taxonID	type	description	language	source
F637B35BF0CE62F057A402E9D72C76F4.taxon	description	Description. Herbaceous or woody, perennial (rarely annual or with annual shoots from perennial roots), tendril-climbing vines or lianas, rarely shrubs or small trees lacking tendrils; usually containing cyanogenic glycosides having a cyclopentenoid ring system; glabrous to densely pubescent with simple trichomes, rarely gland-headed. Stems terete to lobed or sharply angled, occasionally with anomalous secondary growth, the shoot apex erect to cernuous. Leaves alternate (very rarely subopposite to opposite), simple (rarely palmately compound), petiolate, often with variously shaped and positioned extrafloral nectary glands on the petiole; laminas unlobed or lobed, often heteroblastic, pinnately to often palmately (rarely pedately) veined, variegated or not, entire to serrate, peltate or not, often bearing small nectaries associated with marginal teeth or indentations, or abaxially submarginal, or abaxial between the major veins. Stipules setaceous or narrowly triangular to foliaceous, persistent or early deciduous, entire to serrate, sometimes the margins with glands, occasionally cleft. Tendrils axillary, simple (rarely compound), representing a modified flower stalk of the central part of the inflorescence, straight, curved, or circinate during development at the shoot apex, rarely with adhesive terminal disks. Inflorescences axillary, bracteate or rarely ebracteate, cymose, the central pedicel developed into a tendril, the peduncle very reduced or usually absent, the pedicels then arising collateral to the tendril (sometimes aborted), solitary or paired; secondary inflorescences may be present as condensed axillary or terminal shoots, determinate or rarely indeterminate; pedicels articulate distal to bracts, the distal portion called the floral stipe; bracts setaceous and scattered to foliaceous or pinnatifid and involucrate, occasionally glandular at margin. Flowers bisexual (sometimes functionally staminate), actinomorphic or rarely the reproductive parts zygomorphic; hypanthium + / - flat to campanulate, occasionally the perianth basally connate / adnate into a floral tube; sepals 5 (very rarely 8), quincuncially imbricated (rarely non-overlapping) in the bud, occasionally carinate, sometimes with a subapical projection; petals 5 (very rarely 8) or sometimes wanting, quincuncially imbricated (rarely non-overlapping) in the bud, the same length as or shorter (rarely slightly longer) than the sepals; corona present at the base of the calyx or corolla or adnate to the inside of the floral tube, in 1 to many series of distinct to occasionally connate, short to elongate, often showy filaments or outgrowths, sometimes membranous, the innermost series, called the operculum, often connate at least basally, frequently membranous and shielding the nectary; the limen (extrastaminal nectariferous disk) present as a ring or cup around base of androgynophore (or rarely the ovary if androgynophore absent), or discoid or conical and adnate to the floor of hypanthium. Stamens 5 (8 in one species), usually alternate with the petals, borne on an often elongate androgynophore or androgynophore rarely absent; filaments free just below ovary or rarely connate into a tube around ovary; anthers introrse in bud, moving to become extrorse (rarely latrorse) at anthesis, dorsifixed, versatile, dehiscing longitudinally, borne parallel or perpendicular to their filaments; pollen binucleate, 3 - to 12 - colporate. Carpels 3 (- 5), connate, ovary superior, unilocular, borne on an often elongate androgynophore (rarely sessile), placentation parietal, anatropous ovules numerous on each placenta; styles distinct, rarely connate near base; stigmas capitate, clavate, reniform, or occasionally bilobed. Fruit a few to many seeded berry, rarely a loculicidal or anomalously dehiscent capsule. Seeds arillate, usually flattened, the testa pitted, reticulate-foveate, or transversely grooved or sulcate; endosperm slightly ruminate, oily, abundant; embryo straight, the cotyledons usually elliptic to oblong-elliptic; germination epigeal (rarely hypogeal). Chromosome numbers: n = 6, 9, 10, 12 (rarely 7, 11, 18, 42).	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
E714AE2A1147D01871812527E4D5344D.taxon	description	Description. Small to medium-sized climbing or procumbent vines with perennial stems from woody perennial rootstocks or taproots, antrorsely appressed-puberulent more or less throughout, with unicellular, curved or occasionally erect trichomes, and sometimes sparsely to densely pubescent with longer unicellular, rarely multicellular, curved trichomes. Stems terete to somewhat compressed and two-edged, the shoot apex erect. Leaves simple, commonly bearing nectaries on the petiole (except in Passiflora eglandulosa and Passiflora mcvaughiana); petioles sometimes canaliculate, biglandular (rarely eglandular or with only a single gland) with opposite, subopposite or alternate, discoid, cupulate, obconical or capitate extrafloral nectaries; laminas unlobed or 2 - to 3 - lobed (rarely 5 - lobed), often exhibiting heterophylly, sometimes cordate at base, entire (very rarely crenate), venation palmate, variegated or not, peltate or not, sometimes bearing small abaxial disciform or crateriform nectaries present + / - submarginally between the major veins (very rarely associated with leaf crenations). Stipules setaceous to foliaceous, persistent, narrowly to widely ovate, rarely oblong or obovate, symmetrical or sometimes asymmetrical, entire, not glandular. Tendrils simple, lacking adhesive disks, straight or slightly curved during development at shoot apex. Inflorescences sessile in leaf axils, the pedicels solitary or paired, collateral with tendril, articulate, the articulation generally several mm below the flower; secondary inflorescences sometimes present as condensed axillary or usually terminal shoots, determinate or usually indeterminate; bracts 1 - 2 or lacking, narrowly ovate to entire. Flowers erect or rarely + / - horizontal, greenish yellow sometimes with purplish to reddish markings, or red, hypanthium usually shallow, occasionally the calyx basally connate into a conspicuous floral tube; sepals ovate-triangular, not corniculate, greenish yellow, red, or rarely whitish; coronal filaments in 2 series (rarely 1 or 7 series), greenish yellow, sometimes with yellow and / or purple to red markings, or purple to red (sometimes very dark reddish purple), linear, often subcylindrical in cross-section, inner filaments usually capitate; operculum connate, membranous, plicate (very rarely denticulate), incurved or rarely semierect and laying against androgynophore; nectary trough-shaped or rarely absent, commonly lacking or possessing a very inconspicuous nectar ring or annulus; limen adnate to floor of hypanthium or rarely absent (in Passiflora viridiflora the limen present as a shallow cup around base of androgynophore), the edge commonly erect and inclined toward the nectary, rarely curved toward the androgynophore. Staminal filaments with the free portions actinomorphic; anthers commonly extrorse at anthesis with their axes maintained parallel, rarely perpendicular, to the filament or rarely the anthers move only slightly from the original introrse position, remain introrse, and dehisce distally (upwards); pollen ellipsoid to spherical, 6 - syncolporate. Carpels 3; ovary ellipsoid or globose, rarely slightly ovoid, obovoid or fusiform, glabrous or rarely densely pubescent with curved, unicellular or rarely multicellular trichomes; styles slender, less than 1.5 mm in diameter; stigmas capitate, depressed-ovoid. Fruit a one (rarely) to many-seeded purple or very dark purple berry, arils pale-translucent covering approximately 3 / 4 of the seed. Seeds more or less compressed, often beaked at chalazal apex, reticulate-foveate. Germination epigeal. Chromosome numbers: n = 6 (12, 18). Commonly lacking c-glycosylflavones and usually containing flavonol 3 - O-glycosides. Fig. 22	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
AB7C61E724C0CCF94F6F8A582F64B766.taxon	description	Description. Slender, climbing, perennial vine 1 - 7 m long or more, sparsely to densely pubescent with unicellular curved trichomes on petiole, leaf, stem, and stipule, 0.20 - 0.30 (- 0.7) mm long, 0.02 - 0.03 mm wide, also minutely antrorsely appressed-puberulent throughout with unicellular, curved trichomes, 0.06 - 0.11 mm long, 0.02 - 0.03 mm wide. Flowering stems 0.6 - 1.6 (- 2.5) mm in diameter, terete or somewhat compressed, greenish yellow to very dark reddish purple, with the base woody and cork-covered. Stipules 2.1 - 6.9 mm long, 0.2 - 0.9 mm wide, narrowly ovate-triangular, sometimes slightly falcate, acute; petioles 0.3 - 1.8 (- 2.9) cm long, with 2 (rarely 1), opposite to alternate, stipitate or sometimes sessile, slightly obconical to capitate nectaries (very rarely crateriform), 0.3 - 0.8 mm wide (on the widest axis), 0.2 - 1.1 mm high, borne in the distal half of the petiole (0.49 - 0.92 of the distance from the base toward the apex of the petiole). Laminas 1.8 - 8.8 (- 12.0) cm long, (0.3 -) 1.4 - 8.2 (- 10.6) cm wide, membranous, unlobed to 3 - lobed, lobed 0.20 - 0.50 (- 0.90) the distance to the leaf base, ovate to elliptic (rarely obovate), base cuneate to acute, lateral lobes 1.0 - 5.1 (- 6.8) cm long, 0.3 - 2.1 (- 3.0) cm wide, ovate to oblong, acute (rarely obtuse or rounded), central lobe ovate to elliptic (rarely obovate), central vein 1.8 - 8.8 (- 12.0) cm long, angle between the lateral lobes (33 -) 50 - 110 (- 152) °, ratio of lateral lobe to central vein length 0.46 - 0.78 (- 0.87), margins entire, hyaline, primary veins 1 - 3 (when more than one veins diverge and branch at base), laminar nectaries absent; tendril 0.2 - 0.7 (- 1.1) mm wide, present at flowering node. Flowers borne in leaf axils. Pedicels (2.0 -) 3.3 - 9.4 (- 17.0) mm long, 0.3 - 0.6 mm wide, 2 per node; bract (s) absent or rarely with one narrowly ovate, acute, bract present on the distal half of the pedicel, 0.4 - 0.6 mm long, ca. 0.1 mm wide; spur (s) absent. Flowers (6.9 -) 11.7 - 20.4 mm in diameter with stipe 1.4 - 4.4 (- 6.3) mm long, 0.3 - 0.7 mm wide; hypanthium 2.8 - 4.1 mm in diameter; sepals (2.3 -) 4.0 - 7.0 (- 8.3) mm long, 1.2 - 3.3 mm wide, ovate-triangular, acute to rounded, reflexed at anthesis, abaxially and adaxially greenish yellow to very light greenish yellow (5 GY 7 / 4, 8 / 4 - 8 / 2); coronal filaments in 2 series, the outer 20 - 30 (- 34), 1.2 - 4.0 mm long, (0.1 -) 0.2 - 0.6 mm wide, linear, slightly spreading, greenish yellow with yellow tips (5 Y 8 / 10) or flushed with reddish purple (5 RP 5 / 6 - 3 / 6) at base and greenish yellow at middle with yellow tips or very dark reddish purple (5 RP 3 / 4 - 2.5 / 4) at base and yellow toward tips, ratio of outer coronal row to sepal length 0.20 - 0.69 (- 0.82), the inner (11 -) 20 - 34, 0.8 - 1.3 mm long, 0.04 - 0.16 mm wide, linear, capitate, erect, greenish yellow with yellow tips or greenish yellow flushed with reddish purple at base and yellow toward tips or very dark reddish purple with yellow tips, ratio of inner coronal row to outer coronal row length 0.36 - 0.66; operculum (0.6 -) 1.0 - 1.4 mm long, plicate, greenish yellow or greenish yellow with a flush of reddish purple at base or reddish purple or very dark reddish purple, margin white with minutely fimbrillate teeth; nectary (0.1 -) 0.2 - 0.4 (- 0.6) mm high, 0.2 - 0.6 (- 0.8) mm wide; limen recurved, erect or slightly inclined toward the operculum, 0.1 - 0.4 mm high, 0.1 - 0.3 mm wide, greenish yellow or greenish yellow flushed with red dish purple or reddish purple or very dark reddish purple, limen floor 1.6 - 2.6 mm in diameter, greenish yellow or greenish yellow flushed with reddish purple or reddish purple or very dark reddish purple; androgynophore (1.7 -) 2.2 - 3.5 mm long, 0.4 - 0.9 mm wide, greenish yellow or greenish yellow with a flush of reddish purple at base or greenish yellow with reddish purple spots and streaks or very dark reddish purple; free portions of the staminal filaments 1.4 - 3.0 mm long, 0.2 - 0.4 mm wide, linear, greenish yellow; anthers 1.1 - 1.9 mm long, 0.5 - 1.3 mm wide, pollen yellow; styles 1.6 - 4.3 mm long including stigmas, 0.1 - 0.4 mm wide, greenish yellow; stigmas 0.5 - 1.2 mm in diameter; ovary 1.1 - 1.8 mm long, (0.7 -) 1.0 - 1.5 (- 1.9) mm wide, ellipsoid to globose, greenish yellow. Berry 7.6 - 9.5 mm long, 6.9 - 8.8 mm in diamater, globose, or ellipsoid, very dark purple (5 P 2.5 / 2). Seeds (4 -) 8 - 24 (- 33), 2.8 - 3.5 mm long, 1.9 - 2.2 mm wide, 1.1 - 1.4 mm thick, obovate in outline, acute at both ends, reticulate-foveate with each face marked with ca. 12 - 20 foveae; germination type epigeal.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
AB7C61E724C0CCF94F6F8A582F64B766.taxon	distribution	Distribution. In the New World tropics: Central America, Mexico, United States (Florida and Texas), Venezuela, and the West Indies. Introduced in the Old World tropics: Africa, Asia, and Australia. Growing in shrubs, trees or trailing on the ground in secondary successional areas and along the edges of dry tropical forests, both inland and near the seashore, primarily at low elevations but sometimes occurring at elevations as high as 800 m. Commonly associated with calcareous / alkaline substrate.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
