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238047" title="Lookup 'P. uncagena' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> is subovate, less flattened, and bears genal carinae that are produced conspicuously as elevated flanges.</p><p>Although P. pegasus <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238045" title="Lookup 'P. pegasus' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> is known only from the summit of Mt. Delaikoro, the species may occur on other tall peaks of Vanua Levu that remain unexplored. Where it does occur, it is locally abundant. The single turret of the nest belonging to the type series had a 5mm diameter entrance hole, and was also insulated by a tidy ring of vegetation debris apparently placed there by workers. The queens of the species are large, with strongly developed mesosomas.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3F08875DC0014E9BEFD4F349C7D93E6D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sarnat, E. M.	Sarnat, E. M. (2008): A taxonomic revision of the Pheidole roosevelti-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Fiji. Zootaxa 1767: 1-36, URL: http://hol.osu.edu/reference-full.html?id=21683
E293DEC684F2F866E188E596804848ED.text	E293DEC684F2F866E188E596804848ED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pheidole roosevelti Mann	<div><p>Pheidole roosevelti Mann <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33974" title="Lookup 'Pheidole roosevelti Mann' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span></p><p>Figs. 44-46, 65-67, 86-88</p><p>Pheidole roosevelti Mann <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33974" title="Lookup 'Pheidole roosevelti Mann' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, 1921: 438, Fig. 15. Syntypes, 5 majors, 9 minors, 1 dealate queen. Fiji: Viti Levu, Nadarivatu, (W. M. Mann), (MCZC no. 23173, examined; USNM, examined).</p><p>MAJOR. TL 6.01-7.11, HL 2.15-2.38, HW 1.87-2.19, CI 0.87-0.94, FL 1.36-1.44, FI 0.60-0.64, SL 0.90- 1.05, SI 0.41-0.46 (8 measured).</p><p>Head with sides not distinctly broader behind eyes than in front of eyes. Median ocellus usually absent; when present small and poorly formed. In profile, posterior process modestly produced as a thick upturned lamellate plate; in dorsal view attachment to mesonotum broad to attenuated, posterior margin deeply excised.</p><p>Propodeal spines maintaining an evenly stout thickness for basal 4/5 length whereupon the anterior edge angles obliquely towards the posterior edge to form an acuminate tip; variation in length of dorsal edge. In posterior view, petiole node dorsum deeply excised. Postpetiole taller than long; subequal height as petiole; steep anterior and posterior faces converging to form an obtusely angulate vertex; in dorsal view subpentagonal with moderate lateral projections.</p><p>Region between frontal lobes with straight longitudinal carinae that integrate with a strong rugoreticulum upon reaching vertex; rugoreticulum extends to posterior margin of posterolateral lobes. Intercarinular spaces packed with a dense network of well-defined overlapping foveolae. Median strip of short transverse rugae bisects posterolateral lobes. Crenulate carinae between eyes and frontal carinae. Antennal scrobe foveolate; overlain by short rugae. Clypeus mostly smooth and shining; anterior margin with several carinae extending to frontal lobes; median carina weak to absent. Ventrolateral portion of posterolateral lobes smooth and shining. Head venter rugoreticulate. Promesonotum rugoreticulate. Anepisternum rugose. Katepisternum striate. Petiole with apical and posterior faces mostly smooth, laterally and ventrally rugose. Postpetiole anterior face with weak transverse striae; dorsum and posterior face rugulose with foveolate interspaces. First tergite of gaster with long and dense to short and sparse sculpturing basally. First sternite of gaster lightly sculptured laterally. Gaster otherwise smooth and shining. Body reddish-brown with lighter appendages; some individuals with head distinctly more red than body.</p><p>MINOR. TL 3.48-4.25, HL 0.81-0.90, HW 0.75-0.84, CI 0.91-0.96, FL 1.09-1.27, FI 1.35-1.47, SL 1.04-1.13, SI 1.25-1.32, AE 0.29-0.35, DE 0.20-0.27, PSI 0.60-0.92 (10 measured).</p><p>Head, in full face view, subquadrate, sides weakly convex, posterolateral corners rounded and weakly obtuse, posterior margin flat to convex laterally, moderately to strongly excised medially; in profile, posterolateral corners dorsoventrally pinched with carinate margins. Genal carinae moderately elevated on ventrolateral portion of head, terminate without joining together medially on head venter. Clypeus with anterior margin convex laterally, flat to weakly concave medially. Frontal carinae terminating near eye level or integrating with rugoreticulum posteriorly. Mesonotal process produced as a thin lamellate plate with upwardly deflected margins; in dorsal view, attachment to mesonotum broad, posterior margin moderately to strongly concave. Propodeal spines thickening apically into a bifurcation with a short anterior point or angle, and a long acuminate posterior point that projects at an oblique angle; length of dorsal edge less than length of anterior edge.</p><p>Head dorsally rugoreticulate with densely packed foveolate ground sculpture, ventrally smooth and shining without rugae or ground sculpture. Clypeus with a few weak carinae attached to anterior border, weak median carina occasionally present. Promesonotum, in dorsal view, strongly rugoreticulate. Anepisternum rugose. Katepisternum mostly smooth and shining. Light reddish-brown with slightly lighter appendages.