taxonID	type	description	language	source
B276DC1EFFA0FFE5FF0DF922FAF306E0.taxon	description	(Figs. 3, 27, 64)	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFA0FFE5FF0DF922FAF306E0.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. RSA, Western Cape Prov, 5 Km W of Rietpoort, 30 ° 58 ' 36.58 '' S 017 ° 59 ' 55.69 '' E. Type material examined. Holotype, ♂ (TMSA): “ RSA / Western Cape Prov / 5 km W of / Rietpoort / A. Frolov & C. Deschodt leg [printed] // AF – 0035 (15) / 3 – 11. IX. 2003 / S 30 ° 58 ' 36.58 '' E 017 ° 59 ' 55.69 '' [printed] // HOLOTYPUS / Macroderes amplior / Frolov & Scholtz / 2003 [red label, printed] ”. Paratypes: 1 ♂ and 10 ♀♀, same data as holotype, 1 ♂ and 7 ♀♀ in UPSA, 3 ♀♀ in TMSA; 1 ♂ and 2 ♀♀ (TMSA): “ RSA / Western Cape Prov / 5 km W of / Rietpoort / A. Frolov & C. Deschodt leg [printed] // AF- 0036 (16) / 3 – 11. IX. 2003 / S 30 ° 58 ' 48.49 '' E 017 ° 59 ' 36.38 '' [printed] // PARATYPUS / Macroderes amplior / Frolov & Scholtz / 2003 [red label, printed] ”; 1 ♂ (TMSA): “ S. Afr / Namaquland / Rietpoort farm / 30 °. 59 ' S – 18 °. 06 ' E / [printed] // PARATYPUS / Macroderes amplior / Frolov & Scholtz / 2003 [red label, printed] // PARATYPUS / Macroderes amplior / Frolov & Scholtz / 2003 [red label, printed] ”; 1 ♀ (SANC): “ KOMAGGAS / NW / CP / (7 km N) / 9. IX. 81 / Red sand / Gravel Mountain / Karro / Donkey & ALV. Davis [printed] // Macorderes sp / det. CSIRO. DBRU [printed] // PARATYPUS / Macroderes amplior / Frolov & Scholtz / 2003 [red label, printed] ”; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ (SAMC): “ RSA / Western Cape Prov / 5 Km W of / Rietpoort / A. Frolov & C. Deschodt leg [printed] // AF- 0036 (16) / 3 - 11 - 2003 / S 30 ° 58 ' 48.49 '' E 017 ° 59 ' 36.38 '' [printed] // Paratypus / Macroderes amplior / Frolov & Scholtz 2003 [red label, printed] ”. Additional material examined. 1 ♀ (UPSA): “ Rietpoort / S 30.97729 ° E 18.00026 ° / 30. viii. 2004 / C. Deschodt & M. Deschodt leg ”. Size range. Males length: 11.8 – 13.2 mm, width: 8.5 – 9.0 mm; females length: 10.7 – 12.5 mm, width: 8.6 – 9.6 mm.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFA0FFE5FF0DF922FAF306E0.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. Resemble M. tortuosus new species in having pronotum with elongated punctures (Fig. 64) and M. mutilans in the general body features, however, it can be distinguished from the former by having impunctate lateral borders of the pronotum and from the later by having rather undulate surface of elytra and also by having very long lateral process of internal sac of aedeagus (Fig. 27)	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFA0FFE5FF0DF922FAF306E0.taxon	description	Habitat and distribution. Rietpoort and Komaggas are two localities in Namaqualand region (Fig. 2). The area is dry and hot; characterised by low annual rainfall and a wide distribution of succulent vegetation.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFA1FFE5FF0DFC07FEBD03BB.taxon	description	(Figs. 4, 59, 70)	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFA1FFE5FF0DFC07FEBD03BB.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. South Africa, Cape Prov, 11 Km N v Rhynsdorp [Vanrhynsdorp: 31 ° 37 ' S 18 ° 44 ' E]. Type material examined. None. Type series is deposited in IRSNB (Frolov & Scholtz 2005). Additional material examined. 2 ♂♂ and 2 ♀♀ (UPSA): “ RSA / Western Cape Prov / 11 Km / N of Vanthynsdorp / A. Frolov & C. Deschodt leg // AF- 00 45 (25) / 5 – 11. IX. 2003 / S 31. 3028.28 ° E 018.4302.56 ° ”; 2 ♀♀ (UPSA): “ South Africa / Western Cape Prov / 124 km N of / Sandveld / S 31.49859 ° E 018.71642 ° / 15. 8. 2015 / C. Deschodt & W. P. Strümpher leg ”. Size range. Males length: 9.9 – 11.7 mm, width: 6.3 – 8.3 mm; females length: 9.7 – 10.5 mm, width: 6.5 – 7.7 mm.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFA1FFE5FF0DFC07FEBD03BB.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. Due to it is carinate margins of elytra (Fig. 70) M. arrowi resembles M. foveatus, M. cornutus and M. greeni, however, it can be easily distinguished from the two former species as it lacks the deep triangular concavity at the base of the pronotum (Fig. 4) and from all others by having a granular pronotum (Fig. 59) instead of rounded punctures found in M. greeni and longitudinal punctures in M. cornutus and M. foveatus.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFA1FFE5FF0DFC07FEBD03BB.taxon	description	Habitat and distribution. So far this species is only known from Vanrhynsdorp and Sandveld areas (Fig. 2). The two localities are situated in the Western Cape Province. Vanrhynsdorp is an arid area close to Namaqualand’s coast. The area is covered by succulent vegetation and characterised by rather humid climate and low annual rainfall. Sandveld situated to the west of the Cedarberg Mountains and is characterised by a rich biodiversity of animals and plants.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFA6FFE1FF0DFA45FD8A0405.taxon	description	(Figs. 9, 28, 55, 57, 61, 66)	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFA6FFE1FF0DFA45FD8A0405.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. South Africa, Graham’s Town [33 ° 18 ' S 26 ° 32 ' E]. Type material examined. None. Neotype designated by Frolov & Scholtz (2005) is deposited in IRSNB. Additional material examined. 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ (AMSA): “ B [aviaans] / Kloof / Jan. 1893 / MRS. G. White ”; 1 ♀ (AMSA): “ TARKASTAD / ‘ KELSO’ / SHEEP DROPPINGS / JAN ’ 62 / [32 ° 00 ' 28.35 '' S 26 ° 16 ' 18.49 '' E] ”; 1 ♀ (AMSA): “ TARKASTAD / In veld / Jan ‘ 62 ”; 1 ♀ (AMSA): “ LYEDOCH / BEDFORD / COW DUNG / JAN 62 / [33 ° 58 ' 57.0 '' 1 S 18 ° 46 ' 04.47 '' E] ”; 1 ♂ (SANC): “ UNIONDALE / E Cape / (10 kms NE) / 4. 7. 76 / 970 m / [33 ° 38 ' 55.5 '' S 23 ° 08 ' 17.52 '' E] / Davis & Aschenborn // Ex Coll / CISRO / Div / Entomology / S. AFRICAN STATION // Macroderes bias (Oliver) / Frolov / det. 2003 ”; 1 ♂ (SANC): “ Macroderes bias ”; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ (SANC) without locality label; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ (AMSA): “ Grahama’s Town / 11 / 0 4 / 0 5 / [33 ° 19 ' 28.26 '' S 26 ° 3 ' 7 23.93 '' E] // Macroderes bias (Oliver) / Frolov / det. 2003 ”; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ (AMSA): “ Cape Province / Strowan / Grahamstown / 11. IV. 1969 / [33 ° 18 ' S 26 ° 32 ' E] / F. W. Gess ”; 1 ♂ (SANC): “ South Africa / Cape P / 46 Km / NW of Steytleville / 680 m / 05. v. 1976 / [33 ° 18 ' 49.12 '' S 24 ° 17 ' 54.55 '' E] / Davis & Aschenborn // DBRU locality / 2307 / Stony sandy loam / Scrub / cattle dung // Macroderes sp ”; 1 ♂ (TMSA): “ 20. X. 1922 / Dr. Brauns / Hamendoor / Camper / Macroderes bias (Oliver)? / Frolov / 2003 ”. 1 ♀ (TMSA): “ S. Afr / Cape / Toorberg E / 1522 m / 32 °. 10 ' S – 24 °. 02 ' E // 22.11. 2007 // E – Y: 3759 / under stones / Ruth Muller leg // TM / SOUTH AFRICA / TMSCO 9075 // Macroderes bias (Oliver) / det. Adrian Davis / 2014 ”; 1 ♀ (TMSA): “ SOUTH AFRICA / Cradock / Jan 1951 / [32 ° 10 ' 51.50 '' S 25 ° 39 ' 03.57 '' E] / G. S. Bosch // Macroderes bias (Oliver)? / Det. Frolov / 2003 ”; 1 ♀ (TMSA): “ S. Afr / Cape Prov / Addo park / R. Wolmarans // 16 – 20. 12. 1996 / PJ / 1 – 6 / [33 28 53.91 S 25 43 47.23 E] // Macroderes bias (Olivier) / det. A. Frolov / 2003 ”; 1 ♂ (SAMC): “ Koeberg [un-traceable word] leg // Macroderes bias / Macroderes bias (Olivier) / Frolov & Scholtz / 2003 ”; 2 ♂♂ and 2 ♀♀ (SAMC): “ Grahamstown / 11. VI. 1905 / [33 ° 19 ' 28.26 '' S 26 ° 3 ' 7 23.93 '' E] / Macroderes bias (Olivier) / Frolov & Scholtz / 2003 ”. Size range. Males length: 9.2 – 11.3 mm, width: 6.0 – 8.2 mm; females length: 8.2 – 12.5 mm, width: 6.3 – 8.3 mm.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFA6FFE1FF0DFA45FD8A0405.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. Due to its flatter intervals of elytra (Figs. 9, 66), M. bias is close to M. mutilans and M. fornicatus, nevertheless, it can be distinguished from both species by the closeness of stria 9 and stria 10 (Fig. 55) and from M. mutilans in that the lateral border of pronotum is punctate (Fig. 57) and the long sclerite of the internal sac (Fig. 28).	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFA6FFE1FF0DFA45FD8A0405.taxon	description	Habitat and distribution. Compared to the other species in the group this species has a wide distribution range in the Eastern Cape Province (Fig. 2). The range stretches over many bioregions encompassing the Eastern Fynbos-Renosterveld, Upper and Lower Karoo Bioregions and into the grassland Biome.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFA6FFE1FF0DFA45FD8A0405.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Macroderes bias is the only species known from the Eastern Cape Province. Although the material studied have shown common characteristics such as the same even rounded shape of pronotum punctures, punctate lateral border of pronotum and the proximity of striae 9 and 10, there are distinct variations in the male pronotal shapes and elytral punctuation. Some males show strong antero-lateral excavation on the pronotum combined with an impunctate midline on the top, while others have a slight depression antero-laterally with their pronotum evenly punctuated. Also the elytral interstriae in some males are flat and intensely punctuated while in others elevated medially and between the punctures. It seems that this species is one of a complex of species endemic to the region. Due to its rarity in collections it is difficult to judge these differential diagnostic characters since there are no new records of the species post the last study by Frolov & Scholtz (2005); with exception of a single female specimen collected in 2007 from Toorberg area which is not adequate to assign specific characters for species identification. In addition to this, fresh material is needed for molecular analysis which would allow us to infer phylogenetic relationships of the different specimens.