identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
B36B3E40F851AF72FB98F9F5FAC4FC38.text	B36B3E40F851AF72FB98F9F5FAC4FC38.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apheloria Chamberlin 1921	<div><p>Genus Apheloria Chamberlin, 1921</p><p>Vernacular name: The cherry millipedes</p><p>Apheloria Chamberlin, 1921: 232 .</p><p>Type species: Fontaria montana Bollman, 1887, by original designation. Detailed taxonomic history in Appendix 1.</p><p>Six species:</p><p>Apheloria corrugata (Wood, 1864);</p><p>Apheloria montana (Bollman, 1887);</p><p>Apheloria polychroma Marek, Means &amp; Hennen, 2018;</p><p>Apheloria uwharrie sp. nov.;</p><p>Apheloria virginiensis (Drury, 1770),</p><p>Apheloria whiteheadi (Shelley, 1986) .</p><p>Genus diagnosis: Apheloria is distinct from other apheloriine genera based on the following combination of characters: Color. Tergites with 2–4 spots or stripes. Spot, stripe hues variable; usually yellow stripes, often with red spots on paranota (Fig. 2)—never with purple as in some species of Sigmoria . Those with yellow stripes often show a brick-red tinge on the inside margin of the paranotal spots. Gonopods. Gonopodal acropodite circular (Figs 3, 4A)—not smoothly oval-shaped (0-shaped), as in Rudiloria, nor D-shaped as in Sigmoria . Acropodite narrow, about one-half width of tibia on leg pair 9; of uniform width throughout. Acropodite gradually tapered to curved J- or L-shaped acuminate apex (Fig. 4B). Acropodite shaft without cingulum nor preapical teeth nor projections as in Appalachioria, Brachoria . Prefemur with a scythe-like prefemoral process located medially (Fig. 4B, pfp)— not absent, rounded, nor located marginally as in Appalachioria, Brachoria . Acropodite bent 90° posteroventrally at prefemur (Fig. 4B); prostatic groove bent 90° from cannula to acropodite base. With acute angle or distinct protuberance on corner of bend, “bend tubercle” (Fig. 4B, bt).</p><p>Genus diagnosis notes: The genus diagnosis applies solely to the species of Apheloria besides A. whiteheadi, a geographically isolated species with very different looking acropodites. See diagnosis of A. whiteheadi below.</p><p>Genus etymology: Chamberlin did not provide an etymology of the genus name Apheloria when he named it in 1921. It is presumed that the name is from the Greek apo (ἀπό) meaning away or off, and the Greek helios, meaning sun (ἥΛΙΟΣ) (Brown 1954). Chamberlin may have selected the name because millipedes in the genus Apheloria, and most members of the family Xystodesmidae, flee from the sun to avoid desiccation. Similarly, the genus name appears similar to the word aphelion, which means a point on a circular orbit that is farthest from the sun. A circular orbit appears similar to the circular gonopods of the genus Apheloria . The circular acropodite is the basis of the single sentence description of the genus by Chamberlin (1921:232), “Erected for a group of species…in which the telopodite of the gonopod of male is a simple, coiled blade with a small spur at base.” This latter explanation would be consistent with other genus names in the tribe Apheloriini Hoffman, 1980 by Chamberlin based on shape of the telopodite, such as Brachoria Chamberlin, 1939 and Sigmoria Chamberlin, 1939; and Rudiloria Causey, 1955 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B36B3E40F851AF72FB98F9F5FAC4FC38	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Marek, Paul E.;Means, Jackson C.;Hennen, Derek A.;Tingley, Carol	Marek, Paul E., Means, Jackson C., Hennen, Derek A., Tingley, Carol (2025): Revision of the millipede genus Apheloria Chamberlin, 1921 (Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae, Apheloriini). Zootaxa 5701 (3): 315-350, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5701.3.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5701.3.4
B36B3E40F857AF71FB98FA2DFA22FE20.text	B36B3E40F857AF71FB98FA2DFA22FE20.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apheloria corrugata (Wood 1864) Marek & Means & Hennen & Tingley 2025	<div><p>Apheloria corrugata (Wood, 1864), new status</p><p>Vernacular name: “The pink and yellow cherry millipede”</p><p>Figs 2–6, 10</p><p>Polydesmus (Fontaria) corrugatus Wood, 1864: 6 .</p><p>Fontaria butleriana Bollman, 1888: 407, new synonymy .</p><p>Leptocircus inexpectatus Attems, 1931: 67 . Synonymized by Hoffman, 1999: 307.</p><p>Apheloria adela Chamberlin, 1939: 10 . Synonymized by Hoffman, 1957: 186.</p><p>Apheloria iowa Chamberlin, 1939: 10, new synonymy .</p><p>Apheloria reducta Chamberlin, 1939: 11, new synonymy .</p><p>Apheloria pinicola Chamberlin, 1947: 26 . Synonymized by Hoffman, 1999: 305.</p><p>Apheloria asburna Chamberlin, 1949a: 101 . Synonymized by Hoffman, 1999: 307.</p><p>Detailed taxonomic history in Appendix 1.</p><p>Material examined: Type specimens— ♂ syntype (USNM) from New York, Oneida County, Trenton Falls (Coll: D. Mack), no other collection information provided (non vidi) . Non type material examined in Appendix 2. Materials examined are archived in the Virginia Tech Data Repository at: https://doi.org/10.7294/29829209</p><p>Diagnosis: Apheloria corrugata is distinct from other apheloriine species based on the following combination of characters: Color. Tergites with two pink spots and yellow metatergal stripe, anterior collum stripe, and legs (Figs 2, 3, 5A, 6). ♂ Gonopods. Gonopodal acropodite smoothly circular, O-shaped (Fig. 3, 4B)—without elbow as in A. virginiensis (Fig. 7A, elb). Not smoothly oval-shaped (0-shaped), as in Rudiloria, nor D-shaped as in Sigmoria . Acropodite narrow, about one-half width of tibia on leg pair 9; of uniform width throughout. Acropodite tapered to L-shaped acuminate apex and abruptly twisted (Fig. 4B)—not gradually tapered to curved J-shaped apex as in A. polychroma (Fig. 8B). Acropodite shaft without cingulum nor preapical teeth nor projections as in Appalachioria, Brachoria . Prefemur with a long, scythe-like prefemoral process (Fig. 4B, pfp)—not short, scythe-like as in A. polychroma (Fig. 8A, pfp). With distinct bend tubercle at prefemur-acropodite junction (Fig. 4B, bt), not with acute angle at junction as in A. polychroma, A. uwharrie (Figs 8B, 9B).</p><p>Note about coloration: The pink-spotted yellow stripe morph unequivocally diagnoses A. corrugata from all other species of Xystodesmidae, except for in the Valley and Ridge Mountains of Virginia where Appalachioria calcaria (Keeton, 1959) is a mimic (Fig. 5). However, there are about 10 distinct color morphs of the species with some of these morphs appearing as if a product of the superimposition of distinct morphs atop one another, such as morphs 5 and 7 below (Figs 2, 10). Because color varies considerably intraspecifically, it should be cautiously used as a diagnostic character for this species.</p><p>Variation. There are at least 10 color morphs of A. corrugata with a continuum of coloration between them (in order of decreasing frequency): (1) striped, with yellow metatergal stripes and pink paranotal spots, and yellow legs (Figs 2, 5A, 6); (2) striped, with yellow metatergal—paranotal stripes, anterior collum stripe, and legs (Fig. 10A); (3) two-spotted, with yellow paranotal spots, and yellow legs (Fig. 10B); (4) three-spotted, with yellow paranotal, metatergal and collum spots, and yellow legs (Fig. 10C); (5) striped/three-spotted superimposition of striped (morph 1) and three-spotted yellow morphs (morph 4) (Fig. 10D); (6) striped, with pink metatergal—paranotal stripes, anterior collum stripe, and legs (Fig. 10E); and (7) striped/three-spotted superimposition of striped (morph 6) and three-spotted yellow morphs (morph 4) (Fig. 10F). Some that appear like morphs 2 or 4 have small brick red crescents next (anterior) to their yellow paranotal spots (Figs 10A, C).</p><p>There is typical sexual size dimorphism between males and females, where females are larger, and negligible variation of measurements within individuals of the same sex. Somatic measurements: ♂ (n = 13) BL = 34.07–46.48 (39.53/ 3.14). CW = 6.00–8.19 (7.01/ 0.67). IW = 3.71–4.99 (4.40 / 0.35). ISW = 1.02–1.32 (1.16/0.09). B10W = 7.28–10.85 (8.94/1.12). ♀ (n = 14) BL = 37.85–57.23 (46.92/ 5.30). CW = 6.70–7.82 (7.14/0.29). IW = 4.52–5.64 (4.95/0.31). ISW = 1.20–1.57 (1.41/0.11). B10W = 9.06–10.64 (9.79/0.46).</p><p>Ecology. Apheloria corrugata individuals were typically encountered in mesic habitats such as broadleaf deciduous forests (Fig. 6). More seldom were they found in mixed forests, rhododendron groves, cedar glades, and hemlock forests. Syntopic tree species recorded with A. corrugata included sugar maple, tulip poplar, white oak, pine, sycamore, beech, hickory, and black walnut. Individuals were normally found beneath decomposing leaves and occasionally walking atop detritus on the forest floor. Individuals of A. corrugata are commonly encountered walking on the lawn of the first author’s home in Blacksburg, Virginia in spring, and they may also enter houses, particularly damp basements (W. Shear, pers. communication).