</p><p>QUEEN. TL 7.43-8.01, HL 1.37-1.52, HW 1.55-1.70, CI 1.12-1.13, SL 1.00-1.05, SI 0.69-0.73, FL 1.38-1.48, FI 0.94-1.03, ML 0.77-0.80, MI 0.91-0.94 (6 measured).</p><p>Head subquadrate with sides narrower anteriorly than posteriorly. Mesoscutum, in profile, massive, approximately equal height as pronotum; in dorsal view, obscuring pronotum. Scutellum, in dorsal view, with posterior portion produced as a weakly elevated subtriangular plate. Propodeal spines maintaining an evenly stout thickness for basal 4/5 length whereupon the anterior edge angles obliquely towards the posterior edge to form an acuminate tip. Petiole broadly cuneate; in posterior view, petiole node broad with dorsum strongly excised. Postpetiole, in dorsal view, subpentagonal with moderate lateral projections.</p><p>Region between frontal carinae with crenulated longitudinal occasionally branching carinae that become rugoreticulate near posterior margin. Region between eyes and antennal insertions with elevated crenulated carinae that become rugoreticulate at posterolateral corners; intercarinular spaces densely packed with overlapping foveolae. Head venter rugoreticulate. Antennal scrobe foveolate. Clypeus mostly smooth and shining; anterior margin with short carinae laterally, median carinae present. Pronotum rugoreticulate. Mesoscutum, in dorsal view, with straight parallel carinae that run posteriorly towards median. Scutellum rugulose medially, rugoreticulate laterally. Anepisternum rugose. Katepisternum rugose. Petiole rugose. Postpetiole rugoreticulate. First tergite of gaster longitudinally sculptured basally, sculpture immediately posterior to postpetiole approximately as long as length of postpetiole. First sternite of gaster sculptured basally. Reddish-brown with lighter appendages.</p><p>Diagnosis, distribution and biology. Pheidole roosevelti <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33974" title="Lookup 'Pheidole roosevelti' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> is a large species, most recognizable by the heavy sculpturing present on its face and promesonotum. The two other species with rugoreticulate faces are P. furcata <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:232210" title="Lookup 'P. furcata' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> from Kadavu, and P. bula <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238044" title="Lookup 'bula' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> from Viti Levu. In addition to the differences elaborated within the discussions of these other species, the majors and minors of P. roosevelti <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33974" title="Lookup 'P. roosevelti' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> can be separated by the strongly produced facial rugoreticulum overlying a densely foveolate ground sculpture and thickly rugoreticulate mesosoma. Unlike P. furcata <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:232210" title="Lookup 'P. furcata' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> and P. bula <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238044" title="Lookup 'bula' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, in which the queen caste is characterized by its smaller size and much reduced mesosoma, the queens of P. roosevelti <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33974" title="Lookup 'P. roosevelti' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, with their larger size and strongly developed mesosomas, bear closer resemblance to their northern relatives ( P. pegasus, <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238045" title="Lookup 'P. pegasus,' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> P. simplispinosa <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238046" title="Lookup 'P. simplispinosa' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>).</p><p>With the possible exception of P. simplispinosa, <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238046" title="Lookup 'P. simplispinosa,' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> P. roosevelti <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33974" title="Lookup 'P. roosevelti' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> exhibits the most intraspecific variation of any P. roosevelti-group <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24885" title="Lookup 'P. roosevelti-group' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> species. Features that vary with high frequency are observed most easily in the minor caste, and include the length, shape and thickness of the propodeal spines, the sculpture of the median face region, the shape of the posterior margin of the face, and the strength of the facial rugoreticulum. A large nest series from Koroyanitu in western Viti Levu reveals that there can be significant variation even within the same colony. The propodeal spines and shape of the posterior margin of the head are two features that vary strongly. The pattern of facial foveolae, in contrast, appears to remain more constant among nest mates. The observed variation in shape and sculpture may, in part, be due to the wide range claimed by the species. Unlike many of its close relatives, P. roosevelti <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33974" title="Lookup 'P. roosevelti' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> does not appear to be restricted to the upper elevational limits of Fiji's mountain ranges (Fig. 95), thus allowing its population to span significantly more suitable habitat.