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFA5FFEEFF0DF8D5FBC7003D.taxon	description	(Figs. 20, 29, 76, 83, 94) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 9 FED 0 DC 0 - CFF 6 - 424 C-A 3 AE- 092656 B 24972	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFA5FFEEFF0DF8D5FBC7003D.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Cederberg Mts, Jeep Track, 32 ° 26 ' S 19 ° 13 ' E. Type material. Holotype, ♂ (TMSA): “ Cederberg Mts / Jeep Track / 32 ° 26 ' S 19 ° 13 ' E / 1. IX. 1981 / groundtraps with faeces and meat bait / 63 days / Endrödy – Younga leg [printed] // HOLOTYPE / Macroderes cederbergensis / Abdalla & Deschodt / 2018 [red label, printed] ”. Paratypes: 2 ♀♀ (TMSA): “ Cederberg Mts / Jeep Track / 32 ° 26 ' S 19 ° 13 ' E / 1. IX. 1981 / groundtraps with faeces and meat bait / 63 days / Endrody – Younga leg [printed] // PARATYPE / Macroderes cederbergensis / Abdalla & Deschodt / 2018 [red label, printed] ”; 1 ♂: “ Cederberg Mts. / Jeep Track / 32 ° 23 ' S 19 ° 24 ' E / 1. IX. 1981 / groundtrap with meat bait / 63 days / Endrödy — Younga leg [printed] // PARATYPE / Macroderes cederbergensis / Abdalla & Deschodt / 2018 [red label, printed] ”; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ (TMSA): “ Cederberg Mts / Jeep Track / 32 ° 24 ' S 19 ° 10 ' E / 1. IX. 1981 / Redunca rufo [name could not be traced, probably Pelea capreolus (Forster, 1790) or Grey Rhebok] dung / Endrödy — Younga leg [printed] // PARATYPE / Macroderes cederbergensis / Abdalla & Deschodt / 2018 [red label, printed] ”; 2 ♂♂ (TMSA) with the same data but collected from groundtraps with meat and feaces bait set up for 63 days. Holotype description. Holotype, ♂ (Fig. 20). Body length 9.4 mm, width 6.8 mm. Head. Genae right – angled. Frontal suture visible, not raised, strongly curved, no tubercle. Genal sutures barely discernible. Dorsal surface of clypeus behind frontal suture punctate punctures small, irregular and separated by 1 – 3 puncture diameters, area between punctures slightly rugose proximally of frontal suture. Dorsal part of eyes clearly visible.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFA5FFEEFF0DF8D5FBC7003D.taxon	description	Pronotum. Slightly convex. Anterior lateral angles almost right – angled, posterior lateral angles fairly rounded. No excavation antero-laterally. Lateral border not punctate. Dorsal surface smooth, with regular punctures separated by 0.5 – 1.5 puncture diameters (Figs. 76, 83). Elytra. Elytral interstriae 1 – 8 flat, shagreened, irregularly punctate, punctures irregularly sized, separated by 0.5 – 3 puncture diameters, margins of punctures not carinate (Fig. 94). Striae punctate with punctures separated by 2 – 4 puncture diameters. Sutural interstria narrow with single row of irregularly spaced punctures. Elytral stria 9 2 / 3 the length of elytron; interstria 10 about 5 times narrower than interstria 9 in the middle of elytron. Aedeagus. The sclerite of internal sac is curved, with small lateral process apically (Fig. 29). Size range. Males length: 7.5 – 9.0 mm, width: 5.5 – 6.8 mm; females length: 7.8 – 9.5 mm, width: 6.0 – 6.3 mm. Female. Female differs from male by having elytral interstriae 1 – 8 less shagreened; otherwise variation between male and female is very slight.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFA5FFEEFF0DF8D5FBC7003D.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Cederberg Range where the species occurs.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFA5FFEEFF0DF8D5FBC7003D.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. It is close to M. soleiana new species but can be separated by having flatter elytral intervals (Figs. 20, 94) and the striae being slightly arcuate and not straight as in M. soleiana new species.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFA5FFEEFF0DF8D5FBC7003D.taxon	description	Habitat and distribution. This species was collected on the highest plateau in the Cederberg range (Fig. 2), above 1100 m a. s. l. (metres above sea level), characterised by clay soils and classified as Northern Inland Shale Band Vegetation (Mucina & Rutherford 2006). Macroderes soleiana new species occurs below 1100 m a. s. l.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFA5FFEEFF0DF8D5FBC7003D.taxon	discussion	Remark. See M. minutus for an explanation of the origin of the type series.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFAAFFEFFF0DFA36FBD507C1.taxon	description	(Figs. 5, 30, 41, 47, 48, 50)	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFAAFFEFFF0DFA36FBD507C1.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Namaqualand, Sand kop 322 [29 ° 38 ' 32 '' S 17 ° 08 ' 53 '' E]. Type material examined. Holotype, ♂ (TMSA): “ S. Afr: NAMAQUALAND / SAND KOP / 322 / 29 ° 38 ' 31 '' S – 17 ° 08 ' 53 '' E / 19. VIII. 1 996 / J. duG. HARRISON leg [printed] // UNIV / PRET / ZOO & ENTO / J. duG. HARRISON / 1996 / SITE 61 NO c / VEGETATED DUNE / nr / K. BUSH. RAT. TEST [printed] // HOLOTYPUS / Macroderes cornutus / Frolov & Scholtz / 2003 [red label, printed] ”; Paratypes: 1 ♂ and 3 ♀♀ (TMSA), same data as holotype. 1 ♀ (TMSA): “ S. Afr / Namaq / Coast / Strandfontein farm / 30 ° 33 ' S 17 ° 22 ' E [printed] // 2.9.1977 / E – Y: 1373 / singled dunes / Endrödy — Younga leg [printed] // PARATYPUS / Macroderes cornutus / Frolov & Scholtz / 2003 [red label, printed] ”; 4 ♂♂: “ RSA / Northern Cape Prov / 3 km / W of / Wallekraal / A. Frolov & Deschodt leg [printed] // AF- 003 (11) / 2 – 13. IX. 2003 / S 30 2214.74 ° E 0 17 2844. 93 ° [printed] // PARATYPUS / Macroderes cornutus / Frolov & Scholtz / 2003 [red label, printed] ”: 3 ♂♂ in (UPSA), 1 ♂ in (SANC). Additional material examined. 1 ♀ (UPSA): “ 30.730175 ° S 17.523828 ° E / 15 August 2008 ”. Size range. Males length: 11.0 – 11.8 mm, width: 7.4 – 8.0 mm; females length: 10.4 – 11.6 mm, width 7.0 – 7.4 mm.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFAAFFEFFF0DFA36FBD507C1.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. M. cornutus resembles M. foveatus by having the same deep triangular concavity in the base of pronotum (Figs. 5, 41). Also the presence of the large rounded tubercle in the middle of the frontal suture (Figs. 48, 50) makes this species one of the more easily recognizable Macroderes species.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFAAFFEFFF0DFA36FBD507C1.taxon	description	Habitat and distribution. So far this species is known only from the three localities in the Northern Cape Province. The localities stretch along the western coastline of South Africa within the Succulent karoo eco-region (Fig. 2). Generally the area is characterised by its aridity and winter rains associated with cold frost.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFAAFFEFFF0DFA36FBD507C1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Due to the lack of adequate data regarding the species distribution and as it has a small distribution range this species is categorized as Data Deficient (Davis 2013). Some of the localities from which the species were collected are protected and managed by the government, however, as it is flightless and has a restricted distribution range it is well matched to two of three criteria from category B for threatened species which would consider the species as NEAR Threatened in the IUCN Red List (Davis 2013).	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFA8FFEDFF0DF9B0FBAE003D.taxon	description	(Figs. 6, 26, 45, 62, 72)	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFA8FFEDFF0DF9B0FBAE003D.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. S. Afr., SW Cape, Nortier Farm, 32 ° 03 ' S – 18 ° 19 ' E. Type material examined. Holotype, ♂ (TMSA): “ S. Afr / SW Cape / Nortier Farm / 32 ° 03 ' S – 18 °. 19 ' E [printed] // groundtrap with faeces bait [printed] // 25.8.1981 / E – Y: 1845 / groundtraps / Endrödy — Younga leg [printed] // HOLOTYPUS / Macroderes endroedyi / Frolov & Scholtz / 2003 [red label, printed] ”. Paratypes: 2 ♂♂ and 7 ♀♀ (TMSA): same data as holotype; 1 ♂ and 4 ♀♀ (TMSA): “ S. Afr / SW Cape / Verlorevlei farm / 32 °. 19 ' S – 18 °. 29 ' E [printed] // 28. 8. 1981 // E – Y: 1856 / groundtraps / 60 days / Endrödy — Younga leg [printed] // groundtrap with faeces bait [printed] // PARATYPUS / Macroderes endroedyi / Frolov & Scholtz / 2003 [red label, printed] ”; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ (TMSA): “ RSA / W Cape / Papkuilsfontein farm / 32 ° 02 ' S 19 ° 10 ' E [printed] // 16.9.1994 / / E – Y: 3007 / groundtraps / 9 days / Endrödy — Younga leg [printed] // groundtraps with faces bait [printed] // PARATYPUS / Macroderes endroedyi / Frolov & Scholtz / 2003 [red label, printed] ”; 3 ♂♂ and 9 ♀♀: “ RSA / Western Cape Prov / Kliphoek / A. Frolov & Deschodt leg [printed] // AF- 0047 (27) / 6 – 10. IX. 2003 / S 31 °. 50 ' 20 °. 6 '' E 0 18 20 ' 08.55 '' [printed] // PARATYPUS / Macroderes endroedyi / Frolov & Scholtz / 2003 [red label, printed] ”: 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ in (TMSA), 2 ♂♂ and 8 ♀♀ in (UPSA). 1 ♀ (UPSA): “ RSA / Western Cape Prov / Aurora / A. Frolov & Deschodt leg [printed] // AF- 0050 (30) / 6 – 10. IX. 2003 / S 3 ° 2 42 ' 02.94 '' E 018 ° 29 ' 10.39 '' // PARATYPUS / Macroderes endroedyi / Frolov & Scholtz / 2003 [red label, printed] ”; 2 ♂♂ and 3 ♀♀: “ RSA / Western Cape Prov / 4 Km S of / Trawal / A. Frolov & Deschodt leg [printed] // AF- 0048 (28) / 6 – 10. IX. 2003 / S 31 ° 55 ' 43.13 '' E 018 ° 37 ' 56.33 '' // PARATYPUS / Macroderes endroedyi / Frolov & Scholtz / 2003 [red label, printed] ”: 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ in (UPSA) / 1 ♂ and 2 ♀♀ in (TMSA). 