</p><p>Due to mimicry in color and overlap in distribution, A. corrugata may be confused in the field with A. polychroma, A. virginiensis, A. whiteheadi and the following species of Appalachioria, Brachoria, Cherokia Chamberlin, 1949b, Pleuroloma Rafinesque, 1820, and Rudiloria Causey, 1955: Appalachioria bondi Marek, Means, Hennen, 2021; Appalachioria calcaria (Keeton, 1959) (Fig. 5B); Appalachioria ethotela (Chamberlin, 1942); Appalachioria falcifera Keeton, 1959; Appalachioria hamata (Keeton, 1959); Appalachioria separanda Chamberlin, 1947; Appalachioria versicolor (Hoffman, 1963); Brachoria badbranchensis Marek, 2010; Brachoria blackmountainensis Marek, 2010; Brachoria campcreekensis Marek, 2010; Brachoria electa Causey, 1955; Brachoria flammipes Marek, 2010; Brachoria gracilipes (Chamberlin, 1947); Brachoria grapevinensis Marek, 2010; Brachoria hoffmani Keeton, 1959; Brachoria indianae (Bollman, 1888); Brachoria laminata Keeton, 1959; Brachoria ligula Keeton, 1959; Brachoria viridicolens (Hoffman, 1948); Cherokia georgiana (Bollman, 1889); Pleuroloma flavipes Rafinesque, 1820; Rudiloria guyandotta (Shear, 1972); Rudiloria mohicana Causey, 1955; Rudiloria rigida Shelley, 1986; and Rudiloria trimaculata (Wood, 1864) . Apheloria corrugata can be distinguished from other species of Apheloria by its diagnosis, and from Appalachioria, Brachoria, Cherokia, Pleuroloma and Rudiloria species by gonopod morphology, specifically by the absence of a cingulum, or a mid-length transverse groove on the acropodite, and the presence of a circular acropodite (Figs 3, 4A).</p><p>Distribution. Apheloria corrugata has the greatest distributional area of the genus, and is known from Virginia north to Connecticut and Montreal; west to southeastern Ontario Province, southern Michigan, southeasternmost Wisconsin; south to Illinois, southeastern Iowa, southern Missouri; western Oklahoma, northern Arkansas, western Tennessee, and the far northwestern corner of Alabama (Fig. 11). Pleuroloma flavipes has the greatest distributional area of the family and extends further south (to northern Louisiana) and west (Shelley 1980, Shelley et al. 2003).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B36B3E40F857AF71FB98FA2DFA22FE20	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Marek, Paul E.;Means, Jackson C.;Hennen, Derek A.;Tingley, Carol	Marek, Paul E., Means, Jackson C., Hennen, Derek A., Tingley, Carol (2025): Revision of the millipede genus Apheloria Chamberlin, 1921 (Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae, Apheloriini). Zootaxa 5701 (3): 315-350, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5701.3.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5701.3.4
B36B3E40F854AF7CFB98F8A4FC48FE58.text	B36B3E40F854AF7CFB98F8A4FC48FE58.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apheloria montana (Bollman 1887)	<div><p>Apheloria montana (Bollman, 1887)</p><p>Vernacular name: “The mountain cherry millipede”</p><p>Figs 12, 13</p><p>Fontaria montana Bollman, 1887: 622 .</p><p>Apheloria aspila Chamberlin, 1939: 10 . Synonymized by Hoffman, 1999: 306.</p><p>Apheloria unaka Chamberlin, 1939: 11 . Synonymized by Hoffman, 1999: 305.</p><p>Detailed taxonomic history in Appendix 1.</p><p>Material examined: Type specimens— ♂ holotype (USNM) from Tennessee, Cocke County, Wolf Creek (Coll: C. Branner), no other collection information provided (non vidi) . Non type material examined in Appendix 2. Materials examined are archived in the Virginia Tech Data Repository at: https://doi.org/10.7294/29829209</p><p>Diagnosis: Apheloria montana is distinct from other apheloriine species based on the following combination of characters: Color. Tergites with three yellow spots and yellow legs (Fig. 12). ♂ Gonopods. Gonopodal acropodite smoothly circular, O-shaped (Fig. 13A)—without elbow as in A. virginiensis (Fig. 7A, elb). Not smoothly oval-shaped (0-shaped), as in Rudiloria, nor D-shaped as in Sigmoria . Acropodite narrow, about one-half width of tibia on leg pair 9; of uniform width throughout. Acropodite tapered to L-shaped acuminate apex and abruptly twisted (Fig. 13B)—not gradually tapered to curved J-shaped apex as in A. polychroma (Fig. 8B). Acropodite shaft without cingulum nor preapical teeth nor projections as in Appalachioria, Brachoria . Prefemur with a long, scythe-like prefemoral process (Fig. 13B, pfp)—not short, scythe-like as in A. polychroma (Fig. 8A, pfp). With distinct bend tubercle at prefemur-acropodite junction (Fig. 13B, bt), not with acute angle at junction as in A. polychroma, A. uwharrie (Figs 8B, 9B).</p><p>Note about coloration: The three-spotted yellow morph unequivocally diagnoses A. montana from all other species of Apheloria northeast of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Tennessee and North Carolina (Fig. 12).</p><p>Variation. The three-spotted yellow morph is the single color morph of A. montana . Individuals from Little Switzerland, Mitchell Co., North Carolina, possess smaller orange spots and orange legs.</p><p>There is typical sexual size dimorphism between males and females, where females are larger, and negligible variation of measurements within individuals of the same sex. Somatic measurements: ♂ (n = 7) BL = 41.85–52.89 (46.56/3.71). CW = 6.57–7.75 (6.91/0.45). IW = 4.24–4.89 (4.50/0.27). ISW = 1.15–1.31 (1.25/0.06). B10W = 8.74–10.51 (9.49/0.72). ♀ (n = 7) BL = 46.69–54.87 (49.51/2.98). CW = 6.44–8.21 (7.11/0.71). IW = 4.08–5.26 (4.75/0.41). ISW = 1.10–1.41 (1.30/0.11). B10W = 8.42–11.20 (9.78/0.99).</p><p>Ecology. Apheloria montana individuals were typically encountered in mesic habitats such as broadleaf deciduous forests. They were also found in drier habitats such as mixed forests, rhododendron groves, and oak and beech forests. Syntopic tree species recorded with A. montana included pine, maple, oak, tulip poplar, witch hazel, alder, hemlock, sweetgum, buckeye, and maple. Individuals were typically found beneath decomposing leaves on the forest floor.</p><p>Due to mimicry in color and overlap in distribution, A. montana may be confused in the field with A. polychroma; Appalachioria eutypa (Chamberlin, 1939); Brachoria hendrixsoni Marek, 2010; C. georgiana; and P. flavipes . Apheloria montana can be distinguished from other species of Apheloria by its diagnosis, and from Appalachioria, Brachoria, Cherokia and Pleuroloma species by gonopod morphology, specifically by the absence of a cingulum, or a mid-length transverse groove on the acropodite, and the presence of a circular acropodite (Fig. 13A).</p><p>Distribution. Known from western North Carolina in Buncombe, Madison, McDowell, and Mitchell cos., and eastern Tennessee in Greene, Unicoi, and Washington cos. (Fig. 11). Apheloria montana has the second smallest distributional area of the genus; A. whiteheadi has the smallest distribution.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B36B3E40F854AF7CFB98F8A4FC48FE58	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Marek, Paul E.;Means, Jackson C.;Hennen, Derek A.;Tingley, Carol	Marek, Paul E., Means, Jackson C., Hennen, Derek A., Tingley, Carol (2025): Revision of the millipede genus Apheloria Chamberlin, 1921 (Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae, Apheloriini). Zootaxa 5701 (3): 315-350, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5701.3.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5701.3.4
B36B3E40F858AF7BFB98F99CFEF1FBC4.text	B36B3E40F858AF7BFB98F99CFEF1FBC4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apheloria polychroma Marek, Means & Hennen 2018	<div><p>Apheloria polychroma Marek, Means &amp; Hennen, 2018</p><p>Vernacular name: “The colorful cherry millipede”</p><p>Figs 8, 14</p><p>Apheloria polychroma Marek, Means &amp; Hennen, 2018: 416 .</p><p>Apheloria roanea Chamberlin, 1947: 26 . Synonymized by Hoffman, 1999: 306.</p><p>Detailed taxonomic history in Appendix 1.</p><p>Material examined: Type specimens— ♂ holotype (FMNH-INS60792), 1 ♀ paratype (FMNH-INS71228), 3 ♂, 3 ♀ paratypes (VTEC, MMC0309, 310, 313, 305, 306, 308), 1 ♂, 1 ♀ paratypes (VMNH, MMC0314, 312) from Virginia, Lee County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.20165&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.65624" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.20165/lat 36.65624)">The Cedars, The Cedars State Natural Area Preserve</a>, CR-738 (36.65624°N, - 83.20165°W, Elev. 436 m), 28 September 2006, 16:00 (Colls: P. and B. Marek) (vidi) . Non type material examined in Appendix 2. Materials examined are archived in the Virginia Tech Data Repository at: https://doi.org/10.7294/29829209</p><p>Diagnosis: Apheloria polychroma is distinct from other apheloriine species based on the following combination of characters: Color. Tergites usually with 4 yellow spots on a jet black background: 1 metatergal, 1 prozonal, 2 paranotal spots (Fig. 14). Collum usually uniformly covered in yellow (Fig. 10). ♂ Gonopods. Gonopodal acropodite smoothly circular, O-shaped (Fig. 8A)—without elbow as in A. virginiensis (Fig. 7A, elb). Not smoothly oval-shaped, 0-shaped, as in Rudiloria . Acropodite narrow, one-half width of tibia on leg pair 9; of uniform width throughout.Acropodite gradually tapered to curved acuminate, J-shaped apex (Fig. 8B)—not L-shaped and abruptly twisted as in A. corrugata, A. virginiensis, A. montana (Figs 4B, 7B, 13B). Acropodite shaft without cingulum nor preapical teeth nor projections as in Appalachioria, Brachoria . Prefemur with a shorter, scythe-like prefemoral process, one-ninth length of acropodite (Fig. 8A, pfp)—not long and scythe-like as in A. corrugata, A. virginiensis, A. montana (Figs 4A, 7A, 13A). With acute angle at prefemur-acropodite junction (Fig. 8B), not with distinct bend tubercle at junction as in A. corrugata, A. virginiensis, A. montana (Figs 4B, 7B, 13B, bt).