AB7C61E724C0CCF94F6F8A582F64B766.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Passiflora pallida as recognized here exhibits a substantial amount of morphological variation across its range. The various forms that the leaves may take have led to the proposal of many species and varietal names. For example, a plant of this species may possess only unlobed leaves, only trilobed leaves, or leaves that are unlobed, bilobed, and trilobed. This type of variation can be seen throughout the range of this species. However, the flowers of Passiflora pallida are diagnostically small, with a narrow hypanthium, short sepals, short coronal filaments, and narrow floral nectaries. The only species with which Passiflora pallida may be confused is Passiflora suberosa. Passiflora pallida is vegetatively similar to both Passiflora suberosa subsp. litoralis and Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa, and without flowering material these taxa can be difficult to distinguish. The position of the petiolar nectaries has often been used to separate species in closely related taxa in Passiflora. However, though the petiolar nectaries are generally located closer to the petiole apex in Passiflora pallida than in the South American populations of Passiflora suberosa subsp. litoralis and Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa, the upland Mexican / Central American populations of Passiflora suberosa subsp. litoralis also have petiolar nectaries positioned very near the petiole apex. The leaf base of Passiflora pallida is commonly not cordate. Passiflora suberosa possesses leaves that are frequently cordate, though this character is somewhat variable in the upland Mexican / Central American populations of Passiflora suberosa subsp. litoralis. Though foliage color is difficult to discern from herbarium specimens, my experience in the field and photos taken of Passiflora pallida and Passiflora suberosa in the field by others show that Passiflora pallida commonly possesses leaves that are paler in color and often less lustrous than Passiflora suberosa. Reproductive structures are more reliable in separating Passiflora pallida and Passiflora suberosa. The hypanthium of Passiflora pallida is commonly 2.8 - 4.1 mm in diameter and the inner coronal filaments are usually less than 1.5 mm long. In Passiflora suberosa s. l., the hypanthium is commonly 4.0 - 8.8 mm in diameter and the inner coronal filaments are frequently 1.5 - 3.9 mm long. The outer coronal filaments are also short, less than 4.0 mm in Passiflora pallida, and although that overlaps with the 2.5 - 8.1 mm range observed in Passiflora suberosa, the character is frequently observable in herbarium specimens. Where the distributions of Passiflora pallida and Passiflora suberosa overlap in the Antilles, Passiflora pallida is typically found in and along the edges of subtropical and tropical forests at or near sea level (rarely exceeding 200 m), whereas Passiflora suberosa commonly occurs in and along the edges of tropical forests above 500 m. The most common variant of Passiflora pallida (as exemplified by E. Killip 41876, on Sugarloaf Key, Monroe Co., Florida, USA; E. Cabrera 1475, S of Akumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico; and J. Tillich 3558, in Black River, Mauritius) has ovate leaves that may be unlobed, bilobed or trilobed on the same plant. When unlobed, the leaves are commonly greater than 2.0 cm wide. When lobed, the leaves are usually shallowly lobed 0.20 - 0.41 the distance to the base, the lateral and central lobes are greater than 1.0 cm wide, and the angle between the lateral lobes is 45 - 100 °. Another less common variant of Passiflora pallida (as exemplified by J. K. Small & C. Mosier 5511, from Cox Hammock, Miami-Dade Co., Florida, USA; and J. Small & J. Carter 194, between Perrine and Long Prairie, Miami-Dade Co., Florida, USA), has narrowly ovate leaves that may be unlobed, bilobed or trilobed on the same plant. When unlobed, the leaves are commonly less than 1.0 cm wide. When lobed, the leaves are usually deeply lobed 0.82 - 0.90 the distance to the base, the lateral and central lobes are commonly less than 0.7 cm wide, and the angle between the lateral lobes is greater than 100 °. However, all the specimens brought together here as Passiflora pallida are all relatively small in stature in their native habitats in the New World, possess similar small flowers with short coronal filaments and occur in a similar range of elevations. MacDougal has reported the appearance of an occasional, well-formed but small petal in other species within supersection Cieca (MacDougal, 1992). I have also seen this in Passiflora pallida in several of my greenhouse accessions and in the field in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Stegmaier (1973) reported that Dasiops passifloris McAlpine (Diptera: Family Lonchaeidae) infests the fruits of Passiflora pallida in southern Florida. He found that the female fly oviposits on the fruits and the larvae feed on the arils and fruit flesh. In this study, in which he collected a total of 1040 wild passion fruits from Passiflora pallida occurring on a single farm in Hialeah, Florida, he also found that the mature fruit may contain from 4 to 17 seeds per fruit (Stegmaier 1973). Passiflora pallida is a pest plant where it occurs in many areas of the Old World. In New Guinea, Neville Kemp reports that the probable disperser of Passiflora pallida is the long-tailed macaque or crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis) (Kemp and Burnett 2003). In Linnaeus' 1753 edition of Species Plantarum, he describes three small-flowered entities, Passiflora pallida L. (" Habitat in Dominica, Brasilia "), Passiflora hirsuta L. (" Habitat in Dominica and Curassao ") and Passiflora minima L. (" Habitat in Curassao "), for which the historical references include phrases such as " flore minore " (Passiflora pallida L.), " flore & fructu minimis " (Passiflora hirsuta) and " flore flavescente omnium minimo " (Passiflora minima L.). Charles Wright (1869), in an article discussing the genus Jussiaea L., chose the name Passiflora pallida over Passiflora minima. In the article he commented on the " embarrassing " status of the species of Passiflora and the unwise reliance upon vegetative morphology in species circumscription within the Cuban species of Passiflora (Wright, 1869: 480). In the article he states, " I have lately carefully examined the Cuban species called Passiflora minima, hederacea, pallida, angustifolia, suberosa, & c., and come to this conclusion: - Passiflora pallida, L., is an old and appropriate name, to which belong Passiflora minima, L., and Passiflora angustifolia, Sw., certainly; Passiflora hederacea, Cav., Passiflora suberosa L., probably; and, from the description, I judge Passiflora lineariloba, Hook. f. to be only another form of it. " It is possible that Passiflora hirsuta was not considered by Wright in his article because of the confusion surrounding its circumscription (see below) or because he had not encountered the taxon in Cuba. In the 1753 edition of Species Plantarum, Linnaeus indicated that he was well-acquainted with Passiflora pallida and refers to the diagnosis and drawing in his Dissertatio botanica de Passiflora (1745), that shows an unlobed, ovate leaf with two petiolar nectaries positioned near the apex of the petiole. Linnaeus cites an illustration by Plumier (pl. 89, in Description des plantes de l'Amerique 1693) that also exemplifies his Passiflora pallida. However, he also refers to a figure by Morison (1680) that shows a plant with a large flower that possesses sepals and petals (likely in the subgenus Passiflora) with unlobed, ovate leaves. In the 1745 dissertation, Hallman specifically states that the flowers of Passiflora pallida L. are " pentapetala ", referring to the lack of petals; this decision was based upon the careful comparison of diagnoses from other petalous taxa in the treatment. An examination of the Linnaean herbarium (microfiche) did not reveal an herbarium specimen that could reasonably be attributed to the species described as Passiflora pallida by Linnaeus. There is one specimen in the Linnaean herbarium labeled Passiflora pallida, but it is a post 1753 accession that represents a large-flowered taxon from subgenus Passiflora. Though there is a small amount of confusion surrounding Passiflora pallida L., largely attributable to Linnaeus' reference to Morison's illustration and the post-Linnaean accession referred to above, it is clear from the diagnoses in the 1753 edition of Species Plantarum and the 1745 dissertation, that Linnaeus was referring to a plant that had unlobed, ovate leaves and small, pale, apetalous flowers (Jarvis 2007). The lectotype of Passiflora pallida L. (designated here) is Plumier's fig in Description des plantes de l'Amerique (1693) in which he illustrated several entities of both Passiflora pallida and Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa. Incidentally, Linnaeus chose the epithet, pallida, to refer to the pale-colored flower. Though the flowers are frequently pale in color, they may also be highly colored. Linnaeus (1753) also describes Passiflora minima L. as a trilobed plant in which the central lobe is longer than the lateral lobes. He cites the diagnosis and drawing in the 1745 dissertation that shows a plant with narrowly trilobed leaves that lack petiolar glands. Linnaeus (1753) also refers to a figure by Plukenet (1696) that closely matches Linnaeus' diagnoses and the drawing in the dissertation. Neither Linnaeus nor Hallman described the flowers of Passiflora minima L., but it can be inferred by the historical references in the dissertation that the flowers were small and lacked petals. In Killip's treatment of Passiflora suberosa, he states that there are two sheets of Passiflora minima from the " West Indies " of uncertain origin in the Linnaean Herbarium and designated them " type of Passiflora minima " (1938: 93) without specifying one of the sheets specifically. According to Jarvis (2007), the lectotype of Passiflora minima L. (designated by Wijnands 1983) is specimen 1070.20 (LINN). The lectotype closely matches Linnaeus' diagnoses and the drawing in the dissertation and possesses small flowers apparently lacking petals (as observed on a microfiche of the herbarium). However, the lectotype of Passiflora minima is a very unusual example of the small-flowered entity, as the lack of petiolar nectaries in this taxon is very rare. Passiflora hirsuta L. has been the source of confusion for several taxonomists of Passiflora, and under his treatment of Passiflora foetida var. moritziana (Planch.) Killip ex Pulle, Killip (1938) discussed the problem. Linnaeus (1753) cited several references in his treatment of Passiflora hirsuta, often with accompanying illustrations, that undoubtedly refer to Passiflora foetida. However, he also referred to an illustration by Plumier (pl. 88, in Description des plantes de l'Amerique 1693) that is clearly Passiflora pallida. As in his other species descriptions, he also cites the diagnosis and drawing in the 1745 dissertation by Hallman that shows a trilobed, densely pubescent leaf with rather large petiolar nectaries that are positioned on the distal half of the petiole and, thus, cannot be Passiflora foetida as this species lacks petiolar nectaries. The diagnosis in the 1753 edition of Species Plantarum is unclear. However, in the 1745 dissertation Hallman states that the flowers of this taxon are pale and small, the involucre is lanceolate, and the fruits are deep blue. Hallman goes on to say that the taxon that he is describing is somewhat similar to the next (Passiflora foetida L.) but differs in that the flowers are opposite (paired) and the involucre consists of only a single bract. Hallman is clearly describing one of the entities in the Passiflora suberosa complex, as the flowers are commonly paired in the leaf axils, members of the species complex do sometimes possess one or two lanceolate bracts, and the fruits are very dark purple. In Passiflora foetida only one flower is present in the leaf axils, the involucre consists of three large bracts that are pinnatifid or pinnatisect, and the fruits are yellow to red. Though the leaf as illustrated in the dissertation is distinctly cordate and broadly ovate, which is a bit unusual for Passiflora pallida, Linnaeus' reference to Plumier's drawing leads me to conclude that Passiflora hirsuta L. is a synonym of Passiflora pallida. It is also the only original material that corresponds to the current concept of the species.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