2 ♂♂ and 6 ♀♀: “ RSA / Western Cape Prov / 6 Km NE of / Elandsbaai / A. Frolov & Deschodt leg [printed] // AF- 0049 (29) / 6 – 10. IX. 2003 / S 32 ° 16 ' 57.40 '' 018 ° 24 ' 51.98 '' // PARATYPUS / Macroderes endroedyi / Frolov & Scholtz / 2003 [red label, printed] ”; 2 ♂♂ and 3 ♀♀ in (UPSA), 3 ♀♀ in (TMSA). 1 ♀ (TMSA): “ S. Afr / SW Cape / Kliphout kop / 32 °. 17 ' S – 18 °. 24 ' E [printed] // 26. 8. 1981 / E – Y: 1852 / groundtraps / 63 days / Endrödy — Younga leg [printed] // PARATYPUS / Macroderes endroedyi / Frolov & Scholtz / 2003 [red label, printed] ”; 2 ♀♀ (TMSA): “ S. Afr / SW Cape / Seweputs Farm / 31 °. 39 ' S – 18 °. 22 ' E [printed] // 22. 8. 1981 // E – Y: 1832 / Singled / night / Endrödy — Younga leg [printed] // PARATYPUS / Macroderes endroedyi / Frolov & Scholtz / 2003 [red label, printed] ”; 1 ♂ (SAMC): “ RSA / Western Cape Prov / 6 Km NE of / Elandsbaai / A. Frolov & C. Deschodt leg [printed] // AF- 0049 (29) / 6 – 10. IX. 2003 / S 32 ° 16 ' 57.40 '' E 018 ° 24 ' 51.98 '' [printed] // Paratypus / Macroderes endrodyi / Frolov & Scholtz / 2003 ”. Additional material examined. 1 ♂ (UPSA): “ South Africa / Western Cape Province / Elandsbaai / S 32.27956 ° E 018.41713 ° / 16. 8. 2015 / C. Deschodt & W. P. Strümpher leg ”; 3 ♀♀ (UPSA): “ South Africa / Western Cape Province / Klawer / S 31.92871 ° E 018.63217 ° / 16. 8. 2015 / C. Deschodt & W. P. Strümpher leg ”. Size range. Males length: 9.8 – 12.6 mm, width: 7.0 – 9.1 mm; females length: 9.7 – 13.7 mm, width: 7.4 – 8.8 mm.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFA8FFEDFF0DF9B0FBAE003D.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. Externally the species is closely similar to M. namakwanus (Fig. 6) however, it can be easily distinguished by the following combinations of characteristics: irregular punctuation of pronotum disc (Fig. 62), elytral interstriae shagreened and covered by small shiny tubercles (Fig. 72), the sclerite of the internal sac of the aedeagus curved basely with a small lateral process (Fig. 26).	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFA8FFEDFF0DF9B0FBAE003D.taxon	description	Habitat and distribution. This species was collected from a few localities occupying a small distribution range in the southwest of Western Cape Province (Fig. 2). Based on (Olson et al. 2001) terrestrial ecoregions of the world, the range of this species comprises the southwest part of the moister Fynbos and Renosterveld ecoregion and part of the montane Fynbos and Renosterveld in Cedarberg.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFA8FFEDFF0DF9B0FBAE003D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Due to it’s small, limited range, inability to fly and the vulnerable habitats it occurs in, the species has been assessed as NEAR Threatened in the IUCN Red List (Category B, Davis 2013).	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFA9FFEAFF0DFA36FBA7075D.taxon	description	(Figs. 7, 54, 65, 67)	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFA9FFEAFF0DFA36FBA7075D.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Cape Peninsula. Type material examined. None. Type series is deposited in MNHN (Frolov & Scholtz 2005). Additional material examined. 1 ♂ (UPSA): “ S. Africa / SW / Cape / Cape of Good Hope / NR / 34 1734 ° S 18 2546 ° E / 13 Oct. 1987 / A L V Davis ”; 1 ♂: “ S. Africa / SW / Cape / Good Hope / Nat. Res / 34 18 ' S 18 27 ' E / 15. VII. 1987 / ALV Davis // ex cattle dung baited pitfall / in 2 – 3 ry fynbos // Macroderes fornicatus Sharp / Frolov det / 2003 ”; 1 ♂ with same data but date of collection: 3. VII. 1987. 2 ♀♀ (SANC): “ UNIONDALE / E / CP / (10 Kms NE) / 4. V. 76 / 970 m / Davis & Aschenborn // Ex Coll. CSIRO / Div / Entomology / S. AFRICAN STATION // Macorderes sp / det. CSIRO / DBRU ”; 1 ♀ (UPSA): “ RSA. Western Cape Province / Cape Peninsula / Cape Town / 34 ° 13 ' 19.21 " S 18 ° 24 ' 38.49 " E / 100 m / 17. vii. 2016 / baited pitfall trap: pig dung / leg. C. Deschodt, W. P. Strümpher ”; 1 ♂ (SAMC): “ Tafelberg / 18. 4. 48 // Macroderes fornicatus Sharp // SAM-Col-A 062970 ”. Size range. Males length: 8.2 – 11.2 mm, width: 5.4 – 7.3 mm; females length: 9.7 – 11.9 mm, width: 6.9 – 7.0 mm.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFA9FFEAFF0DFA36FBA7075D.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. Close to M. mutilans and M. bias in having flattened and matte elytral intervals (Fig. 67), but can easily be distinguished by having a different shape of the internal sac sclerite and also by stria 9 widely separated from stria 10 (Fig. 54).	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFA9FFEAFF0DFA36FBA7075D.taxon	description	Habitat and distribution. This species is known only from the Cape Peninsula (Fig. 2). The area forms part of the southwest Fynbos Bioregion located within the Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos vegetation unit (Mucina & Rutherford 2006). The unit extends from the top of Lions’ Head and Table Mountain to Cape Point and Cape of Good Hope. The vegetation cover encompasses a mixture of proteoid and ericoid-leaved shrubland with mainly proteoid, ericaceous and restioid fynbos and some asteraceous fynbos. The mean annual precipitation ranges between 520 and 1690 mm (mean 780 mm) with a maximum peak from May to August.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFAEFFE8FF0DF89DFB3905BD.taxon	description	(Figs. 8, 31, 40, 46, 49, 51, 73)	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFAEFFE8FF0DF89DFB3905BD.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Holotype, ♂ (TMSA): “ S. Afr / SW Cape / Veldrif / 3 Km E / 32 ° 46 ' S – 18 ° 14 ' E [printed] // 31.8.1981 / E – Y: 1870 / ground traps / 59 days / Endrödy — Younga leg [printed] // groundtrap with meat bait [printed] // HOLOTYPUS / Macroderes foveatus / Frolov & Scholtz / 2003 [red label, printed] ”. Paratypes: 1 ♀ (TMSA) same data as holotype; 1 ♀ (TMSA): “ S. Afr / S. W. Cape / Brakfontein farm / 32 ° 56 ' S 18 ° 15 ' E [printed] // 23.8.1983 / E – Y: 1967 / groundtraps / 72 days / Endroeydi, Penrith leg [printed] // groundtrap with faeces bait [printed] // PARATYPUS / Macroderes foveatus / Frolov & Scholtz / 2003 ”. Additional material examined. 2 ♂♂ (UPSA): “ RSA / Western Cape Province / Veldrif / 7 Km E / 19. vii. 2016 / 32 ° 47 ' 38.18 '' S 18 ° 14 ' 53.42 '' E // baited pitfall trap: pig dung / C. Deschodt & W. P. Strümpher ”; 1 ♀ (UPSA): “ South Africa / Kommandokraal farm / S 31.50317 ° E 018.20939 ° / 14.8. 2015 / C. Deschodt & W. P. Strümpher ”. Size range. Males length: 10.2 – 10.4 mm, width: 6.2 – 7.4 mm; females length: 8.8 – 10.1 mm, width: 5.3 – 7.1 mm	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFAEFFE8FF0DF89DFB3905BD.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. This species differs from all Macroderes species except M. cornutus in that the base of the pronotum bears very deep triangular concavity (Figs. 8, 40) however, it can be separated by the combination of the following characteristics: lack of the rounded tubercle in the frontal suture that characterises M. cornutus (Figs. 49, 51), the internal sac sclerite bears small lateral processes (Fig. 31), less elongated punctures at each side of the pronotum (Fig. 46).	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFAEFFE8FF0DF89DFB3905BD.taxon	description	Habitat and distribution. This species is recorded from two localities in the southern western part of Western Cape Province along the west coast of South Africa (Fig. 2). Generally, the area is characterised by Mediterranean climate with warm, dry summers and moderate humid, rainy winters (Mucina & Rutherford 2006).	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFACFFE9FF0DF894FF23003D.taxon	description	(Figs. 18, 32, 77, 84, 93) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 41 E 8 DF 7 E- 27 F 6 - 4 C 30 - 8914 - 19 B 648371 BB 4	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFACFFE9FF0DF894FF23003D.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. South Africa, Western Cape Province, Gifberg, 26 km SE of, Vanrhynsdorp 31 ° 48 ' 5.22 S 18 ° 55 ' 7 E. Type material. Holotype, ♂ (TMSA): “ South Africa / Western Cape Province / Gifberg / 26 km SE of / Vanrhynsdorp / 31 ° 48 ' 5.22 S 18 ° 55 ' 7 E / 16 Km E / Alt 377 m / 16. vi. 2016 / C. Scholtz [printed] // HOLOTYPE / Macroderes gifboomi / Abdalla & Scholtz / 2018 / [red label, printed] ”. Paratypes: 1 ♂ and 2 ♀♀ (TMSA) same data as holotype; 4 ♂ (UPSA): “ South Africa / Western Cape Province / Gifberg / 26 km SE of / Vanrhynsdorp / 31 ° 48 ' 5.22 S 18 ° 55 ' 7.16 E / Alt 377 m / 21. vii. 2016 / C. Deschodt & W. P. Strümpher [printed] // PARATYPE / Macroderes gifboomi / Abdalla & Scholtz / 2018 / [red label, printed] ”. Holotype description. Holotype, ♂ (Fig. 18). Body length 9.9 mm, body width 7.2 mm. Head. Clypeus broad, semi – circular, bordered by two teeth on anterior edge which are wider than longer. Genae right angled. Frontoclypeal suture clearly evident slightly curved without tubercle in the middle. Frons densely punctate with small round punctures. Clypeogenal suture present but poorly defined towards the clypeal edge. Clypeus densely punctate with fine punctures becoming rugose towards the clypeal frontal margin.