taxonID	type	description	language	source
B01187F0FFB6FFD1FF7E792FFC6DFE4A.taxon	description	Turris (Gemmula) congener. — Melvill 1917: 144.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFB6FFD1FF7E792FFC6DFE4A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. ECS. 1 spm, RN MBM 028715, CN F 13 B- 16, 30 º 00´N, 124 º 00´E, 63 m, AT, 24. X. 1959. Beibu Gulf. 1 spm, CN R 124 B- 70, 20 º 45´N, 108 º 00´E, silt, 39 m, AT, coll. B. Zhang & W. Yuan, 14. XII. 1959; 1 spm, CN Q 136 - 23, 20 º 15´N, 107 º 00´E, muddy sand, 31 m, AT, coll. F. Sun, 1. II. 1960; 1 spm, CN X 72 B- 43, 19 º 00´N, 106 º 00´E, muddy sand, 28 m, coll. Fan, 11. II. 1960; 1 spm, CN Z 14 B- 28, 19 º 00´N, 108 º 00´E, fine sandy mud, 73.5 m, 16. V. 1960; 2 spms, CN X 23 B- 52, 19 º 00´N, 106 º 30´E, sandy mud, 41 m, AT, 8. XII. 1959; 1 spm, CN Q 247 B- 4, 20 º 45´N, 107 º 30´E, silt, 31 m, AT, 16. VII. 1960; 1 spm, CN R 107 - 57, 20 º 00´N, 107 º 00´E, muddy fine sand, 36 m, AT, 5. XII, 1959; 1 spm, CN X 63 B 27, 19 º 30´N, 108 º 30´E, fine sandy silt, 55.5 m, AT, 9. II. 1960. SCS. 2 spms, CN K 118 B- 34, 20 º 30´N, 112 º 00´E, sandy mud, 72 m, 6. II. 1960; 1 spm, CN S 187 B- 11, 21 º 30´N, 115 º 00´E, sandy mud, 86.6, AT, 9. I. 1960; 1 spm, CN N 143 B- 16, 17 º 30´N, 110 º 00´E, sandy mud, 140 m, AT, 10. III. 1960. Nansha Islands. 8 spms, CN SSIVB 49 - 8, 5 º 15´N, 108 º 45´E, muddy sand, 111 m, AT, 16. V. 1987; 1 spm, CN SSIV 45 - 21, 4 º 00´N, 110 º 00´E, muddy sand, 99 m, AT, 15. V. 1987; 1 spm, CN SSVIIIB 10 - 15, 8 º 52´N, 108 º 40´E, sand, 94 m, 10. VI. 1990; 1 spm, CN SSVIII 8 - 16, 7 º 24´N, 104 º 52´E, muddy sand, 44 m, AT, 9. VI. 1990; 1 spm, CN SSB- 2, 5 º 30´N, 112 º 00´E, 142 m, 23. IX. 1994; 1 spm, CN SSB 9 - 2, 4 º 30´N, 109 º 30´E, 108 m, 23. IX. 1994. PLATE 1. Species of Subfamily Turrinae, fig. 1. Gemmula (Gemmula) congener (CN X 72 B- 43); 2 - 3. G. (Gemmula) cosmoi (CN K 164 B- 28 - 1); 4. G. (Gemmula) kieneri (CN SSBII 15 - 9 - 1); 5 - 6. G. flata sp. nov. (holotype, CN 7 - 20); 7. Lophiotoma hastula (CN S 148 - B 18 - 1); 8. Lophiotoma ina (CN 59 - 1 - 26); 9. Lophiotoma koolhoveni (CN X 84 B- 31).	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFB6FFD1FF7E792FFC6DFE4A.taxon	description	Measurements (mm).	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFB6FFD1FF7E792FFC6DFE4A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. East China Sea, Beibu Gulf, northern South China Sea and Nansha Islands; Japan.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFB6FFD1FF7E792FFC6DFE4A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The present specimens agree well with the figure reported by Cernohorsky (1987: 123, fig. 4). Cernohorsky (1987) suggested that the development of the bicarinate subsutural cord is variable in Gemmula congener (E. A. Smith, 1894), and that G. r a r i m a c u l a t a Kuroda & Oyama 1971 is a synonym. We do not agree with Cernohorsky (1987) because G. congener has distinctly broader shell than G. rarimaculata, and the details of shell sculpture of the two species is different. Powell (1964) reported three recent subspecies of Gemmula congener: G. c. cosmoi (Sykes, 1930), G. c. diomedea Powell, 1964, and type subspecies G. c. congener (E. A. Smith, 1894). They were evaluated as separated species more recently by Cernohorsky (1987) and Kilburn (1983).	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFB0FFD3FF7E7F15FDB6F817.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. ECS. 3 spms, CN F 14 B- 31, 29 º 30´N, 124 º 00´E, fine sand, 70 m, AT, 24. X. 1959; 1 spm, 30 º 00´N, 123 º 30´E, muddy sand, 60 m, 8. XII. 1959. Beibu Gulf. 1 spm, CN R 10 H- 15, 20 º 00´N, 108 º 30´E, 60.5 m, clay, AT, 4. XI. 1959; 1 spm, CN Y 51 B- 24, 19 º 45´N, 108 º 00´E, 57 m, muddy sand, AT, 4. II. 1960; 1 spm, CN K 255 B- 2 A, 19 º 30´N, 108 º 00´E, 70 m, muddy sand, 14 X. 1960; 1 spm, CN Y 97 B- 71, 19 º 45´N, 108 º 30´E, 62 m, muddy sand, AT, 18. IV. 1960; 1 spm, 19 º 00´N, 108 º 00´E, 58.9 m, 6. VII. 1960. SCS. 14 spms, CN K 33 B- 16, 19 º 30´N, 113 º 00´E, 180 m, muddy fine sand, AT, 21. IV. 1959; 1 spm, CN K 164 B- 28, 20 º 00´N, 113 º 30´E, 129 m, muddy sand, AT, 9. IV. 1960. Nansha Islands. 2 spms, CN SSBV 19 - 9, 5 º 35´N, 114 º 51´E, 206 m, AT, 29. VII. 1988; 4 spms, CN Ns 2 B- 2, 5 º 00´N, 110 º 00´E, 136 m, 6. XII. 1993; 19 spms, CN Ns 5 B- 6, 146 m, sandy mud; 5 spms, CN SSB 2 - 6, 8 º 30´N, 109 º 00´E, 143 m, 17. IX. 1994; 1 spm, CN Ns 5 B- 6, 5 º 30´N, 112 º 00´E, muddy sand, 146 m, 10. XII. 1993; 1 spm, CN SSBIV-, 5 º 00´N, 110 º 00´E, 167 m, AT, 5. V. 1987; 1 spm, CN SSAIV- 3, 5 º 16´N, 114 º 10´E, sandy mud, 173 m, 9. V. 1987; 2 spms, CN SSBV- 9, 4 º 55´N, 113 º 20´E, muddy sand & shell debris, AT, 1. VIII. 1988; 1 spm, CN SSBIV- 27, 5 º 30´N, 110 º 18´E, 167 m, AT, 15. V. 1987; 7 spms, CN SSB 8 - 10, 5 º 30´N, 110 º 30´E, 224 m, 22. IX. 1994; 2 spm, CN SSBII 25 - 17, 5 º 40´N, 112 º 06´E, muddy sand, 170 m, AT, 31. VII. 1988; 14 spms, CN K 33 B- 16, 19 º 30´N, 113 º 00´E, muddy fine sand, 180 m, AT, 21. IV. 1959; 1 spm, CN K 143 B- 41, 18 º 30´N, 111 º 30´E, sandy mud, 182 m, AT, 11. IV. 1959.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFB0FFD3FF7E7F15FDB6F817.taxon	description	Measurements (mm).	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFB0FFD3FF7E7F15FDB6F817.taxon	distribution	Distribution. East China Sea, Beibu Gulf, South China Sea and Nansha Islands; Philippines. Remarks. Powell (1964) considered this species to be endemic to Japan, and Kilburn (1983) reported this species also from Natal and Southern Mozambique. Cernohorsky (1987) extended the geographic range into Malagasy.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFB0FFD3FF7E7F15FDB6F817.