</p><p>Note about coloration: When it is present, the 4-spotted yellow color morph with a collum that is uniformly covered in yellow unequivocally diagnoses A. polychroma from all other species of Xystodesmidae (Fig. 14). However, this morph is geographically restricted to the Powell River Valley from Big Stone Gap, Virginia, in the north and Norris, Tennessee in the south. There are no fewer than six distinct color morphs of the species with a continuum of hues and patterns between them (“ Figs 2A – T, 5 ” in Marek et al. 2018). There are often multiple color morphs of the species that are syntopic and co-occur in a small area (≥ 10 m 2). Because color varies considerably intraspecifically, it should be cautiously used as a diagnostic character for this species.</p><p>Variation. There are at least six color morphs of Apheloria polychroma with a continuum of coloration between them: (1) four-spotted, with yellow to orange paranotal, metatergal, prozonal and collum spots, and legs (collum often uniformly covered in yellow, Fig. 14) and sometimes with red legs; (2) striped, with yellow metatergal— paranotal stripes, anterior collum stripe, and legs (“ Figs 2G, H ” in Marek et al. 2018); (3) three-spotted, with creamwhite paranotal, metatergal and collum spots, and red legs (“ Figs 2I, J ” in Marek et al. 2018); (4) three-spotted, with yellow paranotal, metatergal and collum spots, and yellow or red legs (“ Figs 2K, L; 5A, B ” in Marek et al. 2018); (5) striped/four-spotted superimposition of striped and four-spotted yellow morphs (“ Figs 2M, N ” in Marek et al. 2018); and (6) two-spotted, with yellow paranotal spots, and yellow or red legs (“ Figs 2Q – T ” in Marek et al. 2018). Some three-spotted yellow individuals have faint metatergal spots and appear nearly two-spotted (“ Fig. 2S ” in Marek et al. 2018). The dorsal color of A. polychroma is always yellow to red and jet black; however, the pattern varies from two, three, or four spots, to metatergal stripes, and superimposition of the latter two patterns.</p><p>There is typical sexual size dimorphism between males and females, where females are larger, and negligible variation of measurements within individuals of the same sex. Somatic measurements: ♂ (n = 13) BL = 39.59–58.52 (50.24/6.18). CW = 6.76–9.22 (7.69/ 0.69). IW = 4.19–5.21 (4.78/0.28). ISW = 1.10–1.72 (1.27/0.18). B10W = 9.29–12.47 (10.43/0.81). ♀ (n = 10) BL = 37.78–53.47 (44.36/5.78). CW = 6.75–8.62 (7.66/0.53). IW = 4.61–5.69 (5.09/0.32). ISW = 1.20–1.52 (1.34/0.10). B10W = 8.90–12.70 (10.61/1.09).</p><p>Ecology. Apheloria polychroma individuals were typically encountered in mesic habitats such as broadleaf deciduous forests, and seldom in more xeric habitats such as glades—for example in The Cedars Natural Area Preserve in Lee County, Virginia that consists of karst overlain with a mixed deciduous and eastern red cedar forest ( Juniperus virginiana L.). Individuals were normally found beneath decomposing leaves and occasionally walking atop detritus on the forest floor. These individuals were more often exposed to view than others of the family, bolder in behavior, and were more likely to writhe and flail when disturbed—compared to coiling into a ball like others. When handled, individuals would emit copious amounts of defense secretions and liquid feces.</p><p>Due to mimicry in color and overlap in distribution, A. polychroma may be confused in the field with A. corrugata, A. montana, Appalachioria eutypa (Chamberlin, 1939); C. georgiana (Bollman, 1889); P. flavipes; and eight species of Brachoria: Brachoria cedra Keeton, 1959; Brachoria dentata Keeton, 1959; Brachoria hansonia Causey, 1950; Brachoria hoffmani Keeton, 1959; Brachoria insolita Keeton, 1959; Brachoria mendota Keeton, 1959; Brachoria sheari Marek, 2010; Brachoria splendida (Causey, 1942) . Mimetic resemblance between A. polychroma and B. mendota at Natural Tunnel State Park (Scott Co., Virginia) is one of the most accurate in the millipede mimicry system (Marek &amp; Bond 2009, Marek et al. 2018). The Pennington Gap mimic millipede, Brachoria dentata Keeton, 1959, mimics A. polychroma in color morph at six of the seven localities where they were found to co-occur. Five other species of Brachoria co-occur with A. polychroma at fewer localities. When syntopic with A. polychroma, though rare, some individuals of the species B. cedra, B. dentata, B. mendota, and B. sheari can have 4 yellow spots, including the distinctive prozonal spot, and appear almost indistinguishable from A. polychroma . However, these Brachoria species never possess a collum that is uniformly covered in yellow. Apheloria polychroma can be distinguished from other species of Apheloria by its diagnosis, and from Appalachioria, Brachoria, Cherokia, and Pleuroloma species by gonopod morphology, specifically by the absence of a cingulum, or a mid-length transverse groove on the acropodite, and the presence of a circular acropodite (Fig. 8A).</p><p>Distribution. Known from the mountains between southwestern Virginia, southeastern Kentucky, eastern Tennessee, and northwestern Georgia (Fig. 11). Not known to occur in North Carolina. The greatest diversity in coloration of A. polychroma is seen in southwestern Virginia where the taxon is syntopic with six species of the genus Brachoria .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B36B3E40F858AF7BFB98F99CFEF1FBC4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Marek, Paul E.;Means, Jackson C.;Hennen, Derek A.;Tingley, Carol	Marek, Paul E., Means, Jackson C., Hennen, Derek A., Tingley, Carol (2025): Revision of the millipede genus Apheloria Chamberlin, 1921 (Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae, Apheloriini). Zootaxa 5701 (3): 315-350, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5701.3.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5701.3.4
B36B3E40F85EAF66FB98FB15FE9EFEEC.text	B36B3E40F85EAF66FB98FB15FE9EFEEC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apheloria uwharrie Marek, Means, Hennen & Tingley 2025	<div><p>Apheloria uwharrie Marek, Means, Hennen &amp; Tingley, new species</p><p>Vernacular name: “The Uwharrie cherry millipede”</p><p>Figs 9, 15</p><p>Apheloria “species”— Shelley 2000: 193.</p><p>Apheloria “Myrtle Beach”— Means et al. 2021b: 7.</p><p>Material examined:Type specimens— ♂ holotype (VTEC, MPE03855), 1 ♀ paratype (VTEC, MPE03857), 2 ♂, 2 ♀ paratypes (VMNH, MPE03856, 3858; VTEC, 3859, 3875) from South Carolina, Horry Co., Myrtle Beach: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.882576&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.7117" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.882576/lat 33.7117)">Forested area near the intersection of Robert M Grissom Parkway and 29th Avenue North</a> (33.711699°N, - 78.882573°W, Elev. 8 m), 30 March 2018 (Coll: G. Schiermeyer) (vidi) . Non type specimens— North Carolina, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.0433&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.3108" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.0433/lat 35.3108)">Stanly Co.</a>, 2 ♂ (VTEC, MPE01977, MPE01979), 1 ♀ (VMNH, MPE01978) <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.0433&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.3108" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.0433/lat 35.3108)">Uwharrie Mountains</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.0433&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.3108" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.0433/lat 35.3108)">Morrow Mountain State Park</a>, forest by old cabin &amp; small parking lot (35.371667°N, - 80.096111°W, Elev. 140 m), 7 August 2016, 16:00 (Coll: J. Means). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.0433&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.3108" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.0433/lat 35.3108)">Randolph Co.</a>, 3 ♂ (VTEC, MPE05400, 5402, 5403) <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.0433&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.3108" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.0433/lat 35.3108)">Uwharrie National Forest</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.0433&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.3108" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.0433/lat 35.3108)">Birkhead Mountain</a> Trail, near Tot Hill (35.6307°N, - 79.9064°W, Elev. 240 m), 27 August 2022 (Coll: C. Tingley). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.0433&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.3108" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.0433/lat 35.3108)">Montgomery Co.