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFACFFE9FF0DF894FF23003D.taxon	description	Pronotum. Form trapezoidal, smooth, shiny, width greater than length, with two distinct depressions anterolaterally. Lateral edges rounded delimited with fine borders. Borders impunctate, non – crenulated, base not bordered. Anterior angles obtuse, posterior angles right to obtuse. Pronotal surface lacking a longitudinal depression and uniformly covered with regular round punctures with yellow setae located peripherally (Figs. 77, 84). Punctures spaced by 2 – 4 times their own diameter. Elytra. Elytral intervals convex, shiny, densely punctate with small round punctures. Punctures separated by shiny elevated areas by approximately 1 – 4 their own puncture diameter (Fig. 93). Striae punctate with small punctures with short yellow setae / spaced by 2 – 4 punctures diameter, stria 9 closest to stria 10 about 2 / 3 the length of elytra. Aedeagus. Sclerite of internal sac with long lateral process and rather short and strait basal part (Fig. 32). Size range. Males length: 9.4 – 10.1 mm, width: 6.7 – 7.1 mm; females length: 9.2 – 10.6 mm, width: 6.6 – 7.3 mm. Female. Female differs from male by having well developed tubercle in the middle of the frontoclypeal suture as well as less excavated pronotum anteriolaterally.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFACFFE9FF0DF894FF23003D.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species name reflects the Afrikaans name, gifboom, of the evergreen Fynbos shrub Hyaenanche globosa (Gaertn.) Lamb. & Vahl which is endemic to the Gifberg area.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFACFFE9FF0DF894FF23003D.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. This species is most similar to M. nitidus in having a pronotum with regular round punctures (Figs. 77, 84), however the pronotum is more convex and the whole body shinier than M. nitidus (Fig. 18).	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFACFFE9FF0DF894FF23003D.taxon	description	Habitat and distribution. This species was collected from the base of the Gifberg (Fig. 2) at the northern end of the Bokkeveld Escarpment Mountain Plateau just south of Vanrhynsdorp. These mountains consist of Bokkeveld Sandstone Fynbos (Mucina & Rutherford 2006). The habitat is very rocky with shallow soil, poor in mineral content.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFADFFF7FF0DFA36FA9404E8.taxon	description	(Figs. 10, 44, 58, 91)	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFADFFF7FF0DFA36FA9404E8.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Types with no locality data. Type material examined. None. Type series is deposited in BMNH (Frolov & Scholtz 2005). Additional material examined. 1 ♂ (TMSA): “ S. Afr / SW Cape Prov / Abrahamskraal farm / 33 °. 14 ' S – 18 °. 09 ' E // 25.8.1983 / E – Y: 1976 / groundtraps / 70 days / Endrody, Penrith leg // groundtraps with faeces bait // Macroderes greeni (Kirby) / det. A. Frolov / 2003 ”; 3 ♀♀ (TMSA): “ S. Afr / S. W Cape / Struisbaai / 34 °. 46 ' S – 20 °. 03 ' E // 28. 8. 1983 // E – Y: 1987 / groundtrap / 60 days / Endrody, Penrith leg // groundtraps with faeces bait // Macroderes greeni (Kirby) / det. A. Frolov / 2003 ”; 1 ♂ and 7 ♀♀ (SANC): “ LANGEBAAN / C P / 12 Km / SE / Farm Geelbek / A. L. V. Davis / Macroderes sp / det. CSIRO. DBRU // Macroderes greeni (Kirby) / Frolov / det / 2003 but with different dates of collecting: 1 ♀: 6. VII. 1979; 1 ♂ and 2 ♀♀: 13. VIII. 1979; 1 ♀: 23. V. 1979; 1 ♀: 30. V. 1979. 1 ♀: 1 – 29. X. 79; 1 ♀: 26. VI. 1979; 2 ♂♂ and 4 ♀♀ (SANC): “ S. Afr / SW / CP / Modderrivier farm / nr Atlantis / 33 ° 28 ' S 18 20 ' E / 29 °. VI. 1987 / ALV. Davis // ex cattle dung baited / pitfall in Strandveld // Macroderes greeni (Kirby) / Frolov / det / 2003 ”; 1 ♀ (SAMC): “ Macroderes greeni // Macroderes greeni (Kirby) / det. Frolov / 2003 ”; 1 ♂ (SAMC): “ Saldanha Bay // greeni Kirby // Macroderes greeni Kirby / det. Frolov / 2003 // SAM — A 043223 ”; 2 ♂♂ (SAMC): “ Mamre-Mamlesburg Rd / Sep. 1938 // Macroderes greeni Kirby / det. Frolov / 2003 // SAM-Col-A 02321 ”. Size range. Males length: 9.6 – 11.6 mm, width: 6.2 – 8.0 mm; females length: 10.3 – 11.4 mm, width: 6.3 – 7.8 mm.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFADFFF7FF0DFA36FA9404E8.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. This species shares the elytral punctuation shape of M. arrowi, M. foveatus and M. cornutus (Fig. 91), however, it can differentiated by the large and rounded punctures of the pronotum (Figs. 44, 58) and from the latter two species by lacking the triangular concavity in the base of the pronotum which characterise the two species.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFADFFF7FF0DFA36FA9404E8.taxon	description	Habitat and distribution. This species occupies a small range which extends along the south-western coast of South Africa from Cape Agulhas in the southeast and up to Saldanha Bay in the northwest (Fig. 2). The area is situated within the Southwest Fynbos Bioregion which is considered as the core of Fynbos Biome (Mucina & Rutherford 2006). The area is mostly sandstone typified by winter rains and low to very low summer rains.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB0FFF5FF0DF90DFEF9010E.taxon	description	(Figs. 23, 33, 81, 85, 95) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: E 7684 ED 7 - 73 AB- 4 E 57 - 9 A 9 F- 70346 B 9 E 45 BF	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB0FFF5FF0DF90DFEF9010E.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Farm: Kelkiewyn, 31.21500 ° S 19.67958 ° E. Type material. Holotype, ♂ (UPSA). “ Farm: Kelkiewyn / S 31.21500 ° E 19.67958 ° / 781 m / 21.08.2008 – 13.09.2008 / Pig [dung] baited glycol traps. C. Deschodt [printed] // HOLOTYPE / Macroderes leipoldti / Abdalla & Deschodt / 2018 [red label, printed] ”. Paratypes: 3 ♀♀ (TMSA), same data as holotype. Holotype description. Holotype, ♂ (Fig. 23). Body length 8.4 mm, width 6.1 mm. Head. Clypeal surface smooth between punctures, sometimes becoming shagreened close to punctures. Punctures shallow. Frontal suture very pronounced, slightly angled, almost tuberculate in middle.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB0FFF5FF0DF90DFEF9010E.taxon	description	Pronotum. Convex, lateral margins round. Slight indentation laterally. Lateral border not punctate. Dorsal surface punctate with punctures less than one puncture diameter apart (Fig. 81). Area between punctures smooth. Dorsal part of eyes clearly visible. Elytra. Elytral interstriae 1 – 8 slightly raised, surface shagreened with irregularly spaced shallow punctures, margins of punctures not carinate (Fig. 95). Striae punctate with punctures separated by 3 – 4 puncture diameters. Sutural interstria narrow with single row of punctures close together, all other elytral interstriae wider. Stria 9 long, 3 / 4 the length of elytron, interstria 10 2 – 3 times narrower than interstria 9 in the middle of elytron. Aedeagus. Sclerite of internal sac short and slightly curved before the apex, with rather broad basal part and without lateral process (Fig. 33). Size range. Females length: 8.0 – 8.4 mm, width: 5.7 – 6.1 mm. Female. Female differs from male by the combination of the following characters: in the female the pronotum is less convex and appears broader anteriolaterally than in the male, and in the female the frontoclypeal suture is less developed than in the male with weakly developed tubercle in the middle.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB0FFF5FF0DF90DFEF9010E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named in honour of Dr. Christian F. L. Leipoldt, leading South African author, poet and an amateur botanist with a deep love of the Hantam.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB0FFF5FF0DF90DFEF9010E.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. This species is easily separated from others in the group by the puncture associated seta being outside and close to the edge of the punctures. It is also very short and stubby. The pronotal punctures on the base are almost round and between 1.5 and 3 puncture diameters apart (Fig. 81).	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB0FFF5FF0DF90DFEF9010E.taxon	description	Habitat and distribution. This species occurs on the Hantam Plateau Dolerite Renosterveld (Fig. 2) as defined by Mucina & Rutherford (2006). However, the area where the species was collected should be defined as Hantam Karoo with loamy to sandy soils and a maximum of 175 mm of rain per year (Scholtz, personal observation).	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB1FFF3FF0DFB60FD9E0420.taxon	description	(Figs. 11, 53, 90)	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB1FFF3FF0DFB60FD9E0420.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. RSA, Western Cape Prov, 15 km SW of Lutzville. Type material examined. Holotype, ♂ (TMSA): “ RSA / Western Cape Prov / 15 km SW of Lutzville / A. Frolov & C. Deschodt leg [printed] // AF – 0046 (26) / 6 – 1 0. IX. 2003 / S 31 ° 40 ' 21.00 E 018 ° 13 ' 50.10 [printed] // HOLOTYPUS / Macroderes minutus / Frolov & Scholtz / 2003 [red label, printed] ”. Paratypes: 2 ♂♂ (UPSA, TMSA) with the same data as holotype; 1 ♂ (TMSA): “ Zandkraal farm / 31 ° 42 ' S 18 ° 46 ' E / 12. IX. 1987 / coarsesandy flat / Endrödy — Younga leg [printed] // PARATYPUS / Macroderes minutus / Frolov & Scholtz / 2003 [red label, printed] ”; 1 ♂ (TMSA): “ Namaqualand / Nuwerust farm / 31 ° 04 ' S 18 ° 17 ' E / 27. VIII. 1979 / singled on red sand / Endrödy — Younga leg [printed] // PARATYPUS / Macroderes minutus / Frolov & Scholtz / 2003 [red label, printed] ”; 2 ♀♀ (UPSA): “ 5 km W of Rietpoort / 30 ° 58 ' S 17 ° 59 ' E / 3 – 11. IX. 2003 / Frolov & Deschodt leg [printed] // PARATYPUS / Macroderes minutus / Frolov & Scholtz / 2003 [red label, printed] ”; 1 ♀ (TMSA): “ 10 km N of Bitterfontein / 30 ° 57 ' S 18 ° 13 ' E / 11. IX. 1985 / from sand pit / Endrödy – Younga leg [printed] // PARATYPUS / Macroderes minutus / Frolov & Scholtz / 2003 [red label, printed] ”; 1 ♀ (UPSA): “ 25 km N of Vanrhynsdorp / 31 ° 23 ' S 18 ° 38 ' E / 5 – 11. IX. 2003 / Frolov & Deschodt leg [printed] // PARATYPUS / Macroderes minutus / Frolov & Scholtz / 2003 [red label, printed] ”. Size range. Males length: 7.0 – 8.9 mm, width: 5.7 – 6.3 mm; females length: 8.5 – 8.9 mm, width: 5.0 – 5.9 mm.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB1FFF3FF0DFB60FD9E0420.