identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
B15D87DEFFE9BE6A6EA7FA4D0C489DBC.text	B15D87DEFFE9BE6A6EA7FA4D0C489DBC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Labuanium , Serene and Soh 1970	<div><p>Genus Labuanium Serène and Soh, 1970</p><p>Labuanium Serène and Soh, 1970, p. 401; Davie 2002, p. 221; Ng et al. 2008a, p. 221; Ng et al. 2015a, p. 1; Ng et al. 2017, p. 102.</p><p>Type species</p><p>Sesarma polita De Man, 1887, by original designation. Gender neuter.</p><p>Included species</p><p>Labuanium politum (De Man, 1887) .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Carapace elongated, rectangular, longer than wide; lateral margins sinuous, with 1 distinct epibranchial tooth behind external orbital angle; dorsal surface flat, regions well defined. Front deflexed at anterior margin of postfrontal lobes at more than 90°, distally sloping ventroposteriorly; frontal margin bilobed with wide median concavity, each lobe recurved, directed anteriorly, median concave part attached to wide, long, clearly exposed antennular septum. Two pairs of postfrontal lobes aligned anteriorly, all lobes projected anteriorly, overhanging onto front, anterior margins lined with small spinules, followed posteriorly by a few transverse rows of spinules; mesial lobes about 2 times wider than lateral lobes. Orbit, in dorsal view, medially low W-shaped, median part of supraorbital margins oblique; inner orbital tooth short, subtriangular, directed dorsoanteriorly. No longitudinal ridge on ventral surface of external orbital angle. Epistome posterior margin with 3 low lobes, all terminally directed anteriorly. Antenna entering orbit through wide gap between inner orbital tooth and front. Mxp3 exopod with distinct flagellum. Chela palm of male and female with randomly lined granules but without complete longitudinal ridge on upper surface; outer surface granulated but without prominent protuberance; inner surface without transverse rows of granules; thick rim extending along occlusal margin of immovable finger to dactylar articulation on both outer and inner surfaces, thick rims of both outer and inner surfaces interrupted near dactylar articulation. Upper-inner margin of movable finger of male and female with 1 row of sparsely, irregularly lined small, sharp granules over proximal two-thirds. Ambulatory legs (P2–5) moderately long, dorso-ventrally flattened, wide; distal anterior corner of each merus angled, followed proximally by subdistal tooth; carpi and propodi not distinctly narrower than respective meri; dactyli shorter than half length of respective propodi. Male thoracic sternum transversely narrow; sternite 8 clearly exposed. Male pleon narrow, telson exceeding proximal half of bases of cheliped coxae (reaching distal three-quarters). G1 relatively stout, straight, short, reaching only midlength of thoracic sternite 6; distal beak-like process relatively narrow. Vulvae opening near middle on sternite 6, ellipsoidal; sternal vulval cover developed from lateral margin, subcylindrical, covering lateral three-quarters of vulva.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Labuanium politum is very characteristic in its longitudinally rectangular carapace, wide and long ambulatory legs with short dactyli and proportionately narrow male pleon. Moreover, the front of the carapace is strongly bent ventroposteriorly so that the median concavity of the frontal margin is attached to the antennular septum, and the postfrontal lobes form the anterior margin of the carapace. Labuanium politum is also unique in that the rims extending along the occlusal margin of the immovable finger are interrupted near the dactylar articulation on both outer and inner surfaces. These and other characters listed in Table 1 set L. politum apart from other allied species. The present study restricts Labunanium s.s. to L. politum . Other species which have been placed in this genus by Serène and Soh (1970) and subsequent authors are now transferred to Circulium gen. nov., Scandarma Schubart, Liu and Cuesta, 2003, Shinobium gen. nov., Mindanium gen. nov. and Geosesarma (see Table 1 and remarks under these taxa).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B15D87DEFFE9BE6A6EA7FA4D0C489DBC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Naruse, Tohru;Ng, Peter K. L.	Naruse, Tohru, Ng, Peter K. L. (2020): Revision of the sesarmid crab genera Labuanium Serène and Soh, 1970, Scandarma Schubart, Liu and Cuesta, 2003 and Namlacium Serène and Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new genera and two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 54 (7 - 8): 445-532, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491
B15D87DEFFE2BE696E8FFD4A0CCC9AD8.text	B15D87DEFFE2BE696E8FFD4A0CCC9AD8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Labuanium politum (De Man 1887)	<div><p>Labuanium politum (De Man, 1887)</p><p>(Figures 1–4)</p><p>Sesarma polita De Man, 1887, p. 654 [type locality: Sullivan Island, Mergui Archipelago]; 1887–1888 (1888), p. 189, pl. 13, figs 7–9; Tweedie 1940, p. 93; 1950, p. 346, figs 2c, 3a–d.</p><p>Sesarma politum: Alcock 1900, p. 422 .</p><p>Sesarma (Sesarma) polita: Tesch 1917, p. 190 .</p><p>Labuanium politum: Serène and Soh 1970, p. 401; Serène and Moosa 1971, p. 15; Serène et al. 1974, p. 26; Yang 1979, p. 48; Tan and Ng 1994, p. 82; Wee and Ng 1994, p. 82; Cuesta et al. 2006, p. 157, figs 6A–E; Ng et al. 2008a, p. 221, fig. 166, 2008b, p. 74; Rahayu and Setyadi 2009, p. 66; Ng et al. 2015a, p. 2.</p><p>Labuanium polita: Fransen et al. 1997, p. 124 .</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Lectotype. NHM 1886.52, 1 male, 18.7 × 17.1 mm, Sullivan Island, Mergui Archipelago, coll. J. Anderson, designated herein.</p><p>Paralectotypes. MNHN-IU-2017-8026 (ex. MNHN-B16748), 1 female, 25.8 × 23.6 mm, Mergui Archipelago; RMNH D 18, 1 male, Sullivan Island, Mergui Archipelago, Andaman Sea, Myanmar, coll. J. Anderson, 25 November 1881 – 13 April 1882.</p><p>Others. SMF 10004, 1 female, 34.5 × 31.0 mm, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=125.5417&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 125.5417/lat 11.25)">General MacArthur</a>, East Samar, Philippines, 11.25°N, 125.5417°E, coll. W. Lobin, August 1978; ZRC 2003.0381, 6 males, 32.0 × 28.2–40.4 × 36.3 mm, 3 females, 32.0 × 28.6 − 38.2 × 34.3 mm, Laboc River, Bohol, Philippines, coll. P.K.L. Ng et al., 28–29 July 2003; RUMF-ZC-5411, 1 male, 37.0 × 33.0 mm, 1 female, 35.4 × 31.3 mm, same data as ZRC 2003.0381; ZRC 2013.0382, 2 males, 32.8 × 29.4, 39.8 × 33.9, PANGLAO 2004, stn. M51, Mayacabac, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.87&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.613333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.87/lat 9.613333)">Panglao Island</a>, Philippines, 9.613333°N, 123.87°E, coll. PANGLAO 2004, 30 June 2004; ZRC 2013.0383, 2 males, 34.2 × 30.0, 26.7 × 24.2 mm, PANGLAO 2004, stn. M57, Sungcolan inlet, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.8317&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.8317/lat 9.633333)">Panglao Island</a>, Philippines, 9.633333°N, 123.8317°E, coll. PANGLAO 2004, 4 July 2004; ZRC 2018.0050, 2 males, 26.8 × 23.9, 30.5 × 27.3 mm, Baranggay Racat, Municipality of Sta. Ana, Cagayan Province, Philippines, 18.40048°N, 122.1263°E, coll. J.C.E. Mendoza and T. Naruse, 23 April 2007; ZRC 1965.7.29.58, 1 male, 40.8 × 36.2 mm, Labuan, Borneo, Malaysia, coll. G. Nunong, 1938; RUMF-ZC-2358, 2 males, 30.2 × 26.4, 32.1 × 28.8 mm, 2 females, 26.0 × 23.9, 30.9 × 28.0 mm, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.9788&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.410617" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.9788/lat 1.410617)">Pulau Ubin</a>, Singapore, 1.410617°N, 103.9788°E, after Chek Jawa, nipah palm with stream, coll. P.K.L. Ng et al., 18 October 2012 .</p><p>Colouration</p><p>In life, carapace dorsal surface dark brown to khaki, gastric to intestinal regions with one wide and longitudinal dark line. Chelipeds and ambulatory legs dark red to dark brown (Ng et al. 2015a, figs 2–4).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Indo-West Pacific: India (Alcock 1900); Mergui Archipelago [type locality: Sullivan Island] and western part of Indian Archilpelago (De Man 1887, 1887–1888 (1888)); Peninsular Malaysia (Tan and Ng 1994); Labuan,Borneo (Tweedie 1950); central and northern Philippines (Cuesta et al. 2006; Ng et al. 2008a; present study); Singapore (Ng et al. 2015a); Ambon; Timika, Indonesian Papua (Serène and Moosa 1971; Rahayu and Setyadi 2009).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>When De Man (1887) described Sesarma polita, he examined four males and two females, although no holotype was designated. Of these six specimens (all syntypes), we were able to examine one male (NHM 1886.52), one female (MNHN-B16748) and one male (RMNH D 18). The whereabouts of the remaining three specimens are not known. A male specimen (NHM 1886.52) from Sullivan Island, Mergui Archipelago, is here designated as the lectotype. This is necessary for stability as Sesarma polita is the type species of the genus and the present revision restricts the genus to the type species.</p><p>Ecological note</p><p>Labuanium politum is known to be associated with the nipah palm ( Nypa fruticans) (Ng et al. 2015a). Ng et al. (2015a) also noted that the species has been occasionally found among mangrove tree roots with no nipah palm patches around the area (Rahayu and Setyadi 2009), although the specimens concerned may be vagrants.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B15D87DEFFE2BE696E8FFD4A0CCC9AD8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Naruse, Tohru;Ng, Peter K. L.	Naruse, Tohru, Ng, Peter K. L. (2020): Revision of the sesarmid crab genera Labuanium Serène and Soh, 1970, Scandarma Schubart, Liu and Cuesta, 2003 and Namlacium Serène and Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new genera and two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 54 (7 - 8): 445-532, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491
B15D87DEFFE1BE6C6EC7F9B30BD49C2F.text	B15D87DEFFE1BE6C6EC7F9B30BD49C2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Circulium Naruse & Ng 2020	<div><p>Genus Circulium gen. nov.</p><p>Type species</p><p>Sesarma rotundatum Hess, 1865, by present designation. Gender neuter. Included species</p><p>Circulium rotundatum (Hess, 1865); C. navus (Ng, 2012); C. papuomalesiacum (Nobili, 1899); C. scandens (Ng and Liu, 2003); and C. vitatum (Ng and Davie, 2011) .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Carapace rounded, as long as or longer than wide; branchial regions laterally inflated, usually with 1 distinct tooth and 1 rudimentary tooth or 2 teeth behind external orbital angle; dorsal surface slightly convex longitudinally, branchial regions inflated, clearly divided from gastric region by deep cervical groove.Front deflexed at anterior margin of postfrontal lobes,distally recurved, directed anteriorly; frontal margin gradually concave medially in dorsal view, overhanging onto antennular septum and fossae. Two pairs of postfrontal lobes present, lateral lobes exceeding mesial lobes anteriorly; anterior edge of lobes lined with granules, far from ( C. navus, C. papuomalesiacum, C. vitatum) or close to ( C. rotundum, C. scandens) but never reaching frontal margin in dorsal view. Antennular septum relatively narrow, short. Orbit, in dorsal view, wide U-shaped, median part of supraorbital margin horizontal in large individuals; inner orbital tooth short, directed dorsoanteriorly. External orbital angle with 1 longitudinal ridge of granules on ventral surface. Epistome posterior margin with 3 low lobes, lateral lobes terminally directed anteroventrally, median lobe terminally directed anteriorly ( C. navus, C. papuomalesiacus, C. rotundatum, C. scandens) or lateral lobes terminally directed ventrally, median lobe terminally directed anteroventrally ( C. vitatum). Antenna entering orbit through wide gap between inner orbital tooth and front. Mxp3 exopod with distinct flagellum. Chela palm of male (except for very large male) and female with 1 complete row of granules from hinge with carpus to base of inner angle of dactylus, row sometimes interrupted in very large males; outer surface granulated in various ways but without prominent protuberance; inner surface without transverse rows of granules; thick rim extending along the occlusal margin of immovable finger to dactylar articulation on both outer and inner surfaces, thick rims of both outer and inner surfaces not interrupted near dactylar articulation. Upper-inner margin of movable finger of male and female with 1 row of sparse, irregular low granules over most of length, tip of granules weakly corneous. Ambulatory legs (P2–5) moderately long, dorso-ventrally flattened, moderately wide; distal anterior corner of meri toothed, followed proximally by subdistal tooth; carpi and propodi narrower than respective meri; dactyli very short, shorter than half length of respective propodi. Male thoracic sternum transversely wide; sternite 8 clearly exposed. Male pleon bell shaped; lateral margins of somites 3–6 forming concavity, telson usually reaching proximal half of bases of cheliped coxae (reaching proximal three-fifths). G1 stout, relatively long, reaching distal end of sternite 6 to midlength of thoracic sternite 5; straight proximally, distally bent laterally, beak-like corneous process narrow. Vulvae opening near thoracic sternal suture 5/6 on distal third of sternite 6, ellipsoidal; raised posterolaterally, lateral to posterior margin rimmed, mesial end of posterior rim produced to wide, short triangular lobe, sternal vulval cover developed from lateral margin, covering almost entire vulva.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The generic name ‘ Circulium ’ is derived from an arbitrary combination of ‘ circularis ’ (circular in Latin, alluding the shape of the carapace) and the suffix for the Labuanium, ‘ - ium ’. Gender neuter.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The taxonomy of the Labuanium rotundatum species group has been revised by Ng and Liu (2003), Ng and Davie (2011) and Ng (2012). The type specimen of Sesarma rotundatum Hess, 1865, the type species of Circulium, is not extant (Ng 2012, p. 269), and since the type locality of Se. rotundatum (Sydney) has been questioned (McCulloch 1913, p. 323; Davie 2002, p. 221; Ng 2012, p. 268), a neotype was selected from Tonga by Ng (2012). This action restricted Circulium rotundum to the population distributed to the east of the Caroline Islands and Solomon Islands, ranging across Pohnpei, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, Cook Islands, Marshall Islands, and with doubt from the Hawaiian Islands (Castro 2011; Ng 2012, p. 265). Other members of the genus – C. scandens Ng and Liu, 2003, C. vitatum Ng and Davie, 2011 and C. navus Ng, 2012 – were described from Taiwan, the eastern Indian Ocean and Guam, respectively (as Labuanium), whereas Sesarma (Episesarma) rotundata var. papuo-malesiaca Nobili, 1899, was resurrected by Ng and Davie (2011) as a valid species of Labuanium based on material from Irian Jaya (= Western New Guinea, Indonesia) and additional material from the Caroline Islands and St. Cruz Group, Solomon Islands.</p><p>Circulium gen. nov. is characterised by its laterally and dorsally inflated branchial regions of the carapace and relatively slender ambulatory legs with more or less parallel margins of the meri and distally narrowed propodi. The genus can be distinguished from Labuanium s.s. by characters of the cephalothorax, male thoracic sternum, male pleon, male chela, ambulatory legs and G1 (Table 1). Circulium has a proportionally wider carapace than Labuanium; the width-to-length ratio of Circulium species is usually more than 1 (rarely 0.98), whereas that of L. politum is less than 0.91. These proportional differences also appear in the relative length of the male thoracic sternum; the distal end of the male telson just reaches the midlength of sternite 4 in Circulium, whereas it clearly reaches beyond the midlength in Labuanium . The lateral margins of the carapace of Circulium are, overall, distinctly inflated around the branchial regions, so that the general outline of the carapace is somewhat circular in appearance. In contrast, the lateral margins of the carapace of Labuanium s.s. are more sinuous but they appear more or less subparallel. The frontal margin of Circulium is of the typical sesarmid form, with a slightly recurved entire frontal margin overhanging onto the antennuler fossae and narrow antennular septum. In Labuanium, however, the front is strongly bent for more than 90°, and the frontal margin is widely depressed medially so the margin of the depressed part is attached to the wide antennular septum. There is a thick rim extending along the occlusal margin of the immovable finger to the dactylar articulation on both outer and inner surfaces of the chela. Circulium has a continuous rim throughout, but that of Labuanium is interrupted near the dactylar articulation. In addition, Circulium has proportionally more slender ambulatory legs, especially the meri and propodi, compared to Labuanium . The male pleon of Circulium is widest at somite 3 with the lateral margins of somites 3 to 5 strongly converging distally. The male pleon of Labuanium is proportionally much narrower, and while somite 3 is still widest, the lateral margins of somites 3–5 are only weakly narrowed distally. These differences warrant the recognition of a separate genus for five species heretofore assigned to Labuanium .</p><p>Key to species of Circulium gen. nov</p><p>1. Outer surface of male chela with sparsely arranged large granules .................................. 2</p><p>– Outer surface of male chela with closely arranged small granules .................................... 3</p><p>2. Colouration in life uniformly yellow, with white fingers of chelipeds; G1 relatively more slender, distally bent about 60–80° from vertical, distal corneous process longer ................. ........................................................................................................................... C. rotundatum (Hess, 1865)</p><p>– Colouration in life uniformly greyish-white; G1 relatively stouter, distally bent about 80° from vertical, distal corneous process truncated ........................................ C. navus (Ng, 2012)</p><p>3. Upper surface of chelae of large male with interrupted rows of granules; lateral carapace margin of larger adult (e.g.&gt; CW 34 mm) relatively less convex; G1 distally bent about 45° from vertical ...................................................... C. vitatum (Ng and Davie, 2011)</p><p>– Upper surface of chelae of large male with a complete traversing row of granules; lateral carapace margin of larger adult (e.g.&gt; CW 34 mm) relatively more convex; G1 distally bent 60° or more from vertical ............................................................................................... 4</p><p>4. G1 distally bent almost 90° from vertical.............. .............. C. scandens (Ng and Liu, 2003)</p><p>– G1 distally bent almost 60° from vertical .................... C. papuomalesiacum (Nobili, 1899)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B15D87DEFFE1BE6C6EC7F9B30BD49C2F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Naruse, Tohru;Ng, Peter K. L.	Naruse, Tohru, Ng, Peter K. L. (2020): Revision of the sesarmid crab genera Labuanium Serène and Soh, 1970, Scandarma Schubart, Liu and Cuesta, 2003 and Namlacium Serène and Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new genera and two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 54 (7 - 8): 445-532, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491
B15D87DEFFE4BE726E44FCF20CD39BFD.text	B15D87DEFFE4BE726E44FCF20CD39BFD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Circulium rotundatum (Hess 1865) Naruse & Ng 2020	<div><p>Circulium rotundatum (Hess, 1865), comb. nov.</p><p>(Figures 5, 6)</p><p>Sesarma rotundata Hess, 1865, p. 149, pl. 6, fig. 9 [type locality: ostensibly Sydney]; Miers 1877, p. 136 (part); Haswell 1882, p. 108; De Man 1896, p. 110, pl. 3, fig. 6, 6a.</p><p>Sesarma dentifrons A. Milne-Edwards 1869, p. 31 [type locality: Samoa]; De Man 1896, p. 110, pl. 3, fig. 7, 7a, b.</p><p>Sesarma oceanica De Man, 1889, p. 429, pl. 10, fig. 9 [type locality: Ponape Island].</p><p>Sesarma gardineri Borradaile, 1900, p. 593, pl. 42, fig. 8 [type locality: Funafuti and Rotuma islands].</p><p>Sarmatium faxoni Rathbun, 1906, p. 841, pl. 7, fig. 1 [type locality: O’ahu, Hawaiian Islands, and Marshall Islands].</p><p>Sesarma (Sesarma) rotundatum: Rathbun 1907, p. 33 .</p><p>Labuanium rotundatum: Serène and Soh 1970, p. 401; Davie 2002, p. 221; Ng and Liu 2003, p. 614 (part), fig. 8E–I; Ng et al. 2008a, p. 221 (list); Ng and Davie 2011, p. 43 (part); Ng 2012, p. 266, figs 1–7 [neotype designated; type locality: Niuafou Island].</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Neotype. USNM 1150304, male, 36.3 × 36.3 mm, Niuafou Island, Tonga, coll. H.C. Kellerr, Naval Eclipse Expedtion, 29 September 1930.</p><p>Others. ZRC 2002.0453, 1 male, 24.4 × 23.7 mm, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=157.953&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.7449" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 157.953/lat 6.7449)">Swain’s Island</a>, coll. Itasca Expedition, March 1936; ZRC2012.0398, 5males,19.7× 20.1–28.8× 30.9 mm, 3females,23.8 ×24.7–30.0 × 31.6 mm, on trees, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=157.953&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.7449" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 157.953/lat 6.7449)">Renipiua Island</a>,small island on the southern end of Pohnpei atoll,ca. 6.7449°N, 157.953° E, coll. T. Herman via B. Lynch, caught at night using headlamps, 2 July 2011.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Two pairs of postfrontal lobes present, lateral lobes exceeding mesial lobes anteriorly, anterior edge of lobes close to but never reaching frontal margin in dorsal view. Epistome posterior margin with 3 low lobes, lateral lobes terminally directed anteroventrally, median lobe terminally directed anteriorly. Chela outer surface sparsely covered with large granules; upper surface with 1 complete longitudinally traversing row of small granules. G1 relatively more slender, relatively long, straight proximally, distally bent about 60–80° against main axis; distal beak-like and corneous process relatively long, narrow. Sternal vulval cover covering almost entire vulva, produced anteroventrally as trigonal pyramid projection.</p><p>Colouration</p><p>In life, carapace and pereopods uniformly yellow to orange; eyes white; chelae orange to yellow, with white fingers (Ng 2012, fig. 1).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>South Pacific: Cook Islands (Ng 2012); American Samoa (Ng 2012); Samoa (Milne-Edwards 1869); Tonga (Ng 2012) [type locality: Niuafou Island]; Funafuti and Rotuma Islands (Borradaile 1900). Micronesia: Marshall Islands (Rathbun 1906, 1907); Pohnpei (De Man 1889). Ostensibly Sydney, Australia (see McCulloch 1913, p. 323; Davie 2002, p. 221; Ng 2012, p. 268). The record from O’ahu, Hawaiian Islands (Rathbun 1906, as Sarmatium faxoni) has been questioned (see Ng 2012).</p><p>Ecological note</p><p>The species has nocturnal habits and has been found on large trees, including coconut trees, living in the foliage (Brian Lynch, personal communication).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B15D87DEFFE4BE726E44FCF20CD39BFD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Naruse, Tohru;Ng, Peter K. L.	Naruse, Tohru, Ng, Peter K. L. (2020): Revision of the sesarmid crab genera Labuanium Serène and Soh, 1970, Scandarma Schubart, Liu and Cuesta, 2003 and Namlacium Serène and Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new genera and two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 54 (7 - 8): 445-532, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491