</a>, 1 ♂ (VTEC, MPE05401) <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.0433&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.3108" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.0433/lat 35.3108)">Uwharrie National Forest</a>, Wood Run Trailhead Parking (35.3108°N, - 80.0433°W, Elev. 167 m), 22 August 2022 (Coll: C. Tingley). Material examined are archived in the Virginia Tech Data Repository at: https://doi.org/10.7294/29829209</p><p>Diagnosis: Apheloria uwharrie is distinct from other apheloriine species based on the following combination of characters: Color. Tergites with three yellow (Uwharrie Mountains, Fig. 15A) or red spots (Myrtle Beach) or red stripes (Myrtle Beach, Fig. 15B). ♂ Gonopods. Gonopodal acropodite smoothly circular, O-shaped (Fig. 9A)— without elbow as in A. virginiensis (Fig. 7A, elb). Not smoothly oval-shaped as in Rudiloria, nor D-shaped as in Sigmoria . Acropodite narrow, about one-half width of tibia on leg pair 9; of uniform width throughout. Acropodite tapered to L-shaped acuminate apex and abruptly twisted (Fig. 9B)—not gradually tapered to curved J-shaped apex as in A. polychroma (Fig. 8B). Acropodite shaft without cingulum nor preapical teeth nor projections as in Appalachioria, Brachoria . Prefemur with a long, scythe-like prefemoral process (Fig. 9B, pfp)—not short, scythe-like as in A. polychroma (Fig. 8B, pfp). With acute angle at prefemur-acropodite junction (Fig. 9B), not with distinct bend tubercle at junction as in A. corrugata, A. virginiensis, A. montana (Fig. 4B, 7B, 13B, bt).</p><p>Diagnosis notes: A millipede with red spots or stripes and circular acropodites occurring in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, unequivocally diagnoses A. uwharrie from all other species. Similarly, a millipede with yellow spots and circular acropodites occurring in the Uwharrie Mountains unequivocally diagnoses A. uwharrie from all other species. However, A. virginiensis has similar coloration and occurs in the coastal plain and piedmont of North Carolina and Virginia, and northeast of A. uwharrie . Although there are no A. virginiensis with red stripes, there are A. virginiensis with yellow or red spots.</p><p>Description. Based on holotype (♂) MPE03855</p><p>Measurements: BL = 49.18, CW = 6.70, IW = 4.25, ISW = 1.27, B11W = 9.30. Head: Antenna length— extendable posteriorly to anterior margin of 3rd tergite; relative antennomere lengths 4&gt;2&gt;3&gt;5&gt;6&gt;7&gt;1. Antenna with 4 sensillum types; all sensillum shafts smooth, without barbules. Four apical cones (AS) in square pattern on 8th antennomere. Chaetiform sensilla (CS) on antennomeres 2–7.Antennomere 1 smooth without CS; antennomeres 2–4 with sparse CS vestiture; antennomeres 5–7 with dense CS vestiture. Trichoid sensilla (TS) on antennomeres 1– 7; encircling apical rims. Spiniform basiconic sensilla (Bs 2) in clusters of 15 on apicodorsal surface of antennomeres 5, 6; Bs 2 1/10 length of CS. Tergites: Collum with straight cephalic edge, tapering laterally. Collum with carina present on anterolateral margins. Caudolateral corners of paranota rounded on body rings 1–4; body rings 5–19 with corners squared projecting caudally. Caudolateral corners of paranota 8–19 with small posterior-projecting tab. Paranota dorsal surface glossy, loosely wrinkled, appearing leathery. Ozopores opening dorsolaterally. Pore formula normal for order: 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15–19. Paranota with anterodorsal area scooped out. Gonapophyses apically cylindrical. Pleural tubercle absent, with faint swelling between paranotal base and spiracle. Sterna without posteriorly projecting spines, with slightly anteriorly curved caudal margin. Sterna 2–9 sparsely setose (about 10 setae); sterna 10–18 lacking setae. Gonopods: Acropodite bent posteroventrally at base, curved medially in smooth O-shaped form (Fig. 9A). Distal-most arc of acropodite oriented laterally. O-shaped acropodite nearly closed between prefemoral process and apex (Fig. 9A). Right, left acropodites not crossed midlength, acropodites stacked. Gonocoxae with rounded protuberance apically, telopodites arising subapically. Telopodites—Prefemur with sharp prefemoral process, one-ninth length of acropodite, with apex tapered to sharp curved point, scythe-shaped, width at base 1/4 its length (Fig. 9A pfp). Acropodite bent 90° posteroventrally at prefemur (Fig. 9B); prostatic groove bent 90° from cannula to acropodite base (Fig. 9B). Not with distinct bend tubercle at prefemur-acropodite junction. Gonopodal acropodite narrow, one-half width of tibia on leg pair 9; tapered to curved acuminate apex. Acropodite with ventrobasal surface facing laterally. Acropodite without spines on dorsal surface. Acropodite basal and apical ventral surfaces not coplanar, apical surface facing ventrolaterally; anterior twist faint (Fig. 9B). Acropodite ventral surface flat, smooth, no bumps nor swellings.Acropodite without cingulum.Acropodite shaft uniform width to region with setae, tapered to acuminate apex. Acropodite elliptical in cross-section, acuminate apex thinner, transparent. Acropodite margin smooth, rounded, lacking sharp edge; marginal teeth absent. Acropodite with apical 1/9 recurved, L-shaped, projecting cephalically (Fig. 9B). Acropodite base with setae about 1/3 its total length (Fig. 9B).</p><p>Paratype (♀) MPE 03857—Somatic measurements: BL = 56.54, CW = 6.64, IW = 4.83, ISW = 1.49, B10W = 10.07. Cyphopods: Cyphopod receptacle at its greatest width equal to prefemur length. Receptacle heart-shaped, pointed base facing medially. Cyphopodal valves symmetrical, anterior valve more convex. Cyphopods with valve suture facing laterally, suture without mid-length ramp-like swelling.</p><p>Variation. There are four color morphs of Apheloria uwharrie: (1) three-spotted, with yellow paranotal, metatergal and collum spots, and legs (Fig. 15A); (2) striped, with red metatergal—paranotal stripes, anterior collum spot, and legs (Fig. 15B); (3) striped/three-spotted superimposition of striped and three-spotted red morphs (Fig. 15C); and (4) three-spotted, with yellow paranotal spots and legs, and faint orange or missing metatergal and collum spots, appearing nearly two-spotted (Fig. 15D). There is a geographical assortment of color morphs, and A. uwharrie from the Uwharrie Mountains display the yellow spotted morph and those from Myrtle Beach have the red striped or spotted morphs.</p><p>There is typical sexual size dimorphism between males and females, where females are larger, and negligible variation of measurements within individuals of the same sex. Somatic measurements: ♂ (n = 5) BL = 46.19–55.63 (51.06/4.01). CW = 6.30–7.47 (6.95/0.50). IW = 4.02–4.86 (4.44/0.37). ISW = 1.26–1.33 (1.30/0.03). B10W = 8.72–10.24 (9.53/0.60). ♀ (n = 4) BL = 50.34–56.54 (53.38/3.15). CW = 6.64–7.82 (7.21/0.48). IW = 4.71–5.60 (4.97/0.42). ISW = 1.42–1.72 (1.56/0.13). B10W = 10.06–10.59 (10.20/0.26).</p><p>Ecology. Apheloria uwharrie individuals were often encountered in more xeric habitats than is typical for members of the tribe. Individuals from Uwharrie National Forest were encountered in dry hardwood slopes and ridges, and those from Myrtle Beach were found in an oak, pine, magnolia forest in dry leaf litter.An individual from Morrow Mountain State Park in the Uwharrie Mountains was discovered in a damp, deciduous forest composed of live oak, huckleberry, and maple.</p><p>Apheloria polychroma and A. corrugata are well-known mimics with sympatric xystodesmid species, such as Brachoria, Rudiloria, and Appalachioria, but A. uwharrie is not known to mimic others. There is a resemblance between A. uwharrie and syntopic family members such as with Sigmoria species and a Pleuroloma species. Sigmoria and Pleuroloma species have a shared yellow spotted coloration in the Uwharrie Mountains, and appear striped red in Myrtle Beach. These resemblances are geographically clustered with yellow spotted species occurring north of the Carolinas’ border and red striped species to the south (Shelley and Whitehead 1986). This resemblance is likely a result of Müllerian mimicry, or for camouflage in red light-dominated forest ecosystems (Endler 1993). Due to resemblance in color and overlap in distribution, A. uwharrie may be confused in the field with two species of Sigmoria [ Sigmoria latior (Brölemann, 1900) and Sigmoria simplex (Shelley, 1977)] and a species of Pleuroloma, Pleuroloma pinicola Shelley, 1980 . Apheloria uwharrie can be distinguished from these taxa by gonopod morphology, specifically by the presence of a circular acropodite (Fig. 9A).</p><p>Distribution. Known from two areas: the Uwharrie Mountains, NC, and Myrtle Beach, SC (Montgomery, Randolph, and Stanly cos., NC; and Horry Co., SC; Fig. 11). Several localities intervening these were cited by Shelley (2000, 2007), and may be A. uwharrie . These counties are as follows: Richmond and Union cos., NC; and Chesterfield, Kershaw, and Georgetown cos., SC. The location from Georgetown Co., SC, is close to the type locality of A. uwharrie . The outline of the distribution of A. uwharrie in Figure 11 reflects these probable locations.</p><p>Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition, and derived from the northernmost localities of A. uwharrie in the Uwharrie Mountains, North Carolina. The Uwharrie Mountains are inselbergs formed by erosion of ancient terrains and are a rich repository of unusual and rare biological, geological and archaeological heritage (Lewis 2023).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B36B3E40F85EAF66FB98FB15FE9EFEEC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Marek, Paul E.;Means, Jackson C.;Hennen, Derek A.;Tingley, Carol	Marek, Paul E., Means, Jackson C., Hennen, Derek A., Tingley, Carol (2025): Revision of the millipede genus Apheloria Chamberlin, 1921 (Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae, Apheloriini). Zootaxa 5701 (3): 315-350, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5701.3.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5701.3.4