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. This species can be separated from others in the group by having ovoid pronotal punctures which are relatively close together (between 1 and 1.5 puncture diameters along the minor axis) and the seta associated with each puncture being short.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB1FFF3FF0DFB60FD9E0420.taxon	description	Habitat and distribution. This species occurs on the Namaqualand Strandveld vegetation type (Fig. 2). Specimens were collected in habitats featuring deep sand (Deschodt, personal observation).	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB1FFF3FF0DFB60FD9E0420.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Frolov & Scholtz (2005) tentatively lumped specimens from extreme localities and vegetation types, such as Lutzville (Namaqualand Strandveld), Knersvlakte (Central Knersvlakte Vygieveld) and the top of the Cederberg range (Cederberg Sandstone Fynbos) together. Electron micrographs of specimens in the type series of M. minutus from different localities and further M. minutus material collected subsequent to the description of M. minutus were compared. It seems that the complex has been subjected to microhabitat speciation (speciation where species are still morphologically similar and geographical neighbour, but separated from each other by occupying different habitat types such as soil and / or vegetation type). Here we split the complex into three independent species (M. minutus, M. cederbergensis new species and M. leipoldti new species). The holotype of M. minutus is from near Lutzville [31 ° 33 ' S 18 ° 20 ' E] and thus, specimens from there should be considered to be true M. minutus. Since the description of M. minutus in Frolov & Scholtz (2005) is based on the holotype, that species description is still applicable and need no changes, only the amended type series and short notes on its distribution are given here.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB7FFF0FF0DF960FF3D0155.taxon	description	(Figs. 12, 34, 74)	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB7FFF0FF0DF960FF3D0155.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Brit, SW, Africa, Kl, Namaland, Steinkopf [29 ° 15 ' S 17 ° 44 ' E]. Type material examined. None. Type series is deposited in ZMHB (Frolov & Scholtz 2005). Additional material examined. 3 ♂♂ and 9 ♀♀: “ RSA / Northern Cape Prov / 8 Km S of / Kamieskroon / A. Frolov & C. Deschodt leg // AF – 0030 (10) / 1 – 13. IX. 2003 / S 30 ° 17 23.76 E 017 ° 57 20.69 // Macroderes mutilans Kolbe / Frolvo det / 2003 ”, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ (TMSA); 1 ♂ and 7 ♀♀ (UPSA); 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ (SANC); 9 ♂♂ and 15 ♀♀ with same data but the database and coordinates: 1 ♂ and 2 ♀ (UPSA): “ AF – 0030 (10) / S 30 ° 15.25. 29 E 017 ° 55.58.83 ”, 8 ♂♂ and 13 ♀♀ (UPSA): “ AF – 0030 (9) / S 30 ° 17 17.37 E 017 ° 56 59.12 ”; 1 ♂ (TMSA): “ 10 m / E Springbok / Namaquland / III. 1958 / G. van Son // Macroderes mutilans Kolbe / det. A. Frolov / 2003 ”; 1 ♂ (TMSA): “ Springbok / CP / IX. 65 / L / Vari // Macroderes mutilans Kolbe / det A. Frolov / 2003 ”; 1 ♂ (UPSA): “ RSA / Northern Cape Province / Kamiesberg / 20 Km / NE of Garies / S 30 ° 4 28 E 018 ° 05 9 / 13.8.2015 / baited pitfall trap: pig dung /. C. Deschodt & W. P. Strümpher leg ”; 2 ♀♀ (UPSA): “ RSA / Western Cape Province / 10 Km / West of Rietpoort / S 30 °. 97 E 017 °. 99 / 13. 8. 2015 / baited pitfall trap: pig dung / C. Deschodt & W. P. Strümpher leg ”; 3 ♂♂ and 3 ♀♀ (UPSA): “ RSA / Northern Cape Province / 51 km / S. W / Springbok / S 29.74301 ° E 017.52547 ° / 12. 8. 2015 / baited pitfall trap: pig dung / C. Deschodt & W. P. Strümpher leg ”; 1 ♂ (UPSA): “ RSA / Northern Cape Province / Springbok / 4 Km W / S 29.67914 ° E 017.85134 ° / 12. 8. 2015 / baited pitfall trap: pig dung / C. Deschodt & W. P. Strümpher leg ”; 1 ♂ and 2 ♀♀ (UPSA): “ Kamieskroon / S 30.25747 ° E 17.93525 ° / 28. viii. 2004 / C. Deschodt & M. Deschodt leg ”; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ (SAMC): “ RSA / Northern Cape Prov / 8 Km S of / Kamieskroon / A. Frolov & C. Deschodt leg // AF- 0030 (10) / 13. IX. 2003 / S 30 ° 17 ' 23.76 '' E 017 ° 57 ' 20.69 '' // Macroderes mutilans Kolbe / Frolov det / 2003 // SAM- Col- 058293 ”.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB7FFF0FF0DF960FF3D0155.taxon	description	Size range. Males length: 9.6 – 12.6 mm, width: 7.2 – 8.9 mm; females length: 9 – 12.1 mm, width: 6.8 – 8.9 mm.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB7FFF0FF0DF960FF3D0155.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. Due to it is flatter elytra (Fig. 74) M. mutilans resembles M. bias and M. fornicatus, nevertheless, it can be easily distinguished from them by impunctate lateral border of pronotum as well as distinct differences in the shape of the internal sac sclerite (Fig. 34).	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB7FFF0FF0DF960FF3D0155.taxon	description	Habitat and distribution. This species was collected from localities confined to the Namaqualand region (Fig. 2). The area is part from the Succulent Karoo ecoregion which comprises two main bio-geographical domains: The Southern Karoo domain which is inland in South Africa and Namaquland — Namibia domain which stretches from the west cost of Namibia to the west coast of South Africa and includes the areas of Richtersveld, Sandveld, Hardveld and Kamiesberg. The area is semi desert, characterised by a succulent vegetation and winter rainfall.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB4FFF0FF0DFBA9FC0B02AA.taxon	description	(Figs. 13, 35, 42, 61, 75)	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB4FFF0FF0DFBA9FC0B02AA.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. RSA, Western Cape Prov, Hoekbaai, 31 ° 09 ' 26.07 '' S 017 ° 45 ' 55.70 '' E. Type material examined. Holotype, ♂ (TMSA): “ RSA / Western Cape Prov / Hoekbaai / A. Frolov & C. Deschodt leg [printed] // AF- 0039 (19) / 4 – 11. IX. 2003 / S 31 ° 04 ' 26.07 '' E 017 ° 45 ' 55.70 '' [printed] // HOLOTYPUS / Macroderes namakwanus / Frolov & Scholtz / 2003 [red label, printed] ”; Paratypes: 1 ♂ (TMSA): “ S. Afr / Namaquland / Brakriver mouth / 36 °. 06 ' S – 17 °. 44 ' E [printed] // 25. 8. 1979 // E – Y: 1597 / groundtraps / 63 days / Endrödy — Younga leg [printed] // PARTYPUS / Macroderes namakwanus / Frolvo & Scholtz / 2003 [red label, printed] ”; 1 ♂ (TMSA): “ S. AFR / Namaquland / Hoekbaai / 2 Km / E NE / 31 °. 11 ' S 17 °. 47 ' E [printed] // 27. 8. 1979 // E – Y: 1612 / white sand / night / Endrödy — Younga leg [printed] // PARATYPUS / Macroderes namakwanus / Frolov & Scholtz / 2003 [red label, printed] ”; 1 ♂ (TMSA): “ S. Afr / Namaquland / Kotzerus / 30 ° 57 ' S – 17 °. 50 ' E [printed] // 23. 8. 1979 // E – Y: 1581 / white dune / day /. Endrödy — Younga leg [printed] // PARATYPUS / Macroderes namakwanus / Frolov & Scholtz / 2003 [red – printed] ”; 1 ♀ (TMSA): “ S. Afr / Richtersveld / Klein Helskloof / 28 °. 51 ' S – 17 °. 24 ' E [printed] // 8.9.1976 // E – Y: 1239 / groundtraps / 32 days / Endrödy — Younga leg [printed] // groundtrap with faeces bait [printed] // PARATYPUS / Macroderes namakwanus / Frolov & Scholtz / 2003 [red label, printed] ”. Additional material examined. 2 ♂♂ and 3 ♀♀ (UPSA): “ South Africa / 6 km N of / Kotzerus / S 30 ° 69 ' 26.11 '' E 017 ° 86 ' 9.83 '' / 12. 8. 2015 ”. Size range. Males length: 10.4 – 12.8 mm, width: 7.0 – 8.7 mm; females length: 11.7 – 12.5 mm, width: 8.0 – 9.0 mm.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB4FFF0FF0DFBA9FC0B02AA.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. M. namakwanus is in habitus similar to M. endroedyi (Fig. 13) however, it is differentiated by the combination of the following characteristics: Pronotum regularly punctate lacking the distinct tubercle in between (Fig. 61) and no shiny tubercles on the elytra (Fig. 75)	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB4FFF0FF0DFBA9FC0B02AA.taxon	description	Habitat and distribution. See distribution under M. mutilans (Fig. 2)	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB5FFFFFF0DFA3AFF3D0725.taxon	description	(Figs. 14, 69)	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB5FFFFFF0DFA3AFF3D0725.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. O [o] rlog Rivier. Type material examined. Lectotype, present designation, ♀ (ZMHB): “ O [o] rlog Rivier / Meyer / Nr. 57079 [pale blue label] // Lectotype / Macroderes nitidus Harold / 1877 / des Deschodt & Abdalla / 2018 [red label, printed] ”. Paralectotypes: 6 ♀♀ (ZMHB): “ Promont. b. sp. Meyer / Nr. 50568 [printed] // Paralectotype / Macroderes nitidus Harold / 1877 / des Deschodt & Abdalla / 2018 [red label, printed] ”; 5 ♀♀ (ZMHB): “ O [o] rlog Rivier / Meyer / Nr. 57079 [printed] // Paralectotype / Macroderes nitidus Harold / 1877 / des Deschodt & Abdalla / 2018 [red label, printed] ”. Additional material examined. 5 ♀♀ (UPSA): “ RSA: Western Cape Province / Nieuwoudtville 12 km E; 20. vii. 2017 / 31 ° 22 ' 37.69 " S 19 ° 13 ' 51.51 " E / 745 m / Baited pitfall trap: pig dung / leg. C. Deschodt, W. P. Strümpher ”. Size range. Females length: 8.2 – 11.5 mm, width: 6.3 – 7.3 mm.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB5FFFFFF0DFA3AFF3D0725.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. This species appears to M. soleiana new species but is easily separated from it by being smooth and not shagreened on the interstriae (Fig. 67). The habitus is shiny black in appearance (Fig. 14).	