FE9ABDAB410366072F94BAADE7BD8774.taxon	description	Description. Slender, climbing, perennial vine 1 - 5 (- 10) m long or more, commonly sparsely to densely pubescent with unicellular or multicellular curved trichomes on leaf, petiole, stem, stipule, sepal, and tendril (very rare) (0.14 -) 0.20 - 1.13 mm long, 0.02 - 0.03 mm wide, also often minutely antrorsely appressed-puberulent on leaf, petiole, stem, stipule, and sepal with unicellular, curved trichomes, 0.05 - 0.10 mm long, 0.02 - 0.03 mm wide. Flowering stems 0.5 - 3.1 mm in diameter, terete or somewhat compressed, greenish yellow to reddish purple to red, with the base woody and cork-covered. Stipules (1.5 -) 2.2 - 8.4 (- 11.6) mm long, 0.1 - 1.3 mm wide, narrowly ovate-triangular, acute or rarely slightly attenuate; petioles 0.4 - 2.7 (- 3.7) cm long, with 2 (very rarely 1), opposite to alternate, stipitate or sessile, cupulate, discoid or capitate nectaries (very rarely urceolate), 0.4 - 1.5 mm wide, 0.2 - 1.6 mm high, commonly borne in the distal three quarters of the petiole (0.27 - 0.93 of the distance from the base toward the apex of the petiole). Laminas (1.4 -) 3.0 - 14.2 (- 19.0) cm long, (0.8 -) 1.6 - 10.0 (- 17.1) cm wide, not peltate or sometimes slightly peltate (the distance from leaf base to point of petiole insertion 2.3 - 2.5 mm), commonly membranous, 3 - lobed, rarely unlobed, ovate, commonly with base cordate or cuneate to acute, lateral lobes (0.9 -) 1.4 - 7.5 (- 12.0) cm long, 0.3 - 3.0 (- 4.8) cm wide, ovate to oblong (very rarely obovate), acute (rarely obtuse or rounded), central lobe ovate to elliptic, sometimes obovate, central vein (1.4 -) 3.0 - 9.0 (- 14.2) cm long, angle between the lateral lobes (21 -) 40 - 140 °, ratio of lateral lobe to central vein length (0.30 -) 0.38 - 0.87, margins entire, rarely crenate, hyaline, primary veins 1 - 3 (when more than one, veins diverge and branch at base or diverge and branch above base), laminar nectaries absent or sometimes with 1 - 10 submarginal nectaries associated with the minor veins of the abaxial surface, rarely associated with a crenation of the leaf margin, rarely with 2 - 4 nectaries proximal to the lateral leaf veins, 0.3 - 1.0 mm in diameter, circular to widely elliptic, sessile; tendril 0.2 - 1.1 mm wide, present at flowering node except in inflorescence. Flowers borne in leaf axils or sometimes in indeterminate axillary or terminal inflorescences; inflorescences 2.0 - 4.0 cm long, associated reduced laminas 2.0 - 4.3 mm long, 1.5 - 3.1 mm wide. Pedicels 2.3 - 17.9 mm long, 0.2 - 0.7 mm wide, 2 per node; bract (s) absent or rarely with one or two narrowly ovate-triangular bracts present at (0.23 -) 0.42 - 0.88 of the distance from the base toward the apex of the pedicel, 0.4 - 1.5 (- 2.3) mm long, 0.1 - 0.2 mm wide, acute; spur (s) absent. Flowers 12.3 - 49.1 mm in diameter with stipe (0.2 -) 1.4 - 11.5 mm long, 0.3 - 1.0 mm wide; hypanthium (3.0 -) 4.0 - 8.8 mm in diameter; sepals 4.0 - 14.6 (- 20.5) mm long, 2.0 - 5.0 (- 6.4) mm wide, ovate-triangular, acute to rounded, reflexed at anthesis, abaxially and adaxially greenish yellow to very light greenish yellow (5 GY 7 / 4, 8 / 4 - 8 / 2) or white; coronal filaments in 2 series (very rarely 1 series), the outer 20 - 36, 2.5 - 8.1 mm long, 0.1 - 0.8 mm wide, linear, sometimes capitellate, erect (ca. 70 °) or slightly spreading (ca. 110 °) or spreading (ca. 180 ° - 220 °), greenish yellow with yellow tips (5 Y 8 / 10), or flushed with reddish purple (5 RP 5 / 6 - 3 / 6) at base and greenish yellow at middle with yellow tips, or reddish purple (5 RP 3 / 8 - 4 / 8) at base, greenish yellow at middle and yellow toward tips, ratio of outer coronal row to sepal length 0.34 - 0.95, the inner (10 -) 18 - 45 (- 53), 1.5 - 3.9 mm long, 0.1 - 0.3 mm wide, linear, capitate, erect to slightly spreading, greenish yellow, or greenish yellow with yellow tips, or greenish yellow flushed with reddish purple at base and yellow toward tips, or reddish purple with greenish yellow tips, ratio of inner coronal row to outer coronal row length 0.21 - 0.76; operculum (0.7) 1.0 - 3.0 mm long, plicate, greenish yellow, or greenish yellow with a flush of reddish purple at base, or reddish purple, margin white with minutely fimbrillate teeth; nectary 0.1 - 1.1 mm high, 0.3 - 1.8 (- 2.7) mm wide; limen recurved, erect or slightly inclined toward the operculum, 0.1 - 0.7 mm high, 0.1 - 0.6 mm wide, greenish yellow or greenish yellow with reddish purple tip, limen floor (1.3 -) 1.8 - 4.0 mm in diameter, greenish yellow or greenish yellow flushed with reddish purple; androgynophore (2.1 -) 2.7 - 6.1 (- 12.6) mm long, 0.3 - 1.8 mm wide, greenish yellow or greenish yellow with a flush of reddish purple at base or greenish yellow with reddish purple spots and streaks; free portions of the staminal filaments 1.6 - 6.0 (- 6.8) mm long, 0.2 - 0.7 mm wide, linear, greenish yellow; anthers 1.4 - 3.3 mm long, 0.3 - 1.7 mm wide, pollen whitish or yellow; styles (1.7 -) 2.1 - 6.5 (- 7.7) mm long including stigmas, 0.1 - 0.5 mm wide, greenish yellow; stigmas 0.3 - 1.7 mm in diameter; ovary 1.2 - 4.1 mm long, 0.8 - 3.7 mm wide, ellipsoid to globose, greenish yellow. Berry 7.9 - 15.8 mm long, 7.4 - 13.4 mm in diameter, ovoid, ellipsoid or transversely ellipsoid, very dark purple (5 P 2.5 / 2). Seeds ca. 8 - 34, 2.5 - 4.0 mm long, 1.5 - 2.5 mm wide, 1.0 - 1.8 mm thick, reticulate-foveate with each face marked with ca. 12 - 16 foveae, obovate in outline, acute at both ends, chalazal beak and micropyle inclined toward raphe; germination type epigeal.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
FE9ABDAB410366072F94BAADE7BD8774.taxon	distribution	Distribution. In the New World tropics. Introduced in the Old World tropics. Growing in shrubs and trees or trailing on the ground in secondary successional areas, along the edges of semideciduous to deciduous, dry to wet tropical forests, both inland and near the seashore, 0 - 2500 m. Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa and Passiflora suberosa subsp. litoralis have different geographic distributions, with Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa occurring in the Caribbean and Passiflora suberosa subsp. litoralis in Mexico, Central America, and South America. They only co-occur on the island of O'ahu, Hawaii, USA, where they have been introduced. The two subspecies are very similar vegetatively, but Passiflora suberosa subsp. litoralis is commonly conspicuously and densely pubescent with longer unicellular or multicellular curved trichomes, whereas Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa appears glabrous. Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa does not possess inflorescences present as condensed shoots with aborted lamina, but Passiflora suberosa subsp. litoralis may have them. The sepals of Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa are glabrous, and those of Passiflora suberosa subsp. litoralis are pubescent. The staminal filaments of Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa are often greater than 4 mm long, whereas those of Passiflora suberosa subsp. litoralis are less than 4 mm long. Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa also possesses a longer androgynophore (> 5 mm), and the androgynophore of Passiflora suberosa subsp. litoralis very rarely reaches a length of 5 mm. The fruits of Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa are larger (commonly> 1.0 cm) and usually ovoid, whereas Passiflora suberosa subsp. litoralis has depressed globose to globose to ellipsoid fruits that are commonly less that 1.0 cm long.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
B4CBD1846C4296BFDE7FCE22A8ECA51A.taxon	description	Description. Sparsely to densely pubescent with unicellular or multicellular curved trichomes only on leaf, petiole and stem (very rarely on stipule) 0.14 - 0.62 mm long, 0.02 - 0.03 mm wide, also minutely antrorsely appressed-puberulent on leaf, petiole, stem, and stipule (sepal glabrous) with unicellular, curved trichomes, 0.06 - 0.10 mm long, 0.02 - 0.03 mm wide. Laminas not peltate or slightly peltate (the distance from leaf base to point of petiole insertion 2.3 - 2.5 mm). Flowers borne in leaf axils or sometimes in indeterminate axillary or terminal inflorescences; inflorescences 2.0 - 4.0 cm long, associated reduced laminas 2.0 - 4.0 mm long, 1.5 - 3.0 mm wide. Pedicels 6.9 - 17.6 mm long, 0.4 - 0.7 mm wide, 2 per node; bract (s) absent or with one or two narrowly ovate-triangular bracts present at (0.23 -) 0.42 - 0.66 of the distance from the base toward the apex of the pedicel, 0.4 - 1.5 (- 2.3) mm long, 0.1 - 0.2 mm wide, acute. Flowers 21.3 - 49.1 mm in diameter with stipe 3.3 - 11.5 mm long; hypanthium 5.5 - 8.8 mm in diameter; sepals 7.6 - 20.5 mm long, 2.9 - 6.4 mm wide, abaxially and adaxially white; coronal filaments in 2 series, the outer 3.7 - 8.1 mm long, linear, slightly spreading (ca. 110 °), reddish purple (5 RP 3 / 8 - 4 / 8) at base, greenish yellow (5 GY 8 / 4 - 8 / 6) at middle and yellow (5 Y 8 / 10) toward tips, ratio of outer coronal row to sepal length 0.34 - 0.74, the inner 10 - 30 (- 42), erect, reddish purple with greenish yellow tips; operculum 1.4 - 3.0 mm long, reddish purple, margin white; nectary 0.2 - 1.1 mm high, 0.7 - 1.8 (- 2.7) mm wide; limen recurved, greenish yellow with reddish purple tip, limen floor greenish yellow; androgynophore 5.0 - 12.6 mm long, 0.5 - 1.8 mm wide, greenish yellow; free portions of the staminal filaments 3.4 - 6.8 mm long, anthers with nearly white pollen; styles 3.2 - 7.7 mm long including stigmas. Berry 11.3 - 13.8 mm long, ovoid to ellipsoid. Seeds ca. 21 - 34.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
B4CBD1846C4296BFDE7FCE22A8ECA51A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Throughout the West Indies. Introduced in the Hawaiian Islands. Growing in shrubs, trees or trailing on the ground in secondary successional areas, along the edges of semideciduous to deciduous, dry to moist tropical forests, both inland and near the seashore, 0 - 1600 m.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
B4CBD1846C4296BFDE7FCE22A8ECA51A.taxon	discussion	Discussion. In the Greater Antilles, Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa is commonly found in and along the edges of moist forests, primarily at higher elevations. It is relatively common on all of the islands of the Greater Antilles, except for Jamaica, where it is very rare. In the Lesser Antilles, it does occur at high elevations but primarily occurs at lower elevations and is found in dry to moist forests. The vegetative morphology of Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa is incredibly variable. Nevertheless, throughout most of its range the subspecies commonly has trilobed leaves at reproductive nodes; only ca. 10 % of the specimens examined have leaves that are unlobed at all nodes. Approximately 20 % of the specimens possess unlobed, bilobed and trilobed leaves on sheets of the same collection. The leaves of Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa are commonly lobed less than 50 % of the distance from the outline of the leaf to the leaf base and the lateral lobes are 1 / 2 - 3 / 4 the length of the central lobe. The leaves are frequently dark green on their adaxial surfaces and have cordate bases. The juvenile leaves of Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa are often peltate and frequently possess laminar nectaries; however, the leaves on older plants are only very rarely peltate and usually do not have nectaries. The vegetative parts of the plant also possess varying amounts of reddish purple pigmentation, and the stems and new growth are often entirely reddish purple. Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa is relatively small in stature, rarely exceeding a length / height of five or six meters in the field. The flowers are more than 2.5 cm in diameter, with white sepals, coronal filaments that are dark reddish purple with yellow apices and whitish pollen. The fruits are usually ovoid and very dark purple. In the Lesser Antilles, there are three morphological variants. One of these variants occurs in the Grenadines and has large leaves (over 10 cm wide) that are deeply trilobed (more than half the distance from the leaf outline to the leaf base) with long, commonly oblong lateral lobes that are at least three quarters the length of the lateral lobe. The leaves are often distinctly peltate and frequently possess four laminar nectaries (two on either side of the central leaf vein and one proximal to each lateral vein). Another variant occurs primarily in Dominica and Martinique and has deeply trilobed leaves with wider, ovate lateral lobes and deeply cordate bases. The leaves are not as large as the first variant (ca. 5 - 8 cm wide), but possess four laminar nectaries in the same positions as the entity in the Grenadines. The last variant occurs on several of the Windward Islands and has trilobed leaves with ca. 10 laminar nectaries. The nectaries are positioned near the leaf margin, creating crenations where they appear and are commonly positioned proximal to the lateral leaf veins, a very rare condition in the subspecies. All of these Lesser Antillean forms have the longest floral stipes and sepals in the subspecies. In the Dominican Republic and Cuba there is an additional variant that has unlobed leaves at all nodes. The leaves are exceptionally long for the subspecies (> 10 cm), more coriaceous and possess petiolar nectaries that are wider and somewhat discoid, as opposed to the cupulate or capitate condition common in the subspecies. Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa is sympatric with three species in supersection Cieca: Passiflora pallida, Passiflora lancifolia, and Passiflora macfadyenii. It can be easily separated from Passiflora lancifolia and Passiflora macfadyenii using both vegetative and reproductive characters. The most obvious features are that the leaves of Passiflora macfadyenii and Passiflora lancifolia are very densely pubescent with long, unicellular curved trichomes, whereas Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa appears glabrous (i. e., primarily microscopically antrorsely appressed-puberulent). The flowers of Passiflora macfadyenii and Passiflora lancifolia are also tubular and possess bright red sepals. Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa has the cup-shaped flowers typical of the supersection and white sepals. However, Passiflora pallida and Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa can be difficult to separate without reproductive material. The leaves of Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa are darker green in color than those of Passiflora pallida and sometimes have laminar nectaries, these strictly absent in Passiflora pallida. They are also wide, i. e., (2.9 -) 5.0 - 12.0 (- 17.1) cm, in Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa, and although this overlaps with the (0.3 -) 6.0 - 7.0 (- 10.6) cm range in Passiflora pallida, the character can frequently be used to distinguish between them. In addition, the leaf bases of Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa are cordate (when they are not peltate), whereas those of Passiflora pallida are very rarely cordate and usually are acute to cuneate. The stems, leaves (especially at their margins), tendrils, and stipules are frequently reddish purple in Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa, and the vegetative parts of Passiflora pallida generally possess little, if any, reddish purple coloration. Passiflora pallida may be densely pubescent where it occurs in the Caribbean, but Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa appears glabrous. The flowers of Passiflora pallida are much smaller than those of Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa. Passiflora pallida has sepals that are very rarely greater than 8 mm long, but the sepals of Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa are always longer than 8 mm. The hypanthium in Passiflora pallida is 2.2 - 4.2 mm wide, whereas that of Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa is 5.5 - 8.8 mm wide. Passiflora pallida has short staminal filaments (1.4 - 3.0 mm), and Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa has staminal filaments that are 3.4 - 6.8 mm long. The sepals of Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa are white, whereas those of Passiflora pallida are commonly greenish yellow; though Passiflora pallida may possess light colored sepals in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. The fruits of these taxa are also quite different; Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa usually has ovoid fruits and Passiflora pallida has globose or ellipsoid fruits. In the Greater Antilles, Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa is commonly found at higher elevations and in more mesic habitats than Passiflora pallida. In other areas in the world their habitats are less distinct, but the species can be distinguished morphologically. Clifford Smith in the Dep. of Botany at the University of Hawaii reports that Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa, as recognized here, is a minor weed in Hawaii in subcanopy layers where it smothers shrubs, small trees and the ground layer. In some areas it can also smother the upper canopy layer. He has also found that the seeds are dispersed by alien frugivorous birds.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