B36B3E40F843AF67FB98FEF5FBB0F8A9.text	B36B3E40F843AF67FB98FEF5FBB0F8A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apheloria virginiensis (Drury 1770)	<div><p>Apheloria virginiensis (Drury, 1770)</p><p>Vernacular name: “The Virginia cherry millipede”</p><p>Figs 7, 16</p><p>Julus virginiensis Drury, 1770: 1 .</p><p>Apheloria tigana Chamberlin, 1939: 11 . New synonymy.</p><p>Apheloria virginia Chamberlin, 1939: 12 . Synonymized by Hoffman, 1999: 306.</p><p>Apheloria waccamana Chamberlin, 1940: 284 . Synonymized by Shelley, 1978: 63.</p><p>Detailed taxonomic history in Appendix 1.</p><p>Material examined: Type specimens — type material lost (BMNH?) from Virginia, Dinwiddie County (Coll: J. Greenway), no other collection information provided. ♂ Neotype (FSCA), 1 ♀, 2 ♂ paratypes (FSCA), 1 ♂ paratype (USNM), 1 ♀ paratype (VMNH) from Virginia, Dinwiddie County, McKenney, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.73944&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.99361" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.73944/lat 36.99361)">VA-40, 1.3 km west VA-644</a> (36.993611°N, - 77.739444°W), 8 July 2016 (Colls: R. Shelley, G. Phillips) (non vidi) . Non type material examined in Appendix 2. Material examined are archived in the Virginia Tech Data Repository at: https://doi. org/10.7294/29829209</p><p>Diagnosis: Apheloria virginiensis is distinct from other apheloriine species based on the following combination of characters: Color. Tergites with three yellow spots and yellow legs (Fig.16A). ♂ Gonopods. Gonopodal acropodite circular but with elbow (Fig. 7A, elb)—not uniformly circular as in A. polychroma (Fig. 8A). Not smoothly oval-shaped, 0-shaped, as in Rudiloria, nor D-shaped as in Sigmoria . Acropodite narrow, about one-half width of tibia on leg pair 9; of uniform width throughout. Acropodite tapered to L-shaped acuminate apex and abruptly twisted (Fig. 7B)—not gradually tapered to curved J-shaped apex as in A. polychroma (Fig. 8B). Acropodite shaft without cingulum nor preapical teeth nor projections as in Appalachioria, Brachoria . Prefemur with a long, scythe-like prefemoral process (Fig. 7, pfp)—not short, scythe-like as in A. polychroma (Fig. 8B, pfp). With distinct bend tubercle at prefemur-acropodite junction (Fig. 7B, bt), not with acute angle at junction as in A. polychroma, A. uwharrie (Figs 8B, 9B).</p><p>Note about coloration. A millipede with two or three yellow spots and circular acropodites occurring in the coastal plain and piedmont of North Carolina, excepting the Uwharrie Mountains, unequivocally diagnoses A. virginiensis from all other species. However, there are at least five distinct color morphs of the species. Because color varies intraspecifically, caution should be exercised with using it as a diagnostic character for identification of this species.</p><p>Variation. There are five color morphs of A. virginiensis with a continuum of coloration between them (in order of decreasing frequency): (1) two-spotted, with yellow paranotal spots, and yellow legs (Fig. 16B); (2) three-spotted, with yellow paranotal, metatergal and collum spots, and yellow legs (Fig. 16A); (3) three-spotted, with pink paranotal spots, yellow metatergal and collum spots, and yellow legs (Fig. 16D); (4) two-spotted, with orange paranotal spots, and orange legs; (5) three-spotted, with pink paranotal, metatergal and collum spots, and pink legs (Fig. 16C). The two-spotted morphs often have faint metatergal spots on posterior rings 15 or 17–19. Morph 3 often have pink paranotal spots connected by a faint and thin pink stripe.</p><p>There is typical sexual size dimorphism between males and females, where females are larger, and negligible variation of measurements within individuals of the same sex. Somatic measurements: ♂ (n = 10) BL = 26.73–58.86 (47.41/8.96). CW = 5.02–8.30 (7.11/0.87). IW = 3.73–4.96 (4.57/0.36). ISW = 1.08–1.52 (1.33/0.13). B10W = 6.77–10.93 (9.68/1.21). ♀ (n = 7) BL = 33.02–51.56 (44.54/7.24). CW = 6.41–7.38 (6.97/0.33). IW = 4.25–5.21 (4.77/0.31). ISW = 1.24–1.64 (1.43/0.15). B10W = 8.42–10.21 (9.39/0.73).</p><p>Ecology. Apheloria virginiensis individuals were typically encountered in mesic habitats such as broadleaf deciduous forests. They were also found in mixed forests, and in sandy soils. Syntopic tree species recorded with A. virginiensis included pine, birch, beech, maple, oak, sweet gum, walnut, oak, magnolia, hickory, rhododendron, tulip poplar, and cherry. Individuals were normally found beneath decomposing leaves and logs, and occasionally walking atop leaf litter or on trails at night. They were often encountered beside streams and low sandy woods.</p><p>Apheloria polychroma and A. corrugata are well-known mimics with sympatric xystodesmid species, such as Brachoria, Rudiloria, and Appalachioria, but A. virginiensis is not well known to mimic others. Due to similarity in color and overlap in distribution, A. virginiensis may be confused in the field with A. corrugata and A. whiteheadi and the following syntopic taxa of its family: Sigmoria latior (Brölemann, 1900) and Pleuroloma flavipes Rafinesque, 1820 . The latter two species share with A. virginiensis a two-spotted yellow coloration. This resemblance is likely a result of Müllerian mimicry, however similarity may be due to another convergent evolution. Apheloria virginiensis can be distinguished from other species of Apheloria by its diagnosis, and from Sigmoria and Pleuroloma species by gonopod morphology, specifically by the absence of a cingulum, or a mid-length transverse groove on the acropodite, and the presence of a circular acropodite (Fig. 7A).</p><p>Distribution. Known primarily from the coastal plain and piedmont of North Carolina (Fig. 11). Apheloria virginiensis is commonly encountered in parks and natural areas in the Research Triangle of North Carolina, such as William B. Umstead State Park. Apheloria virginiensis also occurs in the north of its distribution in the coastal plain, piedmont, and Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia. The westernmost localities are Wilkes County, North Carolina, and the Blue Ridge Mountains in Floyd County, Virginia. In the piedmont of Virginia, in Prince Edward County, A. virginiensis occurs on the campus of Hampden-Sydney College, but 10 km northeast is replaced by A. corrugata in Farmville. Material provided to the first author by W. Shear collected from these two locales have confirmed this allopatry and northernmost limit of A. virginiensis at Hampden-Sydney College.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B36B3E40F843AF67FB98FEF5FBB0F8A9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Marek, Paul E.;Means, Jackson C.;Hennen, Derek A.;Tingley, Carol	Marek, Paul E., Means, Jackson C., Hennen, Derek A., Tingley, Carol (2025): Revision of the millipede genus Apheloria Chamberlin, 1921 (Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae, Apheloriini). Zootaxa 5701 (3): 315-350, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5701.3.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5701.3.4
B36B3E40F841AF65FB98FF04FE30FB8B.text	B36B3E40F841AF65FB98FF04FE30FB8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apheloria whiteheadi (Shelley 1986)	<div><p>Apheloria whiteheadi (Shelley, 1986)</p><p>Vernacular name: “The Laurel Creek millipede”</p><p>Figs 17, 18</p><p>Sigmoria (Sigiria) whiteheadi Shelley, 1986: 102 .</p><p>Detailed taxonomic history in Appendix 1.</p><p>Material examined: Type specimens— ♂ holotype (VMNH), 1 ♂, 2 ♀ paratypes (VMNH) from Virginia, Patrick County, along Laurel Creek on Blue Ridge Parkway at mile 174.3, 20 May 1983, 16:00 (Colls: R. Hoffman). (vidi). (1 paratype collected by R. Hoffman from same locality on 23 June 1984.) Non type material examined in Appendix 2. Material examined are archived in the Virginia Tech Data Repository at: https://doi.org/10.7294/29829209</p><p>Diagnosis: Apheloria whiteheadi is distinct from other apheloriine species based on the following combination of characters: Color. Tergites with yellow stripes and legs (Fig. 17). ♂ Gonopods. Gonopodal acropodite ρ-shaped (Fig. 18A)—not uniformly circular as in other Apheloria species nor smoothly oval-shaped as in Rudiloria . Acropodite apex flange-like and abruptly twisted (Fig. 18B)—not of uniform width throughout as in other Apheloria species. Acropodite shaft without cingulum nor preapical teeth nor projections as in Appalachioria, Brachoria . Prefemur with a short, blunt prefemoral process located marginally (Fig. 18B, pfp)—not long, scythe-like as in other Apheloria species nor located medially (Figs 4B, 7B, 8B, 9B, 13B, pfp). Acropodite not bent 90° posteroventrally at prefemur (Fig. 17B), prostatic groove generally straight from cannula to acropodite base, without bend tubercle nor acute angle on corner of bend (Figs 4B, 7B, 13B, bt).</p><p>Note about coloration: The anterior and posterior metatergal stripes of the collum meet at the paranota and appear as a continuous yellow ring around the collum’s periphery.</p><p>Variation. There is a single color morph of A. whiteheadi: striped, with yellow metatergal—paranotal stripes, anterior collum stripe, and legs (Fig. 17).