B15D87DEFFFABE736E94FA8A0E849B05.text	B15D87DEFFFABE736E94FA8A0E849B05.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Circulium navus (Ng 2012) Naruse & Ng 2020	<div><p>Circulium navus (Ng, 2012), comb. nov.</p><p>Labuanium rotundatum: Ng and Liu 2003, p. 614 (part), fig. 8A–D; Paulay et al. 2003, p. 508; Cuesta et al. 2006, p. 155, fig. 4.</p><p>Labuanium navus Ng, 2012, p. 274, figs 8–11 [type locality: Guam].</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Holotype. ZRC 2002.454a, male, 42.9 × 39.7 mm, on trees, in forest, Faifai Beach, near Gun Beach, Tumon Bay, Guam, coll. H.-C. Liu and P.K.L. Ng, 28 July–1 August 2001.</p><p>Paratypes. ZRC 2002.454 b, 6 males, 16.4 × 15.9 mm, 31.6 × 30.8 mm, 34.4 × 32.1 mm, 36.8 × 35.6 mm, 39.3 × 39.2 mm, 43.7 × 41.2 mm, 3 females, 15.1 × 14.8 mm, 28.1 × 27.3 mm, 42.5 × 39.7 mm, same data as holotype; ZRC 2002.457, 2 males, 22.2 × 21.1 mm, 22.5 × 21.2 mm, Ritidian Point, northern Guam, coll. H.-C. Liu and P.K.L. Ng, 31 August 2001; ZRC 2002.456, 2 males, 27.9 × 17.0 mm, 19.1 × 18.6 mm, 1 female, 11.9 × 11.6 mm, Haputo Beach forest, Guam, coll. P.K.L. Ng, 3 August 2001; ZRC 2002.455, 1 post-ovigerous female, 31.6 × 30.4 mm, Haputo Beach forest, Guam, coll. P.K.L. Ng, 3 August 2001 (first zoeae hatched 4 August 2001) .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Two pairs of postfrontal lobes present, lateral lobes exceeding mesial lobes anteriorly, anterior edge of lobes far from frontal margin in dorsal view. Epistome posterior margin with 3 low lobes, lateral lobes terminally directed anteroventrally, median lobe terminally directed anteriorly. Chela outer surface sparsely covered with large granules; upper surface with 1 complete longitudinally traversing row of small granules. G1 relatively stout, relatively long, straight proximally, distally bent about 80° against main axis; distal beak-like and corneous process truncated, narrow. Sternal vulval cover covering almost entire vulva, except for mesial hole, sternal vulval cover produced anteroventrally as trigonal pyramid projection.</p><p>Colouration</p><p>In life, generally greyish-white to grey, sometimes with pale yellow patches; eyes greyish; chelae uniformly white to greyish-white (Ng 2012).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Known only from Guam [type locality], Marianas.</p><p>Ecological note</p><p>Circulium navus has been observed climbing coconut trees and Pandanus vines 20–30 m from the sea, and in a few instances, near-vertical rocks at the base of large trees (Ng and Liu 2003, as L. rotundatum).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B15D87DEFFFABE736E94FA8A0E849B05	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Naruse, Tohru;Ng, Peter K. L.	Naruse, Tohru, Ng, Peter K. L. (2020): Revision of the sesarmid crab genera Labuanium Serène and Soh, 1970, Scandarma Schubart, Liu and Cuesta, 2003 and Namlacium Serène and Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new genera and two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 54 (7 - 8): 445-532, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491
B15D87DEFFFBBE706E7AFBF40C099C8B.text	B15D87DEFFFBBE706E7AFBF40C099C8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Circulium papuomalesiacum (Nobili 1899) Naruse & Ng 2020	<div><p>Circulium papuomalesiacum (Nobili, 1899), comb. nov.</p><p>Sesarma (Episesarma) rotundata papuo-malesiaca Nobili, 1899, p. 268 [type locality: Western New Guinea].</p><p>Sesarma (Sesarma) rotundata papuo-malesiaca: Nobili 1900, p. 510 (part).</p><p>Sesarma (Sesarma) rotundata: Tesch 1917, p. 193 (part); Sendler 1923, p. 33.</p><p>Labuanium rotundatum: Ng et al. 2008a, p. 221 .</p><p>Labuanium papuomalesiacum: Ng and Davie 2011, p. 36, figs 2B, 3B, 4B, 5C, 6B, 9, 10H–K; Ng 2012, p. 266.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>ZRC 2013.1794, 1 ovig.female,25.4 × 25.5 mm, Kri Island,Raja Ampat, north-western Irian Jaya, West Papua, Indonesia, coll. H.H. Tan, December 2010; SMF 1971.18.5.53, 4 males (38.0 × 37.4 mm, 32.5 × 32.1 mm, 33.0 × 32.4 mm, 18.5 × 18.7 mm), 2 females (31.9 × 31.9 mm, 31.2 × 29.0 mm, 21.0 × 21.0 mm), Yap, Caroline Islands, coll. E. Wolff; SMF 1972.18.5.53, 3 males (28.8 × 29.0 mm, 26.3 × 26.1 mm, 24.6 × 24.5 mm), 1 female (30.5 × 30.3 mm), Bertrand Island, Papua-New Guinea, coll. E. Wolff; USNM 1150441, 1 male (40.9 × 38.8 mm), Teurai Bay, Vanikoro Island,St.Cruz Group, Solomon Islands,coll. 6May 1933. Diagnosis</p><p>Two pairs of postfrontal lobes present,lateral lobes exceeding mesial lobes anteriorly, anterior edge of lobes far from frontal margin in dorsal view. Epistome posterior margin with 3 low lobes, lateral lobes terminally directed anteroventrally, median lobe terminally directed anteriorly. Chela outer surface covered with closely arranged small granules; upper surface with 1 complete longitudinally traversing row of small granules. G1 stout, relatively long, straight proximally, distally bent about 60° against main axis; distal beak-like and corneous process relatively short, narrow. Sternal vulval cover covering almost entire vulva, except for mesial hole, sternal vulval cover produced anteroventrally as trigonal pyramid projection.</p><p>Colouration</p><p>Live colouration not known.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>New Guinea: Kri Island, Raja Ampat, north-western Irian Jaya, West Papua, Indonesia (present study); Andai and Geelving Bay (= present-day Cenderawasih Bay) (Irian Jaya, Western New Guinea, Indonesia) (Nobili 1899) [type locality]; Bertrand Island (Sendler 1923). Micronesia: Yap Island, West Caroline Islands (Sendler 1923). South Pacific: Vanikoro Island, St. Cruz Group, Solomon Islands (Ng and Davie 2011).</p><p>Ecological note</p><p>An ovigerous female from Kri Island, Raja Ampat, was collected from a walkway to a jetty during the morning (Tan Heok Hui, personal communication).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B15D87DEFFFBBE706E7AFBF40C099C8B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Naruse, Tohru;Ng, Peter K. L.	Naruse, Tohru, Ng, Peter K. L. (2020): Revision of the sesarmid crab genera Labuanium Serène and Soh, 1970, Scandarma Schubart, Liu and Cuesta, 2003 and Namlacium Serène and Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new genera and two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 54 (7 - 8): 445-532, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491
B15D87DEFFF8BE716E50FC7E0E3D9AEE.text	B15D87DEFFF8BE716E50FC7E0E3D9AEE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Circulium scandens (Ng and Liu 2003) Naruse & Ng 2020	<div><p>Circulium scandens (Ng and Liu, 2003), comb. nov.</p><p>Sesarma (Sesarma) rotundatum: Sakai 1939, p. 687, pl. 110, fig. 4; 1940, p. 32.</p><p>Labuanium rotundatum: Sakai 1976, p. 663, text-fig. 362; Dai et al. 1986, p. 486, pl. 68(5), fig. 273 (3, 4); Dai and Yang 1991, p. 532, fig. 273 (3, 4); Cai et al. 1994, p. 597; Liu 1999, p. 88; Ng et al. 2001, p. 42; Jeng et al. 2003, p. 228 (part).</p><p>Labuanium scandens Ng and Liu, 2003, p. 602, figs 1–4 [type locality: Hengchun, southern Taiwan]; Cuesta et al. 2006,p. 153, figs 1–3; Ng et al. 2008a,p. 221; Ng and Davie 2011, p. 35, figs 2C, 3C, 4C, 5D, 6C; Lin et al. 2011,p. 48; Ng 2012,p. 266; Li and Chiu 2013,p. 44; Nishigaki et al. 2013, p. 1, figs 1–3; Maenosono and Naruse 2017, p. 49; Ng et al. 2017, p. 103, fig. 11b.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Holotype. TMCD 3290, holotype, male, 41.1 × 42.4 mm, Hsiang Chiao Wan, Henghun Peninsula, Pingtung, Taiwan, coll. H.-C. Liu, 24 January 2002.</p><p>Paratypes. ZRC 2002.0444, 3 males, 14.6 × 14.4–37.5 × 38.5 mm, 1 female, 21.8 × 23.2, same data as holotype .</p><p>Others. ZRC 1998.447, 1 female,39.5 × 40.0 mm, Hengchun Peninsula, Pingtung, Taiwan,coll. 20 May 1998; RUMF-ZC-2116, 1 male, 29.7 × 30.3 mm, Shiraho, Ishigaki Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan,coll. T. Higa, 11 November 2012; RUMF-ZC-2117, 1 female, 30.7 × 32.9 mm, Funaura Bay, Iriomote Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan,coll. S. Kobayashi, 20 July 2012; RUMF-ZC-2118, 1 female, 23.0 × 24.8 mm, Funaura Bay, Iriomote Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan, coll. T. Naruse, 18 August 2012; RUMF-ZC-2119, 1 female, 20.3 × 20.8 mm, Funaura Bay, Iriomote Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan, coll. T. Tanimoto, 5 November 2011; RUMF-ZC-2120, 1 female, 30.2 × 31.9 mm, Miyara, Ishigaki Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan; RUMF-ZC-3903, 1 juvenile male, 9.8 × 10.0 mm, near Cave Sabichi, Ishigaki Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan, coll. H. Kimura and T. Maenosono, 1 June 2007; RUMF-ZC-3065, 1 male, 28.8 × 29.1 mm, Mimikiri, Sumiyoshi, Iriomote Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan, coll. R. Yoshida, 22 October 2015 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Two pairs of postfrontal lobes present, lateral lobes exceeding mesial lobes anteriorly, anterior edge of lobes close to but never reaching frontal margin in dorsal view. Epistome posterior margin with 3 low lobes, lateral lobes terminally directed anteroventrally, median lobe terminally directed anteriorly. Chela outer surface covered with closely arranged small granules; upper surface with 1 complete longitudinally traversing row of small granules. G1 stout, relatively long, straight proximally, distally bent about 90° against main axis; distal beak-like and corneous process relatively short, narrow. Sternal vulval cover covering almost entire vulva, except for mesial slit, sternal vulval cover produced anteroventrally as earlobe-like structure.</p><p>Colouration</p><p>In life, large individuals with uniformly dark brown carapace, slightly paler ambulatory legs, dirty white chelae and purplish movable finger. Carapace and ambulatory legs of small individuals mottled with light brown to white blotches and dark specks. Eyes greenish yellow with mottled black patches. See Nishigaki et al. (2013); Ng et al. (2017, fig. 11b).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Western Pacific: Tanshui and southern Taiwan [type locality] (Sakai 1939; Ng and Liu 2003); Ishigaki and Iriomote Islands, Ryukyu Islands, Japan (Nishigaki et al. 2013; Maenosono and Naruse 2017).</p><p>Ecological note</p><p>Circulium scandens is an arboreal species. The habitat of this species is closely associated with closed coastal forest canopy and availability of water-filled treeholes. This species has also been found on leaves of Hibiscus tiliaceus and Pandanus odoratissimus and even from a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe that held water inside and was stuck on the ground near the coast. See Ng and Liu (2003) and Nishigaki et al. (2013) for details.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B15D87DEFFF8BE716E50FC7E0E3D9AEE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Naruse, Tohru;Ng, Peter K. L.	Naruse, Tohru, Ng, Peter K. L. (2020): Revision of the sesarmid crab genera Labuanium Serène and Soh, 1970, Scandarma Schubart, Liu and Cuesta, 2003 and Namlacium Serène and Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new genera and two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 54 (7 - 8): 445-532, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491
B15D87DEFFF9BE776E6FF9940CC4997A.text	B15D87DEFFF9BE776E6FF9940CC4997A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Circulium vitatum (Ng and Davie 2011) Naruse & Ng 2020	<div><p>Circulium vitatum (Ng and Davie, 2011), comb. nov.</p><p>(Figure 7 (a,b))</p><p>Sesarma oceanicum: Alcock 1900, p. 423; George 1978, p. 14.</p><p>Sesarma (Episesarma) rotundata papuo-malesiaca: Nobili 1900, p. 510 (part).</p><p>Sesarma (Sesarma) rotundata: Tesch 1917, p. 193 (part).</p><p>Labuanium rotundatum: Serène and Soh 1970, p. 401 (part); Hicks et al. 1984, p. 64; Davie 2002, p. 221 (part); Ng and Liu 2003, p. 614 (part); Ng et al. 2008a, p. 221 (part).</p><p>Labuanium vitatum Ng and Davie, 2011, p. 37, figs 1, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A, B, 6A, 7, 8, 10A–G [type locality: Christmas Island].</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Holotype. WAM C13977, male, 35.3 × 34.7 mm, 60 m above beach, on tree trunk, on track to West White Beach, Christmas Island, coll. D. Merton, 11 February 1978.</p><p>Paratype. WAM 19380, 1 male, 39.2 × 39.2 mm, The Dales, Christmas Island, coll. H . Yorkston, ca. January 1989.</p><p>Others. RMNH 1989, male, 24.8 × 25.5 mm, Nias, Indonesia, coll. E.E.W.G. Schröder, 1908; ZRC 2002.0099, 1 male, 33.7 × 34.9 mm, Cuthbert Bay, Andamans, India, coll. P. Biswas, 2001; ZRC 2014.0283, 3 males, 17.8 × 17.8–22.6 × 22.8 mm, 1 juv., 9.7 × 10.0 mm, Ambon, Indonesia, coll. H.H. Tan, 12–20 August 2012.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Two pairs of postfrontal lobes present, lateral lobes exceeding mesial lobes anteriorly, anterior edge of lobes far from frontal margin in dorsal view. Epistome posterior margin with 3 low lobes, lateral lobes terminally directed ventrally, median lobe terminally directed anteroventrally. Chela outer surface covered with closely arranged small granules; upper surface with incomplete row of small granules. G1 stout, relatively long, straight proximally, distally bent about 45° against main axis; distal beak-like and corneous part relatively short, narrow. Vulva not known.</p><p>Colouration</p><p>In life, carapace variable from yellowish brown to purplish with beige lateral margins, pale purple legs, bright purple palm and red fingers (Ng and Davie 2011).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Eastern Indian Ocean to Indonesia: Christmas Island (Hicks et al. 1984) [type locality]; Nicobar Island (Alcock 1900), Nias (Nobili 1899, 1900), west Java (Tesch 1917), Ambon (present study).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Ng and Davie (2011) described Circulium vitatum from islands of the north-eastern Indian Ocean. Circulium vitatum is morphologically similar to C. papuomalesiacum known from Western New Guinea [type locality: Cenderawasih Bay, Irian Jaya], Caroline Islands and Solomon Islands (Ng and Davie 2011), but the former is differentiated from the latter as the G1 is proportionately shorter and the corneous distal part is shorter and gently sinuous (Ng and Davie 2011, fig. 10A, B), whereas that of C. papuomalesiacum is relatively longer and the corneous distal part is proportionately longer and almost straight (Ng and Davie 2011, fig. 10H, I). We have examined Circulium specimens from Ambon, only some 100 km away from New Guinea Island (Figure 7 (a,b). Interestingly, those specimens from Ambon have proportionately shorter G1 with shorter and gently sinuous corneous distal part, which are diagnostic of C. vitatum . They agree with C. vitatum also in other diagnostic characters. Despite the wide geographic distance from the north-eastern Indian Ocean, the specimens from Ambon are here referred to as C. vitatum for the time being.</p><p>Ecological note</p><p>Labuanium vitattum is also an arboreal species and has been collected usually at the base of trees in relatively close proximity to the sea (Ng and Davie 2011). This species grows up to 40 mm in carapace width and spawns about the time of the full moon between November and April (Hicks et al. 1984, p. 64). The species has also been observed among leaves of palms (M. Orchard, personal communication). Females with eggs walk across the sand to release their larvae during the beginning of the year, several weeks after the mass spawning event of the island’s famous red crabs ( Gecarcinidae: Gecarcoidea natalis (Pocock, 1889)) (Liu Hung-Chang, personal communication).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B15D87DEFFF9BE776E6FF9940CC4997A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Naruse, Tohru;Ng, Peter K. L.	Naruse, Tohru, Ng, Peter K. L. (2020): Revision of the sesarmid crab genera Labuanium Serène and Soh, 1970, Scandarma Schubart, Liu and Cuesta, 2003 and Namlacium Serène and Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new genera and two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 54 (7 - 8): 445-532, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491
B15D87DEFFFCBE7B6EDEFF100CC49B05.text	B15D87DEFFFCBE7B6EDEFF100CC49B05.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Shinobium Naruse & Ng 2020	<div><p>Genus Shinobium gen. nov.</p><p>Type species</p><p>Sesarma trapezoideum H. Milne Edwards, 1837, by present designation. Gender neuter.</p><p>Included species</p><p>Shinobium trapezoideum (H. Milne Edwards, 1837).</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Carapace trapezoidal, longer than wide; divergent posteriorly, widest at bases of P3, with 1 distinct epibranchial tooth behind external orbital angle, posterolateral regions setose; dorsal surface slightly convex, regions well defined. Front deflexed at anterior margin of postfrontal lobes at more than 90°, distally sloping ventroposteriorly; frontal margin bilobed with rounded median concavity, each lobe recurved, directed anteriorly, median concave part attached to narrow, long, clearly exposed antennular septum. Two pairs of postfrontal lobes present, lateral lobes slightly exceeding mesial lobes anteriorly, lateral lobes only slightly narrower than mesial lobes, all lobes projected anteriorly, overhanging onto front. Orbit, in dorsal view, L-shaped, median part of supraorbital margin almost horizontal; inner orbital tooth triangular, long, directed anteriorly. External orbital angle with 1 longitudinal ridge on ventral surface. Epistome posterior margin with 3 triangular lobes, all lobes directed anteriorly. Antenna entering orbit through wide gap between inner orbital tooth and front. Mxp3 exopod with distinct flagellum. Chela palm with many irregular rows of granules on upper surface both in male and female; outer surface granulated but without prominent protuberance; inner surface without transverse rows of granules; narrow rim extending along the occlusal margin of immovable finger to dactylar articulation on both outer and inner surfaces, these narrow rims of both outer and inner surfaces not interrupted near dactylar articulation. Upper-inner margin of movable finger with 1 dense, regular row of horizontal, oblong, tiny granules over most of length in male, row shorter with smaller granules in female. Ambulatory legs (P2–5) long, dorso-ventrally flattened; distal anterior corner of each merus forming falcate lamella, followed proximally by subdistal tooth; carpi and propodi distinctly narrower than respective meri; dactyli very short, shorter than half length of respective propodi. Male thoracic sternum transversely narrow; sternite 8 clearly exposed. Male pleon relatively narrow, bell shaped, lateral margin weakly concave, telson not reaching proximal half of bases of cheliped coxae. G1 narrow, very long, constricted at distal two-fifths, reaching distal fifth to distal end of thoracic sternite 5; beak-like and corneous process narrow. Vulvae opening on distal half of sternite 6, anterior margin adjacent to thoracic sternal suture 5/6, ellipsoidal; 3 rounded sternal vulval covers developed from posterolateral margin, middle largest, connected with lower cover by narrow rim.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The generic name ‘ Shinobium ’ is derived from an arbitrary combination of ‘ Shinobi ’ and the suffix for the Labuanium ‘ -ium ’. ‘ Shinobi ’ is an alias of ‘Ninja’ in Japanese, alluding to the swift and cryptic behaviour of the type species. Gender neuter.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Shinobium is morphologically most similar to Labuanium in its proportionally longer carapace, but the former can be distinguished from the latter by many characters of the carapace, male thoracic sternum, cheliped and ambulatory legs (Table 1). Shinobium is characterised by a distinctly trapezoidal carapace (Figure 8 (a)), whereas the carapace of Labuanium is longitudinally rectangular (Figures 1 (a), 2(a)). The male pleon of Shinobium is proportionally shorter and there is a substantial distance between the anterior end of the sternopleonal cavity and the border between thoracic sternites 3 and 4 (Figure 10 (b)). In Labuanium, the distance is distinctly shorter (Figure 1 (b)). Rim-like structures of the cheliped palm are also present in Shinobium (Figure 9 (b)), but it is entire throughout its length without interruption, unlike Labuanium (Figure 3 (b)). In addition, the anterodistal corner of the ambulatory meri in Shinobium has a falcate lamella (Figure 9 (d)), but that of Labuanium is simply pointed (Figure 3 (d)). The ambulatory dactyli of Shinobium are also proportionally longer than those of Labuanium (Figures 8 (a), 10 vs Figures 1, 2 (a)). The shape of the G1 also differs significantly between the two genera; Shinobium has a medially narrowed shaft of the G1 with a bulb-like subdistal part (Figure 11 (b–e)), whereas that of Labuanium has a more or less straight shaft (Figure 4 (b,c)).</p><p>When De Man (1892) described Sesarma weberi De Man, 1892 (now placed in Sesarmops, sensu Serène and Soh 1970), he compared it with Se. trapezoideum . Ng et al. (2008a, p. 224) commented that ‘ Sesarma trapezoidea H. Milne Edwards, 1837 and Sesarma weberi De Man, 1892 should be placed in a same genus as they share a suite of cheliped, gonopodal and larval features’. These characters are the presence of a dense row of tiny tubercles on the upper margin of chelal movable fingers (Figures 9 (c), 13(b)), trapezoidal carapace shape as well as the general form of the antennule and antenna (Figures 8 (a), 12, 13(a, b, d), 14(b–d)) (Ng et al. 2008a; Jeng et al. 2003. Sesarmops weberi also differs from all known congeners in having a dense row of tiny tubercles on the upper margin of the movable finger of the cheliped in both the male and the female (Figure 13 (b)). Sesarmops weberi is similar to Shinobium in its relatively trapezoidal carapace (Figure 12 (a)), setose posterolateral regions of the carapace, and weakly lamellar anterodistal end of ambulatory meri (Figure 12 (a)). Nevertheless, Sesarmops weberi is not assigned to Shinobium because of its stout and almost straight G1 with distal corneous beak-like process that is directed laterally (Figure 14 (b–d)) (vs medially narrowed shaft of G1 with bulb-like subdistal part in Shinobium, Figure 11 (b–e)), lateral and median lobes of epistome directed anteroventrally and ventrally, respectively (Figure 12 (b)) (vs both lateral and median lobes directed anteriorly, Figure 8 (b)), the rim along the occlusal margin of immovable finger to dactylar articulation is disconnected only at the inner surface of male major chela (Figure 13 (d)) (vs rim not disconnected on both inner and outer surfaces of both male and female chelae, Figure 9 (b)), and the male pleonal somite 6 is rounded laterally and has subequal proportions (Figure 14 (a)) (vs distolaterally angulated, proportionally longer in Shinobium, Figure 10 (b)). These differences indicate that Sesarmops weberi is not congeneric with Shinobium . An ongoing revision of the genus Sesarmops by the second author and C.D. Schubart will clarify the generic position of ‘ Sesarmops ’ weberi and allied species at a later date.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B15D87DEFFFCBE7B6EDEFF100CC49B05	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Naruse, Tohru;Ng, Peter K. L.	Naruse, Tohru, Ng, Peter K. L. (2020): Revision of the sesarmid crab genera Labuanium Serène and Soh, 1970, Scandarma Schubart, Liu and Cuesta, 2003 and Namlacium Serène and Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new genera and two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 54 (7 - 8): 445-532, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491