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. SCS. 1 spm, CN SIII 11 B- 89, 21 º 45´N, 114 º 30´E, silty mud, 62.4 m, AT, 11. VII. 1959; 1 spm, CN SIII 14 B- 74, 22 º 15´N, 115 º 00´E, sandy mud, 42 m, AT, 13. VII. 1959; 1 spm, CN SIII 5 B- 34, 21 º 30´N, 114 º 00´E, silty mud, 75.5 m, AT, 10. VII. 1959; 1 spm, CN Q 44 B- 47, 17 º 30´N, 109 º 00´E, silty mud, 92 m, AT, 11. IV. 1959; 1 spm, CN N 172 - 39, 19 º 00´N, 111 º 30´E, sandy mud, 162 m, AT, 7. IV. 1960; 1 spm, CN S 210 B- 50, 21 º 30´N, 114 º 30´E, silty mud, AT, 8. IV. 1960; 1 spm, N 181 B- 59, 20 º 00´N, 111 º 15´E, silty mud, 50 m, BT, 9. IV. 1960; 1 spm, CN S 191 B- 16, 21 º 30´N, 114 º 30´E, silty mud, 75 m, AT, 9. I. 1960; 1 spm, CN N 147 B- 14, 18 º 12´N, 109 º 45´E, sandy mud, 64 m, BT, 10. III. 1960; 1 spm, CN 10 - 32, 17 º 30´N, 110 º 00´E, silty mud, 168 m, At, 28. I. 1959; 1 spm, CN N 98 B- 98, 20 º 00´N, 111 º 15´E, sandy mud, 44 m, AT, 29. X. 1959; 1 spm, CN Q 118 B- 67, 22 º 45´N, 116 º 00´E, fine sandy mud, 23 m, AT, 10. I. 1960; 1 spm, CN R 36 B- 6, 18 º 00´N, 109 º 30´E, muddy sand, 70 m, AT, 14. VII. 1959; 1 spm, CN N 138 B- 67, 18 º 30´N, 110 º 15´E, silty mud, 51.5 m, BT, 9. III. 1960; 3 spms, CN N 48 B- 72, 21 º 00´N, 108 º 30´E, silty mud, 35 m, AT, 20. IV. 1959.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFB0FFD3FF7E7F15FDB6F817.taxon	description	Measurements (mm).	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFB0FFD3FF7E7F15FDB6F817.taxon	distribution	Distribution. South China Sea; Australia. Not previously recorded from China seas.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFB0FFD3FF7E7F15FDB6F817.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The specimens are smaller in size than the holotype, and the numbers of whorls is 11.5, which is more than the 8 in the holotype. The other features exactly agree with Powell’s (1964) descriptions. Kosuge (1988) also reported this species from western coast of Australia.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFB0FFD3FF7E7F15FDB6F817.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. SCS. 1 spm, CN N 48 B- 49, 21 º 00´N, 108 º 30´E, mud, 35 m, AT, 20. IV. 1959; 1 spm, CN K 113 B- 80, 21 º 00´N, 112 º 30´E, muddy sand, 55 m, AT, 16. XI. 1959; 1 spm, CN N 169 B- 19, 20 º 15´N, 111 º 30´E, sandy mud, 57 m, BT, 6. IV. 1960.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFB0FFD3FF7E7F15FDB6F817.taxon	description	Measurements (mm).	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFB0FFD3FF7E7F15FDB6F817.taxon	distribution	Distribution. South China Sea; Philippines. Not previously recorded from China seas. The 35 m depth of the present record represents the shallowest bathymetric record for the species.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFB0FFD3FF7E7F15FDB6F817.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The three specimens agree with the previous descriptions and illustrations of most of the shell features of G. d i o m e d e a, although the anal sinus is different from that of the holotype of the species. Powell (1964) considered this species is an intermediate form between Gemmula (Gemmula) cosmoi (Sykes, 1930) and G. congener (E. A. Smith, 1894), but these two forms were found in depths between 182 – 640 m, much deeper than the present species. * Gemmula flata sp. nov. (Pl. 1, figs. 5 - 6)	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFB0FFD3FF7E7F15FDB6F817.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. SCS. 1 spm, holotype, CN 7 – 20, 112 º 30´E, 19 º 00´N, 472 m, A. T., Feb. 17 1959. Measurements (mm). Length (mm) Width Aperture W / L A / L 31.5 11.0 17.3 0.35 0.55 Etymology. From flatus, Latin, means flat. The specific name is in reference to the rather flat-side profile to each whorl in the spire of the shell.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFB0FFD3FF7E7F15FDB6F817.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Shell 31.5 mm in height, broadly fusiform, with tall, turreted spire and long straight canal; suture distinct, followed by a strong crested subsutural fold. With 11 whorls, including protoconch of 3 whorls, upper 1 or 2 nuclear whorls smooth, eroded to certain extent, remainder axially costate. Peripheral carina is low on the spire whorls.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFB0FFD3FF7E7F15FDB6F817.taxon	description	Description. Shell 31.5 mm in height, solid, broadly fusiform; spire tall, slightly shorter than height of aperture plus canal; with 11 whorls, including protoconch of three whorls, upper one or two nuclear whorls smooth, eroded to certain extent, remainder with axial costae. Spire whorls sculptured with wavy spiral fold, followed by strong crested subsutural fold composed of three closely spaced cords, with central cord strongest. With about four to five crisp strong spirals on concave shoulder area, then a prominent gemmate bicarinate peripheral keel composed of two to three closely spaced cords. Gemmules vertically fused, about 38 – 50 gemmules per whorl. Peripheral carina set low on spire whorls, almost at lower suture, forming rather flatsided profile to each spire whorl with base contracted, forming relatively long anterior canal. Upper base with two strong spaced spiral cords, two to three fine intermediate cords between them, neck and anterior end with about 20 spaced cords, with fine intermediate threads. Outer lip thin, covered by extensions of spiral cords externally, sinus deep, U – shaped, situated on peripheral carina; inner lip smooth. Anterior canal moderately long, almost straight. Color uniformly buff.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFB0FFD3FF7E7F15FDB6F817.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Only known from South China Sea so far.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFB0FFD3FF7E7F15FDB6F817.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Powell (1964) noted a species complex namely “ Gemmula martini series ”, including four species: G. m a r t i n i (Tesch, 1915), G. aethiopica (Thiele, 1925), G. sibogae (Schepman, 1913) and G. sibukoensis Powell, 1964. Powell pointed out that the four species share the following character: “ the peripheral carina is low on the spire whorls, almost on the lower suture, which results in a rather flat-sided profile to each whorl in spire ”. Gemmula flata sp. nov. also has this character, and is similar in shell profile to the four species, should be a member of this complex. The new species can be easily distinguished from the other four species of the complex by the details of the shell sculpture, including the crisp spiral cords, strong crested subsutural fold, and the more concave spire whorls.