</p><p>There is typical sexual size dimorphism between males and females, where females are larger, and negligible variation of measurements within individuals of the same sex. Somatic measurements: ♂ (n = 2) BL = 40.53–40.78 (40.66/0.18). CW = 5.54–5.59 (5.57/0.04). IW = 3.65–3.77 (3.71/0.08). ISW = 1.01–1.05 (1.03/0.03). B10W = 6.89–6.91 (6.90/0.01). ♀ (n = 10) BL = 31.42–45.96 (38.71/5.32). CW = 5.59–6.59 (5.89/0.30). IW = 3.89–4.48 (4.17/0.18). ISW = 1.06–1.22 (1.13/0.06). B10W = 7.09–8.39 (7.59/0.36).</p><p>Ecology. Apheloria whiteheadi individuals were typically encountered in rhododendron cove forests (Means and Marek, 2017). More seldom were they found in montane mixed oak forest (Means et al. 2021c). Syntopic tree species recorded with A. whiteheadi included oak, maple, tulip poplar, witch hazel, pine, beech, paper birch, and sweet gum.</p><p>Due to potential mimicry in color and overlap in distribution, A. whiteheadi may be confused in the field with A. corrugata, A. virginiensis, and P. flavipes . Apheloria whiteheadi can be distinguished from these taxa by its distinctive gonopod morphology, specifically by its ρ-shaped acropodite (Fig. 18A), which is not uniformly circular as in other Apheloria species, nor sublinear in shape, with an acicular prefemoral process as in P. flavipes . Pleuroloma flavipes also possesses a distinctive claw-like bifurcated acropodite composed of a tibial process and a solenomere (Shelley, 1980).</p><p>Distribution. Apheloria whiteheadi has the smallest distributional area of the genus, and is known from Floyd and Patrick counties in Virginia (Fig. 11). The species is listed as a threatened species in Virginia and is afforded protection by state law.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B36B3E40F841AF65FB98FF04FE30FB8B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Marek, Paul E.;Means, Jackson C.;Hennen, Derek A.;Tingley, Carol	Marek, Paul E., Means, Jackson C., Hennen, Derek A., Tingley, Carol (2025): Revision of the millipede genus Apheloria Chamberlin, 1921 (Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae, Apheloriini). Zootaxa 5701 (3): 315-350, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5701.3.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5701.3.4
B36B3E40F840AF62FB98FA96FA36FEEC.text	B36B3E40F840AF62FB98FA96FA36FEEC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pleuroloma flavipes Rafinesque 1820	<div><p>Pleuroloma flavipes Rafinesque, 1820</p><p>Pleuroloma flavipes Rafinesque, 1820: 8 .</p><p>Fontaria luminosa Kenyon, 1893: 16 . New synonymy.</p><p>Detailed taxonomic history in Appendix 1.</p><p>Remarks. The status of Fontaria luminosa Kenyon, 1893 has been uncertain for some time. See the following articles for a discussion of the matter: Hoffman (1999), Shelley &amp; Whitehead (1986), Shelley &amp; McAllister (2007), and Marek et al. (2014). It was described as a luminous or phosphorescent member of the genus Fontaria from Omaha, Nebraska (Bruner 1891, Kenyon 1893). There are other bioluminescent family members: the 11 species of the genus Motyxia in California (Marek &amp; Moore 2015). However, Kenyon’s and Bruner’s description of the shape of its photic organs as round and dorsally situated do not correspond with Motyxia nor any bioluminescent millipede known. The entire exoskeleton is bioluminescent in these millipedes. The type specimens of Kenyon’s are lost, but Shelley did find material in the USNM that is labeled “ Fontaria luminosa (Type?)”. Although this material is labeled from Omaha, which is the type locality mentioned by Kenyon, the single male specimen’s gonopods were missing (Shelley &amp; Whitehead 1986). Despite searching the Omaha area, Shelley and Hoffman were unable to find any millipedes of the genus Apheloria . Pleuroloma flavipes is known to occur in the Omaha area and is commonly encountered in eastern Nebraska (Shelley 1980). For more than 130 years since its discovery, the only material of the family found in the area was that of P. flavipes . Based on this information, and to bring order to the classification, we here synonymize F. luminosa with P. flavipes . In the unlikely event there is a bioluminescent Apheloria from the region, then F. luminosa can be revived, but for the present time and based on much collections of P. flavipes in the area, the synonymy seems justifiable.</p><p>The description of the bioluminescence (Bruner 1891) matches that of the glowworm beetle genus Phengodes ( Phengodidae), whose adult females are larviform and predaceous on millipedes, and are sometimes themselves confused for millipedes (Ferreira et al. 2024). It may be that Bruner observed Phengodes females glowing and collected their millipede prey, thereby convincing himself that the millipedes were producing the bioluminescence.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B36B3E40F840AF62FB98FA96FA36FEEC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Marek, Paul E.;Means, Jackson C.;Hennen, Derek A.;Tingley, Carol	Marek, Paul E., Means, Jackson C., Hennen, Derek A., Tingley, Carol (2025): Revision of the millipede genus Apheloria Chamberlin, 1921 (Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae, Apheloriini). Zootaxa 5701 (3): 315-350, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5701.3.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5701.3.4
B36B3E40F847AF62FB98FEFCFA37FCB7.text	B36B3E40F847AF62FB98FEFCFA37FCB7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apheloria Chamberlin 1921	<div><p>Key to Apheloria species, based on adult males</p><p>1a. Gonopod acropodite ρ-shaped (Fig. 18A); prefemur with a short, blunt prefemoral process located marginally (Fig. 18B, pfp)......................................................................................... A. whiteheadi</p><p>1b. Gonopod acropodite circular, O-shaped (Figs 4A, 7A, 8A, 9A, 13A); prefemur with a long, scythe-like prefemoral process (Figs 4A, 7A, 8A, 9A, 13A) pfp)......................................................................... 2</p><p>2a. With distinct bend tubercle at prefemur-acropodite junction (Fig. 4B, 7B, 13B, bt).................................. 3</p><p>2b. With acute angle at prefemur-acropodite junction (Fig. 8B, 9B), lacking a distinct bend tubercle at junction.............. 5</p><p>3a. Gonopod acropodite circular but with elbow (Fig. 7A, elb)......................................... A. virginiensis</p><p>3b. Gonopod acropodite smoothly circular, O-shaped (Figs 4A, 13A), lacking elbow................................... 4</p><p>4a. Base of gonopod acropodite with a triangular tubercle posteriorly (Fig. 4B, bt); prefemoral process shorter and broader basally..................................................................................... A. corrugata</p><p>4b. Base of gonopod acropodite with small, indistinct rounded tubercle posteriorly (Fig. 13B, bt); prefemoral process longer and of uniform width basally......................................................................... A. montana</p><p>5a. Acropodite gradually tapered to curved acuminate, J-shaped apex (Fig. 8B); prefemoral process short....... A. polychroma</p><p>5b. Acropodite tapered to L-shaped acuminate apex and abruptly twisted (Fig.9B); prefemoral process long A. uwharrie sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B36B3E40F847AF62FB98FEFCFA37FCB7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Marek, Paul E.;Means, Jackson C.;Hennen, Derek A.;Tingley, Carol	Marek, Paul E., Means, Jackson C., Hennen, Derek A., Tingley, Carol (2025): Revision of the millipede genus Apheloria Chamberlin, 1921 (Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae, Apheloriini). Zootaxa 5701 (3): 315-350, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5701.3.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5701.3.4
B36B3E40F849AF6CFB98FEF8FC89FDD4.text	B36B3E40F849AF6CFB98FEF8FC89FDD4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apheloria Chamberlin 1921	<div><p>Genus Apheloria Chamberlin, 1921</p><p>6 species</p><p>Apheloria Chamberlin, 1921, 232. Type species: Fontaria montana Bollman, 1887, by original designation.</p><p>Leptocircus Attems, 1931, Zoologica, 30(79): 67. Type species: Leptocircus inexpectatus Attems, 1931, by original designation. Preoccupied by Leptocircus Swainson, 1833 ( Lepidoptera).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B36B3E40F849AF6CFB98FEF8FC89FDD4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Marek, Paul E.;Means, Jackson C.;Hennen, Derek A.;Tingley, Carol	Marek, Paul E., Means, Jackson C., Hennen, Derek A., Tingley, Carol (2025): Revision of the millipede genus Apheloria Chamberlin, 1921 (Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae, Apheloriini). Zootaxa 5701 (3): 315-350, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5701.3.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5701.3.4