A6539266CA76839EB30432F9AECDF350.taxon	description	Description. Sparsely to densely pubescent with unicellular or multicellular curved trichomes on leaf, petiole, stipule, stem and sepal 0.16 - 1.13 mm long, 0.02 - 0.03 mm wide, also minutely antrorsely appressed-puberulent on leaf, petiole, stem, stipule and sepal with unicellular, curved trichomes, 0.05 - 0.10 mm long, 0.02 - 0.03 mm wide. Laminas not peltate. Flowers borne in leaf axils or sometimes in indeterminate axillary or terminal inflorescences; inflorescences 2.0 - 4.0 cm long, associated reduced laminas 2.0 - 4.3 mm long, 1.5 - 3.1 mm wide. Pedicels 2.3 - 17.9 mm long, 0.2 - 0.7 mm wide, 2 per node; bract (s) absent or rarely with 1 or 2 narrowly ovate-triangular bracts present at (0.23 -) 0.42 - 0.88 of the distance from the base toward the apex of the pedicel, 0.4 - 1.1 (- 2.3) mm long, 0.1 - 0.2 mm wide, acute. Flowers 12.3 - 26.1 mm in diameter with stipe 0.2 - 7.5 (10.1) mm long; hypanthium (3.0 -) 4.0 - 6.3 (- 7.1) mm in diameter; sepals 4.0 - 9.0 (- 10.8) mm long, 2.0 - 5.5 mm wide, abaxially and adaxially greenish yellow to very light greenish yellow (5 GY 7 / 4, 8 / 4 - 8 / 2); coronal filaments in 2 series (very rarely 1 series), the outer 2.5 - 7.5 mm long, linear, sometimes capitellate, erect (ca. 70 °) or slightly spreading (ca. 110 °) or spreading (ca. 180 ° - 220 °), greenish yellow with yellow tips (5 Y 8 / 10) or flushed with reddish purple (5 RP 5 / 6 - 3 / 6) at base and greenish yellow at middle with yellow tips, ratio of outer coronal row to sepal length 0.39 - 0.95, the inner (1 -) 20 - 50 (- 53), erect to spreading slightly, greenish yellow or greenish yellow with yellow tips or greenish yellow flushed with reddish purple at base and yellow toward tips; operculum 0.7 - 2.3 mm long, greenish yellow or greenish yellow with a flush of reddish purple at base or reddish purple, margin white; nectary 0.1 - 0.9 mm high, 0.3 - 1.3 mm wide; limen recurved, erect or slightly inclined toward the operculum, greenish yellow or greenish yellow with reddish purple tip, limen floor greenish yellow or greenish yellow flushed with reddish purple; androgynophore 2.1 - 4.4 (- 6.1) mm long, 0.3 - 1.3 mm wide, greenish yellow or greenish yellow with a flush of reddish purple at base or greenish yellow with reddish purple spots and streaks; free portions of the staminal filaments 1.6 - 3.9 mm long, anthers with yellow pollen; styles 1.7 - 4.7 (- 5.8) mm long including stigmas. Berry 7.9 - 11.9 mm long, depressed globose to globose to ellipsoid. Seeds ca. 8 - 34.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
A6539266CA76839EB30432F9AECDF350.taxon	distribution	Distribution. In the New World tropics: Central America, Mexico, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Paragual, Peru, and Venezuela. Introduced in the Old World tropics: Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Hawaiian Islands. Growing in shrubs, trees or trailing on the ground in secondary successional areas, along the edges of semideciduous to deciduous, dry to moist tropical forests, both inland and near the seashore, 0 - 2800 m.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
A6539266CA76839EB30432F9AECDF350.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Passiflora suberosa subsp. litoralis has the widest geographic range of any species in supersection Cieca. In the New World, its range extends from northern Mexico, through Central America, to central Argentina. In these areas it may be confused with Passiflora pallida and Passiflora obtusifolia, which are sometimes similar vegetatively. The similarities and differences between these two species are discussed under their respective descriptions. The primary difference between Passiflora pallida and Passiflora suberosa subsp. litoralis is the hypanthium diameter, with that of Passiflora pallida rarely exceeding a width of 4.0 mm and that of Passiflora suberosa subsp. litoralis commonly 4.0 mm or wider. One of the more useful characters employed in separating Passiflora obtusifolia and Passiflora suberosa subsp. litoralis is the presence / absence of inflorescences. When mature, Passiflora obtusifolia bears flowers in long inflorescences (i. e., 5.3 - 18.3 cm) and Passiflora suberosa subsp. litoralis almost always lacks inflorescences; when Passiflora suberosa subsp. litoralis does possess inflorescences they are not as long (i. e., 2.0 - 5.0 cm). There are three major morphological variants of Passiflora suberosa subsp. litoralis. In Mexico and Central America, Passiflora suberosa subsp. litoralis possesses shallowly trilobed leaves (commonly less than half the distance from the leaf outline to the leaf base) with the length of the central lobe often greatly exceeding that of the lateral lobes and an angle between the lateral veins that is frequently between 40 ° and 80 °. The lateral lobes are also oblong to elliptic. The broadly capitate petiolar nectaries are commonly positioned on the distal half of the petiole, often over 0.60 the distance from the base to the apex of the petiole. The leaf bases are often cuneate to acute but rarely cordate. In Mexico and Central America, Passiflora suberosa subsp. litoralis is often found in high elevation (1000 - 3000 m) moist pine and oak forests along streams and rivers, but it may also occur in very dry forests with cacti (e. g., Cephalocereus forests of Tehuacan) and other species common in matorral vegetation (e. g., Tamaulipan matorral). On the western side of South America (Colombia to Peru and Argentina), Passiflora suberosa subsp. litoralis possesses leaves very much like those of the Mexico / Central American variant, but the petiolar nectaries may be more discoid and are commonly positioned on the proximal half of the petiole. The lateral lobes are commonly distinctly ovate and diverge at an angle of 80 - 100 °. The leaf bases are also distinctly cordate. In this region it is found in low (near sea level and on cliffs above the sea) to high (to 3000 m) elevation moist forests commonly along streams and rivers, but it also occurs in tropical dry forests. On the eastern side of South America, in southeastern Brazil, the leaves are commonly trilobed but may also have unlobed, bilobed or trilobed leaves present on the same plant. The petiolar nectaries are commonly discoid and positioned on the proximal half of the petiole. The lateral lobes are ovate, but longer than those common in western South America, and commonly diverge at an angle of greater than 100 °. The leaf bases are distinctly cordate. In Brazil, Passiflora suberosa subsp. litoralis is more common in coastal dunes and tropical dry forests, but it does occasionally occur in higher elevation moist forests as well. This variant is the only form of Passiflora suberosa subsp. litoralis found in the Old World. Laminar nectaries are commonly present in all three of the these variants. In a recent manuscript, Milward-de-Azevedo et al. (2012) incorrectly designated Gardner 50 (BM) as a lectotype for Passiflora flexuosa. Gardner, in his manuscript (1842) was not publishing the new species, Passiflora flexuosa, but supplying a nomen novum for Passiflora oliviformis Vellozo. Therefore, the type of Gardner's name is homotypic with Passiflora oliviformis Vellozo.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
15AAA07069F1F38B593A1DE2AA447B3B.taxon	description	Description. Slender, climbing, perennial vine to 2.5 m long or more, sparsely to densely pubescent with unicellular curved trichomes on petiole, leaf, and stem, 0.13 - 0.33 mm long, 0.02 - 0.03 mm wide, also minutely antrorsely appressed-puberulent on petiole, leaf, stem, stipule and sepal with unicellular, curved trichomes, 0.06 - 0.08 mm long, 0.02 - 0.03 mm wide. Flowering stems 0.5 - 1.3 mm in diameter, terete or somewhat compressed. Stipules 0.8 - 2.7 (- 3.6) mm long, 0.1 - 0.3 mm wide, narrowly ovate-triangular, acute; petioles 0.4 - 0.9 (- 1.7) cm long, with two, opposite to subopposite, sessile, discoid or widely obconical nectaries, 0.3 - 1.0 mm wide (on the widest axis), 0.1 - 0.5 mm high, commonly borne in the distal half of the petiole (0.44 - 0.86 of the distance from the base toward the apex of the petiole). Laminas 1.9 - 7.7 cm long, 1.8 - 7.9 (- 9.2) cm wide, membranous, shallowly to deeply 3 - lobed, ovate in general outline, lateral lobes 1.0 - 5.5 cm long, 0.2 - 1.7 cm wide, ovate, elliptic, or very narrowly oblong (rarely obovate), acute (rarely obtuse), central lobe ovate, elliptic or very narrowly oblong (rarely obovate), acute (rarely obtuse), central vein 1.9 - 7.7 cm long, angle between the lateral lobes 92 - 129 (- 180) °, ratio of lateral lobe to central vein length 0.47 - 0.91, margins entire, hyaline, primary veins 3, diverging and branching at base, laminar nectaries absent (rarely present); tendril 0.2 - 0.5 mm wide, present at flowering node. Flowers borne in leaf axils. Pedicels 12.0 - 18.3 mm long, 0.3 - 0.5 mm wide, 2 per node; bract (s) absent; spur (s) absent. Flowers 23.9 - 33.3 mm in diameter with stipe (1.9 -) 3.3 - 5.3 mm long, 0.5 - 0.7 mm wide; hypanthium 4.6 - 7.1 mm in diameter; sepals 9.0 - 14.3 mm long, 2.0 - 4.3 mm wide, ovate-triangular, acute to rounded, sepals greenish yellow or whitish; coronal filaments in 2 series, the outer 21 - 30, 5.7 - 8.9 mm long, 0.1 - 0.5 mm wide, linear, not fused or fused 0.6 - 1.0 mm at base, filaments whitish with yellow tips or yellow, ratio of outer coronal row to sepal length 0.47 - 0.75 (- 0.89), the inner 19 - 30, 2.8 - 5.4 (- 6.4) mm long, 0.1 - 0.2 mm wide, linear, capitate, filaments whitish with yellow tips or yellow, ratio of inner coronal row to outer coronal row length 0.34 - 0.60 (- 0.94); operculum (1.5 -) 2.0 - 2.6 mm long, plicate, very pale yellow to yellowish dried, sometimes with reddish purple spots and streaks; nectary 0.2 - 0.5 mm high, 0.7 - 1.1 mm wide; limen recurved, (sometimes erect), 0.2 - 0.3 (- 0.6) mm high, 0.1 - 0.3 mm wide, yellowish or yellowish with a reddish purple base dried, limen floor 2.2 - 3.6 mm in diameter, yellowish or yellowish with reddish purple spots and streaks dried; androgynophore 8.0 - 10.8 (- 14.1) mm long, 0.6 - 1.0 mm wide, purplish; free portions of the staminal filaments 2.9 - 6.5 mm long, 0.3 - 0.5 mm wide, linear, yellowish dried; anthers 1.5 - 2.5 mm long, (0.3 -) 0.5 - 1.2 mm wide, oriented perpendicular or nearly so to their filaments; styles 3.4 - 5.0 mm long including stigmas, 0.2 - 0.4 mm wide, greenish yellow; stigmas 0.5 - 0.9 mm in diameter; ovary 2.8 - 5.3 mm long, 1.3 - 2.1 (- 2.9) mm wide, ellipsoid to fusiform, greenish. Berry 12.8 - 17.1 (- 21.1) mm long, 6.8 - 8.0 (- 10.0) mm in diameter, fusiform, very dark purple. Seeds ca. 20, 2.7 - 3.1 mm long, 1.5 - 1.8 mm wide, 1.2 - 1.4 mm thick, obovate in outline, acute at both ends, reticulate-foveate with each face marked with ca. 24 foveae.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
15AAA07069F1F38B593A1DE2AA447B3B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic to the Galapagos Islands. Growing in shrubs, trees or trailing on the ground in secondary successional areas and in dry tropical forests with Castela, Scalesia, Psidium, and Bursera, 0 - 800 m.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