</p><p>The type series collected by Mann appears to occupy a relatively extreme position in the phenotypic continuum of the species. The faces of the minor workers of the series are characterized by deeply excised posterior margins, coarser foveolae and a smoother median region. The material most closely resembling Mann's Nadarivatu type series are two workers collected from Mt. Naqaranabuluti, which lies within the Nadarivatu area. The faces of workers collected to the south of the same central mountain range (Monasavu Dam area), however, differ markedly in their narrower nearly flat posterior margins and finer, more extensive foveolae. Despite Ovalau's current isolation from Viti Levu, the morphological variation observed in material collected from the small island does not appear to be greater between series from Ovalau and Viti Levu than within the Ovalau series. If a characterization is to be made, however, it is that the Ovalau material is more similar to that of the southern and western Viti Levu than to the northern region of the type locality.</p><p>Pheidole roosevelti <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33974" title="Lookup 'Pheidole roosevelti' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> is quite abundant where it occurs, and foragers can often be observed foraging on the ground and on vegetation. They nest in chambers deep underground in the soil, and the entrance to the nest is a turret approximately 2cm tall and 0.5cm wide that is composed of soil pellets. One nest found on the top of a mountain in Ovalau had three such turrets leading to the chambers below.</p><p>Additional material examined. FIJI. Ovalau: 1.2 km NNW Draiba Village, 25.vi.2003, 300m, - 17.69028°, 178.82483°, lowland rainforest, from sifted leaf litter, (Rakabula), FJLA316_K03, 10 minors (CASENT0174161 - CASENT0174170); 1.3 km SE Levuka, 6.ii.2007, 450m, -17.68728°, 178.82527°, rainforest, sifted litter, (E. M. Sarnat), EMS#2454, 2 workers (CASENT0174188, CASENT0174189); 1.6 km WSW Levuka, 6.ii.2007, 400m, -17.68710°, 178.82350°, rainforest, turret nest in bare soil, (E. M. Sarnat), EMS#2456, 1 dealate queen (CASENT0174141), 6 majors (CASENT0174137, CASENT0174138, CASENT0174142, CASENT0174145, CASENT0174148, CASENT0174151), 13 minors (CASENT0174124, CASENT0174125, CASENT0174139, CASENT0174140, CASENT0174143, CASENT0174146, CASENT0174147, CASENT0174149, CASENT0174150, CASENT0174152 - CASENT0174155); 1.6 km WSW Levuka, 6.ii.2007, 400m, -17.68710°, 178.82350°, rainforest, turret nest in bare soil, (E. M. Sarnat), EMS#2458, 1 dealate queen (CASENT0174200), 2 males (CASENT0174197, CASENT0174203), 4 majors (CASENT0174193, CASENT0174195, CASENT0174198, CASENT0174201), six minors (CASENT0174194, CASENT0174196, CASENT0174199, CASENT0174202, CASENT0174204, CASENT0174205); 1.6 km WSW Levuka, 6.ii.2007, 400m, -17.68710°, 178.82350°, rainforest, turret nest in bare soil, (E. M. Sarnat), EMS#2459, 5 minors (CASENT0174156 - CASENT0174160); 2.4 km W Levuka, 7.ii.2007, 500m, -17.68200°, 178.81247°, moss forest, turret nest in bare soil, (E. M. Sarnat), EMS#2464, 1 dealate queen (CASENT0174182), 5 majors (CASENT0174171, CASENT0174174, CASENT0174177, CASENT0174183, CASENT0174185); 11 minors (CASENT0174172, CASENT0174173, CASENT0174175, CASENT0174176, CASENT0174178 - CASENT0174181, CASENT0174184, CASENT0174186, CASENT0174187); Viti Levu: Koroyanitu EcoPark 1.8 km NE Abaca Village, 19.iii.2003, 700m, -17.66667°, 177.56333°, from sifted leaf litter, (E/M/ Sarnat), FJVL300_K01, 1 minor (CASENT0174144); Koroyanitu National Heritage Park Mt. Batilamu 2km SE Abaca Village, 24.viii.2006, 840m, -17.67939°, 177.54194°, primary rainforest, on stone, (E. M. Sarnat), EMS#2331, 1 major (CASENT0174099), 2 minors (CASENT0174100, CASENT0174101); Koroyanitu National Heritage Park Mt. Batilamu 2 km SE Abaca Village, 24.viii.2006, 840m, -17.67939°, 177.54194°, primary rainforest, on stone, (E. M. Sarnat), EMS#2325, 7 minors (CASENT0174102 - CASENT0174105, CASENT0174130 - CASENT0174132); Koroyanitu National Heritage Park Mt. Batilamu 2 km SE Abaca Village, 24.viii.2006, 840m, -17.67939°, 177.54194°, primary rainforest, on stone, (E. M. Sarnat), EMS#2333, 4 minors (CASENT0174133 - CASENT0174136); Koroyanitu National Heritage Park Savione Falls 2 km ESE Abaca Village, 25.viii.2006, 650m, -17.67593°, 177.55015°, rainforest, from turret nest in bare soil, (E. M. Sarnat), EMS#2343, 1 dealate queen (CASENT0174090), 5 majors (CASENT0174081, CASENT0174087, CASENT0174091, CASENT0174093, CASENT0174096); 14 minors (CASENT0171023, CASENT0174082 - CASENT0174086, CASENT0174088, CASENT0174089, CASENT0174092, CASENT0174094, CASENT0174095, CASENT0174097, CASENT014098, CASENT0174126); Mt. Korobaba near Lami Town, 7.viii.2003, 300m, -18.01667°, 178.35000°, lowland rainforest, from sifted lead litter, (M Tokota'a), FJVL303_K05, 3 minors (CASENT0174111 - CASENT0174113); Mt. Korobaba near Lami Town, 15.viii.2003, 300m, -18.01667°, 178.35000°, lowland rainforest, from sifted lead litter, (M. Tokota'a), FJVL303_K01, 1 minor (CASENT0174114); Mt. Korobaba 5 km NW Lami Town, 5.vi.2005, 304m, - 18.08803°, 178.37603°, primary rainforest, nesting in soil, (E. M. Sarnat), EMS#1968, 3 minors (CASENT0174127 - CASENT0174129); 7 km S Monasavu Dam near powerstation headquarters, 2.ii.2005, 800m, -17.81018°, 178.03773°, from sifted leaf litter, (E. M. Sarnat), EMS#1806, 3 minors (CASENT0174106, CASENT0174107, CASENT0174108); 7 km S Monasavu Dam near powerstation headquarters, 2.ii.2005, 800m, -17.81018°, 178.03773°, from sifted leaf litter, (E. M. Sarnat), EMS#1808, 1 minor (CASENT0174109); Nadala, 1.xii.1954, montane rainforest, (E. O. Wilson), 