B15D87DEFFF3BE7C6E2AFBF40DEC9D2B.text	B15D87DEFFF3BE7C6E2AFBF40DEC9D2B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Shinobium trapezoideum (H.Milne Edwards 1837)	<div><p>Shinobium trapezoideum (H. Milne Edwards, 1837), comb. nov.</p><p>(Figures 8–11)</p><p>Sesarma trapezoidea H. Milne Edwards, 1834 –1840 (1837), p. 74 [type locality: not known]; 1853, p. 186; De Man 1887, p, 654, 678; 1889, p. 426, pl. 9, fig. 7; 1890, p. 96; 1892, p. 338; Ortmann 1894b, p. 719; Nobili 1900, p. 510; Schenkel 1902, p. 545; Estampador 1937, p. 537 [list]; Marquet 1991, p. 133.</p><p>Sesarma trapezoides: Weber 1892, p. 536 .</p><p>Sesarma oblonga Von Martens, 1868, p. 611 [type locality: Samar, Philippines].</p><p>Sesarma trapezoideum var. longitarsis De Man, 1889, p. 427, pl. 10, fig. 8 [type locality: Viti Islands].</p><p>Sesarma (Sesarma) trapezoideum: Rathbun 1907, p. 33; Serène 1968b, p. 106 (list).</p><p>Sesarma (Sesarma) trapezoidea: Nobili 1900, p. 510; 1907, p. 405; De Man 1902, p. 532. Roux 1917, p. 619; Tesch 1917, p. 207, 231 (list), 250 (key); Edmondson 1951, p. 237, fig. 33b; Forest and Guinot 1961, p. 157, figs 164–165.</p><p>Sesarma trapezoideum: Holthuis 1978, 27.</p><p>Labuanium trapezoideum: Serène and Soh 1970, p. 401; Poupin 1996, p. 70; Cai and Ng 2001, p. 691, fig. 18D–H; Davie 2002, p. 222; Keith et al. 2002, p. 26 (list), 32 (key), 66; Jeng et al. 2003, p. 228, figs 1–6; Cuesta et al. 2006, p. 156, fig. 5; Ng et al. 2008a, p. 221; Li and Chiu 2013, p. 24 (key), 45; Maenosono and Naruse 2016, p. 13, figs 6, 7; Maenosono 2017b, p. 351; Murata 2017, p. 11, fig. 1; Ng et al. 2017, p. 104, fig. 11c.</p><p>Sesarma (Labuanium) trapezoideum: McLay and Ryan 1990, p. 111 (list).</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Lectotype. MNHN-B3637, male, 30.0 × 29.0 mm, locality unknown.</p><p>Holotype of Sesarma trapezoideum longitarsis De Man 1889 . SMF 1980, 1 male, 31.4 × 28.9 mm, Viti Island, Fiji.</p><p>Others. ZRC 2018.0052, 1 male, 15.6 × 15.0 mm, Grotte Kafae, Funafus, Santo, Sanma, Vanuatu (SK 06-20-01; 167.0143333 − 15.537, alt. = 250 m), cave, Main river, on flood débris, by hand, coll. C. Rahmadi, 20 September 2006; ZRC 2018.0051, Vanuatu, 1 male, 29.5 × 26.8 mm, Patunar, Vanuatu, coll. L. Deharveng, 7 August 2006; ZRC 2008.0872, 1 male, 24.9 × 23.6 mm, 6 ovig. females, 18.8 × 17.8–25.8 × 23.9 mm, Murex Resort, Manado, N. Sulawesi, Indonesia, coll. P.K.L. Ng, H.H. Tan et al., July 2003; RUMF-ZC-5412, 1 female, 22.5 × 21.4 mm, same data as ZRC 2008.0872; ZRC 2002.0419, 1 male, 30.9 × 28.5 mm, 3 females, 28.7 × 26.0–30.9 × 35.8 mm, Changbin, Taitung County, E. Taiwan, 23.30611°N 121.4039°E, on moist rock face, at night, coll. P.K.L. Ng and H.-C. Liu, 22 June 2002; ZRC 2009.0320, 2 females, 32.9 × 29.6 mm (24 February 2000), 32.4 × 29.0 mm (3 March 2000), Andaman Islands, coll. I. Das; ZRC 2016.0020, 1 male, 35.4 × 32.4 mm, 1 female, 34.6 × 31.8 mm, Sungai Ifis, Halmahera, Indonesia, coll. D. Robb, Sep. 1994; RUMF-ZC -2962, 5 males, 7.1 × 6.7–9.4 × 8.9 mm, 6 females, 7.6 × 7.1–10.2 × 9.8 mm, Todoroki River, Ishigaki Island, southern Ryukyu Islands, Japan, coll. T. Maenosono, 17 May 2014; RUMF-ZC -2956, 1 male, 19.3 × 18.8 mm, Todoroki River, Ishigaki Island, southern Ryukyu Islands, Japan, coll. T. Maenosono, 22 March 2015; RUMF-ZC-2961, 1 female, 6.9 × 6.5 mm, Todoroki River, Ishigaki Island, southern Ryukyu Islands, Japan, coll. T. Maenosono and T. Naruse, 20 April 2015; RUMF-ZC-2960, 1 male, 24.0 × 22.5 mm, Todoroki River, Ishigaki Island, southern Ryukyu Islands, Japan, coll. T. Maenosono and R. Yoshida, 22 April 2015 . Colouration</p><p>In life, carapace dorsal surface black in general, mottled with whitish patches, suborbital region with a longitudinal yellow band below cornea. Mxp3 ischium whitish, merus dark except for proximal yellowish part. Pereopods also with black ground colour; cheliped merus and movable finger with a subproximal yellow band each, lower half of palm to proximal part of fingers around occlusal margin purple; ambulatory legs with a marked yellow band on middle of propodus and dactylus each. See Jeng et al. (2003, figs 2, 3); Maenosono and Naruse (2016, p. 16, fig. 6); Murata (2017, fig. 1); and Ng et al. (2017, fig. 11c).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Eastern Indian Ocean to Central Pacific: Andaman Islands (Jeng et al. 2003), western Sumatra; eastern Indonesia (Sulawesi, Halmahera and Ambon) (De Man 1890, 1892; Nobili 1900; Schenkel 1902; Tesch 1917); the Philippines (Von Martens 1868; De Man 1887); Taiwan (Jeng et al. 2003); Ishigaki and Iriomote islands, southern Ryukyu Islands, Japan (Maenosono 2017b); northern Queensland, Australia (Ortmann 1894b); New Guinea (Roux 1917); Vanuatu (present study); Fiji (De Man 1889); Tahiti (Rathbun 1907), French Polynesia (Marquet 1991). Davie (2002) noted that this species is present in Micronesia and Hawaii, but no other references support these records.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Von Martens (1868) described Sesarma oblonga from Samar, Philippines, without detailed comparisons with Sesarma trapezoideum . Later, De Man (1887, p. 679) compared the syntypes of Se. oblonga and Se. trapezoideum and found that the carapace was slightly longer than wide in the type of Se. oblonga, while it was slightly wider than long in the type of Se. trapezoideum, but considered that the difference should be attributed to individual or local variation. All the specimens of Shinobium trapezoideum examined in this study, including the lectotype of Se. trapezoideum and holotype of Se. trapezoideum longitarsis, have the carapace longer than wide. Von Martens (1868) measured the carapace of the holotype of Se. oblonga as 46 mm long and 39 mm wide, which is much larger than the specimens we examined in this study, with the length-to-width ratio of the carapace (CL/CW) being 1.18. This CL/CW ratio of our material tends to be larger in larger individuals: 1.06 in a male with CL 24.9 mm (ZRC 2008.0872), and 1.12 in a female with CL 32.4 mm (ZRC 2009.0320). This trend may explain why a very large specimen (e.g. holotype of Se. oblonga) has a CL/CW ratio of 1.18.</p><p>De Man (1889) described Sesarma trapezoideum var. longitarsis from Viti Island, Fiji, mainly on the basis of the difference in the proportion of ambulatory legs – that is, the dactylus of the P5 was almost as long as the propodus measured along the upper edge in his taxon (Figure 10) (vs somewhat shorter in the typical Se. trapezoideum) and the merus of the P5 was about two-thirds of the extraorbital width (about six-sevenths in typical Se. trapezoideum). Comparison between the holotype of Se. trapezoideum longitarsis (Figure 10) and the present material of Sh. trapezoideum, however, showed that there are no clear differences in the leg proportions. As such, Se. trapezoideum longitarsis remains a junior subjective synonym of Sh. trapezoideum .</p><p>Ecological note</p><p>In Sulawesi, Taiwan and the Ryukyus, Shinobium trapezoideum has been found on vertical or nearly vertical riverine cliffs or rocks from the lower limit of the freshwater area of a river (not brackish water) upwards. The crab is more active at night and usually observed clinging onto such cliffs or rocks, both under and above water, but is sometimes also collected from beneath rocks. The colour pattern of Sh. trapezoideum provides very effective camouflage, especially when it is on dark and moist cliff and rock surfaces covered with algae or mosses. It usually holds still on the surface when it is on the cliff or rock surfaces, but when disturbed, it moves swiftly around the surface and sometimes jumps into the water. See Jeng et al. (2003, p. 236, fig. 2a), Maenosono and Naruse (2016, p. 16) and Murata (2017, p. 11, fig. 2) for details.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B15D87DEFFF3BE7C6E2AFBF40DEC9D2B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Naruse, Tohru;Ng, Peter K. L.	Naruse, Tohru, Ng, Peter K. L. (2020): Revision of the sesarmid crab genera Labuanium Serène and Soh, 1970, Scandarma Schubart, Liu and Cuesta, 2003 and Namlacium Serène and Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new genera and two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 54 (7 - 8): 445-532, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491
B15D87DEFFF4BE426E5AFDDE0BD39A6D.text	B15D87DEFFF4BE426E5AFDDE0BD39A6D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scandarma Schubart, Liu and Cuesta 2003	<div><p>Genus Scandarma Schubart, Liu and Cuesta, 2003</p><p>Scandarma Schubart, Liu and Cuesta, 2003, p. 50; Ng et al. 2008a, p. 223; Ng et al. 2017, p. 102.</p><p>Type species</p><p>Scandarma lintou Schubart, Liu and Cuesta, 2003, by original designation. Gender neuter.</p><p>Included species</p><p>Scandarma lintou Schubart, Liu and Cuesta, 2003; Sc. finni (Alcock, 1900); Sc. raymondi Ng, 2013; Sc. splendidum Naruse and Ng, 2007; Sc. gracilipes (H. Milne Edwards 1853); Sc. malagasy sp. nov.; Sc. papua sp. nov.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Carapace squarish to subsquarish, wider than long; lateral margins parallel to weakly convex laterally, 0–2 rudimentary teeth behind external orbital angle; dorsal surface gently convex, regions weakly defined. Front deflexed at anterior margin of postfrontal lobes, distally recurved, directed anteriorly; frontal margin nearly straight to gradually concave medially, overhanging onto antennular septum and fossae. Two pairs of postfrontal lobes present (lateral lobes sometimes only feebly separated), lateral lobes slightly exceeding mesial lobes anteriorly ( Sc. gracilipes, Sc. lintou, Sc. papua, Sc. raymondi, Sc. splendidum) or all lobes aligned anteriorly ( Sc. malagasy); anterior margins of all lobes far from ( Sc. finni, Sc. malagasy, Sc. raymondi, Sc. splendidum) or relatively close to ( Sc. gracilipes, Sc. lintou, Sc. papua) but never reaching frontal margin in dorsal view. Antennular septum wide, short, dorsally covered by front. Orbit, in dorsal view, tilted J-shaped, median part of supraorbital margins oblique; inner orbital tooth triangular, short, directed dorsoanteriorly. No longitudinal ridge on ventral surface of external orbital angle. Epistome posterior margin with 3 triangular lobes, lateral lobes directed anteroventrally, median lobe directed ventrally ( Sc. gracilipes, Sc. lintou, Sc. malagasy, Sc. papua) or lateral lobes directed ventrally, median lobe directed ventroposteriorly ( Sc. raymondi). Antenna entering orbit through wide gap between inner orbital tooth and front. Mxp3 exopod with distinct flagellum. Chela palm with 1 nearly complete row of granules bordering outer and inner surfaces on upper surface ( Sc. gracilipes, Sc. lintou, Sc. papua, Sc. raymondi, Sc. splendidum) or a few incomplete rows of granules bordering outer and inner surfaces ( Sc. malagasy) in male and female; outer surface of chela with clearly delimited smooth slope towards bases of fingers, proximal to this slope with rounded to ridge-like protuberance ( Sc. gracilipes, Sc. lintou, Sc. raymondi, Sc. splendidum) or slope less clearly delimited with lower protuberance ( Sc. malagasy, Sc. papua); inner surface without transverse crest ( Sc. gracilipes, Sc. lintou, Sc. malagasy, Sc. papua, Sc. raymondi, Sc. splendidum); thick rim extending along occlusal margin of immovable finger to dactylar articulation on both outer and inner surfaces, thick rims of both outer and inner surfaces not interrupted near dactylar articulation. Upper-inner margin of movable finger with a row of closely arranged small granules over proximal three-quarters ( Sc. gracilipes, Sc. lintou, Sc. papua) or 1 row of sparsely aligned small granules ( Sc. malagasy, Sc. raymondi, Sc. splendidum). Ambulatory legs (P2–5) relatively long, slender, dorso-ventrally flattened; distal anterior corner of each merus angled, not produced, followed proximally by subdistal tooth; carpi and propodi not distinctly narrower than respective meri; dactyli as long as or longer than half length of respective propodi. Male thoracic sternum transversely wide; sternite 8 clearly exposed. Male pleon wide ( Sc. gracilipes, Sc. lintou) or relatively narrow ( Sc. malagasy, Sc. papua, Sc. raymondi, Sc. splendidum) bell shaped, lateral margins of somites 3–5 forming a concave margin, telson slightly exceeding midlength of bases of cheliped coxae. G1 stout, relatively short, reaching midlength to distal end of thoracic sternite 5 in situ; beak-like and corneous process wide to narrow. Vulvae adjacent to thoracic sternal suture 5/6 on sternite 6, ellipsoidal, sternal vulval cover developed from anterolateral or posterolateral margin, convering almost entire to three-quarters of vulva.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Scandarma was established for Sc. lintou Schubart, Liu and Cuesta, 2003, from Taiwan. Naruse and Ng (2007); Ng (2013) subsequently described Sc. splendidum from Sarawak and Sc. raymondi from Sabah, respectively. The present study adds four more species to the genus (see below). Scandarma is characterised by the almost parallel and usually entire (or with 2 rudimentary teeth) lateral margins of the carapace, proportionally wide front (Figures 15 (a), 18(a), 22(a), 24(a)), the presence of a distally sloping smooth area on the outer surface of the male cheliped palm towards the bases of the fingers (Figures 16 (a), 18(b), 22(b), 24(c)), and relatively long and slender ambulatory legs (Figures 15 (a), 18 (a), 22(a)). Scandarma is similar to Circulium in its moderately wide carapace and proportionally long legs. Scandarma, however, can be distinguished from Circulium by characters of the carapace, male chela, ambulatory legs and male pleon (Table 1). The carapace contour of Scandarma is distinctly squarish, with almost parallel and usually entire (or with 1 or 2 rudimentary teeth) lateral margins (Figures 15 (a), 18(a), 22(a), 24(a)). In Circulium, the lateral margin of the carapace is inflated laterally and dorsally around its branchial regions, appearing rounded, with usually 2 distinct teeth (Figure 5 (a)). The male chela of Scandarma is unique in the presence of a distally sloping smooth area on the outer surface between the bases of the fingers (Figures 16 (a), 18(b), 22(b), 24(c)), proximally having a rounded or ridge-like protuberance in most species (Figures 16 (a), 18(b)), which is absent in Circulium (Figure 6 (a)). Scandarma and Circulium share proportionally longer legs, but those of Scandarma are relatively more slender than in Circulium . The dactyli of the ambulatory legs are proportionally longer in Scandarma than in Circulium: the dactyli of Scandarma are as long as or longer than half the length of the respective propodi in P2– 5, rather than being shorter than half the length of the respective propodi in P 2–5 in Circulium .</p><p>In the present study, we recognise seven species, including two new species, of Scandarma . Of them, Sc. finni is certainly different from all other species of Scandarma, but its generic identity is not fully established, because the holotype, the only specimen of the taxon available for this study, is an immature female (see below). The taxon is treated as a species of Scandarma for the time being, as its characters best fit the genus. The following identification key includes six species, excluding Sc. finni as its male characters are not known.</p><p>Key to species of Scandarma (except for Sc. finni (Alcock, 1900))</p><p>1. Anterior margins of postfrontal lobes relatively close to but never reaching frontal margin in dorsal view... ............................................................................................................................ 2</p><p>– Anterior margins of postfrontal lobes far from frontal margin in dorsal view... ...... 4</p><p>2. Outer surface of male chela with a weak protuberance proximal to smooth slope area around bases of fingers.. ......................................................................................... Sc. papua sp. nov.</p><p>– Outer surface of male chela with a strong protuberance proximal to smooth slope area around base of fingers.. ......................................................................................................... 3</p><p>3. Ambulatory legs relatively longer (P4 merus 0.79–0.89 times carapace length).. ............ ............................................................................................... Sc. lintou Schubart, Liu and Cuesta, 2003</p><p>– Ambulatory legs relatively shorter (P4 merus 0.76–0.78 times carapace length).. ....... ............................................................................................ Sc. gracilipes (H. Milne Edwards, 1853)</p><p>4. Upper surface of male cheliped palm without longitudinally traversing row of granules; G1 distal corneous process wide.. ................................ ............................... Sc. malagasy sp. nov.</p><p>– Upper surface of male cheliped palm with longitudinally traversing row of granules; G1 distal corneous process narrow.. ........................................................................................... 5</p><p>5. Upper surface of male cheliped palm with more widely spaced row of granules; granules on inner side of upper margin of male cheliped movable finger acute.. .............. ..................................................................................................................................... Sc. raymondi Ng, 2013</p><p>– Upper surface of male cheliped palm with more closely spaced row of granules; granules on inner side of upper margin of male cheliped movable finger rounded... ................................................................................................ Sc. splendidum Naruse and Ng, 2007</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B15D87DEFFF4BE426E5AFDDE0BD39A6D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Naruse, Tohru;Ng, Peter K. L.	Naruse, Tohru, Ng, Peter K. L. (2020): Revision of the sesarmid crab genera Labuanium Serène and Soh, 1970, Scandarma Schubart, Liu and Cuesta, 2003 and Namlacium Serène and Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new genera and two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 54 (7 - 8): 445-532, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491