15AAA07069F1F38B593A1DE2AA447B3B.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Passiflora tridactylites may be confused with Passiflora suberosa subsp. litoralis, which also occurs in the Galapagos Islands. Both species exhibit a great amount of variation in their vegetative morphology, with both species possessing all of the different vegetative forms described by Hooker, and I have not been able to find any vegetative characters that can reliably be used to distinguish between them. However, the flowers and fruits of these two species are quite different. The sepals of Passiflora tridactylites are commonly 10 - 14 mm long, whereas those of Passiflora suberosa subsp. litoralis do not exceed a length of 10 mm. The outer coronal filaments are long, more than 6.6 mm, in Passiflora tridactylites, and the filaments in Passiflora suberosa subsp. litoralis are commonly less than 6.0 mm long. The androgynophore in Passiflora tridactylites is diagnostically long, more than 8.0 mm, whereas that of Passiflora suberosa subsp. litoralis is always less than 6.0 mm. Passiflora tridactylites has long fusiform fruits, exceeding 12.8 mm. The fruits of Passiflora suberosa subsp. litoralis are 7.1 - 11.9 mm long and ellipsoid to globose. According to Lawesson (1988), the habitats of these two species are different, with Passiflora tridactylites occurring in dry lowland areas and Passiflora suberosa subsp. litoralis in mesic habitats. John MacDougal (pers. comm.) found abundant Lepidopteran scales on the inside of several flowers of pressed Passiflora tridactylites specimens, indicating visits by butterflies and / or moths and thus a probable shift in pollinators as a likely selective force leading to the clear floral differences in these two species. Van der Werff (van der Werff 1951) reported that finches eat the fruits of this species in the Galapagos. Passiflora tridactylites was described by J. D. Hooker in 1851. At the time he actually described what he considered to be three distinct species on the Galapagos Islands: Passiflora lineariloba, Passiflora tridactylites, and Passiflora puberula. He based his descriptions primarily upon vegetative morphology. He described Passiflora lineariloba as a slender vine having deeply trilobed leaves with long, very narrow lateral lobes that are broadly diverging. Hooker apparently did not see the flowers of Passiflora lineariloba because he does not describe them and the type specimen is sterile. Passiflora tridactylites was described as having deeply trilobed leaves with subcordate bases and shorter, linear-oblong lateral lobes. Hooker described the flowers of this species as large (3 / 4 inch in diameter), with five linear, obtuse sepals with the ovary possessing a greatly elongated " pedicel " (androgynophore), and coronal filaments that are subequal to the sepals. Passiflora puberula was described as being covered in short, microscopic hairs and possessing trilobed leaves with cuneate bases and shorter, linear-lanceolate lateral lobes. Hooker goes on to describe the flowers, which possess five narrowly linear sepals that are pubescent, and fruits, which are ovate-oblong; though not mentioned in his description, the lectotype specimen of Passiflora puberula possesses a very long androgynophore. Lawesson (1988) differentiated between Passiflora suberosa and Passiflora tridactylites, but did not list the synonyms of either species in his treatment. Hooker based his description of Passiflora tridactylites on both vegetative and reproductive material with a detailed description of the flower and Lawesson (1988) used that name for the Galapagos entity, with Passiflora lineariloba and Passiflora puberula treated as synonyms. Though the type specimen of Passiflora lineariloba is sterile, vegetatively identical specimens with very large flowers and long androgynophores have been collected at the type locality. Thus, I have included it as a synonym of Passiflora tridactylites rather than Passiflora suberosa subsp. litoralis, which also occurs on the Galapagos Islands. Killip (1938) lumped Passiflora lineariloba, Passiflora tridactylites, and Passiflora puberula with Passiflora suberosa. He noted that the entities on the Galapagos Islands with very narrow leaf lobes that had been labeled Passiflora lineariloba matched material collected by Safford and Mosier (227) from Florida. In addition, he noted that material similar to Passiflora tridactylites exactly matched specimens collected by Brown (115) in Jamaica. Based upon vegetative characters alone he is quite correct, but the flowers of these Galapagos specimens are distinctive. The specimens of Safford and Mosier and Brown are examples of Passiflora pallida, and the flowers and fruits of that species are far smaller than those of Passiflora tridactylites. Lawesson (1988) differentiated between Passiflora tridactylites and Passiflora suberosa stating that the species were easily separated by the shape and size of the sepals and the androgynophore length.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
288B1CBFB5178DE84BC630ED67C2E2A9.taxon	description	Description. Slender, climbing, perennial vine 3 m long or more, densely pubescent with unicellular curved trichomes throughout (except ovary), 0.5 - 1.4 mm long, 0.02 - 0.06 mm wide, also sparsely, antrorsely appressed-puberulent with unicellular, curved trichomes on stems, leaves and stipules, 0.03 - 0.05 mm long, 0.02 mm wide. Flowering stems 0.7 - 2.2 mm in diameter, subterete to terete, with the base somewhat cork-covered. Stipules 4.1 - 8.5 mm long, 0.3 - 0.9 mm wide; petioles 0.7 - 1.9 cm long, narrowly ovate, acute to attenuate, longitudinally striate-nerved, eglandular (rare) or commonly bearing in the distal third (0.69 - 0.97 of the distance from the base toward the apex of the petiole) (1 -) 2, round or elliptic, opposite to alternate, long-stipitate, cupulate nectaries, 0.1 - 0.5 mm wide, 0.4 - 1.2 mm high. Laminas 3.5 - 8.5 cm long, 1.5 - 5.2 cm wide, unlobed to shallowly 3 - lobed 0.05 - 0.72 of the distance to the leaf base, when present, lateral lobes 1.1 - 4.0 cm long, 0.5 - 3.0 cm wide, elliptic, acute to rounded, central lobes 3.5 - 8.5 cm long, 1.0 - 3.5 cm wide, ovate to elliptic, acute to attenuate, angle between the lateral lobes 53 - 115 °, ratio of lateral to central lobe length 0.29 - 0.56, margins entire, primary veins 1 (rare) or 3, diverging and branching at base, laminar nectaries absent; tendril 0.3 - 0.6 mm wide, present at flowering node. Flowers borne in leaf axils. Pedicels 24.0 - 55.0 mm long, 0.3 - 0.8 mm wide; bract (s) absent or with one, narrowly ovate, acute bract, 0.9 - 1.8 mm long, 0.1 - 0.3 mm wide, the bract 20.6 - 34.8 mm from base of pedicel; spur (s) absent. Tubular flowers 7.1 - 12.8 mm in diameter with stipe 2.9 - 7.4 mm long, 0.5 - 1.0 mm wide; hypanthium 7.1 - 12.8 mm in diameter; sepals 20.1 - 31.8 mm long, 3.4 - 6.9 mm wide, narrowly ovate, acute, abaxially and adaxially reddish purple (5 RP 4 / 6 - 4 / 8) dried; coronal filaments in 1 (rare) or 2 series, the outer 26 - 30, basally connate 1.1 - 3.8 mm, the free portions 5.8 - 10.3 mm long, 0.3 - 0.8 mm wide, linear to narrowly ovate, erect, reddish purple, lighter distally, ratio of coronal (fused and free portions) to sepal length 0.28 - 0.49, the inner not well-developed with 2 - 4 filaments or well-developed (rare) with 30 - 31 filaments, free or basally connate (rare) 0.8 - 0.2 mm, the free portions 1.1 - 2.9 mm long, 0.1 - 0.2 mm wide, linear, sometime capitellate, erect, appearing reddish purple when dried, ratio of inner coronal row to outer coronal row length (fused and free portions) 0.11 - 0.41; operculum 1.7 - 2.9 mm long, plicate, appearing light reddish purple dried, the margin with narrow minutely fimbrillate teeth; nectary 0.09 - 0.13 mm high, 1.1 - 3.5 mm wide, sulcate; limen slightly recurved to erect, occasionally slightly inclined toward operculum, 0.2 - 1.1 mm high, 0.1 - 0.3 mm wide, appearing light reddish purple (5 RP 6 / 6) dried, limen floor 2.1 - 6.1 mm in diameter, appearing light reddish purple dried; androgynophore 17.8 - 22.3 mm long, 0.6 - 1.3 mm wide, reddish purple dried; free portions of the staminal filaments 3.3 - 8.0 mm long, 0.3 - 0.7 mm wide, linear, greenish yellow; anthers 1.8 - 4.0 mm long, 0.5 - 2.0 mm wide; styles 4.3 - 7.0 mm long including stigmas, 0.1 - 0.4 mm wide, greenish yellow; stigmas 0.4 - 1.1 mm in diameter; ovary 2.6 - 6.7 mm long, 1.2 - 3.8 mm wide, elliptic, greenish yellow. Berry 12.8 - 13.9 mm long, 11.0 - 14.4 mm in diameter, ovoid to obovoid, very dark purple. Seeds ca. (6 -) 14 - 23, 3.0 - 3.2 mm long, 1.8 - 1.9 mm wide, 1.3 mm thick, obovate in outline, acute at both ends, reticulate-foveate with each face marked with ca. 15 - 17 foveae.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
288B1CBFB5178DE84BC630ED67C2E2A9.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic to Jamaica, in the parishes of St. Andrew, St. Thomas, and Portland. Tropical lower montane mist forests on steep wooded hillsides and in thickets; growing on shrubs and trees; ca. 850 - 1220 m.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
288B1CBFB5178DE84BC630ED67C2E2A9.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Passiflora lancifolia is very similar to another Jamaican endemic, Passiflora macfadyenii. They both possess bright red, elongated tubular flowers that are likely pollinated by hummingbirds. The two species can be easily separated utilizing both vegetative and reproductive characters. Passiflora lancifolia possesses shallowly trilobed leaves (rarely unlobed) with the lateral lobes commonly significantly less than half the length of the central lobe, and the central lobe is ovate and never narrowed at the base. Passiflora macfadyenii possesses distinctly trilobed leaves with the lateral lobes commonly more than half the length of the central lobe, and the central lobe is obovate with a distinctly narrowed base similar to that in Passiflora juliana and Passiflora viridiflora. The pedicels in Passiflora lancifolia are greater than 2.3 cm long, whereas those of Passiflora macfadyenii rarely exceed a length of 1.8 cm. The floral nectary of Passiflora lancifolia is the widest in the supersection, greatly exceeding that of Passiflora macfadyenii. The outer coronal filaments are connate and often not adnate to the sepals or barely so in Passiflora lancifolia, whereas those of Passiflora macfadyenii are distinctly adnate to the sepals. Passiflora lancifolia often has two rows of coronal filaments (rarely with one row or a poorly developed inner row) and Passiflora macfadyenii lacks an inner coronal row (or with a poorly developed second coronal row seen in one flower from a plant in cultivation, i. e., MacDougal 452 - cultivated from cuttings of Thomas 2032). The fruits of Passiflora lancifolia and Passiflora macfadyenii are distinct, with Passiflora lancifolia having globose fruits and Passiflora macfadyenii possessing fusiform fruits. The habitats of the species are also different with Passiflora lancifolia growing in tropical lower montane mist forests at 850 - 1220 m and Passiflora macfadyenii found in tropical dry forests at 200 - 310 m. The name Passiflora lancifolia was originally published by Hamilton as " Passiflora lancifolia Herb. Prof. Desv., " and the species has often been cited as " Passiflora lancifolia Desv. in Ham. " or " Passiflora lancifolia Desv. ex Ham. " However, in the preface of his book, it appears that Hamilton himself took responsibility for the new species and genera described therein and only acknowledged the advice and assistance of Desvaux (see MacDougal and McVaugh 2001 for further details). Soon afterwards, Don (1834) described the taxon Passiflora lanceolata. However, Don's description of Passiflora lanceolata is identical to that of Passiflora lancifolia in Hamilton and is based upon the same type material, therefore, the name Passiflora lanceolata G. Don is a nomenclatural synonym of Passiflora lancifolia Ham. In 1850, Macfadyen wrote his second volume of Flora of Jamaica and included in it the description of a different plant, which he called Passiflora regalis, now known as Passiflora macfadyenii C. D. Adams. However, Macfadyen unexpectedly passed away before the publication of his flora, though it was distributed. As a result, several authors viewed the new species that were described by Macfadyen as ineffectively published and began to publish new species based upon his work. Grisebach (1860) was one of these authors and published a description of Passiflora regalis, which he attributed to Macfadyen. However, the species that he described was Passiflora lancifolia and not Macfadyen's Passiflora regalis. In addition, Ramirez Goyena (1909) published a description of Passiflora regalis, which he attributed to Macfadyen, but the species that he described was also Passiflora lancifolia and a later homonym of Passiflora regalis Macf. ex Griseb. Incidentally, Ramirez Goyena's description of Passiflora regalis, other than being in Spanish and not in English, is virtually identical to that of Grisebach. Killip (1938) placed Passiflora lancifolia together with Passiflora viridiflora in the subgenus Chloropathanthus. However, the discovery of Passiflora juliana, a species that very closely resembles Passiflora viridiflora but is clearly a member of supersection Cieca, reinforced MacDougal's hypothesis (1983) that the apetalous, tubular-flowered species (including Passiflora lancifolia) belong in supersection Cieca (MacDougal 1983, 1992). Benson et al. (1975), in a study of the coevolution of plants and herbivores, reported that Dryas julia is an herbivore of Passiflora lancifolia.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