3 minors (CASENT0174190 - CASENT0174192); 2.7 km NE Naikorokoro Village, 27.v.2003, 300m, -18.08722°, 178.33139°, lowland rainforest, from sifted leaf litter, (A. Rakabula), FJVL319_K01, 4 minors (CASENT0174118 - CASENT0174120, CASENT0174207); 2.7 km NE Naikorokoro Village, 27.v.2003, 300m, -18.08722°, 178.33139°, lowland rainforest, from sifted leaf litter, (A. Rakabula), FJVL319_K02, 3 minors (CASENT0174121 - CASENT0174123); Nakobalevu 1.5 km NE Colo-i-Suva Village, 12.ii.2003, 340m, - 18.05056°, 178.41667°, lowland rainforest, sifted leaf litter, (M. Tokota'a), FJVL301_K06, 1 major (CASENT0174117); Nakobalevu 1.5 km NE Colo-i-Suva Village, 25.iv.2003, 340m, -18.05056°, 178.41667°, lowland rainforest, sifted leaf litter, (M. Tokota'a), FJVL301_K06, 1 minor (CASENT0174115); Nakobalevu 1.5 km NE Colo-i-Suva Village, 29.iv.2003, 340m, -18.05056°, 178.41667°, lowland rainforest, sifted leaf litter, (M. Tokota'a), FJVL301_K11, 1 minor (CASENT0174116); Nakobalevu 1.5 km NE Colo-i-Suva Village, 29.vii.2003, 340m, -18.05056°, 178.41667°, lowland rainforest, sifted leaf litter, (M. Tokota'a), FJVL301_K10, 1 minor (CASENT0174206); Mt. Naqarababuluti 1.1 km NE Emporer Gold Mine Rest House, 3.ii.2005, 912m, -17.56973°, 177.95987°, mixed pine/native secondary forest, foraging on vegetation, (E. M. Sarnat), EMS#1832, 1 minor (CASENT0174110).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E293DEC684F2F866E188E596804848ED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sarnat, E. M.	Sarnat, E. M. (2008): A taxonomic revision of the Pheidole roosevelti-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Fiji. Zootaxa 1767: 1-36, URL: http://hol.osu.edu/reference-full.html?id=21683
98A140AFC90D8BD0B015AAFE96C9D974.text	98A140AFC90D8BD0B015AAFE96C9D974.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pheidole simplispinosa	<div><p>Pheidole simplispinosa <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238046" title="Lookup 'Pheidole simplispinosa' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> Sarnat sp. n.</p><p>Figs. 47-49, 68-70, 89-91</p><p>Holotype major, FIJI: Koro I., Mt. Kuitarua 3.7 km NW Nasau Village, 20.vi.2005, 470m, -17.29083°, 179.40183°, primary rainforest, nesting in soil, (E. M. Sarnat), EMS#2084, CASENT0171106 (FNIC).</p><p>Paratypes. From same nest series as holotype: 1 dealate queen (CASENT0171107), 4 majors (CASENT0174208, CASENT0174209, CASENT0174211, CASENT0174212), 3 minors (CASENT0171022, CASENT0174210, CASENT0174213), (FNIC, NMNH, ANIC); additional specimens in alcohol (NMNH).</p><p>MAJOR. TL 5.65-6.78, HL 1.78-1.96, HW 1.64-1.84, CI 0.89-0.93, FL 1.09-1.22, FI 0.60-0.64, SL 0.73-0.84, SI 0.39-0.44 (7 measured).</p><p>Head with sides not distinctly broader posterior to eyes than anterior to eyes. Median ocellus occasionally present. Scapes short. Mesonotal process, in profile, truncated into a blunt process without lamellate posterior margin; in dorsal view posterior margin flat to convex. Propodeal spines simple, evenly tapering to a single straight acuminate point without becoming bifurcate or angulate apically. In posterior view, petiole node dorsum strongly excised, sides moderately excised. Postpetiole taller than long, as tall as petiole, steep anterior and posterior faces converging to form an obtusely angulate vertex; in dorsal view subpentagonal with strong lateral projections.</p><p>Region between frontal carinae with parallel longitudinal carinae extending posteriorly and arcing onto posterolateral corners. Posterolateral lobes, in full face view, with distinct transverse rugae extending from median cleft to posterolateral corners. Sculpture of vertex and posterolateral lobes varies from weakly to densely rugoreticulate. Intercarinular spaces vary from densely foveolate to smooth and shining. Rugoreticulum present between eye and antennal insertion. Antennal scrobe mostly smooth and shining to strongly foveolate. Clypeus smooth and shining; anterior margin without carinae. Lateral and ventrolateral portions of posterolateral lobes lightly sculptured to entirely smooth and shining; posteriorly with transverse striae, discontinuous rugae and shallow oblong impressions. Head venter rugose. Pronotal sculpture varies from dense foveolate ground sculpture overlain by transverse striae to weak foveolate ground sculpture overlain by weak transverse striae. Mesonotum, in dorsal view, varies from foveolate and striate to smooth and shining. Anepisternum weakly rugose. Katepisternum weakly striate. Petiole with apical and posterior faces smooth, laterally and ventrally rugose. Postpetiole dorsum mostly smooth and shining, sides rugose. Basigastral costulae weakly to moderate with interspaces smooth and shining to foveolate; sternite of first gaster segment lightly sculptured laterally. Gaster otherwise smooth and shining. Body reddish-brown with lighter appendages.</p><p>MINOR. TL 2.96-3.41, HL 0.66-0.75, HW 0.65-0.74, CI 0.98-1.03, FL 0.80-0.91, FI 1.18-1.29, SL 0.77-0.85, SI 1.10-1.23, AE 0.25-0.32, DE 0.00, PSI 0.00 (10 measured).</p><p>Head, in full face view, subcordate, sides convex, posterolateral corners rounded and obtuse, posterior margin concave; in profile, posterolateral corners not pinched. Genal carinae very short and weakly elevated on ventrolateral portion of head. Clypeus with anterior margin convex laterally, concave medially. Frontal carinae terminating before eye level. Mesonotal process truncated into a short process without lamellate or distinct margin; in dorsal view, attachment to mesonotum broad, posterior margin evenly convex. Propodeal spines simple, taper evenly to an acuminate point without distal angle or bifurcation.