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFB3FFDDFF7E7DA5FC28FF5A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Bohai Gulf. 1 spm, CN H 238 B- 7, coarse sand, 20 m, 9. VII. 1959. Beibu Gulf. 1 spm, CN N 158 B- 83, 18 º 15´N, 108 º 45´E, muddy coarse sand, 38 m, AT, 13. III. 1960. SCS. 1 spm, CN Q 101 B, 23 º 15´N, 117 º 00´E, sandy mud, 23 m, AT, 20. XI. 1959; 1 spm, CN 2 - 42, 18 º 45´N, 110 º 45´E, shell debris & mud, 118.5 m, AT, 25. I. 1959; 1 spm, CN R 25 B- 15, 19 º 00´N, 110 º 45´E, sandy mud, 80 m, AT, 10. VII. 1959.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFB3FFDDFF7E7DA5FC28FF5A.taxon	description	Measurements (mm).	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFB3FFDDFF7E7DA5FC28FF5A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Bohai Gulf, South China Sea; Sumatra, Philippines.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFB3FFDDFF7E7DA5FC28FF5A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The present specimens are very similar to Gemmula gemmulina Powell 1964 in shell form. The only difference in the number of the gemmulate nodes: the present specimens have nearly 30 gemmulate nodes, 20 more than in the types. The species was also found from the South China Sea (off Dongsha Islands (Pratas Is. )) (Powell (1966). So we refer it to Gemmula gemmulina von Martens, 1902 rather than a new species. The holotype was collected from west coast of Sumatra at 677 m depth, much deeper than the present specimens in the depth 20 – 118.5 m.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFB3FFDDFF7E7DA5FC28FF5A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. ECS. 1 spms, CN F 14 B, 29 º 30´N, 124 º 00´E, fine sand, 70 m, AT, 29. VII. 1988. SCS. 1 spm, CN Q 101 B- 48, 23 º 15´N, 117 º 00´E, Shantou, Guangdong Province, muddy sand, 23 m, AT, 20. XI. 1959; 1 spm, 19 º 30´N, 111 º 15´E, sandy mud, 90 m, 28. I. 1959.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFB3FFDDFF7E7DA5FC28FF5A.taxon	description	Measurements (mm).	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFB3FFDDFF7E7DA5FC28FF5A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. East and South China Seas; South Africa, Zanzibar, Andaman Islands, Japan.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFB3FFDDFF7E7DA5FC28FF5A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The present specimens agree with Powell’s (1964) descriptions and figures (pl. 189, figs. 1, 2) of G. gilchristi from South Africa, although their shells are white, the subsutural fold is uniform light yellow. Based on the holotype and four other specimens collected from Japan, Durban and Andaman, Powell (1964) noted that the color of this species is uniform golden to light reddish brown for shallow water shells; the topotypes are white with pale brown between the peripheral gemmules.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFBCFFDDFF7E7C05FA1BFB6C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. SCS. 1 spm, CN Q 32 A- 3, 18 º 00´N, 110 º 30´E, silt, 142 m, IV. 1978. Measurements (mm). Length (mm) Width Aperture W / L A / L 8.2 3.5 4.4 0.43 0.54 Etymology. From grandis, Latin, means big, large; gyratus, Latin, means circle, made in a circular form, rounded. The specific name is in reference to the large conical protoconch consisting of six whorls.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFBCFFDDFF7E7C05FA1BFB6C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Shell small, broadly fusiform, with tall turreted spire and long straight canal; spire little shorter than height of aperture plus canal; with eight whorls, including a large conical protoconch of six whorls, the first whorl smooth, remainder axially costate. Color uniformly buff.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFBCFFDDFF7E7C05FA1BFB6C.taxon	description	Description. Shell small, 8.2 mm in height, broadly fusiform; spire tall, turreted, slightly shorter than height of aperture plus canal; with eight whorls, including large conical protoconch of six whorls, first whorl smooth, other whorls axially costate. Spire whorls sculptured firstly with strongly crested subsutural fold, composed of two closely spaced cords, first one lower than second, about three crisp spirals on concave shoul- der area, then prominent, gemmate, bicarinate peripheral keel, also composed of two closely spaced cords, about 20 vertically fused gemmules on penultimate whorl. Upper base with three strong spaced primary cords, neck and anterior end with about 11 spaced threads. Outer lip broken, inner lip smooth, columella with distinct trace of elongated spiral folds, anterior canal moderately long, notched. Color uniformly buff.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFBCFFDDFF7E7C05FA1BFB6C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Gemmula grandigyrata sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from all other known species of the genus Gemmula by the large conical protoconch with 6 whorls, a peculiar structure in the genus Gemmula.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFBCFFDCFF7E7878FF49FD74.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. ECS. 1 spm, CN V 485 B- 42, 29 º 30´N, 127 º 00´E, medium sand, 107 m, AT, 27. VI. 1976. SCS. 1 spm, CN 54 - 418, Shanwei Guangdong Province, intertidal zone, 11. IV. 1954; 1 spm, 58 - M 0327, Xincun, Hainan Island, intertidal zone, 16. IV. 1958; 2 spms, CN 58 M- 327, Xincun, Hainan Island, intertidal zone; 1 spm, CN 54 - 429, intertidal zone, Shanwei, Guangdong Province, 13. IV. 1954; 1 spm, CN 54 - 331, Jieshi, Guangdong Province, intertidal zone, 27. III. 1954; 1 spm, 19 ° 30 ’ N, 112 ° 00 ’ E, 124 m, fine sand & shell debris, 30. VII. 1959; 1 spm, 20 ° 30 ’ N, 112 ° 30 ’ E, 80 m, sandy mud, 16. II. 1959; 1 spm, CN Q 86 B- 26, 17 ° 00 ’ N, 109 ° 30 ’ E, 171.5 m, muddy sand, AT, 22. XI. 1959; 1 spm, 20 ° 15 ’ N, 111 ° 30 ’ E, silty mud & fine sand, 71 m, 26. I. 1959; 3 spms, 20 ° 00 ’ N, 112 ° 30 ’ E, muddy sand, 108 m, 5. VII. 1959; 1 spm, CN N 96 B- 59, 19 ° 30 ’ N, 111 ° 15 ’ E, medium sand, 89 m, AT, 29. X. 1959. Nansha Islands. 