A6E4F4FDAADF5FB7AE2E2B281736A53E.taxon	description	Description. Slender, climbing, perennial vine 3 m long or more, densely pubescent with unicellular curved trichomes throughout, 0.2 - 0.7 mm long, 0.02 - 0.03 mm wide, also minutely antrorsely appressed-puberulent throughout with unicellular, curved trichomes, 0.08 - 0.10 mm long, 0.02 mm wide. Flowering stems 0.9 - 2.1 mm in diameter, somewhat compressed, base somewhat woody and cork-covered. Stipules 2.0 - 8.0 mm long, 0.3 - 1.1 mm wide, linear-narrowly ovate, acute to attenuate, longitudinally striate-nerved; petioles 0.4 - 1.5 (- 3.7) cm long, commonly bearing in the distal half (0.54 - 0.83 of the distance from the base toward the apex of the petiole) (1 -) 2, round or elliptic, opposite to alternate, sessile (rare) or stipitate, cupulate nectaries, 0.3 - 0.6 mm wide (on the widest axis), 0.3 - 1.0 mm high. Laminas 1.4 - 9.0 cm long, 1.6 - 6.4 (- 11.9) cm wide, deeply 3 - lobed 0.21 - 0.93 of the distance to the leaf base, lateral lobes (0.8 -) 2.0 - 4.2 (- 7.3) cm long, (0.1 -) 0.6 - 1.8 (- 2.3) cm wide, oblong to obovate, acute to rounded (rarely emarginate), central lobes 1.4 - 5.2 (- 9.0) cm long, (0.2 -) 0.5 - 3.0 cm wide, elliptic to obovate, acute to rounded (rarely emarginate), often narrowed at base, angle between the lateral lobes 79 - 134 °, ratio of lateral to central lobe lengths 0.60 - 0.96, margins entire, primary veins 3, diverging and branching at base, laminar nectaries absent; tendril 0.3 - 0.7 mm wide, present at flowering node. Flowers borne in leaf axils. Pedicels 11.0 - 18.0 (- 23.0) mm long, 0.4 - 0.8 mm wide; bract (s) absent; spur (s) absent. Tubular flowers 5.5 - 8.1 mm in diameter with stipe 1.5 - 6.5 mm long, 0.4 - 0.9 mm wide; hypanthium 5.5 - 8.1 mm in diameter; sepals 19.3 - 26.1 mm long, basally connate 7.1 - 12.5 mm, 1.3 - 3.1 mm wide, linear to narrowly ovate, acute to rounded, abaxially and adaxially red (ca. 5 R 6 / 10), free portions of sepals reflexed at anthesis; coronal filaments in 1 series, adnate to the calyx tube, 25 - 30, the free portions 2.0 - 5.7 mm long, 0.1 - 0.3 mm wide, linear to narrowly ovate, erect, appearing red with yellow apices when dried, ratio of coronal (portion not adnate to sepal) to sepal (free portion) 0.25 - 0.44; rarely a trace second coronal row of filaments may be present just outside the operculum; operculum 1.4 - 2.0 mm long, plicate, appearing red when dried, the margin with narrow minutely fimbrillate teeth; nectary 0.1 - 0.5 mm high, 0.7 - 2.5 mm wide, sulcate; limen slightly recurved to erect, 0.1 - 0.7 mm high, 0.1 - 0.5 mm wide, red when dried, limen floor 2.9 - 5.0 mm in diameter, red when dried; androgynophore 17.8 - 23.5 mm long, 0.8 - 1.1 mm wide, red when dried gradually getting lighter distally or with the red coloration nearly reaching the apices of the staminal filaments; free portions of the staminal filaments 5.4 - 8.0 mm long, 0.3 - 0.6 mm wide, linear, greenish yellow or red; anthers 2.8 - 3.5 mm long, 0.7 - 2.0 mm wide; styles 4.2 - 5.5 mm long including stigmas, 0.1 - 0.3 mm wide, greenish yellow; stigmas 0.73 - 1.33 mm in diameter; ovary 3.6 - 8.0 mm long, 1.0 - 2.7 mm wide, fusiform, greenish yellow. Berry 25.0 - 26.0 mm long, 5.9 - 9.0 mm in diameter, ellipsoid and tapering at both ends (fusiform), very dark purple. Seeds ca. 20, 3.1 - 3.7 mm long, 1.6 - 1.8 mm wide, 1.2 - 1.3 mm thick, obovate in outline, acute at both ends, reticulate-foveate with each face marked with 15 - 17 foveae.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
A6E4F4FDAADF5FB7AE2E2B281736A53E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic to Jamaica, in the parishes of St. Andrew and St. Thomas. Tropical dry forests in roadside thickets and wooded limestone hills near Lucky Valley (St. Andrew) and Cambridge Hill (St. Thomas); growing on shrubs, small trees, limestone boulders and rocks on very limited to moderately developed soils; ca. 200 - 310 m.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
A6E4F4FDAADF5FB7AE2E2B281736A53E.taxon	discussion	Discussion. As mentioned under Passiflora lancifolia, Passiflora macfadyenii is somewhat similar to that taxon but differs from it in characters of the leaf, flower, and fruit. Both species are quite distinct and can be easily separated in the field and herbarium. It is interesting that the leaf shape of Passiflora macfadyenii is very similar to that of Passiflora juliana and Passiflora viridiflora. Killip (1938), under his description of Passiflora lancifolia, also noticed their vegetative similarities. Passiflora macfadyenii is very restricted in its distribution and has only been collected in the vicinity of Lucky Valley in the dry tropical forests of the Port Royal Mountains, St. Andrew, Jamaica. I visited this area in June of 2000, but the region was experiencing a severe drought and four days of searching for the plant revealed neither vegetative nor reproductive material. Elma Kay (St. Louis University and Missouri Botanical Garden) and George Proctor (University of the West Indies and the Institute of Jamaica) have also made several trips to the area and have not been able to find Passiflora macfadyenii. It was last collected in 1979 (Thomas 2032, 2034) and was listed as a rare plant in the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. It is my opinion that its status should be upgraded to extinct / endangered. It is fortunate that MacDougal obtained cuttings of Passiflora macfadyenii from Thomas (MacDougal 452, Thomas 2032) and grew the plant in the greenhouses at Duke University from 1979 - 1982; it is no longer in cultivation. Thanks to their efforts we have a better understanding of the biology of this very rare taxon. In an unpublished manuscript, MacDougal determined the total sugar concentration measured as sucrose equivalents in percent weight per total weight to be 29 - 44 % in Passiflora macfadyenii. He also found the flower to have no odor. The flower shape and morphology, combined with these data, indicate that Passiflora macfadyenii is (or was) likely utilized by hummingbirds. Passiflora macfadyenii was described by Adams as a new species in 1967, and he discussed the differences between it and Passiflora lancifolia and some of the taxonomic confusion associated with these species. As mentioned under Passiflora lancifolia, Macfadyen described the plant now known as Passiflora macfadyenii as Passiflora regalis in his Flora of Jamaica in 1850. Shortly afterwards, Grisebach (1860) and Ramirez Goyena (1909) incorrectly applied the name Passiflora regalis to another similar but distinct taxon, Passiflora lancifolia. Fawcett and Rendle, in 1926, did attempt to rectify this situation and published a description of Macfadyen's true Passiflora regalis, which they attributed to him. However, Passiflora regalis Macf. ex Fawc. & Rend. is an illegitimate name because it is a later homonym of Passiflora regalis Macf. ex Griseb and Passiflora regalis Macf. ex Ramirez Goyena. Therefore, Adams gave Macfadyen's true Passiflora regalis a new name, Passiflora macfadyenii, and designated a new type specimen.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
215162C09FFE2AE6A8F56AE2C123365B.taxon	description	Description. Slender, low-climbing or scrambling, perennial vine 1 m long or more, densely pubescent with unicellular curved trichomes on petiole, and adaxial leaf surface, 0.21 - 0.38 mm long, 0.02 mm wide, also minutely antrorsely appressed-puberulent throughout with unicellular, curved trichomes, 0.01 - 0.29 mm long, 0.02 - 0.07 mm wide. Flowering stems 0.5 - 1.4 mm in diameter, terete, base somewhat woody and cork-covered. Stipules, 1.9 - 3.6 mm long, 0.2 - 0.5 mm wide, narrowly ovate, acute to attenuate, longitudinally striate-nerved; petioles 0.2 - 1.1 cm long, commonly bearing in the distal half, (0.36 -) 0.52 - 0.81 of the distance from the base toward the apex of the petiole, 2, elliptic, opposite, sessile, cup-shaped nectaries with raised rims, 0.8 - 2.2 mm wide (on the widest axis), 0.2 - 1.3 mm high. Laminas 0.3 - 3.7 cm long, 3.0 - 14.8 cm wide, coriaceous, occasionally variegated as juveniles, 3 - to 5 - lobed 0.37 - 0.90 of the distance to the leaf base at the deepest sinus, lateral lobes 0.3 - 7.0 cm long, 0.1 - 0.6 cm wide, linear to narrowly ovate, acute to attenuate, often the primary lateral lobes with 1 to 4 smaller lobes, central lobes 0.3 - 3.7 cm long, 0.1 - 3.0 cm wide, ovate to oblong, acute to obtuse, often with 2 to 3 smaller lobes toward apex, angle between the lateral lobes 145 - 343 °, ratio of lateral to central lobe lengths 0.58 - 23.33, margins entire, hyaline, primary veins 3 to 5, diverging and branching at base, laminar nectaries absent or with one submarginal nectary associated with the minor veins of the abaxial surface, 0.6 - 0.9 mm in diameter, circular to widely elliptic, sessile; tendril 0.1 - 0.5 mm wide, present at flowering node. Flowers borne in leaf axils. Pedicels 1.3 - 8.5 mm long, 0.4 - 0.6 mm wide, paired in the leaf axils; bract (s) absent or rarely with one narrowly ovate, attenuate, bract present on the distal tip of the pedicel, ca. 0.8 mm long, 0.3 mm wide; spur (s) absent. Flowers 12.8 - 20.6 mm in diameter with stipe 1.1 - 4.1 mm long, 0.6 - 0.8 mm wide; hypanthium 4.3 - 5.9 mm in diameter; sepals 3.9 - 8.1 mm long, 1.7 - 4.3 mm wide, ovate-triangular, acute to rounded, abaxially and adaxially greenish yellow; coronal filaments in 2 series, the outer 35 - 47, 2.7 - 4.9 mm long, 0.2 - 0.5 mm wide, linear, tapering to a point or slightly capitellate, reflexed above middle and the tips often slightly incurved, greenish yellow toward the base and yellow toward the tip or reddish purple (5 RP 3 / 4) at the base and yellow toward the tip, ratio of outer coronal row to sepal length 0.44 - 0.90, the inner 35 - 50, 1.6 - 3.1 mm long, 0.1 - 0.3 mm wide, linear, capitate, greenish yellow with yellow tips or reddish purple with yellow tips, erect, ratio of inner coronal row to outer coronal row length 0.46 - 0.68; operculum 0.9 - 1.3 mm long, plicate, greenish yellow with yellow margin or reddish purple with yellow margin, the margin with narrow minutely fimbrillate teeth; nectary 0.1 - 1.0 mm high, 0.4 - 0.7 mm wide, slightly sulcate; limen recurved, 0.1 - 0.7 mm high, 0.2 - 1.1 mm wide, greenish yellow with a white margin or reddish purple with a white margin, limen floor 1.1 - 2.9 mm in diameter, greenish yellow or greenish yellow with reddish purple spots and streaks; androgynophore 2.9 - 4.2 mm long, 0.8 - 1.2 mm wide, greenish yellow or greenish yellow with reddish purple spots and streaks; free portions of the staminal filaments 1.9 - 3.6 mm long, 0.3 - 0.7 mm wide, linear, greenish yellow; anthers 1.7 - 2.9 mm long, 0.5 - 1.9 mm wide; styles 2.5 - 4.0 mm long including stigmas, 0.2 - 0.5 mm wide, greenish yellow; stigmas 0.6 - 1.0 mm in diameter; ovary 1.0 - 2.6 mm long, 0.9 - 2.4 mm wide, globose to slightly obovoid, greenish yellow. Berry 7.1 - 14.6 mm long, 7.3 - 15.3 mm in diameter, ovoid to obovoid, very dark purple. Seeds 12 - 25, 4.1 - 4.8 mm long, 1.9 - 2.5 mm wide, 1.3 - 1.5 mm thick, obovate in outline, acute at both ends, reticulate-foveate with each face marked with ca. 17 - 25 foveae.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
215162C09FFE2AE6A8F56AE2C123365B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Northern Mexico and southern Texas in the United States. Arid and semiarid thorn scrub (e. g., Mesquite-Black brush, Opuntia - Prosopis scrub, Tamaulipan thorn scrub) and grasslands; climbing on shrubs or scrambling on limestone outcrops and hills, or in open grassy areas on very limited to moderately developed soils; ca. 150 - 1500 m.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
215162C09FFE2AE6A8F56AE2C123365B.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Passiflora tenuiloba is very distinctive in the form of the leaves. It possesses leaves that are shallowly to deeply 3 - to 5 - lobed, often with lateral lobes that are up to 8.0 cm long and between 0.2 and 2.1 cm wide. The lateral lobes frequently possess 2 - 3 lobes at their apices. The central lobe is short (<1.0 cm) or longer (to 3.7 cm), sometimes with three lobes at its apex. The petiolar glands are positioned on the distal half of the petiole, often at the petiole apex or even on the base of the leaf. Passiflora tenuiloba also has very distinctive seeds with reticulate centers and grooved edges. Passiflora tenuiloba occurs in southwest Texas and northern Mexico along with Passiflora pallida. The small flowers of these two species are somewhat similar, but they can be easily separated by vegetative characters. The most obvious difference is the shape of the lamina, with Passiflora tenuiloba possessing leaves that are transversely elliptic and Passiflora pallida possessing leaves that are ovate to elliptic in general outline. In addition, the flowers of Passiflora tenuiloba have a wider hypanthium than those of Passiflora pallida and have more and commonly longer filaments in their coronal rows. The seeds of Passiflora tenuiloba are 4.1 - 5.8 mm long, whereas those of Passiflora pallida do not exceed a length of 3.5 mm. Passiflora tenuiloba has been included in three other studies of passionflowers. Benson et al. (1975) found that Agraulis vanillae (Gulf Fritillary) is an herbivore of this species. Klucking (1992) found that the leaf venation pattern of this species is similar to Passiflora sexocellata and Passiflora eglandulosa and was classified as actinodromous and pinnate secondary venation with irregular to regular intercostal venation consisting of lineate and transverse veins. According to Klucking, the leaves of Passiflora tenuiloba are more like those of Passiflora eglandulosa, because they have acute lateral lobes, an angle between the lateral veins that is between 120 and 140 °, and leaf bases that are cordate. Engelmann, in his description of Passiflora tenuiloba, states that the type specimen was collected in October " on the Liano " (likely meaning " on the llano ") by Lindheimer and that only a single specimen was collected (Goldman 2004). The specimen, which is clearly labeled as being collected " on the Liano " and possesses a Latin description of Passiflora tenuiloba from Engelmann, is held at the Missouri Botanical Garden (MO). There is another specimen collected by Lindheimer at MO, but it is not type material. The form described as Passiflora bigelovii possesses central leaf lobes that are longer and nearly equal in length to the lateral lobes. Small (1899) cites three specimens in his description of Passiflora bigelovii, but did not designate a holotype. Killip (1938) listed Parry 393 c as the type of Passiflora bigelovii, but did not officially designate it as a lectotype or discuss the other specimens (syntypes) cited by Small. I have selected Parry 393 c as the lectotype for Passiflora bigelovii, as the specimen is the most complete with leaves, flowers, and fruits.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