</p><p>Head mostly smooth and shining to latitudinally rugulose with densely packed foveolate ground sculpture; ventrally smooth and shining. Clypeus with a few weak carinae attached to anterolateral border. Promesonotum, in dorsal view, transversely rugulose with lightly impressed to densely packed foveolate ground sculpture. Mesopleuron mostly smooth and shining to foveolate. Reddish-brown with paler appendages.</p><p>QUEEN. TL 6.82, HL 1.29, HW 1.37, CI 1.06, SL 0.87, SI 0.68, FL 1.18, FI 0.91, ML 0.83, MI 1.05 (1 measured).</p><p>Head subquadrate with sides approximately as broad anteriorly as posteriorly. Mesoscutum, in profile, large, greater than half the height of pronotum; in dorsal view, mostly obscuring pronotum. Scutellum, in dorsal view, with posterior portion produced as a weakly elevated subtriangular plate. Propodeal spines simple, evenly tapering to a single straight acuminate point without becoming bifurcate or angulate apically. Petiole broadly cuneate; in posterior view, petiole node dorsum weakly concave. Postpetiole, in dorsal view, subpentagonal with moderate lateral projections.</p><p>Region between frontal carinae with crenulated longitudinal and occasionally branching carinae reach posterior margin. Region between eyes and antennal insertions with elevated crenulated carinae that reach posterolateral corners; intercarinular spaces densely packed with overlapping foveolae. Head venter rugoreticulate. Antennal scrobe foveolate. Clypeus mostly smooth and shining; anterior margin with short carinae laterally, median carinae present. Pronotum rugoreticulate. Mesoscutum, in dorsal view, with straight parallel carinae that run posteriorly towards median. Scutellum mostly smooth and shining. Anepisternum finely rugoreticulate. Katepisternum weakly striate. Petiole rugose. Postpetiole rugulose. First tergite of gaster longitudinally sculptured basally, sculpture immediately posterior to postpetiole longer than length of postpetiole. First sternite of gaster sculptured basally. Reddish-brown with lighter appendages.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet simplispinosa <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238046" title="Lookup 'simplispinosa' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> is a noun in apposition derived from the combination of the Latin simplex, meaning simple, and spina, meaning spine.</p><p>Diagnosis, distribution and biology. Pheidole simplispinosa <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238046" title="Lookup 'Pheidole simplispinosa' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> is the most distinctive of all P. roosevelti-group <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24885" title="Lookup 'P. roosevelti-group' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> species. It is the only member of the group in which the spines are simple and evenly straight without becoming modified into distal angles or bifurcations. The mesonotal process so prominent in other all other P. roosevelti-group <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24885" title="Lookup 'P. roosevelti-group' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> species is truncated into a blunt process such that the angle between the dorsal face of the mesonotum and the mesonotal declivity is obtuse (i.e.,&gt;90°). Beyond the simplified spine and mesonotal process, P. simplispinosa <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238046" title="Lookup 'P. simplispinosa' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> is also the smallest of this group and has the shortest limbs relative to its size. The queens of P. simplispinosa <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238046" title="Lookup 'P. simplispinosa' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, like those of P. roosevelti <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33974" title="Lookup 'P. roosevelti' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> and P. pegasus <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238045" title="Lookup 'P. pegasus' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, are characterized by their well-developed mesosomas.</p><p>Although single turret nests were observed, the species is also capable of constructing nests with multiple entrances. One such nest, from Mt. Delaikoro on Vanua Levu, was composed of irregular mounds of excavated soil.</p><p>Pheidole simplispinosa <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238046" title="Lookup 'Pheidole simplispinosa' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> has a range within the Fiji archipelago rivaled only by P. roosevelti <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33974" title="Lookup 'P. roosevelti' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>. Like P. roosevelti <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33974" title="Lookup 'P. roosevelti' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, this species tolerance of lower elevation habitat (Fig. 95), may serve as some explanation for its wide range. The two species, however, are entirely allopatric. Whereas P. roosevelti <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33974" title="Lookup 'P. roosevelti' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> claims the more southern islands of Viti Levu and Ovalau, P. simplispinosa <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238046" title="Lookup 'P. simplispinosa' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> occurs in the northern islands of Vanua Levu, Taveuni and Koro.