1 spm, CN SSIVB 50 - 9, 5 ° 38 ’ N, 109 ° 05 ’ E, 147 m, AT, 16. V. 1987; 1 spm, CN SSBIV- 7, 5 ° 00 ’ N, 112 ° 15 ’ E, 105 m, clay, 11. V. 1987; 12 spms, CN SSBII 15 - 9, 6 ° 24 ’ N, 115 ° 35 ’ E, 145 - 148 m, muddy sand, AT, 27. VII. 1988; 8 spms, CN SSB 2 - 5, 8 ° 30 ’ N, 109 ° 00 ’ E, 143 m, 17. IX. 1994; 1 spm, CN SSB 5 - 4, 11 ° 00 ’ N, 110 ° 00 ’ E, 93 m, 17. IX. 1994; 6 spms, CN SSBIII- 42, 107 m, 15. V. 1987; 2 spms, CN NS 5 B- 6, 5 ° 30 ’ N, 112 ° 00 ’ E, sandy mud, 143 m, 10. XII. 1993; 2 spms, CN SSB 5 - 4, 5 ° 30 ’ N, 108 ° 30 ’ E, 93 m, 17. IX. 1994; 1 spm, CN SSB- 9, 4 ° 30 ’ N, 110 ° 30 ’ E, 108 m, 23. IX. 1994.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFBCFFDCFF7E7878FF49FD74.taxon	description	Measurements (mm).	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFBCFFDCFF7E7878FF49FD74.taxon	distribution	Distribution. East and South China Seas, Nansha Islands; Japan, Philippines. Common in South China Sea.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFBDFFDCFF7E7E60FD0CFA5F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. ECS. 1 spm, CN V 469 B- 41, 27 ° 20 ’ N, 126 ° 00 ’ E, fine sand, 162 m, AT, 10. X. 1975. Measurements (mm). CN Length Width (mm) Aperture (mm) W / L A / L V 469 B- 41 20.9 6.2 7.5 0.30 0.36 Diagnosis. Shell medium in size, 20.9 mm in height; with very elongated turreted spire and short anterior canal. Spire about 2.5 times of height of aperture plus anterior canal. Spire whorls sculptured firstly with strong flat subsutural fold, composed of two closely spaced cords, with a less prominently projecting gemmate bicarinate peripheral keel. Color uniformly buff.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFBDFFDCFF7E7E60FD0CFA5F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. East China Sea, Taiwan.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFBDFFDEFF7E7B0FFC70FB22.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Yellow Sea. 2 spms, CN Y 351 B- 7, 34 ° 00 ’ N, 123 ° 30 ’ E, silty mud, 66 m, AT, 16. X. 1959.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFBDFFDEFF7E7B0FFC70FB22.taxon	description	Measurements (mm). CN Length Width Aperture W / L A / L Y 351 B- 7 - 1 19.2 6.3 9.4 0.33 0.49 Y 351 B- 7 - 2 19.5 6.3 9.5 0.32 0.49	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFBDFFDEFF7E7B0FFC70FB22.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Yellow Sea; Japan. Not previously recorded from Yellow Sea.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFBDFFDEFF7E7B0FFC70FB22.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The two specimens collected from the Yellow Sea in 1959 were light reddish brown in colour. Because they have gemmules on the peripheral carina, especially on the early whorls, we assigned them to genus Gemmula. Unfortunately, our specimens shell surfaces are worn to a certain extent, and they lack distinct characters to be identified to any species of the genus. PLATE 2. Species of Subfamily Turrinae, figs. 1 - 2. Gemmula rarimaculata (CN X 228 B- 25); 3. Gemmula (Pinguigemmula) thielei (CN SSBV 22 - 7); 4. Gemmula pseudogranosa (CN V 469 B- 41); 5 - 6. Gemmula sp. (CN Y 351 B- 7); 7. Ptychosyrinx timorensis (CN KY 9 B- 1); 8. Lophiotoma cingulifera cingulifera (CN Xincun- 1)	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFBDFFDEFF7E7B0FFC70FB22.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Beibu Gulf. 1 spm, CN X 228 B- 25, 17 ° 30 ’ N, 107 ° 00 ’ E, medium sand, 52 m, AT, 17. VIII. 1962. SCS. 1 spm, CN K 33 B- 17, 19 ° 30 ’ N, 113 ° 00 ’ E, muddy fine sand, 180 m, AT, 21. IV. 1959; 1 spm, CN LX 56 B- 20, 21 ° 15 ’ N, 100 ° 00 ’ E, silty mud, 18 m, AT, 1. VII. 1959; 2 spms, CN S 219 B- 50, 21 ° 30 ’ N, 115 ° 30 ’ E, mudy sand, 115 m, AT, 13. IV. 1960; 1 spm, CN K 164 B- 31, 20 ° 00 ’ N, 113 ° 30 ’ E, muddy sand, 129 m, AT, 9. IV. 1960.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFBDFFDEFF7E7B0FFC70FB22.taxon	description	Measurements (mm).	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFBDFFDEFF7E7B0FFC70FB22.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Beibu Gulf, South China Sea; Fiji, Queensland, Philippines. Not reported previously from China seas.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFBDFFDEFF7E7B0FFC70FB22.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The six specimens are covered by the descriptions of the holotype reported by Kuroda and Oyama (1971), although they variable in shell form and sculpture. In the six specimens, three have a slightly longer siphonal canal, and a more convex shell outline than the holotype.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFBFFFD9FF7E7832FF49FDFC.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Beibu Gulf. 1 spm, X 43 B- 63, 17 ° 30 ’ N, 107 ° 00 ’ E, 50 m, muddy sand, AT, 11. XI. 1959; 1 spm, R 190 B- 92, 20 ° 15 ’ N, 108 ° 30 ’ E, 61.5 m, sandy mud, 15. IV. 1960; 6 spms, X 228 B-, 52 m, medium sand, AT, 17. VIII. 1962; 1 spm, X 188 B- 95, 18 ° 00 ’ N, 106 ° 40 ’ E, 33 m, clay, AT, 10. IV. 1962; 1 spm, X 195 B- 102, 19 ° 00 ’ N, 106 ° 30 ’ E, 43 m, fine sandy clay, AT, 11. IV. 1962; 1 spm, CN X 175 B- 30, 20 ° 40 ’ N, 108 ° 30 ’ E, fine sandy silt, 49 m, AT, 22. I. 1962; 1 spm, CN X 200 B- 15, 19 ° 30 ’ N, 108 ° 30 ’ E, silt, 51 m, AT, 13. IV. 1962. SCS. 2 spms, Sanya, Hannan Island, intertidal zone, 1958; 1 spm, CN 58 M- 284, Sanya, Hannan Island, intertidal zone, 2. IV. 1958; 2 spms, K 164 B- 28, 20 ° 00 ’ N, 113 ° 30 ’ E, 129 m, muddy sand, AT, 9. IV. 1960; 1 spm, CN N 214 B- 33, 17 ° 00 ’ N, 109 ° 00 ’ E, sandy mud, 108 m, AT, 15. V. 1960; 3 spms, CN N 215 B- 36, 17 ° 00 ’ N, 108 ° 30 ’ E, fine sandy mud, 93 m, AT, 15. V. 1960; 1 spm, CN Q 83 B- 52, 18 ° 00 ’ N, 109 ° 30 ’ E, muddy sand, 68 m, AT, 21. XI. 1959. Nansha Islands. 