B15D87DEFFCABE466E59FA2A0D419DCB.text	B15D87DEFFCABE466E59FA2A0D419DCB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scandarma lintou Schubart, Liu and Cuesta 2003	<div><p>Scandarma lintou Schubart, Liu and Cuesta, 2003</p><p>(Figures 15–17)</p><p>Scandarma lintou Schubart, Liu and Cuesta, 2003, p. 49, figs 1–8 [type locality: Green Island, Taiwan]; Naruse and Ng 2007, p. 337; Ng et al. 2008a, p. 223; Lin et al. 2011, p. 49; Maenosono and Naruse 2011, p. 49, figs 1, 2; Li and Chiu 2013, p. 55; Okuyama 2014, p. 119, fig. 1A; Maenosono 2017a, p. 321; Ng et al. 2017, p. 107, fig. 11e.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Paratypes. ZRC 2001.0026, 1 female, 17.8 × 18.6 mm, 1 ovig. female, 16.3 × 17.7 mm, Kangkou River mouth, Manchow, Pingtung County, Taiwan, coll. P.K.L. Ng, 8 November 2000; ZRC 2002.0168, 1 male, 19.0 × 19.6 mm, same locality as ZRC 2001.0026, coll. H.-C. Liu, 17 June 2001 .</p><p>Others. ZRC 2002.0169, 1 male, 18.1 × 18.3 mm, Mei-Lun River mouth, Hualien, Taiwan, coll. H.-C. Liu, 17 June 2001; ZRC 2002.0168, 1 male, 18.9 × 19.3 mm, Mei Lun River mouth, Hualien, Taiwan, coll. H.-C. Liu, 17 June 2001. ZRC 2002.0165, 1 male, 13.3 × 13.5 mm, 1 ovig. female, 17.3 × 18.1 mm, Mei-Lun River mouth, Hualien, Taiwan, coll. H.-C. Liu, 17 June 2001; ZRC 2017.0986, 1 male, on Pandanus, Niu Shan, Hualien City, Hualien, Taiwan, coll. J.-J. Li and P.Y.C. Ng, 14 June 2017; ZRC 2017.0987, 2 males, on Pandanus, Mei Lun River, Hualien City, Hualien, Taiwan, coll. J.-J. Li and P.Y.C. Ng, 14 June 2017; ZRC 2000.1830, 1 male, 16.5 × 16.8 mm, Gangkou River mouth, Kenting National Park, Pingtung, Taiwan, coll. C.D. Schubart, H.-C. Liu et al., 14 September 1999; ZRC 2001.0026, 1 male, 15.8 × 16.2 mm, 2 females, 16.5 × 17.3 mm, 17.9 × 18.4 mm, Chia-Le-Shui, Gang Kou River, Kenting National Park, Pingtung, Taiwan,coll.P. K.L. Ng, 8 November 2000; ZRC 2001.0027, 1 juvenile male, 8.2 × 8.2 mm, Chia-Le-Shui, Gang Kou River, Kenting National Park, Pingtung, Taiwan, coll. P.K.L. Ng, 8 November 2000; ZRC 2002.0164, 1 male, 14.9 × 15.0 mm, 1 female 16.0 × 16.7 mm, Hsiang-Chiao-Wan, Kenting National Park, Pingtung, Taiwan, coll. H.-C. Liu, 20 June 2001; RUMF-ZC-1392, 1 male, 16.5 × 16.8 mm, Oura River, Okinawa Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan, coll. T. Maenosono, 4 June 2010; RUMF-ZC-2024, 2 females, 12.9 × 13.6, 17.1 × 18.3 mm, near Geda River, Iriomote Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan, coll. T. Naruse, 30 June 2012. ZRC, 2 males, 9.1 × 10.2, 13.2 × 14.1 mm, Ambon, Indonesia, coll. H.H. Tan, 12–20 August 2012.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Carapace squarish, lateral margins almost parallel, external orbital angle sharply pointed; 2 pairs of postfrontal lobes present, lateral lobes slightly exceeding mesial lobes anteriorly in large individuals (Figure 15 (a)), anterior edges of all lobes relatively close to but never reaching frontal margin in dorsal view. Palm (Figure 16 (a,c)) of male chela swollen, outer surface granulated, granules smaller on lower part, distally sloping smooth area around bases of fingers, proximally bearing large median protuberance; upper surface (Figure 16 (c)) with 1 straight, longitudinally traversing row of small granules, and with several short, oblique rows of granules inner side. Immovable finger (Figure 16 (a)) slightly curved upwards, gradually tapering towards tip; occlusal margin lined with elevation over proximal third (6–7 teeth on elevation, distal one largest), followed distally by entire margin or a few smaller teeth, distal quarter with 2 large teeth; lower margin irregularly lined with small teeth. Movable finger (Figure 16 (a)) strongly curved downwards; occlusal margin lined with 2–3 proximal teeth, followed distally by entire margin or small teeth, and subdistal 1 large tooth; inner side of upper margin regularly lined with flat, rounded granules, granules becoming smaller proximally and distally. Subdistal tooth of movable finger fitting between 2 subdistal teeth of immovable finger when closed. Male pleonal somite 3 widest, lateral margins of somites 3–6 forming gradually narrowing curvature. G1 short, almost straight, stout, narrowed medially; distal end with anterolaterally directed wide corneous process. Vulvae on distal three-fifths of sternite 6, anterior margin adjacent to thoracic sternal suture 5/6, ellipsoidal, margin rimmed except for posteromesial corner, mesial end of posterior rim produced to wide, short triangular lobe, double-rimmed anteromesially, sternal vulval cover developed from anterolateral margin, covering almost entire vulva, except for slit-like gap on posteromesial corner, cover produced ventrally as earlobe-like structure.</p><p>Variation</p><p>Small individuals have all the postfrontal lobes aligned anteriorly, with the lobes close to but never reaching frontal margin in dorsal view (e.g. CW 13.6 mm) (Figure 17 (a)).</p><p>Colouration</p><p>In life, carapace dorsal surface with yellowish-brown ground colour and finely mottled with black patches, epigastric to mesogastric regions with slightly paler inverted triangle; posterolateral margins yellow, inside of these margins with black, horizontally short triangles. Chelipeds yellowish from basis to merus; upper surface of carpus to outer surface of palm dark orange; fingers almost whitish, except for dark orange proximal part of movable finger. See Schubart et al. (2003, p. 52, fig. 5); Maenosono and Naruse (2011, p. 52, fig. 1A); Ng et al. (2017, fig. 11e).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Western Pacific: Okinawa and Iriomote Islands, Ryukyu Islands, Japan (Maenosono and Naruse 2011; Maenosono 2017a); Green Island [type locality] and southern Taiwan (Schubart et al. 2003); Divilacan, north-east Luzon Island, Philippines (Okuyama 2014); Ambon, Indonesia (present study).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Scandarma lintou is morphologically most similar to Sc. gracilipes in the structures of the G1 and vulva. However, the two species can be distinguished from each other by the relative length of their ambulatory legs. The P4 merus is proportionally longer in Sc. lintou than in Sc. gracilipes (Figure 18).</p><p>Two small, immature male specimens from Ambon, Indonesia, are tentatively identified as Sc. lintou for now. The identity of the Ambon specimens should be verified when adult specimens become available for examination.</p><p>Ecological note</p><p>Schubart et al. (2003, p. 53) listed three environmental factors on the habitat of Scandarma lintou: ‘1) the close proximity of a stream or freshwater pools, 2) protection from strong winds, and 3) the presence of the screw pine or pandang Pandanus odoratissimus ( Pandanales: Pandanaceae)’. This species can be observed more commonly at night on Pandanus trees as well other trees around them, and also on relatively low vegetation within coastal forests. See Schubart et al. (2003, p. 53) and Maenosono and Naruse (2011, p. 52, fig. 1B).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B15D87DEFFCABE466E59FA2A0D419DCB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Naruse, Tohru;Ng, Peter K. L.	Naruse, Tohru, Ng, Peter K. L. (2020): Revision of the sesarmid crab genera Labuanium Serène and Soh, 1970, Scandarma Schubart, Liu and Cuesta, 2003 and Namlacium Serène and Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new genera and two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 54 (7 - 8): 445-532, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491
B15D87DEFFCFBE4E6E03FF100D039A5D.text	B15D87DEFFCFBE4E6E03FF100D039A5D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scandarma gracilipes (H.Milne Edwards 1853)	<div><p>Scandarma gracilipes (H. Milne Edwards, 1853), comb. nov.</p><p>(Figures 7 (c), 19–21)</p><p>Sesarma impressa ? junior: Hombron and Jacquinot 1842 –1854 (1846), pl. 6, fig. 5.</p><p>Sesarma gracilipes H. Milne Edwards 1853, p. 182 [type locality: Tonga]; Jacquinot and Lucas 1854, p. 72; De Man 1887, p. 645, 663.</p><p>Sesarma compressa ? junior: H. Milne Edwards 1853, p. 182 [incorrect spelling of Sesarma impressa H. Milne Edwards, 1834 –1840 (1837)]</p><p>Sesarma schuetteii Hess, 1865, p. 24, pl. 6, fig. 11*; Kingsley 1880, p. 217; Haswell 1882, p. 109.</p><p>Labuanium gracillipes [sic]: Serène and Soh 1970, p. 402; Ng et al. 2008a, p. 221 (part).</p><p>Labuanium schuetteii: Ng et al. 2008a, p. 221 .</p><p>Not Scandarma gracilipes: Sesarma jacquinoti; Ortmann, 1894b, p. 718 = Geosesarma angustifrons (A. Milne-Edwards 1869) (See Remarks on Sc. gracilipes).</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Lectotype. MNHN-B3947, male, 16.6 × 17.3 mm, Vavao (Vava’u, Tonga) (simultaneous neotype of Sesarma schuetteii Hess, 1865, designated herein).</p><p>Others. NHM 1877.24, 1 male, 17.5 × 17.8 mm, Lifu, Loyalty Islands, coll. S.J. Whitmee; NHM 1936.10.2.1–2, 1 male, 17.5 × 18.3 mm, 1 female, 14.7 × 16.2 mm, Lunga, Guadalcanal Island, Solomon Islands; ZRC 2018.0053, 11 males, 10.8 × 11.3–17.6 × 18.2 mm, 7 females, 10.1 × 11.3–15.7 × 17.7 mm, back mangrove near boatshed of Vanuatu Maritime College, Luganville, Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu, coll. P.K.L. Ng, H.H. Tan, S.H. Tan and J.C.E. Mendoza, 11 September 2006; ZRC 2018.0054, 7 males, 10.3 × 10.8–13.1 × 14.3 mm, 5 females, 9.6 × 10.8–11.1 × 11.9 mm, 1 ovig. female, 11.3 × 12.7 mm, 1 juvenile, 6.4 × 7.0 mm, Vanuatu, coll. SANTO 2006 expedition; RUMF-ZC-5014, 1 male, 14.8 × 16.1 mm, 6 females, 9.6 × 10.7–14.0 × 15.2 mm, Vanuatu, coll. SANTO 2006 expedition; ZRC 2018.0056, 1 male, 12.8 × 13.7 mm, Vanuatu,coll. SANTO 2006 expedition; ZRC 2015.0517,female,16.6 × 18.5 mm, Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu, 6 November 2006; MNHN, 1 male 12.1 × 13.0 mm, 1 female 12.8 × 13.9 mm, Vanuatu, coll. SANTO 2006 expedition .</p><p>Redescription</p><p>Carapace (Figure 19 (a)) subsquarish, 1.02–1.13 times (mean = 1.07, n = 36) as wide as long, lateral margins slightly divergent posteriorly. Dorsal surface slightly convex longitudinally and transversely, glabrous, regions poorly defined; posterolateral regions sloping. Front deflexed at anterior margin of postfrontal lobes, distally recurved, directed anteriorly, frontal margin gently concave medially, overhanging onto antennular septum and fossae. Two pairs of postfrontal lobes present, lateral lobes slightly exceeding mesial lobes anteriorly in large individuals (Figure 19 (a)); anterior margins of all lobes relatively close to but never reaching frontal margin in dorsal view; 1 pair of short lobes posterior to lateral pair of postfrontal lobes. External orbital angle blunt, directed anteriorly, without longitudinal ridge on verntral surface; lateral margins of carapace weakly undulate, with traces of 2 rudimentary epibranchial teeth. Antennular septum wide, short. Orbit, in dorsal view, tilted J-shaped, median part of supraorbital margins oblique; infraorbital margin cristate, mesial end forming triangular inner orbital tooth, directed dorsoanteriorly. Suborbital crista straight, granulated, setose. Suborbital, pterygostomial, subhepatic regions with reticulate mat of setae.</p><p>Epistome long, setose, posterior margin with 3 triangular lobes, lateral lobes sharper, directed anteroventrally, median lobe directed ventrally.</p><p>Ocular peduncle (Figure 19 (a)) cylindrical; cornea moderately large, as broad as peduncle. Antennule with rounded basal article. Antenna with wide, ellipsoidal basal article; antenna entering into orbit through space between inner orbital tooth and front.</p><p>Mxp3 (Figure 20) with relatively narrow subtriangular ischium, ovoid merus, leaving long, wide rhomboidal hiatus between them; flagellum of exopod reaching just anterior to mesial margin of merus.</p><p>Chelipeds (Figure 19) symmetrical in both male and female; male chelipeds larger. Male cheliped with merus subtriangular in cross section, upper and lower-inner margins keeled; upper margin with shallow concavity subdistally, forming angle behind concavity, lower-inner margin weakly serrate, subdistally with triangular lobe; lower-outer margin serrate, with distal sub-pentagonal lobe near articulation with carpus; outer surface covered with short rows of granules; inner surface with 2 longitudinal rows of soft setae; carpus (Figure 19 (a,c)) with granulated upper surface,inner angle blunt; palm (Figure 19) swollen; outer surface (Figure 19 (b)) granulated, granules smaller on lower part; distally sloping smooth area around bases of fingers well delimited, large median protuberance present proximal to sloping surface; upper surface (Figure 19 (a,c)) with 1 gently sinuous, longitudinally traversing row of small granules, and with few shorter, subparallel rows of granules on inner side; inner surface swollen, with oblique row of granules from upper distal angle to middle, and with large granules medially; thick rim extending along occlusal margin of immovable finger to dactylar articulation on both outer and inner surfaces, thick rims of both outer and inner surfaces not interrupted near dactylar articulation.Immovable finger almost straight,gradually tapering towards tip;occlusal margin lined with elevation over proximal two-fifths (3–5 teeth on elevation), followed distally by 4 or 5 teeth,distal quarter with 2 large teeth; lower margin with irregular row of small teeth. Movable finger with distal part strongly curved downwards; occlusal margin lined with large proximal 3 teeth, followed distally by entire margin or small teeth, and 1 large subdistal tooth; inner side of upper margin regularly lined with flat, rounded granules, these granules becoming smaller proximally and distally. Tips of both fingers corneous, hoof-like. Subdistal tooth of movable finger fitting between 2 subdistal teeth of immovable finger when closed.</p><p>Ambulatory legs (Figure 19 (a)) long, P3 and P4 longest, P4 merus 0.73–0.92 times (mean = 0.81, n = 35) CL. Tufts of soft setae present between P1–5 coxae, of them tufts between P2–4 coxae larger than others. Meri with distal anterior corner toothed, followed by subdistal tooth, and with short setae near anterior and posterior margins. Propodi with longer setae on inner and outer margins, setae black proximally, yellowish distally, distal inner part with small patch of short black setae in P2 and P3. Dactyli gently curved distally, margins with dense row of long setae that are similar to longer setae on propodus.</p><p>Male thoracic sternum (Figure 20) transversely wide, sternites 1–4 fused, 2/3 and 3/4 indicated superficially by distally produced row of granules and horizontal groove, respectively. Sternite 2 setose. Male sternopleonal cavity reaching distal third of bases of cheliped coxae; margin of sternopleonal cavity on somite 4 rimmed except for posterior end, posterior end of rim thick, slightly produced posteromesially, produced part of rim adjacent to articulation of pleonal somite 6 and telson when pleon closed; lateral slope of sternopleonal cavity below non-rimmed part on sternite 4 produced mesially, posteriorly accomodating distal end of G 1 in situ. No sternal button for locking mechanism on sternite 5. Penis sternal.</p><p>Male pleonal somites 1 and 2 short, wide, somite 3 widest, lateral margins of somites 3–6 forming gradually narrowing curvature; telson rounded distally, slightly longer than somite 6 (Figure 19 (a), 20).</p><p>G1 (Figure 21 (b)) short, almost straight, stout, narrowed medially, distal end with dorsolaterally directed and wide corneous process. G2 short.</p><p>Vulvae (Figure 21 (c)) located on distal three-fifths of sternite 6, anterior margin adjacent to thoracic sternal suture 5/6, ellipsoidal, margin rimmed except for posteromesial corner, double-rimmed anteromesially, sternal vulval cover developed from anterolateral margin, covering almost entire vulva, except for slit-like gap on posteromesial corner, sternal vulval cover produced ventrally as earlobe-like structure.</p><p>Variation</p><p>Small individuals with all postfrontal lobes aligned anteriorly; lobes close to but never reaching frontal margin in dorsal view (e.g. CW 12.0 mm) (Figure 17 (b)).</p><p>Colouration</p><p>In life, very similar to that of Scandarma lintou (see above). There are, however, minor differences in the posterolateral margins of the carapace (yellow but partially interrupted by black patches) and the outer surface of the chela (dark red) (Figure 7 (c)).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>South Pacific: Vavao, Viti Islands (Vava’u?), Tonga [type locality]; Lifu, Loyalty Islands; Vanuatu; Lunga, Guadalcanal Island, Solomon Islands (Hombron and Jacquinot 1842 – 1854 (1846); H. Milne Edwards 1853; present study). Erroneous records: Sydney (Hess 1865 as Sesarma schuetteii); Madagascar (De Man 1887, table on p. 664).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Examination of the lectotype (Figures 19, 20; see below) as well as other specimens (Figure 21) of Sesarma gracilipes H. Milne Edwards 1853 confirms that Se. gracilipes possesses the generic characters of Scandarma as defined here, and the species is now referred to the genus. ‘ Sesarma gracilipes ’ has been widely recorded from the Indo-Pacific regions, but at least two undescribed species have been included under this name (here described as Sc. malagasy and Sc. papua, see below), and Labuanium schuetteii (Hess, 1865) is synonymised under Sc. gracilipes . To stabilise the taxonomy of Sc. gracilipes and allied species, a male specimen (MNHN-B3947) from Vavao (Vava’u) is here designated as lectotype.</p><p>The nomenclature of Sesarma gracilipes H. Milne Edwards 1853,needs explanation. Sesarma gracilipes first appeared as a figure in a plate of ‘Zoologie.Voyage au Pôle Sud et dans l’Océanie sur les corvettes l’Astrolabe et la Zélée pendant les années 1837–1838–1839–1840’ (Hombron and Jacquinot 1842 –1854 (1846), pl. 6, fig. 5; see Clark and Crosnier 2000 for published year) and captioned in a footnote as ‘S[esarma] IMPRESSA? Junior (Edw.)’.The figured crab,however, clearly differs markedly from Sesarma impressum H. Milne Edwards, 1834 –1840 (1837) (currently the type species of Sesarmops Serène and Soh,1970). Henri Milne Edwards (1853, p. 182) realised that the figured crab represented a new species, and formally named it Sesarma gracilipes . Jacquinot and Lucas (1853) [see Clark and Crosnier (2000) and Holthuis (2002) for its publication date] also used the name ‘ Sesarma gracilipes ’ in their work and noted</p><p>Les genres et les espèces portant une † sont décrits pour la première fois dans ce travail; ils ont été presque tous créés par M.H. Jacquinot et figurés par lui dans l’Atlas, à l’exception du Sesarma gracilipes, qui appartient à M. Milne Edwards,.. ..(4)</p><p>This means that both Jacquinot and Lucas (1853) and Milne Edwards (1853) used the same name in the same year. Clark and Crosnier (2000) noted that Jacquinot and Lucas (1853) might have been published at the end of 1853. The exact publication date of H. Milne Edwards (1853) from Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, is also unclear; the paper was published as the second issue of 2 volumes published in 1853, implying that it was published possibly in late 1853. Further study is needed to confirm which authorship has priority. The present study tentatively adopts ‘ Sesarma gracilipes H. Milne Edwards 1853 ’ following Holthuis’s (2002, p. 421) opinion.</p><p>Ng et al. (2008a) listed Sesarma compressum Jacquinot, 1853, as a junior subjective synonym of Labuanium gracilipes . Ng et al.’s (2008a) authorship of ‘ Jacquinot 1853 ’ was copied from the synonymy list of Se. gracilipes by H. Milne Edwards (1853, p. 182), which included the name ‘ Sesarma compressa ? junior ’. There is no publication ‘ Jacquinot 1853 ’, and the authorship of the name must be attributed to the work of Jacquinot and Lucas (1853) (see Holthuis 2002). We have not been able to find any taxon named ‘ Sesarma compressa ? junior ’ and are of the opinion that Milne Edwards (1853, p. 182) had merely misspelled the name ‘S[esarma] IMPRESSA? Junior (Edw.)’ which first appeared in the footnote of Hombron and Jacquinot (1842 –1854 (1846), pl. 6, fig. 5). We therefore treat ‘ Sesarma compressa ? junior ’ as an incorrect spelling of the original name (see ICZN 1999, Article 33.3).</p><p>Sesarma jacquinoti Ortmann, 1894, was described on the basis of one female from ‘Südsee’ and one male and one female from Tahiti. Tesch (1917, p. 155) regarded it as conspecific with Se. gracilipes . Marie Meister from the Musée zoologique de la ville de Strasbourg was kind enough to take photographs of a syntype male (MZS Cru1895) and a syntype female (MZS Cru1896) of Se. jacquinoti from Tahiti. Both major (right) and minor (left) chelae of the male (Figure 22) have a short but strong vertical ridge on the inner surface of the palm, and a relatively slender and gently incurved dactylus. The male also has a wide and rounded median concavity of the front, gently concave anterolateral margins with small epibranchial tooth and relatively narrow pleonal somites 5 and 6. The female specimen agrees well with the male specimens except for sexual characters. These characters confirm that Se. jacquinoti is in fact conspecific with Geosesarma angustifrons (A. Milne-Edwards 1869) (see comparative material of this species examined). Sesarma jacquinoti is here formally synonymised under G. angustifrons . The systematic position of G. angustifrons is also problematic and it is certainly not a species of Geosesarma as currently defined. Paulay and Starmer (2011, p. 11) recommended transferring G. angustifrons to Sesarmops for now, an action we agree with. The male specimen from Tahiti (MZS Cru1895) is here designated as the lectotype of Sesarma jacquinoti .</p><p>The taxonomic identity of Sesarma schuetteii Hess, 1865, is herein reassessed, because the taxon was once synonymised with Scandarma gracilipes by De Man (1887). In spite of the action by De Man (1887), Serène and Soh (1970) resurrected Hess’s taxon as a good species (as Labuanium shuettii) without comment. Hess (1865) noted that the type locality of Se. schuetteii was Sydney, although he did not specify how many specimens were available to him for study. Sesarma schuetteii has not since been collected from eastern Australia, and McCulloch (1913) and Davie (2002) questioned the existence of the taxon there. Furthermore, Davie (2002, p. 221) noted the type material of Se. schuetteii was likely collected from the islands of the south-west Pacific (see also discussion by Ng 2012, p. 268, for Hess’s species Circulium rotundatum).</p><p>Wilhelm Hess of the Zoologische Museum Göttingen, Germany, studied the collection made by Rudolf Schütte in Australia. A part of Schütte’s collection is known to have been exchanged by De Man in Leiden,and what was left of the remaining collection was transferred to Senckenberg Museum (Fransen et al. 1997; Davie 2002). We tried to locate the type material of Se. schutteii in the Naturalis, Leiden, and Senckenberg Museum in which collections of the Göttingen Museum are now deposited, but no specimen corresponding to Hess’s material was found. It is known, however, that the Swedish Museum of Natural History (Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet) has the holotype of Pagurus minutus Hess, 1865; (Sandberg and McLaughlin, 1993), although why it is there is not certain. Rasmus Hovmöller and Mattias Forshage of the Swedish Museum of Natural History kindly searched their collections for more material of Hess but found no other specimens. There are several old brachyuran specimens in the museum dating back to Hess’s time, but none of the data corresponds to his type material. The type specimen of Se.schutteii is,therefore,certainly lost. The original descriptions of Se. schuetteii by Hess (1865) and the subsequent redescription by De Man (1887), who examined the type specimen of Se. schuetteii at the Göttingen Museum, clearly showed the presence of a strong protuberance on the outer surface of the palm near the bases of the fingers, a proximal elevation on the occlusal margin of the immovable finger,and two distal teeth on the occlusal margin of the immovable finger (Hess 1865, pl. 6, fig. 11; Figure 19 (d)), characters which are diagnostic of Sc. gracilipes s.s. (Figure 19 (b,c)). To stabilise the nomenclature of Sc. gracilipes and Se. schuetteii, we here designate the lectotype of Sc. gracilipes as the neotype of Se. schuetteii, making the latter name an objective junior synonym of the former.</p><p>‘ Sesarma gracilipes ’ has been widely recorded, from Vavao (= Vava’u, Tonga) to Madagascar, by many authors, but our study shows that there are at least four species under this name. The distributional range of what we here refer to as the Se. gracilipes complex can be roughly divided into 4 regions: (1) the South Pacific to Solomon Islands, (2) from Louisiade Archipelago to New Guinea Island, (3) eastern Indian Ocean (Atjeh, Nicobaren and Pulau Nias), and (4) western Indian Ocean (Madagascar). All the specimens we examined from (1) the South Pacific localities represent Sc. gracilipes s.s. The specimens from (2) Louisiade Archipelago to New Guinea Island are markedly different from Sc. gracilipes s.s. and recognised as a new species, Scandarma papua sp. nov. (see below). Specimens recorded from (3) the eastern Indian Ocean (Atjeh, Nicobaren and Pulau Nias) and (4) the western Indian Ocean (Madagascar) will be discussed in the Remarks on Sc. finni and Sc. malagasy sp. nov., respectively.</p><p>De Man (1902, p. 507) identified material from Halmahera (Patani) and Ternate as ‘ Sesarma gracilipes ’. He said that his specimens have cristae of the upper surface of the cheliped palm that are separated into three parts. Tesch (1917, p. 155) examined material from Andai (Papua New Guinea) and Amboina, identified as ‘ Se. gracilipes ’, and also mentioned this interrupted crista. Those specimens are clearly not Sc. gracilipes or Sc. papua sp. nov., as these two species have a single crista in the cheliped palm. It is necessary to re-examine material studied by De Man (1880, 1902) and Tesch (1917) to fully clarify the specific identity of their material.</p><p>Although many references in the literature have used the names ‘ gracilipes ’ and ‘ schuetteii ’, it is difficult to fully clarify the specific identities of material reported in those references (Table 2). They are treated as incertae sedis for the moment, and the material will need to be re-examined to ascertain precise identities.</p><p>Ecological note</p><p>The recently collected specimens from Vanuatu were all found in low shrubs and small trees near a swampy area several hundred metres from the sea, with thick grass in the undergrowth. All the plants were less than 10 m tall. All the crabs were caught at night, after sundown, foraging on the plants.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B15D87DEFFCFBE4E6E03FF100D039A5D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Naruse, Tohru;Ng, Peter K. L.	Naruse, Tohru, Ng, Peter K. L. (2020): Revision of the sesarmid crab genera Labuanium Serène and Soh, 1970, Scandarma Schubart, Liu and Cuesta, 2003 and Namlacium Serène and Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new genera and two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 54 (7 - 8): 445-532, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491