</p><p>A significant variation in sculpture is associated with the geography of P. simplispinosa <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238046" title="Lookup 'P. simplispinosa' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>. The Koro material, including the type series, exhibits the strongest rugulae on the face and body and the most dense, well defined foveolate ground sculpture. The Taveuni specimens, with only faint hints of facial foveolae and weak mesosomal rugulae, occupy the opposing end of the phenotypic spectrum. Were it not for the intermediate Vanua Levu material, these contrasting morphologies might argue for the designation of separate species. Fortunately, enough collections of P. simplispinosa <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238046" title="Lookup 'P. simplispinosa' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> have been made on Vanua Levu to study morphological variation on the longitudinal axis. When specimens are arranged according to longitude, it becomes apparent that the strength of sculpture diminishes eastwards as the collections approach Taveuni. If sculpture strength can be used as a surrogate for relationship, it suggests that more gene flow occurs between populations from western Vanua Levu and Koro, and eastern Vanua Levu and Taveuni, than between Koro and Taveuni.</p><p>While further study of the population structure of P. simplispinosa <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238046" title="Lookup 'P. simplispinosa' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> may reveal illuminating patterns concerning phylogeographic patterns within the archipelago, perplexing questions surround the evolution of this species within the larger context of the P. roosevelti-group <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24885" title="Lookup 'P. roosevelti-group' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>. Pheidole simplispinosa <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238046" title="Lookup 'Pheidole simplispinosa' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, with its simple propodeal spines, truncated mesonotal process, and divergent anatomical proportions (Fig. 94) does not immediately suggest itself as a close relative to any of the other P. roosevelti-group <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24885" title="Lookup 'P. roosevelti-group' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> species.</p><p>Several hypotheses can be proposed to explain the relationship of P. simplispinosa <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238046" title="Lookup 'P. simplispinosa' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> to the other members of the group. The first hypothesis submits that P. simplispinosa <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238046" title="Lookup 'P. simplispinosa' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> is sister to all other members of the P. roosevelti-group <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24885" title="Lookup 'P. roosevelti-group' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>. If this hypothesis is supported, it allows for the possibility that the P. roosevelti-group <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24885" title="Lookup 'P. roosevelti-group' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> descended from a hypothetical ancestor that, with neither modified propodeal spines nor a mesonotal process, more closely resembled typical Pheidole <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24885" title="Lookup 'Pheidole' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> species. The second hypothesis submits that P. simplispinosa <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238046" title="Lookup 'P. simplispinosa' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> is nested within the P. roosevelti-group <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24885" title="Lookup 'P. roosevelti-group' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>. If P. simplispinosa <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238046" title="Lookup 'P. simplispinosa' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> is, in fact, nested within the group, it predicts that the species is derived from an ancestor that bore modified propodeal spines and an extended mesonotal process. In this scenario, the secondary reductions of propodeal spines and mesonotum render the similarities between P. simplispinosa <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238046" title="Lookup 'P. simplispinosa' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> and Pheidole <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24885" title="Lookup 'Pheidole' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> species outside the P. roosevelti-group homoplasy <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24885" title="Lookup 'P. roosevelti-group homoplasy' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>.</p><p>A thorough multi-gene phylogeny with appropriate outgroup taxa (including quadrispinosa-group, quadricuspis-group and cervicornis-group species) will help to resolve both population and species level relationships of this enigmatic ant, and serve as a tool for testing the proposed hypotheses.