1 spm, SSMIV- 8, 4 ° 30 ’ N, 112 ° 15 ’ E, 78 m, clay, middle-level trawl, 11. V. 1987; 1 spm, Ns 4 B- 13, 6 ° 00 ’ N, 111 ° 20 ’ E, 105 m, fine sandy clay, 7. XI. 1993; 1 spm, SSB 11 - 10, 4 ° 30 ’ N, 111 ° 30 ’ E, 80 m, 23. IX. 1994.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFBFFFD9FF7E7832FF49FDFC.taxon	description	Measurements (mm).	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFBFFFD9FF7E7832FF49FDFC.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Beibu Gulf, South China Sea, Nansha Islands; Arabian Sea, Japan, Philippines. The species is common in the South China Sea. The north limited distributed range of this species is northern South China Sea.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFB8FFD9FF7E7FE8FED6FA37.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is very similar to Gemmula philippinensis Powell, 1964. Powell (1964) indicated that “ this species differs from G. philippinensis in having two instead of three spiral keels in addition to the peripheral flange-like keel, and in G. thielei (Finlay, 1930) only the peripheral keel is gemmate, whereas in G. philippinensis all four keels are gemmate ”. The only one specimen collected from the South China Sea has two spiral keels.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFB8FFD8FF7E7B6DFD83FE7C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. SCS. 1 spm, Xincun, Hainan Island, intertidal zone; 2 spms, Hele, Hainan Island, intertidal zone.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFB8FFD8FF7E7B6DFD83FE7C.taxon	description	Measurements (mm).	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFB8FFD8FF7E7B6DFD83FE7C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Hainan Island; Japan to New Caledonia and eastward to the Marshall Islands and Fiji. Remarks. The two specimens agree with the descriptions of Powell, 1964 (as Xenuroturris cingulifera cingulifera) and Olivera, 2002.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFB9FFDBFF7E7F68FE1AFA2D.taxon	description	Turris polytropa. — Kira 1971: 92, pl. 35, fig. 16. Gemmula (Unedogemmula) deshayesii. — Powell 1964: 270, pl. 175, figs. 7, 8, pl. 210, figs. 1, 2.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFB9FFDBFF7E7F68FE1AFA2D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Bohai Gulf. 1 spm, CN 0 0 0 3, Beidaihe, Hebei Province, intertidal zone, IV. 1950; 1 spm, CN H 225 B- 2, 40 ° 05 ’ N, 121 ° 38 ’ E, 23 m, mudy sand, AT, 18. VII. 1952; 1 spm, CN H 395 - 12, 40 ° 05 ’ N, 121 ° 38 ’ E, 17 m, muddy sand, AT, 27. X. 1959; 2 spms, CN H 333 B- 8, 40 ° 32 ’ N, 120 ° 59 ’ E, 18.4 m, muddy sand, AT, 31. X. 1959. Ye ll ow S e a. 6 spms, CN 104 B- 14, 32 ° 30 ’ N, 124 ° 00 ’ E, 43 m, AT, 9. XI. 1959; 1 spm, CN Y 407 B- 3, 34 ° 00 ’ N, 121 ° 15 ’ E, 17 m, muddy sand, AT, 28. X. 1959; 1 spm, CN Y 271 B- 31, fine sand, 9.5 m, AT, 12. VII. 1959; 1 spm, CN 56 - 105, Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, Shandong Peninsula, 9. VIII. 1956. ECS. 1 spm, CN 57 - 892, Dongshan, Fujian Province, intertidal zone, 18. IV. 1957; 3 spms, CN 57 - 711, Pingtan, Fujian Province, intertidal zone, 21. III. 1957; 1 spm, CN 53 - 657, Pingyang, Zhejiang Province, intertidal zone, 31. V. 1953; 2 spms, CN 57 - 610, Sansha, Fujian Province, intertidal zone, 26. II. 1957. Beibu Gulf. 5 spms, CN Q 184 B- 42, 109 ° 30 ’ E, 20 ° 30 ’ N, 16 m, muddy sand, AT, 17. IV. 1960; 1 spm, CN K 264 B- 20, 18 ° 30 ’ N, 108 ° 30 ’ E, 25 m, coarse sand, AT, 23. X. 1960. SCS. 11 spms, CN N 55 B- 1, 21 ° 15 N, 110 ° 45 ’ E, 12 m, muddy sand, AT, 11. VII. 1959; 2 spms, CN N 190 B- 16, 21 ° 15 N, 110 ° 45 ’ E, 12 m, coarse sand, AT, 10. IV. 1960; 1 spm, CN N 134 B- 31, 19 ° 15 N, 110 ° 45 ’ E, fine sand, 35 m, AT; 2 spms, CN 55 - 848, Yinggehai, Hainan Island, intertidal zone, 8. IV. 1955; 3 spms, CN 57 - 966, Nan’ao, Guangdong Province, intertidal zone, 1. V. 1957.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFB9FFDBFF7E7F68FE1AFA2D.taxon	description	Measurements (mm).	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFB9FFDBFF7E7F68FE1AFA2D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Bohai Gulf, Yellow Sea, East and South China Seas; Japan, Philippines. Remarks. This species has a wide range in China seas, from Bohai Gulf southward to South China Sea. The specimens agree with the descriptions of Powell, 1964. PLATE 3. Species of Subfamily Turrinae, fig. 1. Gemmula speciosa (CN X 228 B- 1); 2 - 3. Lophiotoma deshayesii (CN N 134 B- 31); 4 - 5. L. unedo (CN K 218 B- 15); 6. L. notata (CN N 67 B- 41 - 2); 7. L. indica indica (CN SSVIII 8 - 16); 8. L. leucotropis (CN 57 - 966 - 1).	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFBAFFC5FF7E7B3BFDDAFB8C.taxon	description	Gemmula (Unedogemmula) hastula. — Powell 1964: 272, pl. 211.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFBAFFC5FF7E7B3BFDDAFB8C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Beibu Gulf. 2 spms, CN R 124 B- 19, 20 ° 45 ’ N, 108 ° 00 ’ E, 32 m, fine sand & clay, AT, 14. XI. 1959; 1 spm, CN K 2 BB- 57, 19 ° 30 ’ N, 107 ° 00 ’ E, 49.6 m, muddy sand, AT, 7. VII. 1960; 1 spm, CN X 1 B 1 B- 25, 20 ° 40 ’ N, 109 ° 30 ’ E, 22 m, fine sand & clay, AT, 23. I. 1962; 1 spm, CN X 277 B- 4, 18 ° 00 ’ N, 106 ° 30 ’ E, 43 m, coarse & fine sand, AT, 11. X. 1962; 2 spms, CN X 243 B- 10, 19 ° 40 ’ N, 107 ° 30 ’ E, 48 m, coarse sand & shell debris, AT, 21. VIII. 1962. SCS. 2 spms, CN S 128 - B 18, 22 ° 15 ’ N, 115 ° 00 ’ E, 42.3 m, sandy mud, AT, 11. XI. 1959; 2 spms, CN S 148 - B 18, 22 ° 15 ’ N, 115 ° 00 ’ E, 42.3 m, sandy mud, 11. XI. 1959; 4 spms, CN Q 188 B- 38, 20 ° 30 ’ N, 107 ° 30 ’ E, 34 m, muddy sand, AT, 18. IV. 1960. Nansha Islands. 4 spms, CN SSVIIIB 8 - 16, 7 ° 24 ’ N, 104 ° 52 ’ E, muddy sand, AT, 9. VII. 1990; 1 spm, CN SSBVIII 5 - 56, 6 ° 29 ’ N, 106 ° 24 ’ E, 46 m, mudy sand, 8. VI. 1990.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFBAFFC5FF7E7B3BFDDAFB8C.taxon	description	Measurements (mm).	