B15D87DEFFC6BE4D6EC3FA5F0DA09CB5.text	B15D87DEFFC6BE4D6EC3FA5F0DA09CB5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scandarma papua Naruse & Ng 2020	<div><p>Scandarma papua sp. nov.</p><p>(Figures 23, 24)</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Holotype. UF2335, male, 15.8 × 17.8 mm, Louisiade Archipelago, Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea, coll. G. Paulay, 4 June 1998.</p><p>Others. NHM 1922.11.9.2–5, 1 male, 14.5 × 16.1 mm, 1 female, 11.3 × 12.8 mm, Gabmetzung, Markham River, Huon Gulf, Papua New Guinea, coll. W.J. Potter; RMNH. CRUS.D. 45517, 1 male, 15.4 × 16.7 mm, Hollandia, Papua New Guinea, coll. G. van Hout, May–June 1955 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Carapace subsquarish, external orbital angle sharp, lateral margins slightly divergent posteriorly; 2 pairs of postfrontal lobes present, lateral lobes slightly exceeding mesial lobes anteriorly in adults (Figure 23 (a)); anterior margins of all lobes relatively close to but never reaching frontal margin in dorsal view. Palm (Figure 23 (b,c)) of male chela swollen; outer surface granulated, granules smaller on lower part, with weak protuberance on proximal part of smooth sloping area around bases of fingers; upper surface (Figure 23 (c)) with 1 straight, longitudinally traversing row of densely packed small granules, and with several short, oblique rows on inner side. Immovable finger (Figure 23 (b)) almost straight, gradually tapering towards tip; occlusal margin lacking marked proximal elevation, lined with small teeth on proximal two-fifths, 1 large bifid tooth submedially, followed distally by 4 or 5 smaller teeth, subdistally with 1 large tooth; lower margin of immovable finger irregularly lined with small teeth. Movable finger (Figure 23 (b)) gently curved, occlusal margin with 2 large teeth on proximal third, followed distally by smaller teeth, and 1 subdistal tooth; inner side of upper surface of movable finger with regular row of flat, rounded granules, granules becoming smaller proximally and distally. Subdistal tooth of immovable finger fitting between tip and subdistal tooth of movable finger when closed. Male pleonal somite 3 widest, somite 4 abruptly narrowed distally, lateral margins of somites 3–5 clearly concave (Figure 24 (a)). G1 (Figure 24 (b)) short, almost straight, stout, narrowed medially, distal end with anterolaterally directed wide corneous process. Vulvae (Figure 24 (c)) located on distal two-fifths of sternite 6, anterior margin adjacent to thoracic sternal suture 5/6 ellipsoidal, rimmed except for posteromesial corner and mesial margin, mesial end of posterior rim produced to wide, short triangular lobe, similar triangular lobe present mesially; sternal vulval cover developed from anterolateral margin, covering vulva except for mesial quarter, cover produced ventrally as trigonal pyramid structure.</p><p>Variations</p><p>In small individuals (e.g. CW 12.8 mm), all postfrontal lobes are aligned anteriorly; lobes relatively close to but never reaching frontal margin in dorsal view (Figure 17 (c)); there are a clearly discernible epibranchial teeth on the anterolateral margin of the carapace; ambulatory legs are proportionally wider, especially on meri. Small females, however, already have a row of granules on the upper surface of the palm and granules on the upper margin of dactylus, indicating that adult females also have such a row of granules.</p><p>Colouration</p><p>Live colouration not known.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>New Guinea: Louisiade Archipelago, Milne Bay Province [type locality]; Gabmetzung, Markham River, Huon Gulf; Jayapura (as Hollandia) (present study).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The species name is derived from its known distributional area. The name is used as a noun in apposition.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Scandarma papua sp. nov. superficially resembles Sc. gracilipes s.s., but the two species can be distinguished from each other by a number of characters of the male chela, ambulatory legs, vulva, male pleon and G1 (Table 3).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B15D87DEFFC6BE4D6EC3FA5F0DA09CB5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Naruse, Tohru;Ng, Peter K. L.	Naruse, Tohru, Ng, Peter K. L. (2020): Revision of the sesarmid crab genera Labuanium Serène and Soh, 1970, Scandarma Schubart, Liu and Cuesta, 2003 and Namlacium Serène and Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new genera and two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 54 (7 - 8): 445-532, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491
B15D87DEFFDABE536EBCFF100C3A9AA8.text	B15D87DEFFDABE536EBCFF100C3A9AA8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scandarma finni (Alcock 1900) Naruse & Ng 2020	<div><p>Scandarma finni (Alcock, 1900), comb. nov.</p><p>(Figure 25)</p><p>Sesarma finni Alcock, 1900, p. 424 [type locality: Andamans]; Alcock and McArdle 1903, pl. 66, fig. 1.</p><p>Sesarma (Sesarma) finni: Tesch 1917, p. 154 .</p><p>Labuanium finni: Serène and Soh 1970, p. 402; Ng et al. 2008a, p. 221.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Holotype. ZSI, female, 11.0 × 11.0 mm, Andamans (photographs examined).</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Carapace subsquarish, external orbital angle blunt, lateral margins slightly divergent posteriorly, with 2 rudimentary epibranchial teeth; 2 pairs of postfrontal lobes present, lateral lobes slightly exceeding mesial lobes anteriorly; anterior margins of all lobes relatively close to but never reaching frontal margin in dorsal view. The male chela, male pleon and G1 are unknown.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>The only confirmed locality is the Andamans [type locality].</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Sesarma (Sesarma) finni was described based on a juvenile female specimen (11 × 11 mm) from the Andamans (Figure 25; photographs of the holotype kindly provided by Santanu Mitra, ZSI). Alcock and McArdle (1903, pl. 66, fig. 1) subsequently published a drawing of Se. (Se.) finni without locality but citing Alcock (1900) in the legend of the figure. Since Alcock and McArdle’s (1903) drawing appears similar to Se. gracilipes, records of Se. gracilipes from the eastern Indian Ocean are probably best referred to Sc. finni . Records of ‘ Sesarma gracilipes ’ from the eastern Indian Ocean include Nicobars (Heller 1865), Atjeh (De Man 1895) and Nias (Tesch 1917), and they neither described in detail nor figured the specimens. Crosnier (1965, p. 59) synonymised Se. finni under Se. gracilipes, but it was treated as a valid species in Ng et al. (2008a).</p><p>The generic position of Sc. finni is uncertain, as taxonomically diagnostic large male characters, such as major chela, pleon and G1, are not available. Our comparison of the photograph of the holotype of Sc. finni (Figure 25) with similar-sized specimens of morphologically similar species ( Sc. lintou, Sc. gracilipes, Sc. papua and Sc. malagasy; Figures 17, 26) indicated that they can be distinguished from each other by different combination of carapace characters (Table 4). Scandarma finni is at least different from other Scandarma species and here tentatively placed in Scandarma as a valid species for now.</p><p>Pretzmann (1984, p. 142, pl. 2, figs 6–8) recorded ‘ Labuanium finni ’ from the South Andaman Islands. But it clearly differs from Sc. finni s.s. and is here referred to Andamanium thelxinoe (De Man, 1908), comb. nov. (see below).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B15D87DEFFDABE536EBCFF100C3A9AA8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Naruse, Tohru;Ng, Peter K. L.	Naruse, Tohru, Ng, Peter K. L. (2020): Revision of the sesarmid crab genera Labuanium Serène and Soh, 1970, Scandarma Schubart, Liu and Cuesta, 2003 and Namlacium Serène and Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new genera and two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 54 (7 - 8): 445-532, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491
B15D87DEFFDBBE566EEFFA520F8A99A2.text	B15D87DEFFDBBE566EEFFA520F8A99A2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scandarma malagasy Naruse & Ng 2020	<div><p>Scandarma malagasy sp. nov.</p><p>(Figures 7 (d), 26)</p><p>Sesarma Finni: Lenz 1910, p. 560.</p><p>Sesarma (Sesarma) gracilipes: Crosnier 1965, p. 59, figs 80, 87, 95, pl. 3, fig. 2; Cumberlidge et al. 2005, p. 304.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Holotype. MNHN-B11025, male, 17.0 × 18.4 mm, Ivontaka, Cȏte est de Madagascar, coll. Voeltzkow, 1903–1905.</p><p>Others. ZRC 2010.0303, 1 female, 20.5 × 22.0, Mosoala Peninsula, Madagasacar, coll. W. Emmerson, June 2005 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Carapace squarish, external orbital angle blunt, lateral margins almost parallel; 2 pairs of postfrontal lobes present, all lobes aligned anteriorly; anterior margins of all lobes far from frontal margin in dorsal view (Figure 26 (a)). Chelae stout (Crosnier 1965, pl. 3, fig. 2); palm of male chela (Figure 26 (b,c)) swollen; outer surface granulated, with weak protuberance on proximal part of smooth sloping area around bases of fingers; upper surface (Figure 24 (d); Crosnier 1965, fig. 95) with several short rows of small granules, these rows not longitudinally transverse. Immovable finger straight, occlusal margin lacking marked proximal elevation, lined with small teeth on proximal two-fifths, 1 large tooth submedially, followed distally by 3 small teeth, 1 large tooth on distal fifth, 1 smaller tooth subdistally; lower margin of immovable finger with irregular row of small teeth. Movable finger (Figure 26 (c)) gently curved, occlusal margin lined with 2 large teeth flanking 1 small tooth, followed distally by small teeth, and 1 subdistal tooth; inner side of upper surface of movable finger with sparsely aligned small granules. Subdistal tooth of movable finger (Figure 26 (c)) fitting between 2 subdistal teeth of immovable finger when closed. Male pleonal somite 3 widest, somite 4 abruptly narrowed distally, lateral margins of somites 3–5 clearly concave; telson rounded distally, slightly longer than somite 6 (Figure 26 (b); Crosnier 1965, fig. 80). G1 (Crosnier 1965, fig. 87) short, almost straight, stout, narrowed medially, distal end with laterally directed wide corneous process. Vulvae adjacent to thoracic sternal suture 5/6 on distal half of sternite 6, oblique ellipsoidal, rimmed proximally; sternal vulval cover developed from posterolateral margin, covering vulva, except for gap on mesial fifth, cover produced ventromesially as earlobe-like structure.</p><p>Variations</p><p>In small females (e.g. CW 11 mm), the anterior margin of the front is almost straight; the postfrontal lobes are aligned anteriorly, the mesial lobe are as wide as the lateral lobe; and there are 2 discernible epibranchial teeth on the anterolateral margin of the carapace (Lenz 1910).</p><p>Colouration</p><p>In life, carapace dark brown to purple, ventral thoracic surface light brown; upper surface of cheliped merus, carpus and propodus bight orange, fingers cream; P2–5 uniformly light brown (Cumberlidge et al. 2005). Cephalothorax dark reddish brown with a few irregularly scattered lighter spots; legs lighter; chelae reddish yellow (Lenz 1910).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Madagascar [Ivontaka (type locality), Fénérive, Ste. Marie and Tampolo] (Crosnier 1965; Cumberlidge et al. 2005).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>Malagasy is the name used for people and items derived from Madagascar; and it is here used as the Latin name for the present new species. The name is used as a noun in apposition.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Alfred Voeltzkow collected 1 male and several female specimens of what can be referred to as Sesarma finni from Fénérive and Ste. Marie, Madagascar, during his trip in 1903–1905 (see Lenz 1910, p. 539). Lenz (1910) compared these specimens with the original description of Sc. finni (Alcock, 1900; Alcock and McArdle 1903, pl. 66, fig. 1). He also examined small Madagascar specimens (up to CW 11 mm, see Variation above) to consider the small size of the holotype of Sc. finni (CW 11 mm) and concluded that they are conspecific. However, Lenz (1910) noted that the Madagascar specimens have the postfrontal lobes of the carapace almost the same width in both lateral and mesial ones, whereas the mesial lobes are about 2 times wider than the lateral lobes in the holotype of Sc. finni (Figure 25 (a)). Moreover, Lenz (1910, p. 561) mentioned that the ambulatory legs of the Madagascar specimens are very similar to those of S. maculata De Man [= Geosesamra maculatum (De Man 1892)], the meri of which are relatively wide with convex anterior and posterior margins (De Man 1892 pl. 21, fig. 19c; Ng and Lemaitre 2017, fig. 2A). This statement may be rather exaggerated, as Voeltzkow’s specimen examined by Crosnier (1965, pl. 3, fig. 2, as Sesarma (Sesarma) gracilipes, CW 18.4 mm, also see p. 1) has not-so-wide ambulatory meri with almost parallel and not foliaceous anterior and posterior margins, but it is possible that the ambulatory meri of Voeltzkow’s specimens are slightly wider than those of Sc. finni s.s. The ambulatory meri of Sc. finni are relatively more slender with parallel anterior and posterior margins (Alcock and McArdle 1903, pl. 66, fig. 1). In light of these differences, we consider the Madagascar specimens are not Sc. finni and describe them as Sc. malagasy sp. nov. Voeltzkow’s Madagascar specimen (MNHN-B11025) is designated as the holotype.</p><p>Crosnier (1965, p. 60) listed five diagnostic characters differentiating Sc. malagasy (as Se. gracilipes) from Sc. finni: (1) more clearly demarcated regions of the dorsal surface of the carapace (vs regions indicated but not emphasised in Sc. finni), (2) medially inclined frontal margin (vs almost straight in Sc. finni), (3) relatively shorter and wider ambulatory legs (vs legs relatively longer and more slender in Sc. finni), (4) foliaceous ambulatory meri (vs not foliaceous in Sc. finni) and (5) relatively shorter ambulatory dactyli (vs longer in Sc. finni). Characters (3), (4) and (5) may be partially based on Lenz’s (1910) statement that the ambulatory legs of the Madagascar specimens are similar to those of G. maculatum .</p><p>De Man (1887) was the first to record Sesarma gracilipes from Madagascar. However, he merely mentioned the measurements of his Malagasy specimen in the course of redescribing Sesarma schuetteii (as a junior synonym of Se. gracilipes). De Man (1887) recognised important diagnostic characters of the Sc. gracilipes complex, such as the presence of a large median protuberance around the bases of the fingers of the palm, a longitudinally traversing row of granules on the upper surface of the palm, and the ornamentation on the occlusal margin of the immovable finger of the chela, which are not shared with Sc. malagasy . Further examination is necessary to identify De Man’s (1887) Malagasy specimen.</p><p>Scandarma malagasy can be easily distinguished from Sc. gracilipes by its anteriorly aligned four postfrontal lobes of the carapace (Figure 26 (a); Crosnier 1965, pl. III (2)), proportionately stouter cheliped (Figure 26 (d); Crosnier 1965, pl. 3(2)), interrupted row of granules on the upper surface of the male palm (Figure 26 (d); Crosnier 1965, fig. 95); less produced protuberance on the outer surface of the palm near the bases of fingers (Figure 26 (c); Crosnier 1965, fig. 95); and more concave lateral margins of the male pleon (Figure 26 (b); Crosnier 1965, fig. 80).</p><p>Ecological note</p><p>Scandarma malagasy is an arboreal species. Cumberlidge et al. (2005) found Sc. malagasy on phytotelmata of Pandanus leaf axes at heights between 15 and 17 m above the forest floor.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B15D87DEFFDBBE566EEFFA520F8A99A2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Naruse, Tohru;Ng, Peter K. L.	Naruse, Tohru, Ng, Peter K. L. (2020): Revision of the sesarmid crab genera Labuanium Serène and Soh, 1970, Scandarma Schubart, Liu and Cuesta, 2003 and Namlacium Serène and Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new genera and two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 54 (7 - 8): 445-532, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491
B15D87DEFFDFBE546EB1FF100DEF9DDB.text	B15D87DEFFDFBE546EB1FF100DEF9DDB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scandarma splendidum Naruse and Ng 2007	<div><p>Scandarma splendidum Naruse and Ng, 2007</p><p>Scandarma splendidum Naruse and Ng, 2007, p. 337, figs 1–3 [type locality: Bako National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia]; Ng et al. 2008a, p. 223; Lai and Olesen 2016, p. 72.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Holotype. ZRC 2002.0265, 1 male, 19.1 × 18.5 mm, Bako National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia, 15 March 2002.</p><p>Paratypes. ZRC 2007.0102, 2 males, 18.0 × 20.0, 18.1 × 19.1 mm, Bako National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia, 13 September 2001 .</p><p>Others. ZRC 2011.1013, 2 males, 10.2 × 11.3, 15.4 × 16.9 mm, 2 females, 11.8 × 12.8, 12.2 × 13.1 mm, Bako, Sarawak, Borneo, coll. May 2002; RUMF-ZC-4985, 1 male, 16.6 × 18.3 mm, 1 female, 11.8 × 12.9 mm, same as ZRC 2011.1013 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Carapace squarish, external orbital angle triangular, lateral margins slightly convex; 2 pairs of postfrontal lobes present, lateral lobes slightly exceeding mesial lobes anteriorly; anterior margins of all lobes far from frontal margin in dorsal view. Palm of male chela swollen; outer surface granulated, granules smaller on lower part, with small median protuberance on proximal part of smooth sloping area around bases of fingers; upper surface with 1 straight, longitudinally traversing row of densely packed small granules, and with several short, oblique rows on inner side. Immovable finger almost straight, gradually tapering towards tip, occlusal margin lacking marked proximal elevation, lined with small teeth on proximal two-fifths, 1 large tooth submedially, followed distally by 2 or 3 smaller teeth, subdistally with 1 large tooth and 1 low tooth; lower margin with irregular row of small teeth. Movable finger curved downwards; occlusal margin lined with 2 proximal teeth, followed distally by small teeth, and 1 subdistal tooth; inner side of upper margin with regularly lined rounded granules, these granules indistinct distally. Subdistal tooth of movable finger fitting between 2 subdistal teeth of immovable finger when closed. Male pleonal somite 3 widest, somite 4 abruptly narrowed distally, lateral margins of somites 3–5 clearly concave. G1 short, almost straight, stout, narrowed medially, distal end with anterolaterally directed narrow corneous process. Vulvae located on distal two-fifths of sternite 6, anterior margin adjacent to thoracic sternal suture 5/6, ellipsoidal, margin rimmed posteriorly, sternal vulval cover developed from posterolateral corner, covering almost entire vulva, except for anteromesial hole, cover produced ventroanteriorly as trigonal pyramid structure.</p><p>Colouration</p><p>In life, anterior half of carapace (suborbital to pterygostomial regions and frontal to epibranchial regions), chelipeds and third maxillipeds reddish, gradually changing from darker anterior inner parts (chelae and third maxillipeds) to orange posterior outer parts. Posterior half of dorsal surface of carapace varying from cream to dark khaki mixed with dark purple patterns. Ambulatory legs dark purple. See Naruse and Ng (2007, p. 338, fig. 1).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Known only from Sarawak, Malaysia [type locality: Bako National Park] (Naruse and Ng 2007).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Scandarma splendidum is morphologically closest to Sc. raymondi . Among the five diagnostic characters listed by Ng (2013, p. 293), the distal corneous part of the G1 was described as being relatively wider in Sc. raymondi than in Sc. splendidum . A reexamination of the present material, however, shows that the comparative characters were inadvertently transposed by Ng (2013) and that Sc. splendidum is actually the one with a proportionately wider distal corneous part of the G1.</p><p>Ecological note</p><p>Naruse and Ng (2007, p. 338) reported that Sc. splendidum was nocturnal and observed on plants to a height of 2 m near streams or puddles, and sometimes found up to 10 m from any water source. They also commented that the ecology and behaviour of Sc. splendidum are similar to those of Sc. lintou in most aspects.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B15D87DEFFDFBE546EB1FF100DEF9DDB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Naruse, Tohru;Ng, Peter K. L.	Naruse, Tohru, Ng, Peter K. L. (2020): Revision of the sesarmid crab genera Labuanium Serène and Soh, 1970, Scandarma Schubart, Liu and Cuesta, 2003 and Namlacium Serène and Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new genera and two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 54 (7 - 8): 445-532, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491