</p><p>Additional material examined. FIJI. Koro: Mt. Kuitarua 3.1 km WNW Nasau Village, 20.vi.2005, 440m, -17.29528°, 179.40433°, primary rainforest, nesting in dead tree fern, (E. M. Sarnat), EMS#2097, 3 majors (CASENT0174223 - CASENT0174225); Mt. Kuitarua 4 km WNW Nasau Village, 7.iii.2003, 380m, - 17.29528°, 179.40433°, lowland rainforest, from sifted leaf litter, (E. M. Sarnat), FJKR312_K01, 9 minors (CASENT0174226 - CASENT0174234); Mt. Nabukala 5.0 km WSW Nasau Village, 15.iii.2005, 520m, - 17.31250°, 179.38617°, primary rainforest, in soil, (E. M. Sarnat), EMS#1906, 6 majors (CASENT0174214, CASENT0174215, CASENT0174217, CASENT0174218, CASENT0174220, CASENT0174221), 3 minors (CASENT0174216, CASENT0174219, CASENT0174222); Vanua Levu: 2 km NNW Kasavu Village, 28.viii.2003, 300m, -16.62000°, 179.83333°, lowland rainforest, from sifted leaf litter, (A. Rakabula), FJVN330_K01, 1 minor (CASENT0174251); 2 km NNW Kasavu Village, 29.viii.2003, 300m, -16.71639°, 179.66333°, lowland rainforest, from sifted leaf litter, (A. Rakabula), FJVN330_K02, 1 minor (CASENT0174252); Mt. Delaikoro 3.7 km SE Dogoru Village, 31.viii.2006, 699m, -16.57525°, 179.31638°, mid-elevation rainforest, from sifted leaf litter, (E. P. Economo), EPE#62, 1 minor (CASENT0174253); Mt. Delaikoro 3.7 km SE Dogoru Village, 31.viii.2006, 699m, -16.57525°, 179.31638°, mid-elevation rainforest, nesting in soil, (E. M. Sarnat), EMS#2375, 7 majors (CASENT0174240, CASENT0174241, CASENT0174243, CASENT0174244, CASENT0174246, CASENT0174248, CASENT0174249), 4 minors (CASENT0174242, CASENT0174245, CASENT0174247, CASENT0174250); Mt. Vatudiri 3km NW Waisali Village, 2.ix.2006, 570m, -16.62905°, 179.21103°, mid-elevation rainforest, from turret nest in bare soil, (E. M. Sarnat), EMS#2396, 3 majors (CASENT0174235, CASENT0174236, CASENT0174238), 2 minors (CASENT0174237, CASENT0174239); Mt. Vatudiri 3km NW Waisali Village, 2.ix.2006, 570m, - 16.62905°, 179.21103°, mid-elevation rainforest, from sifted leaf litter, (E. P. Economo), EPE#79, 1 minor (CASENT0174254); Taveuni: Devo Peak 3.6 km SE Tavuki Village, 17.vi.2005, 734m, -16.83056°, - 179.97433°, garden/primary rainforest edge, from sifted leaf litter, (E. M. Sarnat), EMS#1949, 1 major (CASENT0174255), 2 minors (CASENT0174256, CASENT0174257); Devo Peak 3.6 km SE Tavuki Village, 17.vi.2005, 734m, -16.83056°, -179.97433°, garden/primary rainforest edge, from sifted leaf litter, (E. M. Sarnat), EMS#2069, 3 minors (CASENT0174258 - CASENT0174260); Devo Peak 3.9 km SE Tavuki Village, 17.vi.2005, 775m, -16.83278°, -179.97343°, primary rainforest edge, from sifted leaf litter, (E. M. Sarnat), EMS#2068, 3 minors (CASENT0174261 - CASENT0174263).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/98A140AFC90D8BD0B015AAFE96C9D974	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sarnat, E. M.	Sarnat, E. M. (2008): A taxonomic revision of the Pheidole roosevelti-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Fiji. Zootaxa 1767: 1-36, URL: http://hol.osu.edu/reference-full.html?id=21683
6AF9C1FDD4714835FCA2A61E1F3D7908.text	6AF9C1FDD4714835FCA2A61E1F3D7908.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pheidole uncagena	<div><p>Pheidole uncagena <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238047" title="Lookup 'Pheidole uncagena' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> Sarnat sp. n.</p><p>Figs. 50-52, 71-73</p><p>Holotype major, FIJI: Vanua Levu, Mt. Delaikoro, 4.3 km SE Dogoru Village, 31.vii.2006, 910m, -16.59028°, 179.31580°, high elevation moss forest, turret nest in bare soil, (E. M. Sarnat), EMS#2372, CASENT0171110, (FNIC).</p><p>Paratypes. From same nest series as holotype: 4 majors (CASENT0174276, CASENT0174277, CASENT0174279, CASENT0174280), 3 minors (CASENT0171026, CASENT0174278, CASENT0174281), (FNIC, NMNH, ANIC); additional specimens in alcohol (NMNH).</p><p>MAJOR. TL 6.62-7.21, HL 2.17-2.26, HW 2.05-2.12, CI 0.93-0.99, FL 1.51-1.57, FI 0.69-0.71, SL 1.09-1.12, SI 0.49-0.52 (5 measured).</p><p>Head with sides not distinctly broader behind eyes than in front of eyes. Median ocellus absent in all specimens examined. Mesonotal process, in profile, produced as a thick, upturned lamellate plate overhanging propodeum; in dorsal view attachment to mesonotum attenuated, posterior margin and anterolateral margins excised. Propodeal spines maintaining an evenly stout thickness for basal 4/5 length whereupon the anterior edge angles obliquely towards the posterior edge to form an acuminate tip. In posterior view, petiole node dorsum and sides deeply excised. Postpetiole taller than long; shorter than petiole; steep anterior and posterior faces converging to form an obtusely angulate vertex; in dorsal view subpentagonal with strong lateral projections.</p><p>Region between frontal carinae with straight longitudinal carinae that extend onto the posterolateral lobes where they become weaker and discontinuous; intercarinular spaces smooth and shining to lightly foveolate. Eye surrounded by elevated carinae. Antennal scrobe smooth and shining. Clypeus mostly smooth and shining with several weak carinae extending from frontal lobes that terminate before reaching anterior margin; median carina weak to absent. Posterolateral portion of posterolateral lobes mostly longitudinally striate. Head venter rugose. Promesonotum transversely rugose. Anepisternum rugose. Katepisternum mostly smooth and shining with several rugae. Petiole with apical face smooth; posterior face laterally and ventrally rugose. Postpetiole anterior and posterior face with dense transverse striae; dorsum with transverse carinae. Gaster costulate on basal quarter of first segment; sternite of first segment striate laterally; elsewhere smooth and shining. Body reddish-brown with lighter appendages.</p><p>MINOR. TL 3.47-4.21, HL 0.75-0.89, HW 0.67-0.82, CI 0.88-0.93, FL 1. -1.34, FI 1.50-1.58, SL 1.08- 1.21, SI 1.31-1.45, AE 0.23-0.30, DE 0.22-0.31, PSI 0.87-1.13 (8 measured).