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFBAFFC5FF7E7B3BFDDAFB8C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Beibu Gulf, South China Sea, Nansha Islands; Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea. This is a common species in the South China Sea.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFBAFFC5FF7E7B3BFDDAFB8C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Reeve (1843) provided a brief description and a hand-painting figure of the holotype. More recently, Powell (1964) provided more detailed and distinct descriptions and a figure of the holotype. Their figures are different to a certain extent on the shell profile. The present specimens agree well with the descriptions and figure of the holotype provided by Powell (1964), and do not vary in shell features.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFBAFFC5FF7E7B3BFDDAFB8C.taxon	description	Length Width Aperture W / L A / L 35.0 10.8 19.3 0.31 0.55 Diagnosis. Shell medium size, 35.0 mm in height; spire high, pagodiform, with prominent peripheral angle, shoulder straight. Color grayish white.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFBAFFC5FF7E7B3BFDDAFB8C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. South China Sea; Okinawa (type locality, Japan). This species was previously collected only from the type locality Okinawa, Japan, in Miocene, as a fossil species.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFBAFFC5FF7E7B3BFDDAFB8C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Taylor et al. (1993) treated with the genus Unedogemmula as a synonym of Lophiotoma. We followed their opinion and transfer this species to the genus Lophiotoma from Gemmula as a new combination. The present specimen agrees with the previous descriptions and illustrations. Lophiotoma indica indica (R ȍ ding, 1798) (Pl. 3, fig. 7)	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFBAFFC5FF7E7B3BFDDAFB8C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Beibu Gulf. 1 spm, CN X 34 B- 55, 22 ° 15 ’ N, 115 ° 00 ’ E, mud, 69 m, AT, 10. XI. 1959. Nansha Islands. 1 spm, CN SSVIIIB 8 - 16, 7 ° 24 ’ N, 104 ° 52 ’ E, muddy sand, 44 m, AT, 9. V. 1990; 4 spms, CN SBVII 5 - 53, 6 ° 29 ’ N, 106 ° 24 ’ E, muddy sand, 46 m, 8. VI. 1990.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFBAFFC5FF7E7B3BFDDAFB8C.taxon	description	Measurements (mm).	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFBAFFC5FF7E7B3BFDDAFB8C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Beibu Gulf, Nansha Islands; Ceylon, Japan, Philippines, Austria, and Fiji. Remarks. Olivera (2004 a) recognized two subspecies of Lophiotoma indica: the typical subspecies L. i. indica (Röding, 1798) is distributed in New Guinea to the Philippines and Japan, L. i. queenslandica Olivera, 2004 a is distributed in the southeastern edge of the range from Queensland, Australia to Fiji. Our specimens agree well with the typical subspecies.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFA4FFC7FF7E7958FAADFED1.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Bohai Gulf. 1 spm, CN H 226 B- 5, 40 ° 05 ’ N, 121 ° 38 ’ E, sandy mud, 23.5 m, 18. VII. 1959. Beibu Gulf. 1 spm, CN X 38 B- 85, 18 ° 30 ’ N, 108 ° 30 ’ E, 28.5 m, 11. XI. 1959; 1 spm, CN Q 239 - 6, 20 ° 15 ’ N, 109 ° 30 ’ E, 24.5 m, AT, 14. VII. 1960; 1 spm, CN Q 293 B- 50, 20 ° 45 ’ N, 107 ° 30 ’ E, muddy sand, 31 m, 11. XI. 1960; 1 spm, CN Q 123 - 17, 20 ° 04 ’ N, 109 ° 30 ’ E, 62 m, 7. II. 1960; 1 spm, CN X 84 B- 31, 18 ° 45 ’ N, 108 ° 30 ’ E, coarse sand, 24 m, AT, 13. II. 1960; 1 spm, Q 123 - 17, 20 ° 04 ’ N, 109 ° 30 ’ E, 62 m, 7. II. 1960. SCS. 1 spm, CN S 161 - 13 - 17, 20 ° 00 ’ N, 116 ° 00 ’ E, fine sand, 85 m, 23. XI. 1959; 1 spm, CN S 161 - B 17, 22 ° 00 ’ N, 116 ° 00 ’ E, fine sand, 85 m, AT, 23. IX. 1959; 1 spm, CN K 167 B- 122, 21 ° 15 ’ N, 114 ° 00 ’ E, coarse sand, 51 m, AT, 9. IV. 1960. (Shells of specimens from Beibu Gulf and SCS all broken).	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFA4FFC7FF7E7958FAADFED1.taxon	description	Measurements (mm). PLATE 4. Species of Subfamily Turrinae, figs. 1 - 2. Gemmula (Gemmula) cf. diomedea (CN N 169 B- 19); 3 - 4. Gemmula dampierana (CN N 181 B- 59); 5. Gemmula gilchristi (CN F 14 B); 6 - 7. Gemmula cf. gemmulina (CN Q 101 B).	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFA4FFC7FF7E7958FAADFED1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Shell of medium size, 17.8 – 42.5 mm in height; with gemmules only on upper spire whorls and regular, spaced spiral cords. Color grayish white.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFA4FFC7FF7E7958FAADFED1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Bohai Gulf, Beibu Gulf, South China Sea; Java: South Bantam (Pliocene).	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFA4FFC7FF7E7958FAADFED1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The specimens agree well with the previous descriptions and illustrations. This species is easily recognized by the gemmules only on the upper whorls and the regular sharp, dense spiral cords. Taylor et al. (1993) took the genus Unedogemmula as a synonym of Lophiotoma. We followed their suggestion here and transfer this species from the genus Gemmula into the genus Lophiotoma as a new combination.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFA6FFC7FF7E7C9DFBA8FA57.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Yellow Sea. 33 spms, CN B- 20, 32 ° 00 ’ N, 124 ° 30 ’ E, muddy sand, 47 m, AT, 31. V. 1992. ECS. 2 spms, CN 53 - 743, Kanmen, Zhejiang Province, intertidal zone, 14. VI. 1953; 1 spm, CN 57 - 892, Dongshan, Fujian Province, intertidal zone, 18. IV. 1957; 1 spm, CN 57 - 810, Xiamen, Fujian Province, intertidal zone, 5. IV. 1957; 8 spms, CN 57 - 711, Pingtan, Fujian Province, intertidal zone, 21. III. 1957; 1 spm, CN G- 6, Changjiang River Estuary, mud, 58 m, 16. IX. 1985. SCS. 1 spm, Shangchuan, Guangdong Province, intertidal zone, 16. I. 1956; 11 spms, CN 54 - 668, Yangjiang, Guangdong Province, intertidal zone, 10. XI. 1954; 5 spms, CN 57 - 966, Nan’ao, Guangdong Province, intertidal zone, 1. I. 1957; 1 spm, CN 55 - 902, Xinchun, Hannan Island, intertidal zone, 24. XII. 1955; 3 spms, CN K 246 B- 11, 18 ° 00 ’ N, 106 ° 50 ’ E, 19 m, mudy fine sand, AT, 14 VII. 1960; 4 spms, CN S 181 B- 9, 23 ° 15 ’ N, 117 ° 00 ’ E, 24.7 m, fine sand, AT, 5. I. 1960. Beibu Gulf. 1 spm, 221 B- 3, 19 ° 00 ’ N, 105 ° 45 ’ E, 14.2 m, muddy sand, 19. V. 1960; 1 spm, X 74 B- 61, 19 ° 00 ’ N, 105 ° 45 ’ E, 12.8 m, muddy sand, 11. II. 1960; 5 spms, CN y 38 B 13 - 33, 21 ° 15 ’ N, 108 ° 06 ’ E, 28.5 m, mudy sand, AT, 11. XII. 1959.