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB5FFFFFF0DFA3AFF3D0725.taxon	description	Redescription. Lectotype, ♀ (Fig. 14). Body length 10.3 mm, body width 7.1 mm. Head. Genae right – angled. Frontal suture indistinct, more pronounced medially. Genal sutures very faint. Dorsal surface of clypeus punctate posterior of frontal suture, rugose anteriorly. Pronotum. Convex. Base without depression in the middle. Anterior angles obtuse, posterior angles rounded. Lateral border not punctate. Dorsal surface with small, round, regular punctures; close together at base, becoming shallower and further apart anteriorly; surface smooth and very shiny. Elytra. Elytral interstriae 1 – 8 flat and shiny punctate, punctures shallow, punctures separated by 1 – 2 puncture diameters, margins smooth. Striae punctate with punctures separated by 2 – 4 puncture diameters, sides very straight, narrower than punctures (Figs. 14, 69). Stria 9 is 3 / 4 the length of elytron, close to stria 10; interstria 9 1 / 4 as wide as interstria 8 in the middle. Habitat and distribution. Mucina and Rutherford (2006) describe the area around Calvinia where the Oorlogskloof River flows and where the species was recovered as Hantam Karoo in the Succulent Karoo biome (Fig. 2). This area is around 1000 m a. s. l.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB5FFFFFF0DFA3AFF3D0725.taxon	discussion	Remark. Frolov & Scholtz (2005) examined the type series of M. nitidus. They concluded that the Cederberg specimens were M. nitidus, included them as additional material examined, and based their redescription of M. nitidus partly on this material. Those specimens actually belong to M. soleiana new species described earlier in this paper. The specimens in the type series (collected by Meyer) are probably from two localities: “ Promont. b. sp. ” and “ Orlog Rivier ”. Meyer practiced medicine at Calvinia [S 31 ° 28 ’ E 19 ° 46 ’] and has sent plant and insect specimens collected from that area to Berlin (Gunn & Codd 1981). “ Orlog Rivier ” thus most likely refers to the Oorlogskloof River that flows past Calvinia. The locality Cap bon. spei [Cape of Good Hope] given in Harold (1877) is probably derived from the Promont. b. sp. [Promontorii Bon Spei] specimens in the type series and most likely those specimens are also from the same area close to Calvinia. Following this information, Deschodt and Strümpher collected a large series of M. nitidus in an area close to the Oorlogskloof River [31 ° 22 ' 37.69 S 19 ° 13 ' 51.51 E] on 20 th of July 2016 (Fig. 101). Heavy rain was recorded on the previous day in that specific area. These recently collected specimens (in UPSA) and the type series housed in the ZMHB are the only specimens known for the species.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFBBFFFCFF0DFD44FC810458.taxon	description	(Figs. 19, 36, 78, 86, 96) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: D 2 AC 74 D 3 - 5 FC 1 - 4996 - 9 F 28 - 0 C 4 C 8 BBA 3 D 66 Macroderes sp.: Sole & Scholtz 2010: 636.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFBBFFFCFF0DFD44FC810458.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Armmanshoek, Richtersveld NP, 28.41756 ° S 17.07902 ° E. Type material. Holotype: ♂ (TMSA): “ Armmanshoek / Richtersveld NP / S 28.41756 ° E 17.07902 ° / 13. iv. 2005 / 623 m / C. Deschodt & A. Deschodt [printed] // HOLOTYPE / Macroderes oreatus / Abdalla & Deschodt / 2018 [red label, printed] ”; Paratypes: 5 ♀ f #, same data as holotype, 1 ♀ (TMSA), 2 ♀♀ (UPSA), 2 ♀♀ (SANC). Holotype description. Holotype, ♂ (Fig. 19). Body length 7.2 mm, width 4.9 mm. Specimen is teneral. Head. Genae right-angled. Frontal suture very distinct, curving slightly, no tubercle. Genal sutures barely discernible. Dorsal surface of clypeus behind frontal suture punctate punctures small, irregular and separated by 1 – 3 puncture diameters, gradually becoming rugose proximally.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFBBFFFCFF0DFD44FC810458.taxon	description	Pronotum. Convex, lateral margins round. Anterior lateral angles almost right-angled, posterior lateral angles rounded. No excavation anterolaterally. Lateral border not punctate. Dorsal surface shagreened to matte, with regular punctures separated by 1 – 2 puncture diameters (Figs. 78, 86). Elytra. Elytral interstriae 1 – 8 even, shagreened, irregularly punctate, punctures irregularly sized, separated by 0.5 – 2 puncture diameters, margins of punctures not carinate (Fig. 96). Striae punctate with punctures separated by 2 – 4 puncture diameters. Sutural interstria narrow with single row of punctures up to apex, all other elytral interstriae wider, with 2 – 3 very irregular rows of punctures. Stria 9 long, 3 / 4 the length of elytron; interstria 10 is 2 – 3 times narrower than interstria 9 in the middle of elytron. Aedeagus. Sclerite of the internal sac straight, with weakly developed lateral process. (Fig. 36) Size range. Females length: 7.0 – 7.2 mm; width: 4.5 – 4.9 mm. Female. Female differs from male by having less developed frontal suture as well as the elytral striae 1 – 8 being less shagreened and shinier than in males.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFBBFFFCFF0DFD44FC810458.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Oreads are Greek mythological mountain nymphs.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFBBFFFCFF0DFD44FC810458.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. Superficially similar to species from the M. minutus group but can be separated by the more oval body shape (Fig. 19) and by having a longer elytral stria 9.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFBBFFFCFF0DFD44FC810458.taxon	description	Habitat and distribution. This species was collected in an isolated, mesic ravine (Armmanshoek) in the Vanderster Mountains in the Richtersveld National Park, South Africa (Fig. 2). Mucina & Rutherford (2006) classify this area as the Stinkfonteinberge Quartzite Fynbos vegetation type. The soils are predominantly loamy. It receives approximately 200 mm rain per year. Coastal fogs occur between 10 and 20 days a year.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFBBFFFCFF0DFD44FC810458.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Three specimens were sequenced for five gene regions (A, cytochrome oxidase I; B, 16 S ribosomal RNA; C, 28 S rRNA domain 2; D, 28 S rRNA domain 3; and E, the CPSase region of CAD (carbamoyl – phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase )). The sequences can be found in GenBank (submitted by Sole & Scholtz 2010) with the following accession numbers: specimen 1, A: GQ 290039 B: GQ 289687 C: GQ 289821 D: GQ 289905 E: GQ 289974; specimen 2, A: GQ 290040 B: GQ 289688 C: GQ 289822 D: GQ 289906 E: no sequence; specimen 3, A: GQ 290041 B: GQ 289689 C: GQ 289823 D: GQ 289907 E: GQ 289975. A label with GenBank accession numbers has been added to each of the three specimens. Specimens were dissected during DNA extraction and are kept in ethanol.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB8FFFCFF0DFE9FFBC80135.taxon	description	(Figs. 15, 43, 52, 63, 92)	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB8FFFCFF0DFE9FFBC80135.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. South Africa, Caffria. Type material examined. None. Type series is deposited in IRSNB (Frolov & Scholtz 2005). Additional material examined. 1 ♂ (SANC): “ Macroderes politulus / Somerset E [East] / [32 ° 45 ' 43.95 ’’ S 25 ° 32 ' 28.51 '' E] / Jan. 84 ”; 2 ♂♂ and 1 ♀♀ (UPSA): “ S. Africa / SW Cape / Oranjefontein farm / nr Darling / 33 ° 25 ' S 18 ° 26 ' E / 28. VIII. 1987 / ALV Davis // ex cattle dung baited pitfall in pasture ”; 1 ♂ same data but the date of collection: 3. VII. 1987; 3 ♀♀ same data but the dates of collections as follows: 1 ♀: 7. VII. 1987, 1 ♀: 29. VII. 1987, 1 ♀: 17 Sept. 1987. Size range. Males length: 9.0 – 12.2 mm, width: 6.3 – 8.6 mm; females length: 9.7 – 12.2 mm; width: 6.4 – 8.7 mm.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB8FFFCFF0DFE9FFBC80135.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. This species is very close to M. porselinus new species in having elongated punctures of the pronotum (Fig. 63) as well as a punctuated lateral border of pronotum (Fig. 43). It is separated from M. porselinus new species by its rather narrower and less convex pronotum.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB8FFFCFF0DFE9FFBC80135.taxon	description	Habitat and distribution. The range of the species is restricted to an area located within the Fynbos Biome and characterised by Renosterveld vegetation types in the Western Cape Province (Fig. 2). These habitats are represented as one of the most threatened areas due to the intensive cultivation and removal of indigenous plants (Mucina & Rutherford 2006), which in turn might threaten the associated fauna.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB8FFFDFF0DFB34FE360778.taxon	description	(Figs. 17, 37, 79, 87, 97) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: AF 42028 F- 4617 - 4737 - BE 44 - 489 EF 7 E 6 EBF 5	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB8FFFDFF0DFB34FE360778.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. South Africa, Porselinberg, Western Cape Province, 33 ° 27.597 ' S 18 ° 58.765 ' E. Type material. Holotype, ♂ (TMSA): “ South Africa / Porselinberg / Western Cape Province / 33 ° 27.597 ' S 18 ° 58.765 ' E / 03 - 2015 / baited pitfall trap: pig dung / F. Roets leg // HOLOTYPE / Macroderes porselinus / Abdalla / 2018 / [red label, printed] ”. Paratype: 1 ♀ (TMSA) same data as holotype. Holotype description. Holotype, ♂ (Fig. 17). Body length 11.00 mm, body width 7.9 mm. Head. Clypeus broad, semicircular, bordered, by two teeth on anterior edge wider than longer. Genae right angled. Frontoclypeal suture slightly curved without tubercle in the middle. Frons densely punctuate with small round punctures. Clypeogenal suture present but poorly defined towards the clypeal edge. Clypeus densely punctuate with fine punctures becoming rugose towards the clypeal frontal margin.