FE9D83C4B153CB173A5FF1FF31878E51.taxon	description	Description. Slender, climbing, perennial vine 2 - 8 m long, sparsely to lightly pubescent with unicellular curved trichomes on petiole, stem, and stipule, (0.1) 0.4 - 0.6 (- 0.8) mm long, 0.02 mm wide, also minutely antrorsely appressed-puberulent throughout (except ovary) with unicellular, curved trichomes, 0.05 - 0.10 mm long, 0.02 - 0.03 mm wide. Flowering stems 0.6 - 2.1 mm in diameter, terete or subterete, with little secondary growth (to 6 mm near base with corky, secondary growth). Stipules (3.5 -) 5.3 - 12.6 (- 20.0) mm long, 2.50 - 6.4 (- 9.0) mm wide, ovate, slightly oblique, acute to slightly attenuate, 5 - 9 veins departing from the base; petioles 0.7 - 4.6 cm long, eglandular. Laminas 2.5 - 12.0 cm long, 2.2 - 14.5 (- 17.0) cm wide, chartaceous, not variegated, ratio of leaf width to central vein length 0.28 - 1.88, 3 - lobed 0.26 - 0.45 of the distance to the cordate leaf base, lateral lobes 1.6 - 8.7 cm long, 0.8 - 4.4 cm wide, ovate-triangular, acute to slightly attenuate, central lobes 2.5 - 11.1 cm long, 1.0 - 5.7 cm wide, ovate-triangular, acute to slightly attenuate, angle between the lateral lobes 127 - 170 °, ratio of lateral to central lobe length 0.64 - 0.97, margins entire, primary veins 3, diverging and branching at base, laminar nectaries absent; tendril 0.3 - 1.1 mm wide, present at flowering node, absent in inflorescence. Flowers borne in leaf axils. Pedicels 5.6 - 20.0 mm long, 0.5 - 0.9 mm wide, (1 -) 2 per node; bract (s) absent; spur (s) absent (occasionally) or 5 retrorse spurs present between the bases of the sepals, 0.7 - 1.1 mm long. Flowers 16.9 - 21.5 mm in diameter with stipe 2.1 - 7.9 mm long, 0.5 - 0.9 mm wide; hypanthium 4.0 - 5.9 mm in diameter; sepals 5.5 - 8.5 mm long, 2.3 - 3.9 mm wide, ovate-triangular, acute to rounded, the 2 - 3 outermost with a (0.5 -) 0.8 - 1.2 mm blunt subapical horn, abaxially and adaxially greenish yellow, often with a flush of reddish purple (5 PR 3 / 4 - 4 / 6) abaxially (rarely to fully dark reddish purple); coronal filaments in 2 series, the outer 24 - 31, 2.0 - 4.1 mm long, 0.1 - 0.3 mm wide, linear, reflexed above middle and the tips often slightly incurved, greenish yellow at base, yellow distally, ratio of outer coronal row to sepal length 0.30 - 0.70, the inner 18 - 34, 0.7 - 1.5 mm long, 0.1 - 0.2 mm wide, linear, often capitate, erect, greenish yellow, ratio of inner coronal row to outer coronal row length 0.28 - 0.66; operculum 1.4 - 2.9 mm long, plicate, greenish yellow, sometimes with a flush of reddish purple at center, whitish distally, the margin with narrow minutely fimbrillate teeth; nectary 0.06 - 0.88 mm high, 0.6 - 1.5 mm wide; limen recurved, 0.2 - 0.5 mm high, 0.2 - 0.3 mm wide, whitish, limen floor 1.6 - 2.1 mm in diameter, whitish; androgynophore 1.3 - 3.5 mm long, 0.8 - 1.3 mm wide; free portions of the staminal filaments 2.1 - 3.8 mm long, 0.3 - 0.5 mm wide, linear, greenish yellow; anthers 2.3 - 3.8 mm long, 0.5 - 1.7 mm wide, greenish yellow, long axis oriented perpendicular (or nearly so) to long axis of filaments at anthesis; styles 3.5 - 6.7 mm long including stigmas, 0.2 - 0.4 mm wide, greenish yellow; stigmas 0.5 - 0.9 mm in diameter; ovary 1.2 - 2.8 mm long, 0.8 - 2.2 mm wide, widely ellipsoid to globose, greenish yellow. Berry 8.0 - 14.4 mm long, (7 -) 9.0 - 15.3 mm in diameter, widely ellipsoid to globose, very dark purple with glaucous bloom. Seeds 4 - 10, 4.5 - 5.7 mm long, 3.1 - 3.5 mm wide, 2.0 - 2.7 mm thick, obovate in outline, acute at both ends, reticulate-foveate with each face marked with with ca. 15 - 19 foveae.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
FE9D83C4B153CB173A5FF1FF31878E51.taxon	distribution	Distribution. El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. Growing in shrubs and small trees in shady ravines and at the edges of premontane to montane broad-leaved forests on volcanic cones; 1500 - 2650 m.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
FE9D83C4B153CB173A5FF1FF31878E51.taxon	discussion	Discussion. For many years after the publication of Killip's 1938 monograph, the name Passiflora trinifolia Mast. was applied to two distinct taxa: Passiflora eglandulosa and Passiflora trinifolia. In fact, Standley and Williams (1961), in their description of Passiflora trinifolia, combined information from Killip's description of Passiflora trinifolia, which strictly applied to Passiflora trinifolia in the sense of Masters, and their own personal observations of Passiflora eglandulosa (MacDougal 1988). It is true that the two species both possess wide foliose stipules, similarly trilobed leaves at fertile nodes and seeds with the micropylar end and chalazal beak erect and not inclined toward the raphe. However, Passiflora eglandulosa is distinguished by flowers with longer flower pedicels, spurs that occur between each of the sepals, narrower sepals, narrower outer coronal filaments, shorter inner coronal filaments that are not broadly capitate, narrow limen floors, short staminal filaments, and anthers that present pollen laterally as opposed to subproximally. The seeds are longer and wider than those of Passiflora trinifolia, and as its name implies, Passiflora eglandulosa lacks both laminar and petiolar nectaries; petiolar nectaries have been seen on only one specimen, M. Veliz 16059. Passiflora eglandulosa possesses flower buds that are slightly horned at the apex and flowers that are oriented above rather than near or below the horizontal plane. In comparing the habitats of the two species, MacDougal found that Passiflora eglandulosa is found in shady ravines and at the edges of wet premontane to montane broad-leaved forests on volcanic cones, whereas Passiflora trinifolia is found in open, seasonally dry pine / oak forests on rock outcrops. In addition, Passiflora eglandulosa is a larger plant that may climb to 4 m or more, but Passiflora trinifolia rarely exceeds a height of 1 m. The chartaceous leaves of Passiflora eglandulosa are bright green adaxially and possess drip tips, but the leaves of Passiflora trinifolia are dark green, lack long drip tips and are very stiff and rigid (MacDougal 1988). Passiflora eglandulosa is also similar vegetatively to Passiflora tacanensis, a species found in montane forests on Volcan Tacana of Chiapas, Mexico. Both species possess wide, foliose stipules. However, the two species are easily separated because Passiflora tacanensis possesses petiolar nectaries. The fruits of Passiflora eglandulosa also possess fewer than 10 seeds, whereas Passiflora tacanensis possesses ca. 20 seeds per fruit. The development and physiology of the floral nectary of Passiflora eglandulosa, misidentified as Passiflora trinifolia, was examined by Durkee et al. (Durkee et al. 1981). She found that the floral nectary development and nectar secretion in this species is similar to that in the two other species of Passiflora that she studied. She concluded that the activity of an intercalary meristem increased starch deposition in the amyloplasts of the secretory cells parallels the maturation of the nectary phloem, and granulocrine secretion in the " starchy " nectaries does not occur. She also observed large membrane-bound protein bodies in the phloem parenchyma cells (Durkee et al. 1981). Benson et al. (1975), in a study of the coevolution of plants and herbivores, reported that Heliconius hortense is an herbivore of Passiflora eglandulosa (misidentified as Passiflora trinifolia). This report was confirmed by MacDougal (MacDougal 1988).	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
9CB3BEAD402FE79922EDD9C9E9D62F6A.taxon	description	Description. Small, slender, low-climbing or trailing, perennial vine 0.2 - 1.5 (- 2) m long, minutely antrorsely appressed-puberulent throughout (except ovary) with unicellular, curved and erect trichomes, 0.1 - 0.2 mm long, 0.02 - 0.03 mm wide. Flowering stems 0.9 - 1.8 mm in diameter, terete, sometimes red (5 R 4 / 8) or dark purplish red, with the base somewhat cork covered. Stipules (3.8 -) 5.3 - 10.1 mm long, 2.2 - 7.3 mm wide, asymmetrically ovate, acute to attenuate, 5 - 13, veins departing from base; petioles 0.4 - 1.2 cm long, with 1 or 2 (rarely eglandular), round or elliptic, opposite to subopposite, sessile or shortly stipitate, saucer-shaped nectaries with flat rims, 1.0 - 1.5 mm wide (on the widest axis), 0.8 - 1.1 mm high, borne below the distal third of the petiole (0.29 - 0.90 of the distance from the base toward the apex of the petiole). Laminas 1.6 - 4.0 cm long, 2.1 - 6.7 cm wide, coriaceous, 3 - lobed (very rarely 5 - lobed) 0.05 - 0.52 the distance to the leaf base, lateral lobes 1.3 - 3.1 cm long, 0.5 - 1.7 cm wide, elliptic, acute, central lobe elliptic, acute to rounded, central vein 1.6 - 4.0 cm long, angle between the lateral lobes 93 - 145 °, ratio of lateral lobe to central lobe length 0.67 - 1.28, margins entire, hyaline, primary veins 3, diverging and branching at base, laminar nectaries 1 - 4, circular, submarginal, associated with the minor veins of the abaxial surface, 0.6 - 1.1 mm in diameter, sessile; tendril 0.2 - 0.7 mm wide, present at flowering node. Flowers borne in leaf axils. Pedicels 5.3 - 7.6 mm long, 0.3 - 0.7 mm wide, 2 per node; bract (s) absent; spur (s) absent. Flowers 26.6 - 30.9 mm in diameter with stipe 1.8 - 3.4 mm long, 0.5 - 1.0 mm wide; hypanthium 8.1 - 8.4 mm in diameter; sepals 9.1 - 11.4 mm long, 5.5 - 6.3 mm wide, ovate-triangular, acute, abaxially and adaxially greenish yellow, reflexed at anthesis; coronal filaments in 2 series, the outer 35 - 39, 4.7 - 5.1 mm long, 0.4 - 0.5 mm wide, linear, somewhat dilated toward tips, semi-erect, greenish yellow at base, yellow at tips, ratio of outer coronal row to sepal length 0.42 - 0.53, the inner 38 - 47, 1.9 - 2.5 mm long, 0.1 - 0.2 mm wide, linear, capitate, erect, greenish yellow with purple (5 P 5 / 8) spots and streaks toward base, tips whitish, ratio of inner coronal row to outer coronal row length 0.37 - 0.51; operculum 1.8 - 1.9 mm long, plicate, whitish, tinged with purple, the margin with narrow minutely fimbrillate teeth; nectary 0.1 - 0.5 mm high, 0.9 - 1.0 mm wide; limen erect, 0.1 mm high, 0.3 - 0.4 mm wide, limen floor 4.0 - 4.3 mm in diameter, whitish; androgynophore 3.8 - 4.0 mm long, 1.2 - 1.4 mm wide, whitish with purple spots and streaks; free portions of the staminal filaments 3.5 - 4.2 mm long, 0.7 - 0.9 mm wide, linear, greenish yellow; anthers 2.9 - 3.3 mm long, 1.8 - 2.0 mm wide, greenish yellow; styles 4.4 - 5.3 mm long including stigmas, 0.4 - 0.5 mm wide, greenish yellow; stigmas 1.3 - 1.7 mm in diameter; ovary 1.9 - 2.3 mm long, 1.8 - 2.0 mm wide, widely ellipsoid, greenish yellow. Berry 10.5 - 12.9 mm long, 10.3 - 10.5 mm in diameter, ellipsoid or globose, very dark purple. Seeds 19 (n = 1 MacDougal 6228), 3.6 - 4.0 mm long, 2.1 - 2.4 mm wide, 1.6 - 1.8 mm thick, obovate in outline, acute at both ends, reticulate-foveate with each face marked with ca. 12 - 15 foveae.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
9CB3BEAD402FE79922EDD9C9E9D62F6A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic to Guatemala, in the department of Baja Verapaz. Seasonally dry rocky (the vernacular name for the rock type is " cascajo ") hills with open grassy forest of pine, some oak, and agave, especially near rock outcroups or cracks on cliffs and roadcut faces; 1345 - 1600 m.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
9CB3BEAD402FE79922EDD9C9E9D62F6A.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Passiflora trinifolia is known only from Baja Verapaz, Guatemala. It is usually easily distinguished from other members of supersection Cieca by its small, stiff and rigid (often scleophyllous) leaves and very small stature. Passiflora trinifolia has been confused with Passiflora eglandulosa, but several vegetative and reproductive characters can be used to separate these taxa, as presented under the description of Passiflora eglandulosa. The most notable of these is the presence / absence of petiolar and laminar nectaries, with Passiflora trinifolia possessing 1 - 4 laminar nectaries and 1 - 2 petiolar nectaries, and Passiflora eglandulosa having neither laminar nor petiolar nectaries.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