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFA6FFC7FF7E7C9DFBA8FA57.taxon	description	Measurements (mm).	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFA6FFC7FF7E7C9DFBA8FA57.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Yellow Sea, East and South China Seas; Japan, Philippines.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFA6FFC6FF7E7B07FEA3FC64.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. SCS. 2 spms, CN N 67 B- 41, 19 ° 30 ’ N, 111 ° 00 ’ E, shell debris & coarse sand, 38 m, AT, 13. VII. 1959; 1 spm, CN L 69 B- 52, 20 ° 00 ’ N, 111 ° 15 ’ E, silty mud, 52 m, BT, 25. IV. 1959; 2 spms, CN R 28 B- 9, 18 ° 30 ’ N, 110 ° 30 ’ E, coarse sand, 103 m, AT, 10. VII. 1959; 1 spm, CN Q 93 B- 64, 18 ° 45 ’ N, 110 ° 30 ’ E, coarse sand, 31 m, AT, 24. XI. 1959; 1 spm, CN 16 - 44, 21 ° 30 ’ N, 113 ° 45 ’ E, 38 m, BT, 17. III. 1959; 1 spm, CN R 29 B- 231, 18 ° 15 ’ N, 110 ° 30 ’ E, coarse sand, 120 m, AT, 10. VII. 1959; 4 spms, CN N 177 B- 56, 19 ° 15 ’ N, 111 ° 00 ’ E, coarse sand & shell debris, 67 m, AT, 8. IV. 1960. Nansha Islands. 3 spms, CN SSBIV- 41, 4 ° 30 ’ N, 110 ° 00 ’ E, 107 m, 15. III. 1987; 1 spm, CN Ns 4 B- 4, 5 ° 00 ’ N, 112 ° 00 ’ E, silty mud, 105 m, 7. X. 1993; 1 spm, CN SSB 10 - 6, 4 ° 30 ’ N, 110 ° 30 ’ E, 100 m, 23. IX. 1994.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFA6FFC6FF7E7B07FEA3FC64.taxon	description	Measurements (mm).	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFA6FFC6FF7E7B07FEA3FC64.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Commonly distributed in Indo-West Pacific. Beibu Gulf, South China Sea, Nansha Islands; Red Sea and East Africa to Japan and Malanesia.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFA6FFC6FF7E7B07FEA3FC64.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Powell (1964) treated the Pleurotoma notata Sowerby, 1889 as a junior synonym of Pleurotoma acuta Perry, 1811, and provided a figure of Sowerby’s (1889) holotype from Hong Kong. Tucker (2004) still treated Lophiotoma notata (Sowerby, 1889) (= Pleurotoma notata Sowerby, 1889) as a separated species from Lophiotoma acuta (Perry, 1811) (= Pleurotoma acuta Perry, 1811). The present specimens agree exactly with Sowerby’s (1889) holotype. We follow Tucker (2004) and identified them as Lophiotoma notata (Sowerby, 1889).	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFA7FFC1FF7E790DFD0EFEFA.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: SCS. CN R 33 B- 14, 19 ° 30 ’ N, 113 ° 00 ’ E, muddy fine sand, 180 m, AT, 21. IV. 1959. Measurements (mm). Length Width Aperture W / L A / L 17.0 6.9 9.2 0.41 0.54 Etymology. From pseud ē s, Greece, means false, deceptive; cosmoi, a specific name in same family. The specific name is in reference to the species resembles another species of the family, Gemmula (Gemmula) cosmoi (Sykes, 1930).	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFA7FFC1FF7E790DFD0EFEFA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Shell small, peripheral carina with two closely spaced cords, with distinct gemmules only on early whorls, while on the later whorls plain. Subsutural cords prominent. Color light yellow, with irregular longitudinal brown streaks and dots.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFA7FFC1FF7E790DFD0EFEFA.taxon	description	Description. Shell small, 17 mm in height, broadly fusiform; spire tall, turreted, slightly shorter than height of aperture plus canal; suture distinct; with 11 whorls, including large conical protoconch of four whorls, first two whorls smooth, others with axial costae. Spire whorls sculptured firstly with strongly crested subsutural fold, composted of two closely spaced cords, first one finer than second; about four to five crisp spirals on concave shoulder area, then prominent, gemmate, bicarinate peripheral keel, distinct gemmulations only on first four whorls. Upper base with two strong spaced primary cords, neck and anterior end with about 16 spaced threads, with fine secondary spiral lines among them. Aperture ovate, outer lip thin, inner lip smooth, columella with distinct trace of elongated spiral folds, anterior canal moderately long, almost straight. Color light yellow, with irregular longitudinal brown streaks and dots.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFA7FFC1FF7E790DFD0EFEFA.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Only known from the type locality.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFA7FFC1FF7E790DFD0EFEFA.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Lophiotoma pseudocosmoi sp. nov. is similar to the typical form of L. unedo (Kiener, 1839 – 1940) in shell form in accordance with Olivera (2004 a: 17, fig. 5, top row 2). It can be distinguished from the latter by the different shell sculpture in detail and the smaller shell height. The shell profile of L. pseudocosmoi sp. nov. looks like that of Gemmula (Gemmula) cosmoi (Sykes 1930). It can be readily distinguished from the latter by the different peripheral carina.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFA0FFC1FF7E7CE5FA9DFA37.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Beibu Gulf. 1 spm, CN K 218 B- 15, 19 ° 00 ’ N, 108 ° 30 ’ E, silty mud, 18 m, AT, 8. VII. 1960; 1 spm, CN Q 195 - 34, 20 ° 45 ’ N, 109 ° 30 ’ E, sandy mud, 19 m, AT, 20. IV. 1960. Measurements (mm).	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFA0FFC1FF7E7CE5FA9DFA37.