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB8FFFDFF0DFB34FE360778.taxon	description	Pronotum. Form trapezoidal, very convex and broad, matte, more or less shagreened, width greater than length, not excavated anterolaterally. Pronotal lateral edges rounded width twice as wide as length delimited with narrow borders. Borders crenulated, punctate and partially visible in dorsal view, base not bordered, anterior angle right slightly extended forwards, posterior angle obtuse. Pronotal base lacking a longitudinal depression. Pronotal surface densely punctate, medially punctures are elongate, becoming very large, round towards the pronotal lateral edges and the base and smaller towards the pronotal frontal margin (Figs. 79, 87). Punctures with short yellow setae. Punctures spaced by more or less elevated areas about 1 – 1.5 times their own diameter. Elytra. Elytra intervals convex, matte, rugose, granular, sparsely punctate with irregular large round punctures interspersed with smaller ones. Punctures separated by elevated areas about 2 – 5 times their puncture diameters. Striae narrow, punctate with small punctures spaced by 2 – 6 times their own diameter (Fig. 97). Stria 9 short, very close to stria 10, 2 / 3 the length of the elytron. Aedeagus. Sclerite of internal sac straight, rather broad basally and without lateral process (Fig. 37). Size range. Female length: 10.9 mm, width: 7.6 mm. Female. Female differs from the male by having frontoclypeal suture with small developed tubercle in the middle.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB8FFFDFF0DFB34FE360778.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named after the Porselinberg, the type locality of the species.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB8FFFDFF0DFB34FE360778.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. This species is most similar to M. politulus in that its pronotum has elongate punctures (Figs. 79, 87) but it differs in that it has a convex and broad pronotum.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB8FFFDFF0DFB34FE360778.taxon	description	Habitat and distribution. Porselinberg is a mountain in the Western Cape Province (Fig. 2). The land is mostly covered by croplands; however, there is some natural vegetation. Soil is sandy with a loamy texture (Mucina & Rutherford 2006).	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB9FFFAFF0DFD75FC2304E8.taxon	description	(Figs. 21, 38, 80, 88, 98) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: AA 590 F 0 F- 72 AF- 45 A 6 - ADCD-FC 18609 AF 982	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB9FFFAFF0DFD75FC2304E8.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. South Africa, Western Cape Province, Cederberg Range, east track, 32 ° 29 ' S 19 ° 22 ' E. Type material. Holotype, ♂ (TMSA): “ South Africa / Western Cape Province / Cederberg Range / east track / 800 m / 32 ° 29 ' S 19 ° 22 ' E / 21. VIII. 1983 / groundtrap with feaces bait / 66 days / Endrödy – Younga and Penrith leg [printed] // HOLOTYE / Macroderes soleiana / Abdalla & Deschodt / 2018 [red label, printed] ”. Paratypes: 3 ♂♂ and 2 ♀♀ (TMSA), same data as holotype; 26 specimens with the same data as holotype but coordinates and elevation: 1 ♂♂ and 8 ♀♀ (TMSA): 32 ° 24 ' S 19 ° 25 ' E / 650 m, 1 ♂ and 2 ♀♀ (UPSA), 6 ♀♀ (TMSA); 2 ♂♂ and 3 ♀♀ (TMSA): 32 ° 27 ' S 19 ° 23 ' E / 1 / 100 m; 4 ♂ and 5 ♀♀ (TMSA): 32 ° 23 ' S 19 ° 24 ' E / 650 m; 1 ♂ and 2 ♀♀ (TMSA): 32 ° 22 ' S 19 ° 24 ' E / 650 m; 7 ♂♂ and 6 ♀♀ (UPSA): “ South Africa / Ramakraal / S 32. 41883 ° E 019.43167 ° / 17. 0 8. 2015 / C. Deschodt & W. P. Strümpher leg [printed] // PARATYPE / Macroderes soleiana / Abdalla & Deschodt / 2018 / [red label, printed] ”; 1 ♂ and 2 ♀♀ (UPSA): “ South Africa / Western Cape Province / Leopard Rock / S 32.45506 ° E 019.40608 ° / 17. 0 8. 2015 / C. Deschodt & W. P. Strümpher leg [printed] // PARATYPE / Macroderes soleiana / Abdalla & Deschodt / 2018 / [red label, printed] ”; 1 ♂ (UPSA): “ Kleinlee [uu] lak / Matjiesrivier / NR / 32 ° 29 ' 01.0 '' S 19 ° 21 ' 36.5 '' E / 21 - 08 - 2015 [printed] // PARATYPE / Macroderes soleiana / Abdalla & Deschodt / 2018 / [red label, printed] ”. 1 ♀ (UPSA): “ Perdewater / Matjiesrivier / NR / S 32 ° 26 ' 41.9 '' S 19 ° 21 ' 05.3 '' E [printed] // PARATYPE / Macroderes soleiana / Abdalla & Deschodt / 2018 / [red label, printed] ”. Holotype description. Holotype, ♂ (Fig. 21). Body length 8.8 mm, body width 6.2 mm. Head. Genae sharp angled and sutures indistinct. Frontal suture distinct, angulate medially. Dorsal surface of clypeus rugose anterior of frontal suture, punctate posteriorly. Area between punctures shagreened.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB9FFFAFF0DFD75FC2304E8.taxon	description	Pronotum. Convex, anterior angles rounded, posterior angles rounded. Lateral border not punctate. Dorsal surface regularly punctate punctures close together, separated by less than one puncture diameter (Figs. 80, 88). Elytra. Elytral interstriae 1 – 8 slightly raised, punctate, punctures shallow, punctures separated by 1 – 2 puncture diameters, each puncture with short associated seta. Elytral margins not carinate. Area between punctures shagreened. Striae clearly bordered, faintly shagreened, punctures very faint (Fig. 98). Stria 9 disjunct, anterior 1 / 5 medially between stria 8 and 10, second 2 / 3 very close to stria 10, interstria 10 almost covered by stria 9 in the anterior 1 / 3. Aedeagus. The sclerite of internal sac elongate and strongly curved, without lateral process (Fig. 38). Size range. Males length: 8.2 – 12.3 mm, width: 5.0 – 8.0 mm; females length: 10.0 – 12.5 mm, width: 7.0 – 8.1 mm. Female. Beside the body length variations, female differs from male by having less developed frontoclypeal suture as well as the pronotal laterl marigins more clear in dorsal view than in male.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB9FFFAFF0DFD75FC2304E8.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named after our colleague Prof. Catherine L. Sole of the Department Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, in recognition of her leadership and her molecular work on the African dung beetles, lacewings and Baboon spiders.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB9FFFAFF0DFD75FC2304E8.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. This species is most similar to M. nitidus and M. cederbergensis new species. It differs from the former in being more shagreened and less shiny on the elytral interstriae (Fig. 98) and from the latter by being larger and having the pronotal punctures smaller and farther apart (Figs. 80, 88).	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB9FFFAFF0DFD75FC2304E8.taxon	description	Habitat and distribution. Cederberg Mountains (Fig. 2). Specimens have been collected between 600 and 1000 m a. s. l. and mainly in the Swartruggens Quartzite Fynbos vegetation type. This area receives between 200 – 620 mm of precipitation per year. The soils are sandy but skeletal (Mucina & Rutherford 2006).	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFB9FFFAFF0DFD75FC2304E8.taxon	discussion	Remark. Frolov & Scholtz (2005) used specimens from this species for their redescription of M. nitidus. Please, refer to the redescription of M. nitidus for more detailed explanation.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFBEFFFAFF0DFE0AFF2302CD.taxon	description	(Figs. 22, 39, 82, 89, 99) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 7384 BF 25 - B 384 - 44 DF-B 0 B 0 - 303 B 16 AF 9 D 45	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFBEFFFAFF0DFE0AFF2302CD.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. South Africa, Western Cape Province, Gifberg, 31 ° 48 ' 5.22 S 18 ° 55 ' 7.16 E. Type material. Holotype, ♂ (TMSA): “ South Africa / Western Cape Province / Gifberg / 26 km SE of Vanrhynsdorp / 31 ° 48 ' 5.22 S 18 ° 55 ' 7.16 E / Alt 377 m / 16. vi. 2016 / C. Scholtz [printed] // HOLOTYPE / Macroderes tortuosus / Abdalla & Scholtz / 2018 / [red label, printed] ”. Paratypes: 1 ♂ and 2 ♀♀ (TMSA) same data as holotype; 2 ♂♂ (TMSA): “ South Africa / Western Cape Province / Gifberg / 26 km SE of / Vanrhynsdorp / 31 ° 48 ' 5.22 S 18 ° 55 ' 7.16 E / Alt 377 m / 21. vii. 2016 / C. Deschodt & W. P. Strümpher 1 leg [printed] // PARATYPE / Macroderes tortuosus / Abdalla & Scholtz / 2018 / [red label, printed] ”. Holotype description. Holotype, ♂ (Fig. 22). Body length 10.6 mm, body width 7.7 mm. Head. Clypeus very broad, semi – circular, edges with narrow border and two teeth on anterior margin. Genae acute angled. Frons densely punctate with small round punctures. Frontoclypeal suture slightly curved without tubercle in the middle. Clypeogenal suture present but poorly defined towards the clypeal edge. Dorsal surface of clypeus densely punctate with more or less elongated punctures becoming rugose near the clypeal margin.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFBEFFFAFF0DFE0AFF2302CD.taxon	description	Pronotum. Form trapezoidal, shagreened, matte, excavated anterolaterally, lateral edges delimited by narrow borders, borders crenulated, punctate, base not bordered. Pronotum anterior angle obtusely angled, posterior rounded angled appears entire in dorsal view. Pronotal sides rugose with formation of distinct tubercles. Base lacking a longitudinal depression. Pronotal surface punctate with elongated, confluent, coarse punctures (Figs. 82, 89). The confluent punctures flowing together forming twisted – like channels. Punctures with short yellow setae. Punctures becoming smaller towards the pronotum anterior edge. Punctures spaced by elevated matte areas. Elytra. Elytral intervals convex, strongly shagreened, matte, densely punctate with large roughly round punctures. Punctures associated with short yellow setae in the middle. Punctures separated by elevated matte areas. Striae with fine punctures spaced by 2 – 4 times their own diameter (Fig. 99). Stria 9 short, close to stria 10, 2 / 3 the length of the elytron. Aedeagus. Sclerite of internal sac curved basally and with very long lateral process, (Fig. 39). Size range. Males length: 10.0 – 10.7 mm, width: 7.4 – 7.9 mm; females length: 8.7 – 9.8 mm, width: 6.4 – 7.2 mm. Female. Female differs from male by having pronotum less excavated anterolaterally than in male.