</p><p>Head, in full face view, ovate, sides strongly convex and joining together evenly to form the posterior margin; in profile, posterior margin weakly dorsoventrally pinched where dorsum and venter join at an obtuse angle. Genal carinae strongly elevated into ventrolateral flanges with a long gently sloped posterior edge and a short steeply sloped anterior edge. Clypeus with anterior margin convex laterally, flat to weakly concave medially. Frontal carinae weak and terminating near eye level. Mesonotal process produced as a thin plate; in dorsal view, attachment to mesonotum strongly attenuated giving the sides a concave appearance, posterior margin moderately to strongly excised. Propodeal spines thickening apically into a bifurcation with a short anterior point or angle, and a long acuminate posterior point that projects at an oblique angle; length of dorsal edge approximately equal to length of anterior edge.</p><p>Head smooth and shining on all surfaces expect for arcuate carinae between eyes and antennal insertions. Clypeus occasionally with a few weak carinae attached to anterior border. Promesonotum, in dorsal view smooth and shining with a few very weak transverse impressions. Anepisternum rugose. Katepisternum smooth and shining. Metapleuron rugose. Head and mesosoma reddish-brown; waist, gaster and legs paler.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet uncagena is a noun in apposition combining the Latin uncus, meaning hook, and gena, meaning cheek, in reference to the modification of the genal carina into a hook-like flange in this species.</p><p>Diagnosis, distribution and biology. Pheidole uncagena <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238047" title="Lookup 'Pheidole uncagena' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> is most easily confused with P. pegasus <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238045" title="Lookup 'P. pegasus' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>. Both are sympatric on Vanua Levu, and are characterized by a smooth and shining integument, paler coloration, and long propodeal spines. The features that best separates P. uncagena <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238047" title="Lookup 'P. uncagena' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span>, not only from P. pegasus <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238045" title="Lookup 'P. pegasus' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> but from all other P. roosevelti-group <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24885" title="Lookup 'P. roosevelti-group' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> species, are the modified genal carina that appear almost hook-like in oblique lateral view, and the strongly attenuated mesonotal process, which is best seen in dorsal view.</p><p>Some variation exists between the Vanua Levu type series and the minor workers collected in malaise traps from Taveuni. The propodeal spines of the type series are bifurcate, with a distinct anterior point in addition to the posterior point, whereas the anterior point of the Taveuni specimens are reduced to blunt angle, and the posterior points are longer than those exhibited by the Vanua Levu specimens. Additionally, the genal carinae of the type series come to a more definite point, whereas those of the Taveuni specimens are more blunt.</p><p>Although no queen of P. uncagena <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238047" title="Lookup 'P. uncagena' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> has been collected, the similarities it shares with P. pegasus <span><sup><a href="https://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/nomenclator.lsid_entry?lsid=urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:238045" title="Lookup 'P. pegasus' at Hymenoptera Name Server">HNS</a></sup></span> predict that it will be a large queen with a well-developed mesonotum. The type series was taken from a nest in bare soil with multiple turret entrances. The recovery of this species from malaise traps suggest that the workers at least, occasionally, forage in the arboreal stratum.</p><p>Additional material examined. FIJI. Taveuni: 5.6 km SE Tavuki Village [Mt. Devo], 3.i-10.i.2003, 1187m, -16.84300°, 179.95500°, primary rainforest, malaise, (E. Schlinger, M. Tokota'a), FJTA8a_M01_12, 3 minors (CASENT0174282 - CASENT0174284); Devo Peak Radio Tower, 13.xii-20.xii.2002, 1200m, - 16.85000°, 179.96667°, rainforest, malaise, (M. Irwin, E. Schlinger, M. Tokota'a), 1 minor (CASENT0174285).</p><p>Two specimens, both minor workers, are labeled with the following locality: Vanua Levu: 6 km NW Kilaka Village Batiqere Range, 3.i.2003, 113m, -16.73170°, 178.99970°, malaise, (E. Schlinger, M. Tokota'a), FJVN58c_M02_06, (CASENT0174286, CASENT0174287). The record, if correct, would make this the lowest elevation occurrence of any P roosevelti-group species. Remarkable, in itself, suspicion of erroneous data is further compounded by the observation that all other known records of the species are taken from the tallest peaks of Vanua Levu and Taveuni. It is with caution that the locality data is recorded here, and I refrain from including it in the presented figures.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6AF9C1FDD4714835FCA2A61E1F3D7908	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sarnat, E. M.	Sarnat, E. M. (2008): A taxonomic revision of the Pheidole roosevelti-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Fiji. Zootaxa 1767: 1-36, URL: http://hol.osu.edu/reference-full.html?id=21683