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Beibu Gulf; Persian Gulf, East Indies and Japan.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFA0FFC1FF7E7CE5FA9DFA37.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Olivera (2004 a) discussed the taxonomic position of Lophiotoma unedo (Kiener, 1839 – 1940) and indicated that the Lophiotoma unedo complex “ is one of the most confusing groups of the large Turrinae ”. The complex can be divided into two distinct forms based on the whole, the typical form and the typical Japanese form. Olivera (2004 a) doubted the taxonomic positions of the two forms: “ feel that it would be premature to separate them at the subspecific or specific level, or to conclude that they are conspecific ”. Our specimens agree well with the typical Japanese form which are quite different from Kiener’s (1839 – 1940) type form. We discussed with Dr. Kilburn about the position of our specimens, he suggested that they are Lophiotoma unedo (personal communication). We accepted his suggestion and assign our specimens as L. unedo here.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFA0FFC3FF7E7B27FDBBFB42.taxon	description	Length Width Aperture W / L A / L 15.7 5.9 8.1 0.38 0.52 PLATE 5. Species of Subfamily Turrinae, figs. 1 - 3. Gemmula grandigyrata sp. nov. (holotype, CN Q 32 A- 3); 4 - 6. Lophiotoma pseudocosmoi sp. nov. (holotype, CN R 33 B- 14); 7 - 9. Lophiotoma verticala sp. nov. (holotype, CN X 152 B- 50).	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFA0FFC3FF7E7B27FDBBFB42.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From verticalis, Latin, means vertical. The specific name is in reference to the nearly perpendicular profile of the shell is just below the peripheral carina.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFA0FFC3FF7E7B27FDBBFB42.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Shell small, sculpture with strong, rounded, subsutural fold and strongly projected, rounded, overhanging peripheral carina on upper part of each post – nuclear whorl. Color uniformly yellowish brown.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFA0FFC3FF7E7B27FDBBFB42.taxon	description	Description. Shell small, 15.7 mm in height, elongate fusiform; with tall spire and relatively long, straight anterior canal, spire turreted, about equal to height of aperture plus canal; suture distinct, with ten whorls, including conical protoconch of two whorls, apex eroded, remainder with fine axial costae. Spire whorls sculptured firstly with conspicuous, rounded subsutural fold, more rounded on early whorls and flat on adult whorls, followed by prominent, rounded peripheral carina, protruding above shell surface, like brim of hat or edge of roof. Profile of later adult whorls under peripheral carina nearly perpendicular. Entire whorl encircled by rounded spiral cords, rendered noticeably gemmulate at points of intersection with rounded and slightly oblique axials. Aperture elongate ovate, outer lip thin, sinus narrow and deep, U – shaped, situated on peripheral carina; inner lip smooth. Anterior canal moderately long, almost straight. Color uniformly yellowish brown.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFA0FFC3FF7E7B27FDBBFB42.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Only known from the type locality.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFA0FFC3FF7E7B27FDBBFB42.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The peculiar shell profile of Lophiotoma verticala sp. nov. can distinguish it from all other species of the genus. The shell profile of L. verticala looks like that of Fusiturris undatiruga (Bivona, 1832) (from Spain) according to Powell’s (1964) figure. It differs from the latter by the following shell features: the axial folds are less strong and the spiral folds are more prominent, the peripheral carina protrudes over the surface, the sinus is deep and narrow (vs the axial folds are more prominent and the spiral folds are not conspicuous, the peripheral carina is less strong and does not protrude over the surface, the sinus is narrow and broad in F. undatiruga). This species seems to fit the characters of the genus Fusiturris rather than Lophiotoma based on the descriptions reported by Powell (1966), but Powell maintained (1966) that the recent species of Fusiturris occur only in the Mediterranean and southward along the equatorial coast of West Africa, its Indo-Pacific counterpart species should be put in Lophiotoma. We tentatively assign this species to the genus Lophiotoma here until further evidence is found.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFA2FFC2FF7E782DFD57FE49.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. ECS. 2 spms, CN KY 9 B-, 29 ° 10 ’ N, 127 ° 30 ’ E, silty mud, 1070 m, AT, 4. VIII. 1981; 1 spm, CN Ky 8 B- 68, 27 ° 30 ’ N, 128 ° 10 ’ E, silty mud, 900 m, AT, 3. VIII. 1981. Measurements (mm).	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFA2FFC2FF7E782DFD57FE49.taxon	distribution	Distribution. East China Sea; Indonesia, Celebes, Moluccas and Borneo.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
B01187F0FFA2FFC2FF7E782DFD57FE49.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Powell (1964) reported this form as a subspecies of Ptychosyrinx timorenis (Tesch, 1915). The present specimens agree well with Powell’s (1964) descriptions. Sysoev (1996) raised it as a separated species distinct from P. timorenis because it has a much broader fusiform shell than that of P. t i m o re n i s and treated the Ptychosyrinx as a subgenus of Gemmula. He also mentioned that G. t e s c h i varies in the prominence of the spiral ribs on the shell base and the number of peripheral tubercles. Robba et al. (1989) synonymized Ptychosyrinx timorensis teschi Powell, 1964 as a junior synonym of Ptychosyrinx timorensis (Tesch, 1915). We followed the opinion of Robba et al. (1989) here.	en	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2008): Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274298