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFBEFFFAFF0DFE0AFF2302CD.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name of this species is taken from the Latin adjective tortuosus (twisted) for many turns in the pronotum.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFBEFFFAFF0DFE0AFF2302CD.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. This species is most similar to M. amplior in having pronotum with elongated punctures (Figs. 82, 89) but it is different from the latter in having close punctures and the pronotum lateral edges punctuate and crenulation clearly visible in dorsal view.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFBEFFFAFF0DFE0AFF2302CD.taxon	description	Habitat and distribution. This species was collected from the base of the Gifberg (Fig. 2) at the northern end of the Bokkeveld Escarpment Mountain Plateau just south of Vanrhynsdorp. These mountains consist of Bokkeveld Sandstone Fynbos (Mucina & Rutherford 2006). The habitat is very rocky with shallow soil, poor in mineral content.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFBFFFFBFF0DFF67FE2600CE.taxon	description	(Figs. 16, 56, 68)	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFBFFFFBFF0DFF67FE2600CE.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Cape of Good Hope. Type material examined. None. Type series is deposited in IRSNB (Frolov & Scholtz 2005). Additional material examined. 10 ♀♀ (SANC): “ VILLIERSDORP / SW. C P / (15 Km SE) / 13. VIII. 79 / Davis & Payton leg // Macorderes sp / det. CSIRO DBRU ”; 3 ♀♀ (SANC): “ VILLIERSDORP / SW. C P / (15 Km SE) / 29. VI. 79 / stony sandy loam / Fallow crop field C / Davis & Payton // Macorderes sp / det. CSIRO / DBRU ”; 1 ♀ (SANC): “ WORC ESTER / C P / (5 min NW) / 16. X. 71 / Bornemissza & Kirk // ex coll. CSIRO / Div / Entomology / S. AFRICAN STATION ”; 1 ♀ (SANC): “ SWELLENDAM / CP / (29 Kms E) / 3. V. 76 / 250 m / Davis & Aschenborn // Ex Coll. CSIRO / Div / Entomology / S. AFRICAN STATION // Macorderes sp / det. CSIRO / DBRU ”; 1 ♀ (UPSA): “ Macroderes undulatus / P. d / Borre / Frolov det ”; 1 ♀ (SAMC): “ Riversdale Mountains // SAM-Col-A 043 226 ”; 1 ♀ (SAMC): “ Rietpol [Rietpoort] / C. P / Nov. 1937 / Macroderes undulatus Borre // SAM-Col- A 0432118 ”. Size range. Females length: 10.0 – 11.7 mm, width: 7.2 – 8.1 mm.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFBFFFFBFF0DFF67FE2600CE.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. This unique species can be separated from its congeners by the presence of a small tubercle in the middle of the frontal suture (Fig. 56), elytra having smooth, elevated areas in the middle of each interstria with sparse punctuation (Fig. 68) and metasternum lacking any punctuation.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFBFFFFBFF0DFF67FE2600CE.taxon	description	Habitat and distribution. The species was collected from uncertain localities in the southern part of the Western Cape Province (Fig. 2), however, in general the southern part of the Western Cape as described by Olsen et al. (2001) is a moist coastal hilly area delimited by the lowland Fynbos biome and Renosterveld eco-region in the north and the coast of Renosterveld in the east.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFBFFFFBFF0DFF67FE2600CE.taxon	discussion	Remarks. According to Frolov & Scholtz (2005), the types of M. westwoodi and M. undulatus are curated for in the same collection (J. Thompson’s collection) and they might even have been collected from the same uncertain locality. The observations of Frolov & Scholtz (2005) on these two species emphasise their similarity in many morphological aspects; they are similar in general body shape, the presence of a tubercle on the frontal suture, the same pronotal punctures and weakly distinct punctures on the metasternum, although they are different in elytral sculpture. As we have not seen the types of M. westwoodi and M. undulatus, we agree with Frolov & Scholtz (2005) in synonymising M. westwoodi with M. undulatus as their reasoning stated above, regarding the subject is sound. The species has been listed as threatened in the IUCN red list under the B 1 ab criterion due to it is limited and vulnerable range (Davis 2013).	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFBFFFF9FF0DFA2EFE290418.taxon	description	(Figs. 100 – 102)	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFBFFFF9FF0DFA2EFE290418.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Diamonds fields, S [outh] Africa. Type material examined. Holotype, ♀ (MNHN): “ Macroderes pristinus / Type / D [David]. S [Sharp] / Diamonds fields / S. a [A] frica [hand written] ” // “ EX. Musaeo / D [David]. Sharp 1890 [printed] ” // “ MUSEUM PARIS / 1952 / COLL / R. OBERTHUR [printed] ” // “ HOLOTYPE [red label, printed] // HOLOTYPE / Macroderes pristinus Sharp 1880 [printed] ".	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFBFFFF9FF0DFA2EFE290418.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. This species is similar to M. bias females through the combination of the following characters: punctate lateral borders of pronotum, elytra stria 9 contiguous to elytra stria 10, even punctuation of pronotum, anterolateral depressions of pronotum and the dense punctate and shagreened elytra, however, M. pristinus can be distinguished from M. bias by having a more punctuated, flatter elytra striae.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFBFFFF9FF0DFA2EFE290418.taxon	discussion	Remarks. We agree with Frolov & Scholtz (2005) in that this species is very close to females of M. bias and probably the same species. We compared the holotype of M. pristinus with females of M. bias and insignificant differences are noted between the two species. The most significant difference is that the elytral striae in M. pristinus are much flatter and densely punctuated than those of M. bias. The examined material show many common characteristics summarized as follows: the punctate lateral borders of pronotum, elytra stria 9 very close to elytra stria 10, regular rounded punctures of pronotum, the excavation of pronotum antero-laterally and the shagreened elytra with dense punctuation. Although the validity of the species is questioned, it is not possible to transfer it to M. bias as the species has been described from a single female specimen and collected from a different site opposite to M. bias range of distribution. Additional male and female specimens from the type locality may provide more evidence of the taxonomic status of the species.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFBDFFF9FF0DFE52FEE506CD.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Cape Colony (no exact locality). Type material examined. None. No indication of where the type was deposited in Péringuey’s original description.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFBDFFF9FF0DFE52FEE506CD.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Unfortunately we could not locate the holotype of this species, but according to Péringuey’s (1901: 301) original description, body size is 11 mm in length and 7.5 mm in width and it resembles M. politulus in size, shape, head, and punctuation of the pronotum. Péringuey (1901) mentioned that this species differs from M. politulus by bearing a more convex and rounded pronotum without any observed excavation antero-laterally. In addition, the species has even elytral intervals covered by finer and shallower punctures than M. politulus, costate and punctate striae. He also observed an unusual elytral shape in the specimen he studied and attributed this to a malformation.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFBDFFF9FF0DFC2CFE0B034F.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Cape Colony (no exact locality). Type material examined. None. Type specimen may be lost, it was not found at any South African museum.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
B276DC1EFFBDFFF9FF0DFC2CFE0B034F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. We have not seen the type specimen of this species at any of the South African museum throughout our study, thus we support Frolov & Scholtz (2005) assumption that the type specimen of this species may be lost. However, Péringuey in his original description (1901: 300) mentioned that the length of the specimen is 12.75 mm and the width is 8.5 mm. The species is different from its congeners in that it has a remarkable retuse and lobate pronotum in front and the absence of elytral stria 9. In his description, Péringuey (1901) added that the species has dense, equally distant and close pronotal punctures with the presence of deep impression antero-laterally. The absence of elytral stria 9 is not known among Macroderes species, however, other above mentioned characteristics put the species in close similarity to M. bias. Frolov & Scholtz (2005) suggested that the species might be “ an aberrant specimen ” of M. bias and attributed the absence of elytral stria 9 to uncompleted separation of the striae from each other.	en	Abdalla, Ishtiag H., Deschodt, Christian M., Scholtz, Clarke H., Sole, Catherine L. (2018): An update to the taxonomy of the genus Macroderes Westwood 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 4504 (1): 41-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.1.3