B15D87DEFFDCBE556EE6FCDE0DF19D60.text	B15D87DEFFDCBE556EE6FCDE0DF19D60.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scandarma raymondi Ng 2013	<div><p>Scandarma raymondi Ng, 2013</p><p>Scandarma raymondi Ng, 2013, p. 289, figs 1–3 [type locality: Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia].</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Holotype. ZRC 2013.0614, male 11.9 × 12.9 mm, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, coll. R. Goh, 1 November 1990.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Carapace squarish, external orbital angle triangular, lateral margins with 2 small crenulations; 2 pairs of postfrontal lobes present, lateral lobes slightly exceeding mesial lobes anteriorly; anterior margins of all lobes far from frontal margin in dorsal view. Palm of male chela swollen; outer surface granulated, granules smaller on lower part, with small median protuberance on proximal part of sloping smooth area around bases of fingers; upper surface with 1 straight, longitudinally traversing, not densely packed row of relatively small granules, and with a few short, oblique rows on inner side. Immovable finger almost straight, gradually tapering towards tip, occlusal margin lacking marked proximal elevation, lined with small teeth and 1 large tooth over proximal third, followed distally by similar combination of small teeth and 1 large tooth, 1 large subdistal tooth. Movable finger curved, occlusal margin lined with 2 proximal large teeth, followed distally by small teeth, and 1 subdistal tooth; inner side of upper margin sparsely lined with acute granules, granules indistinct distally; subdistal tooth of movable finger fitting between 2 subdistal teeth of immovable finger when closed. Male pleonal somite 3 widest, somite 4 abruptly narrowed distally, lateral margins of somites 3–5 clearly concave. G1 short, almost straight, stout, narrowed medially, distal end with relatively narrow, anterolaterally directed corneous process.</p><p>Colouration</p><p>In preservative: carapace yellowish-brown, chelipeds yellow just after preservation in alcohol (Ng 2013, p. 293).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Known only from the type locality, Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia (Ng 2013).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>See Ng (2013, p. 293) and ‘Remarks’ for Scandarma splendidum .</p><p>Ecological note</p><p>The only known specimen was collected from inside a mixed forest in a town centre near a river less than 2 km from the sea (Ng 2013).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B15D87DEFFDCBE556EE6FCDE0DF19D60	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Naruse, Tohru;Ng, Peter K. L.	Naruse, Tohru, Ng, Peter K. L. (2020): Revision of the sesarmid crab genera Labuanium Serène and Soh, 1970, Scandarma Schubart, Liu and Cuesta, 2003 and Namlacium Serène and Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new genera and two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 54 (7 - 8): 445-532, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491
B15D87DEFFDDBE5A6EDBFD1B0C4E9AE5.text	B15D87DEFFDDBE5A6EDBFD1B0C4E9AE5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mindanium Naruse & Ng 2020	<div><p>Genus Mindanium gen. nov.</p><p>Type species</p><p>Sesarma cruciatum Bürger, 1893, by present designation. Gender neuter.</p><p>Included species</p><p>Mindanium cruciatum (Bürger, 1893), comb. nov.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Carapace squarish, as long as wide; lateral margin slightly sinuous, with 2 distinct epibranchial teeth behind external orbital angle; posterolateral margins parallel; dorsal surface slightly convex longitudinally and transversely. Front deflexed at anterior margin of postfrontal lobes by more than 90°, distally sloping ventroposteriorly; frontal margin bilobed with wide median concavity, lobes short, recurved, directed anteriorly, slightly overhanging onto antennular fossae; antennular septum dorsally attached to median concavity of frontal margin. Two pairs of postfrontal lobes aligned anteriorly, reaching beyond frontal margin in dorsal view, overhanging onto front; mesial lobes slightly wider than lateral lobes. Antennular septum wide, short. Orbit, in dorsal view, tilted J-shaped, median part of supraorbital margins oblique; inner orbital tooth short, subtriangular, directed anteriorly. No longitudinal ridge on ventral surface of external orbital angle. Epistome posterior margin with 3 triangular lobes, lateral lobes directed anteroventrally,median lobe directed ventrally. Antenna entering orbit through wide gap between inner orbital tooth and front.Mxp3 exopod with distinct flagellum.Female chela palm without ridge or row of granules on upper surface; outer surface granulated but without prominent protuberance; inner surface without transverse rows of granules; thick rim extending along occlusal margin of immovable finger to dactylar articulation on both outer and inner surfaces, thick rims of both outer and inner surfaces not interrupted near dactylar articulation. Upper-inner margin of movable finger with 1 short sparse row of granules over three-fifths of the length. Ambulatory legs (P2–5) moderately long and stout generally, dorso-ventrally flattened; distal anterior corner of each merus weakly falcate, followed proximally by weak angle; carpi and propodi narrower than meri; dactyli short, about half length of respective propodus.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The generic name ‘ Mindanium ’ is derived from an arbitrary combination of Mindanao (type locality of the type species) and the suffix for Labuanium, ‘ -ium ’. Gender neuter.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Sesarma cruciatum Bürger, 1893, was described from a single female holotype from Mindanao. Serène and Soh (1970) transferred this species to Labuanium Serène and Soh 1970, without explanation. Sesarma cruciatum is characteristic in its squarish carapace outline with parallel posterolateral margins (Figure 27 (a)). The carapace length of Se. cruciatum is slightly shorter than the carapace width, but its parallel posterolateral margins give the carapace the superficial appearance of being longer. Among the 32 extant genera of the family Sesarmidae (Ng et al. 2008a; Schubart et al. 2009; Naruse and Ng 2012; Brösing et al. 2014), only Labuanium s.s., Shinobium gen. nov., Circulium gen. nov. and Aratus H. Milne Edwards 1853 are characterised by the carapace being clearly longer than wide. In addition to those genera, three species of American Armases Abele, 1992 – Ar. angustum (Smith, 1870), Ar. elegans (Herklots, 1851), Ar. roberti (H. Milne Edwards 1853) – have carapaces longer than wide (Capart 1951; Abele 1992). Sesarma cruciatum clearly differs from Circulium, Shinobium, Aratus and the three Armases species in the outline of the carapace [longitudinally rectangular in M. cruciatum (Figure 27 (a)), laterally swollen in Circulium (Figure 5 (a)), trapezoidal with anteriorly convergent lateral margins in Shinobium (Figures 8 (a), 10(a)), rectangular in Ar. roberti (Rathbun 1918, pl. 91, fig. 2), and trapezoidal with anteriorly divergent lateral margins in Aratus (Rathbun 1918, pl. 96), Armases ( Ar. angustum (Abele 1977, fig. 5) and Ar. elegans (Capart 1951, fig. 77; Rathbun 1921, pl. 44, fig. 1)]. Sesarma cruciatum is morphologically closest to Labuanium s.s., as the assigment to Labuanium by Serène and Soh (1970) indicates, in the postfrontal lobes produced anteriorly and reaching beyond the frontal margin in dorsal and ventral views (Figures 27 (a), 28). Sesarma cruciatum, however, can be readily distinguished from Labuanium s.s. by the structure of the front and antennular septum [the narrower antennular septum is dorsally overhung by the median concavity of the frontal margin (Figure 28) vs the wider antennular septum exposed and on the same level as the median concavity of the frontal margin in Labuanium s.s. (Figure 2 (b)]; proportionally wider Mxp3 with a short-rhomboidal hiatus between them (Figure 28) (vs more slender mxp3 with a long-rhomboidal hiatus between them in Labuanium s.s., Figure 2 (b)) and more slender ambulatory legs with proportionally longer dactyli (Figure 27 (a) vs Figure 2 (a)). Armases angustum, Ar. elegans and Ar. roberti differ from Se. cruciatum by the postfrontal lobes not produced anteriorly and far from frontal margin in the dorsal view (Abele 1992, fig. 34; Rathbun 1921, pl. 44, fig. 1, pl. 45, fig. 2; Chace and Hobbs 1969, fig. 60, respectively). The differences observed suggest that Se. cruciatum cannot be placed in any of these known genera. As such, the present study establishes a new monotypic genus, Mindanium gen. nov., for Sesarma cruciatum Bürger, 1893 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B15D87DEFFDDBE5A6EDBFD1B0C4E9AE5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Naruse, Tohru;Ng, Peter K. L.	Naruse, Tohru, Ng, Peter K. L. (2020): Revision of the sesarmid crab genera Labuanium Serène and Soh, 1970, Scandarma Schubart, Liu and Cuesta, 2003 and Namlacium Serène and Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new genera and two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 54 (7 - 8): 445-532, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491
B15D87DEFFD2BE596E5FF9940CB69B05.text	B15D87DEFFD2BE596E5FF9940CB69B05.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mindanium cruciatum (Burger 1893) Naruse & Ng 2020	<div><p>Mindanium cruciatum (Bürger, 1893), comb. nov.</p><p>(Figures 27, 28)</p><p>Sesarma cruciatum Bürger, 1893, p. 624, pl. 21, fig. 6 [type locality: Bislig, E. Mindanao, Philippines].</p><p>Sesarma (Sesarma) cruciata: Tesch 1917, p. 142 .</p><p>Labuanium cruciatum: Serène and Soh, 1970, p. 401; Ng et al. 2008a, p. 221; Ng 2012, p. 266.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Holotype. SMF ZMG 623, female 16.3 × 16.6 mm, Bislig, E. Mindanao, Philippines, coll. C. Semper, 1863–1864.</p><p>Redescription of female holotype</p><p>Carapace (Figure 27 (a)) squarish, 1.02 times as wide as long; lateral margins weakly sinuous, convex anteriorly, parallel posteriorly. External orbital tooth blunt, directed anteromesially; 2 epibranchial teeth present, each defined by V-shaped, small incision, lateral margins of these teeth upturned. Dorsal surface slightly convex longitudinally and transversely, regions well defined, glabrous on anterior half, posterolateral to intestinal regions covered with short setae. Front deflexed at anterior margin of postfrontal lobes by more than 90°, distally sloping ventroposteriorly; frontal margin bilobed with wide median concavity, each lobe short, recurved, directed anteriorly, slightly overhanging onto antennular fossae; median concavity ventrally attached by antennular septum (Figure 28). Two pairs of postfrontal lobes (Figure 27 (a)) aligned anteriorly, anterior edge of lobes reaching beyond frontal margin in dorsal view, overhanging onto front; mesial lobes slightly wider than lateral lobes; 1 swelling on posterior of each postfrontal lobe, lateral swelling placed anterior to mesial swelling. Antennular septum (Figure 28) wide, short. Orbit, in dorsal view (Figure 27 (a)), tilted J-shaped, median part of supraorbital margins oblique; infraorbital margin cristate, mesial end forming low, triangular inner orbital tooth. No longitudinal ridge on ventral surface of external orbital angle. Suborbital crista straight, granulated, setose. Suborbital, pterygostomial and subhepatic regions with reticulate mat of setae.</p><p>Epistome long, posterior margin with 3 triangular lobes, lateral lobes directed anteroventrally, median lobe directed ventrally.</p><p>Eye moderately large, with oblique ridge running parallel to border of cornea on anterior surface (when folded); cornea slightly narrower than peduncle. Antennule with rounded basal article. Antenna with wide, ellipsoidal basal article; antenna entering orbit through wide gap between inner orbital tooth and front.</p><p>Mxp3 (Figure 28) with relatively stout subtriangular ischium and ovoid merus, leaving short, wide rhomboidal hiatus betweeh them; flagellum of exopod reaching mesial margin of merus.</p><p>Chelipeds symmetrical (Figure 27 (a)). Merus with subtriangular cross section; upper and lower-inner margins keeled, upper margin with low angle subdistally; lower-inner margin lined with granules, produced subdistally. Carpus rhomboidal, with granulated upper surface, inner angle blunt. Palm with weakly convex outer surface (Figure 27 (b)), granulated except for distal part near bases of fingers, no median protuberance on proximal surface of non-granular part; upper surface (Figure 27 (c)) granulated, but without row of small granules or ridge; inner surface weakly convex, sparsely granulated; thick rim extending along occlusal margin of immovable finger to dactylar articulation on both outer and inner surfaces, thick rims of both outer and inner surfaces not interrupted near dactylar articulation. Immovable finger almost straight, gradually tapering towards tip, occlusal margin with 3 large teeth, of these, proximal and middle teeth attached with 1 smaller tooth each on proximal and distal side, respectively. Movable finger gently curved, occlusal margin with 4 large teeth and smaller teeth; upper surface weakly granulated on outer half, regularly lined with 6 or 7 granules on proximal half of inner side. Both fingers distally terminating in small corneous tips.</p><p>Ambulatory legs (Figure 27 (a)) long, P3 longest. Meri compressed, subrectangular, distal anterior corner weakly falcate, followed proximally by weak angle; propodi with mixture of long, short setae on inner margin: dactyli straight, short, about half length of propodi.</p><p>Pleon not fully expanded. Telson proximally embedded into distal margin of pleonal somite 6.</p><p>Colouration</p><p>Live colouration not known.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Known only from Bislig, east coast of Mindanao, Philippines [type locality].</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B15D87DEFFD2BE596E5FF9940CB69B05	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Naruse, Tohru;Ng, Peter K. L.	Naruse, Tohru, Ng, Peter K. L. (2020): Revision of the sesarmid crab genera Labuanium Serène and Soh, 1970, Scandarma Schubart, Liu and Cuesta, 2003 and Namlacium Serène and Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new genera and two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 54 (7 - 8): 445-532, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491
B15D87DEFFD1BE5E6EEAFBF40FB49A6B.text	B15D87DEFFD1BE5E6EEAFBF40FB49A6B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andamanium Naruse & Ng 2020	<div><p>Genus Andamanium gen. nov.</p><p>Type species</p><p>Sesarma thelxinoe De Man, 1908, by present designation. Gender neuter.</p><p>Included species</p><p>Andamanium thelxinoe (De Man, 1908), comb. nov.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Carapace squarish, wider than long; lateral margins subparallel, with 1 distinct and 1 feeble epibranchial teeth behind external orbital angle; dorsal surface gently convex, regions weakly defined. Front deflexed at anterior margin of postfrontal lobes, distally recurved, directed anteroventrally; frontal margin straight in anterior view, overhanging onto antennular septum and fossae. Two pairs of postfrontal lobes present. Antennular septum wide, short. Orbit, in dorsal view, tilted J-shaped, median part of supraorbital margins oblique; inner orbital tooth triangular, short, directed dorsoanteriorly. No longitudinal ridge on ventral surface of external orbital angle. Epistome posterior margin with 3 triangular lobes, lateral lobes directed anteroventrally, median lobe directed ventrally. Antenna entering orbit through wide gap between inner orbital tooth and front. Mxp3 exopod with distinct flagellum. Chelipeds symmetrical in both male and female; markedly larger in male than in female. Chela palm upper surface with low ridge on proximal half extending from hinge with carpus, no row of granules; outer surface smooth, no granules or protuberance; inner surface without transverse crest; thick rim extending along occlusal margin of immovable finger to dactylar articulation on both outer and inner surfaces, thick rims of both outer and inner surfaces not interrupted near dactylar articulation. Upper-inner margin of movable finger without ornamentation. Ambulatory legs (P2–5) long, slender, dorso-ventrally flattened; distal anterior corner of each merus angled, followed proximally by low convexity; carpi and propodi not distinctly narrower than respective meri; dactyli as long as or longer than half length of respective propodi. Male thoracic sternum transversely wide; thoracic sternite 8 clearly exposed. Male pleon moderately wide, lateral margins of somites 3–5 straight; telson slightly exceeding proximal half of cheliped bases. G1 slender, long, reaching proximal half to distal end of thoracic sternite 5. Vulvae rounded, located on distal two-fifths of sternite 6, anterior margin adjacent to thoracic sternal suture 5/6, with rounded sternal vulval cover developed from lateral margin.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The generic name ‘ Andamanium ’ is derived from an arbitrary combination of Andamans (type locality of the type species) and the suffix for the Labuanium ‘ -ium ’. Gender neuter.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Andamanium gen. nov. is distinct in the family by the combination of the following characters: both the adult male chelipeds are enlarged, the outer surfaces of the chelae are smooth, and the fingers are long, strongly curved such that there is a large gape formed when they are closed (Figure 27 (c)). In small males and females, however, the fingers are short and not prominently curved (De Man 1908, pl. 11(6)). This male cheliped condition as well as the squarish carapace is superficially similar to species of Chiromantes s.s. (see Naruse and Ng 2008), but Andamanium differs markedly from Chiromantes s.s. in its symmetrical chelipeds (vs asymmetrical in Chiromantes s.s., with one chela enlarged and the other one normal) and the presence of epibranchial teeth on the lateral margin of the carapace (vs lateral margin entire in Chiromantes s.s.) (Ng and Liu 1999; Naruse and Ng 2008).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B15D87DEFFD1BE5E6EEAFBF40FB49A6B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Naruse, Tohru;Ng, Peter K. L.	Naruse, Tohru, Ng, Peter K. L. (2020): Revision of the sesarmid crab genera Labuanium Serène and Soh, 1970, Scandarma Schubart, Liu and Cuesta, 2003 and Namlacium Serène and Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new genera and two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 54 (7 - 8): 445-532, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491