B36B3E40F849AF6CFB98FDFCFAA8F92B.text	B36B3E40F849AF6CFB98FDFCFAA8F92B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apheloria corrugata (Wood 1864) Marek & Means & Hennen & Tingley 2025	<div><p>Apheloria corrugata (Wood, 1864) new status</p><p>Fontaria virginiensis (nec Gray, 1832; nec Drury &amp; Westwood 1837; nec Wood, 1865; nec Bollman, 1888) C.L. Koch, 1847, in: Kritische Revision der Insectenfaune Deutschlands, 141. MALE? HT? (ZMB?). “North America”.</p><p>Polydesmus (Fontaria) corrugatus Wood, 1864, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 16: 6. MALE ST (USNM). United States: New York, Oneida County.</p><p>Fontaria coriacea (nec C.L. Koch, 1847)—sensu Bollman, 1889a, Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 11: 406. See Hoffman (1957) for a discussion of the nomen dubium, Fontaria coriacea C.L. Koch, 1847 .</p><p>Fontaria butleriana Bollman, 1889, Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 11: 407. FEMALE HT (USNM). United States: Indiana, Franklin County. New synonymy .</p><p>Leptocircus inexpectatus Attems, 1931, Zoologica, 30(79): 67, figs.102-104.MALE HT (NMW). “NorthAmerica”.Synonymized by Hoffman, 1999, Checklist: 307 (295 pdf).</p><p>Apheloria inexpectata —Attems, 1938, Das Tierreich, 69: 169, fig. 186.</p><p>Apheloria corrugata —Attems, 1938, Das Tierreich, 69: 170.</p><p>Apheloria iowa Chamberlin, 1939, Bulletin of the University of Utah, 30(2): 10, fig. 28. MALE HT (USNM). United States: Iowa, Henry County. New synonymy .</p><p>Apheloria adela Chamberlin, 1939, Bulletin of the University of Utah, 30(2): 10, fig. 34. MALE HT (USNM). United States: New York, Tompkins County. Synonymized with corrugata by Hoffman, 1957, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 70: 186.</p><p>Apheloria reducta Chamberlin, 1939, Bulletin of the University of Utah, 30(2): 11, fig. 35. MALE HT (USNM). United States: Arkansas, Lawrence County. New synonymy .</p><p>Apheloria pinicola Chamberlin, 1947, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 99: 26, figs. 6, 7. MALE HT (ANSP). United States: Kentucky, Bell County. Synonymized with montana by Hoffman, 1999, Checklist: 305 (293 pdf), but clearly corrugata based on telopodite morphology and distribution.</p><p>Apheloria asburna Chamberlin, 1949, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 39: 101. MALE HT (USNM). United States: Tennessee, Davidson County. Synonymized with butleriana by Hoffman, 1999, Checklist: 307 (295 pdf).</p><p>Apheloria coriacea —Hoffman, 1949b, American Museum Novitates 1405: 3, figs. 1-4. Misidentification of the name Fontaria coriacea Koch, 1847 .</p><p>Apheloria corrugata corrugata —Hoffman, 1957, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 70: 183.</p><p>Apheloria corrugata butleriana —Hoffman, 1957, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 70: 186, footnote.</p><p>Apheloria butleriana —Chamberlin &amp; Hoffman, 1958, Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 212: 18.</p><p>Apheloria (Apheloria) corrugata corrugata —Kevan, 1983, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 61(12): 2968.</p><p>Apheloria virginiensis butleriana — Hoffman, 1999, Checklist: 307 (295 pdf).</p><p>Apheloria virginiensis corrugata —Hoffman, 1999, Checklist: 307 (294 pdf).</p><p>Apheloria virginiensis iowa —Hoffman, 1999, Checklist: 307 (295 pdf).</p><p>Apheloria virginiensis reducta —Hoffman, 1999, Checklist: 307 (295 pdf).</p><p>Apheloria “Clade B”—Marek &amp; Bond 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(24): 9755.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B36B3E40F849AF6CFB98FDFCFAA8F92B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Marek, Paul E.;Means, Jackson C.;Hennen, Derek A.;Tingley, Carol	Marek, Paul E., Means, Jackson C., Hennen, Derek A., Tingley, Carol (2025): Revision of the millipede genus Apheloria Chamberlin, 1921 (Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae, Apheloriini). Zootaxa 5701 (3): 315-350, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5701.3.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5701.3.4
B36B3E40F849AF6DFB98F8B7FB6CFF3C.text	B36B3E40F849AF6DFB98F8B7FB6CFF3C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apheloria montana (Bollman 1887)	<div><p>Apheloria montana (Bollman, 1887)</p><p>Fontaria montana Bollman, 1887a, Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 10: 622. MALE HT (USNM). United States: Tennessee, Cocke County.</p><p>Apheloria montana — Chamberlin, 1921, Canadian Entomologist, 53: 232, pl. 9, fig. 2.</p><p>Apheloria aspila Chamberlin, 1939, Bulletin of the University of Utah, 30(2): 10, fig. 28. MALE HT (USNM). United States: North Carolina, Jackson County. Synonymized with tigana by Hoffman, 1999, Checklist: 306 (294 pdf).</p><p>Apheloria unaka Chamberlin, 1939, Bulletin of the University of Utah, 30(2): 11, fig. 33. MALE HT (USNM). United States: Tennessee, Unicoi County. Synonymized with montana by Hoffman, 1999, Checklist: 305 (293 pdf).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B36B3E40F849AF6DFB98F8B7FB6CFF3C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Marek, Paul E.;Means, Jackson C.;Hennen, Derek A.;Tingley, Carol	Marek, Paul E., Means, Jackson C., Hennen, Derek A., Tingley, Carol (2025): Revision of the millipede genus Apheloria Chamberlin, 1921 (Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae, Apheloriini). Zootaxa 5701 (3): 315-350, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5701.3.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5701.3.4
B36B3E40F848AF6DFB98FE8CFB90FC9F.text	B36B3E40F848AF6DFB98FE8CFB90FC9F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apheloria polychroma Marek, Means & Hennen 2018	<div><p>Apheloria polychroma Marek, Means &amp; Hennen, 2018</p><p>Apheloria polychroma Marek, Means &amp; Hennen, 2018, Zootaxa, 4375(3): 416, figs 1-6. MALE HT (FMNH). United States: Virginia, Lee County.</p><p>Apheloria roanea Chamberlin, 1947, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 99: 26, fig. 8. MALE HT (ANSP). United States: Tennessee, Roane County. Synonymized with montana by Hoffman, 1999, Checklist: 306 (294 pdf), but clearly polychroma based on telopodite morphology, distribution and color, see remark.</p><p>Apheloria “flavissima”—Hobson 2010, Powell Mountain Karst Preserve, 50.</p><p>Apheloria “Stone”—Marek &amp; Bond 2007, Zootaxa, 1610: 29.</p><p>Apheloria “Casteel”—Marek &amp; Bond 2007, Zootaxa, 1610: 29.</p><p>Apheloria “Clade A”—Marek &amp; Bond 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106 (24): 9755.</p><p>Remarks: Apheloria roanea was described from Roane County, which falls within the range of Apheloria polychroma and is outside the range of A. montana . Hoffman synonymized it under Apheloria montana, but the original description fits better with A. polychroma, potentially making A. polychroma a junior synonym. Unfortunately, fresh material from the type locality is not available, and the type and only known specimen of A. roanea cannot be located. Additionally the name Apheloria polychroma has now been used in a multitude of publications. For taxonomic stability we do not list A. polychroma as a junior synonym of A. roanea .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B36B3E40F848AF6DFB98FE8CFB90FC9F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Marek, Paul E.;Means, Jackson C.;Hennen, Derek A.;Tingley, Carol	Marek, Paul E., Means, Jackson C., Hennen, Derek A., Tingley, Carol (2025): Revision of the millipede genus Apheloria Chamberlin, 1921 (Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae, Apheloriini). Zootaxa 5701 (3): 315-350, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5701.3.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5701.3.4
B36B3E40F848AF6DFB98FC2CFEB3FBCA.text	B36B3E40F848AF6DFB98FC2CFEB3FBCA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apheloria uwharrie Marek, Means, Hennen & Tingley 2025	<div><p>Apheloria uwharrie Marek, Means, Hennen &amp; Tingley, new species</p><p>Apheloria uwharrie Marek, Means, Hennen &amp; Tingley, 2025 . MALE HT (VTEC). United States: South Carolina, Horry County.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B36B3E40F848AF6DFB98FC2CFEB3FBCA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Marek, Paul E.;Means, Jackson C.;Hennen, Derek A.;Tingley, Carol	Marek, Paul E., Means, Jackson C., Hennen, Derek A., Tingley, Carol (2025): Revision of the millipede genus Apheloria Chamberlin, 1921 (Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae, Apheloriini). Zootaxa 5701 (3): 315-350, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5701.3.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5701.3.4
B36B3E40F848AF6DFB98FB1FFC1FF9A8.text	B36B3E40F848AF6DFB98FB1FFC1FF9A8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apheloria virginiensis (Drury 1770)	<div><p>Apheloria virginiensis (Drury, 1770)</p><p>Julus virginiensis Drury, 1770, Illustrations of natural History, 1: pl. 43, fig. 8. Type material lost. MALE? HT? (BMNH?). United States: “Virginia”.</p><p>Polydesmus (Fontaria) virginiensis (nec Gray, 1832; nec C.L. Koch, 1847; nec Wood, 1865; nec Bollman, 1888)—Drury &amp; Westwood, 1837, Illustrations of exotic entomology: containing upwards of six hundred and fifty figures and descriptions of foreign insects, interspersed with remarks and reflections on their nature and properties, 1: 96, pl. 43, fig. 8.</p><p>Apheloria tigana Chamberlin, 1939, Bulletin of the University of Utah, 30(2): 11, fig. 29. MALE HT (USNM). United States: North Carolina, Wake County. New synonymy .</p><p>Apheloria virginia Chamberlin, 1939, Bulletin of the University of Utah, 30(2): 12, fig. 30. MALE HT (USNM). United States: Virginia, Pittsylvania County. Synonymized with virginiensis by Hoffman, 1999, Checklist: 306 (294 pdf).</p><p>Apheloria waccamana Chamberlin, 1940, Entomological News, 51: 284, fig. 3. MALE HT (USNM). United States: North Carolina, Columbus County. Synonymized with tigana by Shelley, 1978, Journal of Natural History, 12: 63.</p><p>Apheloria virginiensis —Shelley, 1980b, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 58: 131, footnote 6.</p><p>Apheloria virginiensis virginiensis —Hoffman, 1999, Checklist: 306 (294 pdf).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B36B3E40F848AF6DFB98FB1FFC1FF9A8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Marek, Paul E.;Means, Jackson C.;Hennen, Derek A.;Tingley, Carol	Marek, Paul E., Means, Jackson C., Hennen, Derek A., Tingley, Carol (2025): Revision of the millipede genus Apheloria Chamberlin, 1921 (Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae, Apheloriini). Zootaxa 5701 (3): 315-350, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5701.3.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5701.3.4