B15D87DEFFD6BE236E6FFA1E0EC89FC5.text	B15D87DEFFD6BE236E6FFA1E0EC89FC5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andamanium thelxinoe (De Man 1908) Naruse & Ng 2020	<div><p>Andamanium thelxinoe (De Man, 1908), comb. nov.</p><p>(Figures 29, 30)</p><p>Sesarma thelxinoe De Man, 1908, p. 181, pl. 11 [type locality: Mt. Harriet, South Andaman Islands]; Annandale 1911, p. 1.</p><p>Sesarma (Sesarma) thelxinoe: Tesch 1917, p. 207 .</p><p>Sesarma (Geosesarma) thelxinoe: Serène 1968b, p. 106 .</p><p>Geosesarma thelxinoe: Serène and Soh 1970, p. 403; Ng et al. 2008, p. 221.</p><p>Labuanium finni: Pretzmann 1984, p. 142, pl. 2, figs 6–8. [not Labuanium finni (Alcock, 1900)] Material examined</p><p>ZRC 2018.0057, 8 males, 10.7 × 12.0–16.9 × 19.7 mm, 2 females, 11.5 × 13.2, 12.9 × 15.3 mm, Hill streams from Mt. Harriet, South Andaman Islands, ca. 300–400 m above sea level (asl), evergreen and semi-evergreen forest, coll. I. Das, 20–30 August 1997; RUMF-ZC-3920, 1 male, 14.7 × 16.8 mm, same data as ZRC 2018.0057 .</p><p>Redescription</p><p>Carapace (Figure 29 (a)) squarish, 1.01–1.19 times (mean = 1.14, n = 12) as wide as long; dorsal surface weakly convex longitudinal and transversely, regions slightly defined, H-shaped gastric groove present. Front deflexed at anterior margin of postfrontal lobes, distally recurved, directed anteroventrally; frontal margin straight in anterior view, overhanging onto antennular septum and fossae. Two pairs of postfrontal lobes present, mesial lobes slightly inclined posteriorly towards midline of carapace, lateral lobes anteriorly aligned with lateral part of mesial lobes; mesial lobes about 2 times wider than lateral lobes; anterior edge of all lobes relatively close to, but never reaching, frontal margin in dorsal view. Lateral margins of carapace almost parallel, external orbital angle pointed, directed anteriorly; first epibranchial tooth marked by V-shaped notch, second tooth feeble, only demarcated by small depression; row of setae present just below lateral margin, extending onto orbit anteriorly. Antennular septum wide, short. Orbit, in dorsal view, tilted J-shaped, median part of supraorbital margins oblique; inner orbital tooth triangular, short, directed dorsoanteriorly. Suborbital crista almost straight, lateral end recurved into orbit below external orbital angle. Suborbital, pterygostomial, subhepatic regions with reticulate mat of setae. No longitudinal ridge on ventral surface of external orbital angle.</p><p>Epistome long, posterior margin with 3 triangular lobes, lateral lobes distally sharp, directed anteroventrally, median lobe directed ventrally.</p><p>Eye (Figure 29 (a)) with cornea as wide as base of peduncle; anterior surface of peduncle with oblique ridge. Antennule with wide, laterally long basal article. Antenna with wide, ellipsoidal basal article, distolateral lobe expanded laterally; antenna entering orbit through wide gap between inner orbital tooth and front.</p><p>Mxp3 (Figure 29 (b)) with mesial margins of ischia-merus leaving wide rhomboidal gape; ischium subtriangular, lateral half depressed; merus ovoid, with oblique row of setae. Exopod reaching distal third of merus, with long flagellum.</p><p>Chelipeds symmetrical in both male and female (Figure 29 (a)), markedly larger in male than in female. Male cheliped merus trigonal in cross section; upper, lower-inner and lowerouter margins randomly granulated, upper margin with small, subdistal tooth; outer surface covered with short, transverse rows of granules; mesial surface with longitudinal rows of long setae near lower margin, upper half of mesial surface scattered with short setae. Carpus rhomboidal, upper surface granulated, mesial margin only slightly produced, not pointed. Male palm (Figure 29 (c,d)) large, as long as high, thick; outer surface (Figure 29 (c)) smooth; upper surface (Figure 29 (d)) with low ridge on proximal half extending from hinge with carpus; inner surface weakly granulated medially and subinferiorly; thick rim extending along occlusal margin of immovable finger to dactylar articulation on both outer and inner surfaces not interrupted near dactylar articulation, thick rims become indistinct in large male with swollen palm. Male fingers (Figure 29 (c)) long, leaving ovoid gap when closed; occlusal margins of both fingers with largest teeth subdistally, distally recurved and forming V-shaped corneous ends; movable finger as long as palm, continuously curved downwards, no ornamentations on upper surface of movable finger, even in small males.</p><p>Ambulatory legs (P2–5) (Figure 29 (a)) long, slender, P4 longest. Meri with anterior and posterior margins only slightly convex, distal anterior corner angled, followed proximally by low convexity. Setae on propodi and dactyli longer than those on meri and carpi; distal half of propodi and entire dactyli with mat of dense setae on inner margins in P2–4, P5 with mat of setae only on inner margin of dactylus.</p><p>Male thoracic sternum (Figure 29 (b)) transversely wide, sternites 1–4 fused, but sternites 3/4 demarcated superficially by posteriorly convex shallow groove and row of setae (Figure 29 (b)). Male sternopleonal cavity reaching distal two-fifths of bases of cheliped coxae; margin of sternopleonal cavity on sternite 4 rimmed except for posterior end, posterior end of this rim thick; lateral slope of sternopleonal cavity posterior to nonrimmed part of sternite 4 depressed, accommodating distal end of G 1 in situ. No sternal button for locking mechanism on sternite 5. Penis sternal.</p><p>Male pleonal somites 1 and 2 short, somite 3 widest, somite 4 to proximal two-thirds of somite 6 continuously narrowed; telson longer than wide, proximal margin slightly sunken in distal margin of somite 6 (Figure 30 (a)).</p><p>G1 (Figure 30 (b–d)) slender, almost straight proximally, distally bent ca. 45°, distal end sharply pointed in ventral view, bilobate in mesiodorsal view, subterminal opening on dorsal side. G2 (Figure 30 (e)) short.</p><p>Vulvae (Figure 30 (f)) rounded, located on distal two-fifths of sternite 6, anterior margin adjacent to thoracic sternal suture 5/6, with rounded sternal vulval cover developed from lateral margin.</p><p>Variation</p><p>Gap between fingers is not developed in smaller males (&lt;13.5 × 15.4 mm) or in females.</p><p>Colouration</p><p>Live colouration not known.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Known only from the type locality, Mt. Harriet, South Andaman Islands .</p><p>Remarks</p><p>De Man (1908) described Sesarma thelxinoe from one male (12.8 × 14.4 mm) and two females (11.5 × 13.5, 11.6 × 13. 8 mm). From what we have ascertained, the types are not in Europe, and are probably still in the Indian Museum (present Zoological Survey of India in Kolkata). These specimens were brought by Nelson Annandale, who obtained them from Mt. Harriet, near Port Blair, Andamans, 700 ft. asl. Annandale (1911) later described a rhizocephalan Sesarmaxenos monticola Annandale, 1911, that was parasitising one of the female syntypes. Serène and Soh (1970) later transferred Se. thelxinoe to Geosesarma De Man, 1892 . The species is here referred to its own genus, Andamanium gen. nov.</p><p>Our material collected from the type locality of An. thelxinoe exhibits a remarkable change in the development of a gape between chelal fingers in males, which could be attributed to ontogenetic variation; smaller males (e.g. &lt;13.5 × 15.4 mm) and females lack such a prominent gape between the fingers, but larger males (e.g.&gt; CW 15.5 mm) have a prominent gape between them. In the male syntype (12.8 × 14.4 mm), the gape between the fingers is not yet developed (De Man 1908, pl. 11, fig. 6), which is considered to represent the immature condition.</p><p>Pretzmann (1984, 142, pl. 2, figs 6–8) recorded ‘ Labuanium finni ’ from Bambooflat, South Andaman Islands, but his specimen shows symmetrical chelipeds with a large gape between the fingers (Pretzmann 1984, p. pl. 2, fig. 8); it is clearly conspecific with An. thelxinoe . When the figure of the holotype of Sc. finni (Alcock and McArdle 1903, pl. 66, fig. 1) and our female spcimens of An. thelxinoe, being similar in size to the holotype of Sc. finni, are compared, they clearly differ in the shape of the frontal margin (medially concave vs straight), size of chela (much larger in An. thelxinoe), shape of the carapace (subtrapezoidal with lateral margins divergent posteriorly vs squarish) and subdistal low convexity of the anterior margin of ambulatory meri (not pointed vs pointed). It is clear that Pretzmann’s (1984) specimen is An. thelxinoe, not Labuanium finni .</p><p>In addition to An. thelxinoe, there is a second species of freshwater sesarmid on the South Andaman Islands, Geosesarma starmuehlneri Pretzmann, 1984 . This taxon seems to be a valid species of Geosesarma judging from the description and figures by Pretzmann (1984), and the authors have examined photographs of the holotype male in the Natural History Museum, Vienna, courtesy of the curator, Peter Dworschak.</p><p>Ecological note</p><p>The type specimens of Andamanium thelxinoe were collected from ‘about 700 feet above sea level in a stream running through thick jungle on Mt. Harriet, near Port Blair’ (Annandale 1911, p. 4). One of the two female syntypes was parasitised by rhizocephalan Sesarmaxenos monticola Annandale, 1911 . Rhizocephalans are known to parasitise marine and a few freshwater crustaceans (HØeg and Lützen 1995), which suggests a strong association of the host with aquatic habitats. Pretzmann (1984, p. 142) also noted that the species (as Labuanium finni) was collected from primaeval forest brook running into Dhinkari barrage-lake.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B15D87DEFFD6BE236E6FFA1E0EC89FC5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Naruse, Tohru;Ng, Peter K. L.	Naruse, Tohru, Ng, Peter K. L. (2020): Revision of the sesarmid crab genera Labuanium Serène and Soh, 1970, Scandarma Schubart, Liu and Cuesta, 2003 and Namlacium Serène and Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new genera and two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 54 (7 - 8): 445-532, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491
B15D87DEFFABBE236EFBFEA90E1C9A0F.text	B15D87DEFFABBE236EFBFEA90E1C9A0F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Geosesarma De Man 1892	<div><p>Genus Geosesarma De Man, 1892</p><p>Type species</p><p>Sesarma (Geosesarma) nodulifera De Man, 1892, subsequent designation by Serène and Soh (1970). Gender neuter.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>De Man (1892) established Geosesarma as a subgenus of Sesarma for small-sized species that carry a small number of large eggs (De Man 1892, p. 341). He mentioned the possession of large eggs for Se. (G.) nodulifera De Man, 1892 and two undescribed species, but not for Se. (G.) sylvicola De Man, 1892. One of the two unidentified species was later described as Sesarma nodulifera var. conferta Ortmann, 1894 (now also placed in Geosesarma) (Ng et al. 2015b).</p><p>Geosesarma currently contains 56 species (Ng et al. 2008a, 2015b; Naruse and Jaafar 2009; Schubart and Ng 2014; Ng 2015), and many of them are known to produce a small number of large eggs and to practise direct development (e.g. Soh 1969; Ng and Tan 1995). There are, however, some species that have a large number of small eggs [e.g. G. angustifrons (A. Milne-Edwards 1869), G. hednon Ng, Liu and Schubart, 2004 and G. maculatum (De Man, 1892) (Cai and Ng 2001; Schubart and Ng 2014)]. Serène and Soh (1970, p. 403) also indicated the heterogeneous nature of the genus and questioned the generic position of G. angustifrons (see Remarks on Sc. gracilipes). This issue is also noted in Paulay and Starmer (2011). Ng (1988) recognised three informal species groups within the Geosesarma of Peninsular Malaysia, but there are clearly other groups in the genus (e.g. Manuel-Santos et al. 2016). In addition, many Geosesarma species have never been studied or only poorly studied since their original descriptions, and access to their type material is not always easy, which makes it difficult to revise the genus. The two species here transferred from Labuanium s.l. to Geosesarma are examples of such poorly known species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B15D87DEFFABBE236EFBFEA90E1C9A0F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Naruse, Tohru;Ng, Peter K. L.	Naruse, Tohru, Ng, Peter K. L. (2020): Revision of the sesarmid crab genera Labuanium Serène and Soh, 1970, Scandarma Schubart, Liu and Cuesta, 2003 and Namlacium Serène and Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new genera and two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 54 (7 - 8): 445-532, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491
B15D87DEFFABBE276E45FAEC0E659B9F.text	B15D87DEFFABBE276E45FAEC0E659B9F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Geosesarma demani (Burger 1893) Naruse & Ng 2020	<div><p>Geosesarma demani (Bürger, 1893), comb. nov.</p><p>(Figures 31, 32)</p><p>Sesarma demani Bürger, 1893, p. 625, pl. 21, fig. 7 [type locality: Siargao, Philippines]. Sesarma (Sesarma) demani: De Man 1902, p . 521; Tesch 1917, p. 146.</p><p>Labuanium demani: Serène and Soh 1970, p. 402; Ng et al. 2008a, p. 221.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Lectotype (present designation). SMF ZMG 614, male, 15.4 × 15.3 mm, Dapa, Siargao, Philippines, coll. C. Semper, 1863–1864.</p><p>Paralectotypes. SMF ZMG 614, 1 male, 15.2 × 15.4 mm, 1 female, 11.5 × 11.5 mm, same data as lectotype .</p><p>Redescription</p><p>Carapace (Figure 31 (a)) squarish, as long as wide; dorsal surface with regions distinct, almost glabrous. Front deflexed at anterior margin of postfrontal lobes at more than 90°; frontal margin bilobed with wide median concavity, each lobe recurved, directed anteriorly, slightly overhanging onto antennular fossae, medially attached with antennular septum. Two pairs of postfrontal lobes sharply defined, serrated, mesial lobes wider than lateral lobes, all lobes aligned anteriorly, mesial lobes partially reaching frontal margin in dorsal view; weak rows of tiny granules posterior to each lobe. External orbital angle sharply pointed anteriorly, followed posteriorly by sharp, thin epibranchial tooth and, if present, a small tubercle (vestigial tooth); tip of first epibranchial tooth placed closer to that of external orbital angle than to tip of second epibranchial tooth; lateral margins of carapace almost parallel. Antennular septum narrow, short, dorsally covered by front.</p><p>Orbit, in dorsal view, tilted J-shaped, median part of supraorbital margins oblique; infraorbital margin cristate, with triangular inner orbital tooth, directed dorsoanteriorly. External orbital angle with longitudinal ridge on ventral surface.</p><p>Epistome relatively long, posterior margin with 3 triangular lobes, lateral lobes distally rounded, recurved, directed anteroventrally, median lobe directed ventrally.</p><p>Eye (Figure 31 (a)) bulb-like, distally swollen. Antennule with rounded basal article. Antenna with wide, ellipsoidal basal article, antenna entering orbit through space between inner orbital tooth and front.</p><p>Mxp3 leaving wide gape between mesial margin of ischia and meri; ischium subtriangular, as long as merus; merus ovoid, with oblique depression mesially lined with setae, setose around base of carpus. Exopod reaching proximal half of merus, with long flagellum.</p><p>Male chelipeds (Figure 31 (a)) subequal and similar. Merus short, triangular in cross section, lower-inner margin granulated, expanded into lamellar form on distal half. Carpus granulated, inner surface with 2 teeth. Male palm (Figure 31 (b,c)) swollen, length about 1.5 times height, entirely granulated; upper surface (Figure 31 (c)) without conspicuous ridge or distinct protuberance, but with a few short rows of minute granules; thick rim extending along occlusal margin of immovable finger to dactylar articulation on both outer and inner surfaces, thick rims of both outer and inner surfaces not interrupted near dactylar articulation. Fingers terminating in pointed corneous tip; occlusal margins lined with large and small teeth. Movable finger with 4 ridges on outer, upper and inner surfaces, outer ridge proximally with small granules, second inner ridge with 10–16 granules. Female cheliped weaker than those of male, carpus unarmed on inner surface.</p><p>Ambulatory legs (Figure 31 (a)) relatively long for genus. Meri compressed dorsoventrally, with subparallel anterior and posterior margins, distal corner of anterior margin angled, followed proximally by sharp subequal tooth, margin between distal corner and subdistal tooth convex. P2 and 3 with black, short setae or tufts of soft setae on distal half of propodi and all margins of dactyi; black short setae only on propodi and dactyli of P4 and P5.</p><p>Male thoracic sternum transversely narrow; sternopleonal cavity reaching distal half of bases of cheliped coxae.</p><p>Male pleon (Figure 32 (a)) subtrapezoidal, lateral margins of somites 3–6 sinuous, distal margin of somite 6 concave to accommodate proximal part of telson.</p><p>G1 (Figure 32 (b,c)) slender; terminal process long but relatively wide, flattened and drainpipe-like, directed laterally. G2 (Figure 32 (d)) short.</p><p>Colouration</p><p>Live colouration not known.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Known only from the type locality, Siargao, Philippines (Bürger 1893).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Sesarma demani Bürger, 1893, was originally described on the basis of the three syntypic specimens (two males and one female) from Siargao, off north-east Mindanao, Philippines. De Man (1902) also examined one of the syntypes deposited in the Museum of Göttingen and provided with additional morphological information available at that time (De Man 1902, p. 521). When Serène and Soh (1970) transferred the speciesto Labuanium, they included it in ‘group 1’ together with Se. politum (now referred to Labuanium s.s.), Se. cruciatum (now reassigned to Mindanium) and Se. rotundatum (now transferred to Circulium), emphasising the elongate shape of the male pleon in those species (Figure 32 (a)), a similar shape of the G1 (Figure 32 (b,c)), and the short dactyli of P2–5 (Figure 31 (a)). Sesarma demani, however, differs from Circulium in the squarish carapace outline with parallel lateral margins (Figure 31 (a)) (vs laterally inflated in Circulium, Figure 5 (a)), relatively wide and anteriorly serrated mesial postfrontal lobe (about 2 times wider than lateral lobe) (Figure 31 (a)) (vs mesial postfrontal lobe about 3 times wider than lateral lobes, with only granulated, non-serrated anterior margin in Circulium, Figure 5 (a)), male pleon rectangular, with the lateral margins of somites 3–6 sinuous, subparallel, abruptly narrowed at distal part of somite 6, distal margin of somite 6 deeply concave (Figure 32 (a)) (vs bell shaped, with lateral margins of somites 3–5 forming concavity in Circulium, Figure 6 (c)); and G1 relatively short and slender, with laterally directed long terminal process (Figure 32 (b,c)) (vs G1 relatively long and stout, bent distally, and terminal process short in Circulium). Bürger (1893, p. 625) noted the similarity between Se. demani and L. politum (as Sesarma). Indeed Se. demani resembles Labuanium politum in the serrated anterior margin of the postfrontal lobes, with mesial lobes being about 2 times wider than lateral lobes, longitudinally elongated carapace, and the presence of a row of granules on the upper margin of the cheliped movable finger. Sesarma demani, however, differs markedly from L. politum at the genus level in their ambulatory propodi and dactyli (relatively slender vs wide), male pleon (relatively wide, with deeply concave distal margin of somite 6 vs relatively narrow, with only slightly concave distal margin) and G1 (distal beak like-process short, directed dorsally vs terminal process long, directed laterally). As outlined above, Se. demani cannot be assigned to either Circulium or Labuanium .</p><p>Sesarma demani has a characteristic G1, with a long terminal process that is wide, flattened and drainpipe-like (Figure 32 (b,c)), and in this regard it is linked to the following species of Geosesarma: G. amphinome (De Man, 1899), G. aurantium Ng, 1995 and G. pylaemenes Ng, 2015; Consequently, Se. demani is here transferred to Geosesarma . The diagnostic characters of G. demani from the above three species are carapace shape (about as long as wide vs distinctly wider), shape of male pleon (rectangular vs triangular) and position of the postfrontal lobes (mesial lobes reaching frontal margin vs far behind frontal margin) (De Man 1899, pl. 12 fig. 16, 16b, c for G. amphinome; Ng 1995, fig. 1A, H for G. aurantium, 2015, figs 1A, B, 2A, C, G–K, 3A, 4B, D–G for G. pylaemenes).</p><p>Seven Geosesarma species have been reported from the Philippines: G. vicentense (Rathbun, 1914) (Palaui Island), G. rathbunae (Serène, 1968a) (Panay Island), G. protos Ng and Takeda, 1992 (Mindanao), G. hednon Ng, Liu and Schubart, 2003 (western Cebu), G. lawrencei Manuel-Santos and Yeo, 2007 (Palawan), G. batak Manuel-Santos, Ng and Freitag, 2016 (Palawan) and G. tagbanua Manuel-Santos, Ng and Freitag, 2016 (Palawan) (Manuel-Santos et al. 2016; Ng and Lemaitre 2017). Geosesarma demani is superficially similar to G. lawrencei, G. batak and G. tagbanua, but the former differs from the latter three species in its stouter ambulatory legs, concave distal margin of male pleonal somite 6, and shape of the G1 (Figure 31 (a), 32 vs Manuel-Santos and Yeo 2007, figs 1, 2A, B for G. lawrencei; Manuel-Santos et al. 2016, figs 1A, B, 2A, B, 3A, B, 4 for G. batak and G. tagbanua).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B15D87DEFFABBE276E45FAEC0E659B9F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Naruse, Tohru;Ng, Peter K. L.	Naruse, Tohru, Ng, Peter K. L. (2020): Revision of the sesarmid crab genera Labuanium Serène and Soh, 1970, Scandarma Schubart, Liu and Cuesta, 2003 and Namlacium Serène and Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new genera and two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 54 (7 - 8): 445-532, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491
B15D87DEFFAFBE2B6E7DFA9A0CA79AAF.text	B15D87DEFFAFBE2B6E7DFA9A0CA79AAF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Geosesarma sinuofrontatum (Roux 1933) Naruse & Ng 2020	<div><p>Geosesarma sinuofrontatum (Roux, 1933), comb. nov.</p><p>(Figures 33, 34)</p><p>Sesarma (Sesarma) sinuofrontata Roux, 1933, p. 14, figs 1, 2 [type locality: Triton Bay, Indonesian West Papua].</p><p>Labuanium sinuatifrontatum: Serène and Soh 1970, p. 406; Ng et al. 2008a, p. 221 (misspelling of Sesarma (Sesarma) sinuofrontata Roux, 1933).</p><p>? Labuanium aff. sinuatifrontatum: Serène et al. 1974, p. 26 (misspelling of Sesarma (Sesarma) sinuofrontata Roux, 1933).</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Holotype, RBINS, male, 11.6 × 11.6 mm, Tritonbaai (= Triton Bay), Indonesian West Papua, coll. 21 March 1929.</p><p>Redescription of holotype</p><p>Carapace (Figure 33 (a)) quadrate, as long as wide, lateral margins almost parallel. Dorsal surface almost flat, glabrous, regions moderately defined. Posterolateral regions sloping posterolaterally. Front deflexed at anterior margin of postfrontal lobes, distally recurved, directed anteriorly, frontal margin bilobed with wide median concavity, overhanging onto antennular septum and fossae. Two pairs of postfrontal lobes present, mesial lobes horizontal, lateral lobes oblique, exceeding mesial lobes anteriorly, anterior margins of all lobes relatively close to, but never reaching to, frontal margin in dorsal view, all lobes followed posteriorly by short horizontal rows of small granules. External orbital angle sharp, directed anteriorly, lateral margin with distinct epibranchial tooth and traces of 1 rudimentary epibranchial tooth. Antennular septum narrow, short, dorsally covered by front. Orbit, in dorsal view, tilted J-shaped, median part of supraorbital margins slightly oblique; infraorbital margin cristate, with sharp triangular inner orbital tooth, directed dorsoanteriorly. Suborbital crista slightly arched, convex posteriorly, granulated, setose. Suborbital, pterygostomial, subhepatic regions with reticulate mat of setae. No longitudinal ridge on ventral surface of external orbital angle.</p><p>Epistome relatively long, posterior margin with 3 triangular lobes, lateral lobes distally rounded, recurved, directed ventrally, median lobe directed ventroposteriorly.</p><p>Eye (Figure 33 (a,c)) with stout peduncle, cornea narrower than peduncle. Antennule with wide, laterally long basal article. Antenna with wide, ellipsoidal basal article, distolateral lobe expanded laterally; antenna entering orbit through space between inner orbital tooth and front.</p><p>Mxp3 leaving wide gape between mesial margins of ischia and meri; ischium subtriangular, as long as merus; merus ovoid, with oblique depression mesially lined with setae, setose around base of carpus. Exopod reaching distal third of merus, with long flagellum.</p><p>Male chelipeds (Figure 33 (a)) subequal. Cheliped merus with trigonal cross section; upper margin lined with low granules, angled subdistally; lower-inner margin keeled, weakly serrate, subdistally expanded to form rounded lobe; lower-outer margin serrate, with distal sub-pentagonal hinge for carpus; outer surface with short rows of granules; inner surface smooth, with 2 longitudinal rows of soft setae. Carpus with granulated upper surface, inner angle bluntly produced, angle connected downward to low keel. Palm of chela convex, outer surface (Figure 33 (b)) granulated, distal region of palm (from base of movable finger to immovable finger) without granules, smooth, no median protuberance on proximal area to this region. Upper surface (Figure 33 (c)) with a few, longitudinal rows of small granules, these rows never throughout the length of upper surface. Inner surface convex, sparsely granulated; thick rim extending along occlusal margin of immovable finger to dactylar articulation on both outer and inner surfaces, thick rims of both outer and inner surfaces not interrupted near dactylar articulation. Immovable finger almost straight, gradually narrowed towards tip, 3 largest teeth on distal three-fifths, small teeth on proximal two-fifths. Occlusal margins of both fingers sharply pointed but hoof-like on occlusal side. Movable finger gently curved downwards, occlusal margin with 2 largest teeth on distal half, smaller teeth on proximal quarter; inner side of upper margin lined with ca. 8 very low granules on proximal half. Immovable finger with 3 large teeth, 2 largest teeth of movable finger meeting them when fingers closed.</p><p>Ambulatory legs (Figure 33 (a)) moderately long, stout for genus, P4 longest. Small tufts of soft setae on anterior surface of P2, 3 coxae. Meri upper surface wide, compressed dorso-ventrally, oblong, distal corner of anterior margin angled, followed proximally by short tooth, posterior margin extended posteriorly into lamellar form in ventral view. Propodi gradually narrowed distally; inner surfaces with mat of short, soft setae, mat denser in anterior legs, covering distal four-fifths on P2, 3, distal half on P4, limited distal part on P5; outer surface with sparse setae in P2–5. Dactyli gently curved distally, P2–4 with dense mats of soft setae on both outer, inner surfaces, mat on outer surface only in P5.</p><p>Male thoracic sternum transversely narrow, thoracic sternites 1–4 fused, 2/3, 3/4 demarcated superficially by anteriorly produced crista, horizontal groove, respectively. Male sternopleonal cavity reaching distal two-fifths of bases of cheliped coxae; margin of sternopleonal cavity on somite 4 rimmed except for posterior end, posterior end of rim thick; lateral slope of sternopleonal cavity posterior to non-rimmed part on sternite 4 depressed, accomodating distal end of G 1 in situ. No sternal button for locking mechanism on sternite 5. Penis sternal.</p><p>Male pleonal somites 1, 2 short, wide; somite 3 widest, somites 4–6 with undulate lateral margins; telson rounded distally, slightly longer than somite 6 (Figure 34 (a)).</p><p>G1 (Figure 34 (b,c)) slender, almost straight proximally, distally bent perpendicularly, distal end sharp in ventral view, spartular in mesiodistal view, opening on subdistal part of dorsal side. G2 (Figure 34 (d)) short, as long as bent part of G1.</p><p>Colouration</p><p>Live colouration not known.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Known only from the type locality, Triton Bay, Indonesian West Papua.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Sesarma (Sesarma) sinuofrontata (Roux, 1933) is known only from a small male holotype (11.6 × 11.6 mm) collected from Tritonbaai, southern New Guinea (present day Indonesian West Papua). Serène and Soh (1970, p. 406) questionably assigned this species to Labuanium (the specific name was misspelled as ‘ sunuatifrontatum ’), and this generic assignment was followed by Ng et al. (2008a). Roux (1933) already noted that his new species resembled Labuanium politum and Sesarmops weberi in the elongated and flattened carapace, medially depressed frontal margin, mesial postfrontal lobes being wider than lateral lobes, subparallel lateral margins of the carapace, and simply angled distal anterior corners of ambulatory meri. Sesarma sinuofrontatum, however, differs from L. politum at the genus level by the position of the postfrontal margin (far behind frontal margin, Figure 33 (a); vs partially reaching frontal margin in Labuanium, Figure 2), the relatively narrow antennular septum that is overhung by the front (vs antennular septum wide, attached to medial concave part of frontal margin and on same level with it in Labuanium, Figure 2 (b)), and the shape of the G1 (slender, gradually curved outward, tapering in sharp point, Figure 34 (b,c); vs stout and straight in Labuanium, Figure 4 (b,c)). Sesarma sinuofrontatum also differs from Sesarmops weberi at the genus level in the shape of the male pleon (rectangular, with lateral margins of somites 3–6 sinuous, Figure 34 (a); vs subtriangular, with lateral margins gradually divergent proximally in Sesarmops, Figure 13 (c), 14(a)) and the shape of the G1 (slender, gradually curved outward, tapering sharply, Figure 34 (b,c); vs stout, almost straight, with laterally directed distal corneous beak-like process in Sesarmops, Figure 14 (b–d)).</p><p>As described above, Se. sinuofrontatum has a characteristic G1, with a long terminal process that is tapering and smoothly bent outwards at 90°, which links this species to Geosesarma . The G1 of G. noduliferum (De Man, 1892) and G. serenei Ng, 1986, is superficially similar to that of G. sinuofrontatum, but the former two species differ from G. demani in the degree of the curvature of the terminal process of the G1 (weakly bent outwards in the former two species vs bent at 90° in G. sinuofrontatum) (Figure 34 (b,c); Ng 1986, fig. 2; Ng et al. 2015b, fig. 2A–C). In any case, G. serenei and its allied species do not have a flagellum on the exopod of the Mxp3 (see Ng 2017). On the basis of the similarity in the G1 structure to those two species, Se. sinuofrontatum is here reassigned to Geosesarma .</p><p>Four species of Geosesarma are known from Indonesian West Papua and adjacent islands: G. gordonae (Serène, 1968) (Fakfak, West Papua), G. ianthina Pretzmann, 1985 (Wendessi (Windesi?), West Papua), G. maculatum (De Man, 1892) (Halmahera) and G. ternatense (Serène, 1968) (Ternate Islands). Geosesarma sinuofrontatum can be easily distinguished from G. gordonae, G. maculatum and G. ternatense by the shape of the terminal process of the G1 (Figure 34 (b,c) vs Ng et al. 2004, figs 4, 7 for G. maculatum and G. ternatense; Serène 1968a, figs 9–11 for G. gordonae and G. maculatum). The G1 of G. ianthina remains to be described, but the species differs from G. sinuofrontatum in the V-shaped median notch of the frontal margin (vs shallow U-shaped notch) (Pretzmann 1985, fig. 1; Figure 33 (a)).</p><p>Another very different looking sesarmid species, Karstarma waigeo Wowor and Ng, 2009, with very long ambulatory legs has also been described from the coastal karst forests of Triton Bay (Wowor and Ng 2009). Karstarma species, however, have very elongate P2–5 with the carapace distinctly trapezoidal (Davie and Ng 2007).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B15D87DEFFAFBE2B6E7DFA9A0CA79AAF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Naruse, Tohru;Ng, Peter K. L.	Naruse, Tohru, Ng, Peter K. L. (2020): Revision of the sesarmid crab genera Labuanium Serène and Soh, 1970, Scandarma Schubart, Liu and Cuesta, 2003 and Namlacium Serène and Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new genera and two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 54 (7 - 8): 445-532, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491
B15D87DEFFA3BE296EACFA4A0B609D87.text	B15D87DEFFA3BE296EACFA4A0B609D87.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Namlacium Serene and Soh 1970	<div><p>Genus Namlacium Serène and Soh, 1970</p><p>Namlacium Serène and Soh, 1970, p. 404; Manning and Holthuis 1981, p. 242; Ng et al. 2008a, p. 221; Ng et al. 2017, p. 102.</p><p>Type species</p><p>Sesarma crepidatum Calman, 1925, by original designation. Gender neuter.</p><p>Included species</p><p>Namlacium crepidatum (Calman, 1925) .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Carapace subcircular, wider than long; lateral margins convex, external orbital angle very sharp, long, weakly upcurved distally, directed anteriorly, no trace of epibranchial tooth; dorsal surface weakly convex longitudinally and transversely, glabrous, regions moderately defined. Front narrow, about one-third of frontorbital width, deflexed at anterior margin of postfrontal lobes, distally recurved, directed anteriorly; frontal margin entire, straight in dorsal view, overhanging onto antennular septum and fossae. One pair of postfrontal lobes present, these lobes far from frontal margin; lateral part of front with longitudinal low cristae consisting of row of 3 small granules. Antennular septum narrow, short. Orbit, in dorsal view, deep J-shaped, median part of supraorbital margin strongly oblique; inner orbital tooth short, directed dorsoanteriorly. No longitudinal ridge on ventral surface of external orbital angle. Epistome posterior margin with 3 triangular lobes, lateral lobes directed anteroventrally, median lobe directed ventrally. Antenna entering orbit through wide gap between inner orbital tooth and front. Mxp3 exopod with distinct flagellum. Chela palm of male with short to long, interrupted longitudinal rows of weak granules on upper surface extending from hinge with carpus to inner base of dactylus; granules scattered on upper to outer surfaces larger than those forming longitudinal rows; outer surface generally convex, granulated, except for slightly depressed area around base of fingers, low oblique protuberance proximal to this depressed area; inner surface with C-shaped row of large tubercles extending from distal upper corner to median part of palm; thick rim extending along occlusal margin of immovable finger to dactylar articulation on both outer and inner surface, thick rims of both outer and inner surfaces not interrupted near dactylar articulation. Upper-inner margin of movable finger with sparse, low granules over proximal half. Ambulatory legs (P2–5) long, dorso-ventrally flattened, slender; distal anterior corner of meri forming distinct triangular projection, both anterior and posterior margins bearing sharp subdistal tooth; carpi and propodi not distinctly narrower than respective meri; dactyli very short, shorter than about quarter length of respective propodi, proximally bent inward almost at 90°, extensor surface covered with dense mat of brush-like, stiff setae. Male thoracic sternites transversely wide; sternite 8 clearly exposed. Male pleon wide, lateral margins of somite 3 to proximal two-thirds of somite 6 straight; telson reaching proximal half of bases of cheliped coxae. G1 short, stout, slightly constricted medially, slightly curved outward distally, distally with corneous, rectangular beak-like process, this process directed distolaterally.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>When Calman (1925) described Sesarma crepidatum, he noted that the generic assignment of this species to Sesarma was provisional. Serène and Soh (1970) agreed and referred it to a monotypic new genus, Namlacium, commenting that the genus was close to Labuanium in many key characters and that they may eventually be found synonymous. However, the species is one of the most distinctive in Sesarmidae because of the sharply pointed external orbital angle, inflated lateral margins of the carapace, and markedly short, proximally bent dactylus of the ambulatory legs with dense mat of brushlike setae on extensor surface.</p><p>Although Serène and Soh (1970) believed that Namlacium was closely related to Labuanium, the two genera are actually quite distinct from each other in a number of characters in addition to the above-mentioned characters – that is, the outline of the carapace (subcircular with convex lateral margins, and wider than long in Namlacium, Figure 35 (a); vs elongated, rectangular, longer than wide in Labuanium, Figure 2 (a)), the structure of the front and antennular septum (narrow antennular septum overhung by the frontal margin in Namlacium, Figure 35 (a); vs wide antennular septum exposed and attached to the median concavity of frontal margin in Labuanium, Figure 2 (b)), the structure of the postfrontal lobes (divided into two lobes, far from frontal margin in Namlacium, Figure 35 (a); vs divided into four lobes, projected anteriorly and overhanging frontal margin in Labuanium, Figure 2 (a)), ambulatory legs (more slender ambulatory legs with dactyli being bent proximally at 90° in Namlacium, Figure 36 (d, e); vs wider ambulatory legs with straight dactyli in Labuanium, Figure 2 (a)) and male pleon (wide in Namlacium, Figure 37 (a); vs narrow in Labuanium, Figure 4 (a)).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B15D87DEFFA3BE296EACFA4A0B609D87	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Naruse, Tohru;Ng, Peter K. L.	Naruse, Tohru, Ng, Peter K. L. (2020): Revision of the sesarmid crab genera Labuanium Serène and Soh, 1970, Scandarma Schubart, Liu and Cuesta, 2003 and Namlacium Serène and Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new genera and two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 54 (7 - 8): 445-532, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491
B15D87DEFFA1BE326E94FD720B4F9FE2.text	B15D87DEFFA1BE326E94FD720B4F9FE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Namlacium crepidatum (Calman 1925)	<div><p>Namlacium crepidatum (Calman, 1925)</p><p>(Figures 35–37)</p><p>Sesarma crepidatum Calman, 1925, p. 454 [type locality: Papua New Guinea].</p><p>Namlacium crepidatum: Serène and Soh 1970, p. 404; Manning and Holthuis 1981, p. 242; Ng et al. 2008a, p. 221.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Holotype. NHM 1925.1.29.1, male, 12.5 × 15.4 mm, Papua New Guinea, coll. P.J. de Verteuil, 30 May 1924.</p><p>Redescription</p><p>Carapace (Figure 35 (a)) subcircular with convex lateral margins, 1.23 times as wide as long. Dorsal surface weakly convex longitudinally and transversely, glabrous, regions moderately defined. Posterolateral regions sloping. Front narrow, entire, about one-third of frontorbital width, deflexed at anterior margin of postfrontal lobes, distally recurved, directed anteriorly; frontal margin entire, straight in dorsal view, overhanging onto antennular septum and fossae (Figure 36 (a)). One pair of postfrontal lobes present, these lobes far from frontal margin; lateral part of front with longitudinal low cristae consisting of row of 3 small granules. External orbital angle very sharp, long, weakly upcurved distally, directed anteriorly; no trace of epibranchial tooth. Antennular septum (Figure 36 (a)) narrow, short. Orbit, in dorsal view, deep J-shaped, median part of supraorbital margins oblique (Figure 35 (a)); infraorbital margin (Figure 36 (a)) cristate, with triangular inner orbital tooth, directed anteriorly. Suborbital crista straight, granulated, setose. Suborbital, pterygostomial, subhepatic regions with reticulate mat of setae. No longitudinal ridge on ventral surface of external orbital angle.</p><p>Epistome (Figure 36 (a)) relatively long, posterior margin with 3 triangular lobes, lateral lobes sharply pointed, directed anteroventrally, median lobe directed ventrally. Endostomial ridge developed from mesial margin of posterolateral lobe of epistome.</p><p>Eye (Figures 35 (a), 36(a)) large; cornea dilated. Antennule with narrow, vertically high basal article. Antenna with small basal article, distolateral lobe narrow, short; antenna entering orbit through space between inner orbital tooth and front.</p><p>Mxp3 (Figure 35 (b)) leaving wide gape between mesial margins of ischiaand meri; ischium rectangular, as long as merus; merus ovoid, with oblique depression mesially lined with setae, setose around base of carpus; dactylus missing. Exopod reaching distal third of merus, with long flagellum reaching mesial margin of merus.</p><p>Chelipeds (Figures 35, 36 (a)) subequal and similar. Meri with trigonal cross section; upper margin weakly cristate, granulate; except for distal end; lower-inner margin sparsely serrate; lower-outer margin weakly cristate, sparsely serrate distally; outer surface with short rows of granules; inner surface smooth, with one longitudinal row of soft setae near lower margin. Carpi (Figure 36 (c)) rhomboidal in upper view, inner angle rounded, inner margin with tuft of long setae on posterior to inner angle. Palm of chela swollen; upper surface (Figure 36 (a,c)) with short to long, interrupted longitudinal rows of weak granules on upper surface extending from hinge with carpus to inner base of dactylus; granules scattered on upper to outer surfaces larger than those forming longitudinal rows; outer surface (Figure 36 (b)) generally convex, granulated (granules becoming smaller on lower part) except for slightly depressed area around base of fingers, low oblique protuberance proximal to this depressed area; inner surface convex, upper half smooth, lower half granulated, bearing C-shaped row of large tubercles extending from inner side of distal upper corner to median part of inner surface of palm; thick rim extending along occlusal margin of immovable finger to dactylar articulation on both outer and inner surfaces, thick rims of both outer and inner surfaces not interrupted near dactylar articulation. Immovable finger almost straight, directed slightly downwards, gradually tapering, occlusal margin with 2 large teeth submedially, slightly smaller tooth subdistally, and much smaller teeth on proximal quarter; movable finger gently arched, occlusal margin bearing large tooth subdistally, smaller teeth on proximal twofifths, margin between subdistal and proximal teeth concave; upper margin sparsely lined with low granules over proximal half; tips of both fingers corneous, sharply pointed but weakly hoof-like on occlusal side; largest tooth of movable finger located posterior to second largest tooth of immovable finger when fingers closed.</p><p>Ambulatory legs (Figures 35 (a), 36(d,e)) very long, slender, P3 and 4 longest. Small tufts of soft setae on anterior surfaces of P2–5 coxae. Meri strongly compressed, and then upper surface narrow; distal anterior corner of merus forming strong triangular projection, anterior and posterior margins bearing sharp subdistal tooth on each P2–5, followed proximally by weak, sparse serration in P2–4, smooth in P5. Carpi outer margin sparsely lined with weak granules. Propodi each with subparallel inner and outer margins; inner surfaces lined with rows of long setae. Dactyli very short, proximally bent inward almost perpendicularly, extensor surface covered with dense mat of brushlike, stiff setae.</p><p>Male thoracic sternum (Figure 35 (b)) transversely wide, thoracic sternites 1–4 fused, sternites 2/3 and 3/4 demarcated superficially by anteriorly convex and concave grooves, respectively. Sternopleonal cavity reaching proximal half of bases of cheliped coxae; margin of sternopleonal cavity on somite 4 rimmed except for posterior end, posterior end of this rim thickened; lateral slope of sternopleonal cavity posterior to non-rimmed part of sternite 4 depressed, accomodating distal end of G 1 in situ. No sternal button for locking mechanism on sternite 5. Penis sternal.</p><p>Male pleonal somites 1, 2 short, similarly wide; somite 3 widest, somite 3 to proximal two-thirds of somite 6 gradually narrowed, lateral margins almost straight; telson rounded distally, slightly longer than somite 6 (Figures 35 (b), 37(a)).</p><p>G1 (Figure 37 (b,c)) short, stout, slightly constricted medially, slightly curved outward distally, terminal process corneous, rectangularly beak-like, directed distolaterally. G2 (Figure 37 (d)) short.</p><p>Colouration</p><p>Living colouration not known.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Known only from the type locality, Papua New Guinea. In describing this species, Calman (1925, p. 454) stated only that</p><p>The specimen described below was collected in New Guinea by Mr. P.J. de Verteuil and was presented to the Museum by the Imperial Bureau of Entomology. Unfortunately, there is no information as to the exact locality, habitat, or habits of the crab.</p><p>A search of the literature shows that there was a well-known geologist by the name of J. P. de Vertueil who worked in the eastern part of the island of New Guinea (today Papua New Guinea) searching for oil and gas deposits in the 1920s to 1930s (Gray and de Verteuil 1930; Mayo and de Verteuil 1930a, 1930b, 1930c; Mayo et al. 1930a, 1930b; de Verteuil 1930). This is almost certainly the same man as Calman’s ‘P.J. de Verteuil’, and as such, we are quite certain the type specimen of this species was collected somewhere in the eastern part of what is today Papua New Guinea.</p><p>Ecological note</p><p>Calman (1925, p. 456) writes: ‘the remarkable furred moccasins on its feet are unlike anything known to me among the Brachyura, and have the appearance of being an adaptation to running over soft mud’. Serène and Soh (1970) noted that the dense brushes of setae on the ambulatory dactyli were not different from those in species at that time assigned to Labuanium, but they are incorrect. The ambulatory setae are much denser and concentrated on the extensor margin of the dactylus in Namlacium (vs more evenly spread and denser on the flexor margins in Labuanium s.l.). It is not known whether N. crepidatum has arboreal habits, but the short ambulatory dactyli would suggest so. So far, all sesarmid species which have short to very short ambulatory dactyli are known to have arboreal tendencies or habits (see also Schubart et al. 2009; Li et al. 2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B15D87DEFFA1BE326E94FD720B4F9FE2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Naruse, Tohru;Ng, Peter K. L.	Naruse, Tohru, Ng, Peter K. L. (2020): Revision of the sesarmid crab genera Labuanium Serène and Soh, 1970, Scandarma Schubart, Liu and Cuesta, 2003 and Namlacium Serène and Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new genera and two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 54 (7 - 8): 445-532, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491