B36B3E40F848AF6DFB98F938FCDCF895.text	B36B3E40F848AF6DFB98F938FCDCF895.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apheloria whiteheadi (Shelley 1986)	<div><p>Apheloria whiteheadi (Shelley, 1986)</p><p>Sigmoria (Sigiria) whiteheadi Shelley, 1986, in: Shelley &amp; Whitehead, Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, 35: 102, figs. 73-76. MALE HT (USNM). United States, Virginia, Patrick County.</p><p>Sigmoria whiteheadi — Hoffman, 1999, Checklist: 336 (322 pdf).</p><p>Apheloria whiteheadi — Means &amp; Marek, 2017, PeerJ, 5: 21, figs. 2, 3, 6.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B36B3E40F848AF6DFB98F938FCDCF895	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Marek, Paul E.;Means, Jackson C.;Hennen, Derek A.;Tingley, Carol	Marek, Paul E., Means, Jackson C., Hennen, Derek A., Tingley, Carol (2025): Revision of the millipede genus Apheloria Chamberlin, 1921 (Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae, Apheloriini). Zootaxa 5701 (3): 315-350, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5701.3.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5701.3.4
B36B3E40F84FAF6AFB98FF4CFF11FDFB.text	B36B3E40F84FAF6AFB98FF4CFF11FDFB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pleuroloma Rafinesque 1820	<div><p>Genus Pleuroloma Rafinesque, 1820</p><p>4 species</p><p>Pleuroloma Rafinesque, 1820, Annals of Nature, p. 8.</p><p>Type species: Pleuroloma flavipes Rafinesque, by monotypy.</p><p>Zinaria Chamberlin, 1939, Bulletin of the University of Utah, 30(2): 4. Type species: Zinaria cala Chamberlin, 1939, by original designation. Synonymized by Hoffman &amp; Crabill, 1953, Florida Entomologist, 36: 80.</p><p>Note: The most recent revision of Pleuroloma was accomplished by Shelley, 1980, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 58.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B36B3E40F84FAF6AFB98FF4CFF11FDFB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Marek, Paul E.;Means, Jackson C.;Hennen, Derek A.;Tingley, Carol	Marek, Paul E., Means, Jackson C., Hennen, Derek A., Tingley, Carol (2025): Revision of the millipede genus Apheloria Chamberlin, 1921 (Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae, Apheloriini). Zootaxa 5701 (3): 315-350, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5701.3.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5701.3.4
B36B3E40F84FAF6BFB98FDC8FAC3FF3C.text	B36B3E40F84FAF6BFB98FDC8FAC3FF3C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pleuroloma flavipes Rafinesque 1820	<div><p>Pleuroloma flavipes Rafinesque, 1820</p><p>Pleuroloma flavipes Rafinesque, 1820, Annals of Nature, p. 8.</p><p>Polydesmus (Fontaria) virginiensis (nec Gray, 1832; nec Drury &amp; Westwood, 1837; nec C.L. Koch, 1847; nec Bollman, 1888) — sensu Wood, 1865, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 13: 221, fig. 49, pl. 3, fig. 8.</p><p>Fontaria virginiensis —(nec Drury &amp; Westwood, 1837; nec Gray, 1832; nec C.L. Koch, 1847; nec Wood, 1865)—sensu Bollman, 1888, Entomologica Americana, 4: 3.</p><p>Fontaria virginiensis brunnea Bollman, 1887b, American Naturalist, 21: 82. MALE HT (USNM). United States: Minnesota, Hennepin County, Minnesota. Synonymized by Shelley, 1980, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 58: 139.</p><p>Polydesmus butlerii McNeill, 1888, Bulletin of the Brookville Society of Natural History, 3: 6, figs. 1-3. Type material lost. United States: Indiana, Franklin County. Synonymized by Shelley, 1980, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 58: 139.</p><p>Fontaria virginiensis castanea Bollman, 1893, Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 46: 132.</p><p>Fontaria luminosa Kenyon, 1893, Publications of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences, 3: 16. Type material lost. MALE HT (USNM). United States: Nebraska, Douglas County. New synonymy .</p><p>Fontaria brunnea —Barber, 1915, Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 17: 122.</p><p>Zinaria virginiensis — Chamberlin, 1939, Bulletin of the University of Utah, 30(2): 4.</p><p>Zinaria urbana Chamberlin, 1939, Bulletin of the University of Utah, 30(2): 5, pl. 1, fig. 5. MALE HT (USNM). United States: Illinois, Champaign County. Synonymized by Shelley, 1980b, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 58: 139.</p><p>Zinaria iowa Chamberlin, 1942, Canadian Entomologist, 74: 16, fig. 3. MALE HT (USNM). United States: Iowa, Story County. Synonymized by Shelley, 1980b, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 58: 139.</p><p>Zinaria brunnea — Chamberlin, 1943, Bulletin of the University of Utah, 8(2): 16.</p><p>Zinaria butleri —Chamberlin, 1943, Bulletin of the University of Utah, 8(2): 16.</p><p>Zinaria mima Chamberlin, 1949, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 39: 101, fig. 26. MALE HT (USNM). United States: Pennsylvania, Greene County. Synonymized by Shelley, 1980, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 58: 140.</p><p>Zinaria rubrilata Hoffman, 1949c, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 62: 84. MALE HT (USNM). United States: Virginia, Lancaster County. Synonymized by Shelley, 1980, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 58: 140.</p><p>Zinnaria butlerii —Causey, 1951, Proceedings of the Arkansas Academy of Science, 4: 81, pl. 1, figs. 1e, 2b; pl. 2, figs. 8g, 11.</p><p>Zinaria warreni Causey, 1951, Proceedings of the Arkansas Academy of Science, 4: 83, pl. 1, figs. 1c, 3b, 6; pl. 2, 8c, 10. MALE HT (ANSP). United States: Akansas, Carroll County. Synonymized by Shelley, 1980, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 58: 140.</p><p>Zinaria busheyi Causey, 1951, Proceedings of the Arkansas Academy of Science, 4: 84, pl. 1, figs. 1f, 4, 7; pl. 2, 8j. MALE HT (ANSP). United States: Indiana, Grant County. Synonymized by Shelley, 1980, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 58: 140.</p><p>Zinaria miribilia Causey, 1951, Proceedings of the Arkansas Academy of Science, 4: 85, pl. 1, figs. 1d; pl. 2, fig. 8f. HT MALE (ANSP). United States: Arkansas, Clay County. Synonymized by Shelley, 1980, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 58: 140.</p><p>Zinaria proxima Causey, 1951, Proceedings of the Arkansas Academy of Science, 4: 86, pl. 1, figs. 1g, 2a, 3c; pl. 2, figs. 8e, 12. MALE HT (ANSP). United States: Michigan, Washtenaw County. Synonymized by Shelley, 1980, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 58: 140.</p><p>Pleuroloma brunnea —Chamberlin &amp; Hoffman, 1958, Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 212: 44.</p><p>Pleuroloma busheyi —Chamberlin &amp; Hoffman, 1958, Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 212: 45.</p><p>Pleuroloma butleri —Chamberlin &amp; Hoffman, 1958, Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 212: 45.</p><p>Pleuroloma iowa —Chamberlin &amp; Hoffman, 1958, Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 212: 45.</p><p>Pleuroloma mima —Chamberlin &amp; Hoffman, 1958, Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 212: 45.</p><p>Pleuroloma miribilia —Chamberlin &amp; Hoffman, 1958, Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 212: 45.</p><p>Pleuroloma proxima —Chamberlin &amp; Hoffman, 1958, Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 212: 46.</p><p>Pleuroloma rubrilata —Chamberlin &amp; Hoffman, 1958, Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 212: 46.</p><p>Pleuroloma urbana —Chamberlin &amp; Hoffman, 1958, Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 212: 46.</p><p>Pleuroloma warreni —Chamberlin &amp; Hoffman, 1958, Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 212: 46.</p><p>Apheloria luminosa —Shelley, 1986, in: Shelley &amp; Whitehead, Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, 37: 209.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B36B3E40F84FAF6BFB98FDC8FAC3FF3C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Marek, Paul E.;Means, Jackson C.;Hennen, Derek A.;Tingley, Carol	Marek, Paul E., Means, Jackson C., Hennen, Derek A., Tingley, Carol (2025): Revision of the millipede genus Apheloria Chamberlin, 1921 (Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae, Apheloriini). Zootaxa 5701 (3): 315-350, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5701.3.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5701.3.4