6044F64BCDBF54C5FB5D9358D43A9002.taxon	description	Description. Climbing vine, minutely antrorsely appressed-puberulent throughout with unicellular, curved trichomes, 0.03 - 0.10 mm long, 0.03 mm wide. Flowering stems 2.1 - 3.4 mm in diameter, subterete. Stipules (3.3 -) 5.9 - 6.4 mm long, 0.8 - 1.3 mm wide, narrowly ovate-triangular, acute; petioles 3.3 - 3.8 cm long, with 2, opposite to subopposite, sessile, discoid nectaries with flat rims, 1.3 - 1.7 mm wide (on the widest axis), 0.5 - 0.6 mm high, borne on the proximal half of the petiole (0.37 - 0.47 of the distance from the base toward the apex of the petiole). Laminas 6.0 - 8.7 cm long, 6.7 - 10.8 cm wide, somewhat coriaceous, distinctly peltate (the distance from leaf base to point of petiole insertion 10.4 - 14.4 mm), subrotund, obscurely 3 - lobed 0.02 - 0.07 the distance from the leaf outline to the leaf base, lateral lobes 4.0 - 6.2 cm long, ca. 3.0 - 5.6 cm wide, somewhat elliptic, obtuse to emarginate, central lobe somewhat elliptic, obtuse to emarginate, central vein 4.6 - 7.3 cm long (measured from point of petiole insertion to the leaf apex), angle between the lateral lobes 110 - 125 °, ratio of lateral lobe to central vein length 0.76 - 0.87, margins entire, hyaline, primary veins 3, diverging and branching above base, laminar nectaries present, 2, submarginal, associated with the minor veins of the abaxial surface, 0.8 - 0.9 mm in diameter, circular to widely elliptic, sessile; tendril 0.5 - 0.9 mm wide, present at flowering node. Flowers borne in leaf axils. Pedicels 16.9 - 17.3 mm long, 0.6 mm wide, 2 per node; bract (s) absent; spur (s) absent. Flowers 25.0 - 26.3 mm in diameter with stipe 9.4 - 14.3 mm long, 0.5 - 0.8 mm wide; hypanthium 5.8 mm in diameter; sepals 9.6 - 10.3 mm long, 4.3 - 5.0 mm wide, ovate-triangular, acute, greenish yellow; coronal filaments in 2 series, the outer 28, 4.7 - 5.5 mm long, 0.4 - 0.6 mm wide, linear, spreading, purplish to reddish with greenish yellow or yellow tips when dried, ratio of outer coronal row to sepal length 0.46 - 0.58, the inner 31, 2.3 - 2.5 mm long, 0.3 mm wide, linear, capitate, erect, purplish to reddish when dried, ratio of inner coronal row to outer coronal row length 0.42 - 0.51; operculum 1.6 mm long, plicate, purplish to reddish with greenish yellow tip when dried, the margin with narrow minutely fimbrillate teeth; nectary 0.3 mm high, 1.2 mm wide; limen recurved, 0.3 mm high, 0.2 mm wide, purplish to reddish at base lightening toward tip when dried, limen floor 2.7 mm in diameter, purplish to reddish when dried; androgynophore 3.8 mm long, 0.9 mm wide, purplish to reddish on proximal half and greenish yellow on distal half when dried; free portions of the staminal filaments 3.4 - 3.8 mm long, 0.5 - 0.6 mm wide, linear, greenish yellow when dried; anthers 1.7 - 2.0 mm long, 0.9 - 1.3 mm wide; styles 3.8 - 4.3 mm long including stigmas, 0.4 - 0.5 mm wide, greenish yellow when dried; stigmas 1.1 - 1.3 mm in diameter; ovary 1.8 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, globose, greenish yellow when dried. Fruit unknown.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
6044F64BCDBF54C5FB5D9358D43A9002.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic to Guatemala in the department of Alta Verapaz at ca. 762 m altitude. Based upon locality information included on the herbarium specimen and information gathered by J. M. MacDougal (pers. comm.) on a recent trip to the type locality, Passiflora clypeophylla is (or was) likely found on slopes of premontane tropical moist forest.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
6044F64BCDBF54C5FB5D9358D43A9002.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Passiflora clypeophylla is known only from the type collection from Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Passiflora clypeophylla is distinctive in supersection Cieca because of its large, conspicuously peltate leaves that are deltoid in general outline. The flowers are not known to be borne in inflorescences and the pedicels are greater than 16.8 mm long. The floral stipe of Passiflora clypeophylla is also one of the longest in the supersection and is greater than 9.4 mm long. In addition, the plant has very shallow leaf lobes (0.03 - 0.07 of the distance from the leaf outline to the leaf base). Passiflora clypeophylla resembles both Passiflora trinifolia and Passiflora sexocellata, which are somewhat similar vegetatively and also occur in Guatemala. Passiflora clypeophylla is easily distinguished from Passiflora trinifolia by its considerably narrower stipules, the obtuse to rounded leaf lobes that are very shallow and the leaves that are coriaceous as opposed to chartaceous in texture. The primary difference between Passiflora sexocellata and Passiflora clypeophylla is the ratio of the lateral to central lobe length. Passiflora clypeophylla has lateral and central leaf lobes that are nearly equal in length, whereas Passiflora sexocellata has lateral lobes that are commonly 1.3 to 2.8 times longer than the central lobes. Passiflora sexocellata also commonly has a shorter central leaf lobe and more laminar nectaries than Passiflora clypeophylla. As with Passiflora trinifolia, the lateral leaf lobes in Passiflora sexocellata are commonly acute as opposed to obtuse to rounded. The one known flower of Passiflora clypeophylla has fewer filaments in the outer coronal row (28 filaments) than either Passiflora trinifolia (35 - 39 filaments) or Passiflora sexocellata (40 - 50). The staminal filaments in Passiflora clypeophylla are nearly equal to the androgynophore length, but the filaments in Passiflora sexocellata are commonly half the length of the androgynophore. The seedling leaves of several species in supersection Cieca (e. g., Passiflora sexocellata, Passiflora megacoriacea, Passiflora juliana, and Passiflora viridiflora) are peltate and very similar in shape to the mature leaves of Passiflora clypeophylla, and evolution by neoteny in this taxon seems plausible. There are only two known specimens of Passiflora clypeophylla in the world, one at the Kew Herbarium and the other at the United States National Herbarium. In his description of Passiflora clypeophylla Masters did not cite a herbarium, only a collection. The specimen at K is much better than the one at US, so I have designated it the lectotype.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
07AF0921DB2ABBF699D62AF0095DD6E7.taxon	description	Description. Slender, low-climbing, perennial vine 1.5 - 3 m long or more, minutely antrorsely appressed-puberulent throughout with unicellular, curved to erect trichomes, 0.1 - 0.2 mm long, 0.02 - 0.03 mm wide, also sparsely pubescent with longer, unicellular, curved to erect trichomes on petiole and stem, 0.2 - 0.4 mm long, 0.02 - 0.03 mm wide. Flowering stems 0.9 - 2.1 mm in diameter, terete or somewhat compressed, with the base woody and cork-covered. Stipules 1.4 - 5.7 mm long, 0.3 - 1.0 mm wide, very narrowly ovate, acute to attenuate, longitudinally striate-nerved; petioles 0.5 - 2.8 cm long, 2, round to elliptic, opposite, sessile, discoid nectaries, 1.1 - 2.2 mm wide, 0.2 - 1.3 mm high, borne below the distal half of the petiole (0.40 - 0.83 of the distance from the base toward the apex of the petiole). Laminas 2.4 - 12.6 cm long, 3.4 - 18.2 cm wide, subcoriaceous, sometimes peltate, distinctly trilobed 0.36 - 0.60 the distance from the leaf outline to the leaf base or widely divaricately bilobed to obscurely 3 - lobed 0.09 - 0.28 the distance from the leaf outline to the leaf base, lateral lobes 2.0 - 10.0 cm long, 0.7 - 4.4 cm wide, elliptic, acute to obtuse, occasionally attenuate, central lobe elliptic to obovate, or present merely as a widely acute to obtuse tip, rarely emarginate, central vein 2.4 - 12.1 cm long, angle between the lateral lobes 88 - 151 °, ratio of lateral lobe to central lobe length 0.74 - 1.64, margins entire, hyaline, primary veins 3, diverging and branching at or above base, laminar nectaries present or rarely absent, 2 - 4 (- 11), circular, submarginal, associated with the minor veins of the abaxial surface, 0.6 - 1.3 mm in diameter, sessile; tendril 0.3 - 1.1 mm wide, present at flowering node, absent in inflorescence. Flowers borne in leaf axils and terminal inflorescences; inflorescences 5.3 - 18.3 cm long, associated reduced laminas 2.3 - 4.9 mm long, 0.5 - 1.4 mm wide. Pedicels 3.8 - 6.8 (- 19.5) mm long, 0.4 - 0.8 mm wide, 2 per node; bract (s) absent, or with 1 - 2 narrowly ovate bracts present on the distal half of the pedicel, 1.0 - 2.0 mm long, ca. 0.1 mm wide; spur (s) absent. Flowers 14.6 - 21.6 mm in diameter with stipe 3.1 - 4.6 mm long, 0.4 - 0.9 mm wide; hypanthium 4.3 - 6.3 mm in diameter; sepals 4.7 - 7.8 mm long, 2.1 - 4.7 mm wide, ovate-triangular, acute, greenish yellow, often flushed with reddish purple abaxially; coronal filaments in 2 series, the outer 28 - 38, 1.3 - 3.0 (- 4.3) mm long, 0.3 - 0.4 mm wide, linear, often capitellate, strongly curved at the base so that the filaments spread + / - horizontally, with the tips often curved toward the sepals, greenish yellow, sometimes flushed with reddish purple at base, ratio of outer coronal row to sepal length 0.22 - 0.56 (- 0.85), the inner 38 - 40, 0.9 - 3.3 mm long, 0.1 - 0.3 mm wide, linear, capitate, erect, greenish yellow, ratio of inner coronal row to outer coronal row length 0.55 - 1.15; operculum 1.0 - 2.1 mm long, plicate, greenish yellow, sometimes reddish purple at base, the margin whitish with narrow minutely fimbrillate teeth; nectary 0.1 - 0.5 (- 0.9) mm high, 0.8 - 1.5 mm wide; limen erect, 0.1 - 0.5 mm high, 0.1 - 0.4 mm wide, greenish yellow, limen floor 1.0 - 3.5 mm in diameter, greenish yellow; androgynophore 0.7 - 3.9 mm long, 0.7 - 1.3 mm wide, greenish yellow, whitish at base; free portions of the staminal filaments 1.6 - 3.7 mm long, 0.3 - 0.7 mm wide, linear, greenish yellow; anthers 1.0 - 3.0 mm long, 0.5 - 1.7 mm wide, greenish yellow; styles 2.2 - 4.1 mm long including stigmas, 0.2 - 0.5 mm wide, greenish yellow; stigmas 0.8 - 1.6 mm in diameter; ovary 2.0 - 2.3 mm long, 1.4 - 2.2 mm wide, widely ellipsoid to globose, greenish yellow. Berry 2.3 - 2.6 cm long, 2.1 - 2.4 cm in diameter, widely ellipsoid to globose, very dark purple. Seeds 3.3 - 3.6 (- 5) mm long, 2.0 - 2.3 (- 3.2) mm wide, 1.5 - 1.8 mm thick, obovate in outline, acute at both ends, reticulate-foveate with each face marked with 15 - 17 foveae. Germination unknown.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
07AF0921DB2ABBF699D62AF0095DD6E7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Mexico. Tropical deciduous and subdeciduous forests or disturbed areas in the Pacific lowlands and foothills; near sea level to 300 m in Mexico, 650 - 1200 m in El Salvador and Costa Rica.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
07AF0921DB2ABBF699D62AF0095DD6E7.taxon	discussion	Discussion. As noted by MacDougal and McVaugh (2001), Passiflora obtusifolia is quite variable in its vegetative morphology, especially in the depth of the leaf lobes, the shape of the lobe apices, and the number of laminar nectaries. Despite its name, the lobes of Passiflora obtusifolia are commonly acute. The type is an illustration of an unusual form that has only been collected again near Cerro de Ortega, Colima, Mexico (Lott 840), not far from the type locality. The illustration shows a plant with shallowly trilobed leaves with obtuse lateral lobes, rounded to emarginate central lobes, and six laminar nectaries per leaf, with two glands situated proximal to the lateral leaf veins. Passiflora obtusifolia is similar to Passiflora mcvaughiana and both are found in southwestern Mexico. However, these species differ in leaf shape, depth of lobing, number of laminar nectaries, number of petiolar nectaries, pedicel length, sepal length, outer coronal length and shape, seed size, and habitat. Passiflora obtusifolia can also be found in locations somewhat near Passiflora eglandulosa. At first glance these two species are somewhat similar vegetatively with their distinctly trilobed leaves. However, the stipules of Passiflora eglandulosa are much wider and foliose, the leaf bases are cordate, and the leaf apices are acuminate. In addition, Passiflora eglandulosa does not possess inflorescences and its flowers are more delicate with narrower sepals and thinner outer coronal filaments. Passiflora obtusifolia is also similar to Passiflora suberosa subsp. litoralis. However, Passiflora suberosa subsp. litoralis is never peltate at the reproductive nodes, whereas Passiflora obtusifolia is commonly peltate. Passiflora suberosa subsp. litoralis does not produce flowers in long inflorescences. The fruits of Passiflora obtusifolia are over 20 mm long and 18 mm wide, but the fruits of Passiflora suberosa subsp. litoralis rarely exceed a length of 12 mm and a width of 10 mm.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
BFE464E086953341A394A97E4CA15754.taxon	description	Description. Slender, climbing, perennial vine 3 m long or more, minutely antrorsely appressed-puberulent throughout with unicellular, curved trichomes, 0.03 - 0.13 mm long, 0.02 - 0.03 mm wide. Flowering stems 1.0 - 2.7 mm in diameter, terete to somewhat compressed with rounded edges, greenish yellow or reddish purple (5 RP 5 / 6), with the base somewhat woody and cork-covered. Stipules (6.0) 8.3 - 18.9 (- 23.0) mm long, 2.8 - 11.3 (- 15.0) mm wide, asymmetrically ovate to obovate, acute, 5 - 10 veins departing from the base; petioles 1.1 - 4.3 cm long, inserted 2.3 - 15.8 mm from the basal margins of the peltate blades, commonly bearing on the proximal half (0.21 - 0.52 of the distance from the base toward the apex of the petiole), 2, round or elliptic, opposite to subopposite, sessile or shortly stipitate, saucer-shaped nectaries with flat rims, 0.9 - 2.7 mm wide, 0.3 - 2.1 mm high. Laminas 3.4 - 14.0 cm long, 6.0 - 20.0 cm wide, coriaceous, occasionally variegated as juveniles, conspicuously peltate, deeply 3 - lobed (0.42 -) 0.50 - 0.86 the distance from the leaf outline to the leaf base, lateral lobes 2.9 - 11.1 cm long, 1.2 - 4.5 cm wide, elliptic to obovate, acute to obtuse, central lobes 3.1 - 13.2 cm long, 1.3 - 5.0 cm wide, obovate, acute to obtuse, narrowed at base, angle between the lateral lobes 95 - 160 °, ratio of lateral to central lobe length 0.75 - 0.99, margins entire, thickened, sometimes purplish red, primary veins 3, diverging and branching above base, 4 - 11 laminar nectaries present, submarginal, associated with the minor veins of the abaxial surface, 0.3 - 1.0 mm in diameter, circular to widely elliptic, sessile; tendril 0.4 - 1.1 mm wide, present at flowering node, absent in inflorescence. Flowers paired in leaf axils or in terminal inflorescences; inflorescences 4.7 - 9.8 cm long, associated reduced laminas 7.0 - 14.4 mm long, 0.5 - 1.3 mm wide. Pedicels 2.9 - 19.0 (- 27.0) mm long, 0.5 - 1.1 mm wide; bract (s) absent; spur (s) absent. Flowers 24.5 - 31.3 mm in diameter with stipe 0.9 - 2.0 mm long, 0.6 - 1.3 mm wide; hypanthium 6.0 - 8.3 mm in diameter; sepals 9.3 - 11.5 mm long, 2.6 - 4.9 mm wide, ovate-triangular, acute to rounded, abaxially and adaxially greenish yellow; coronal filaments in 2 series, the outer 38 - 46, 4.9 - 7.2 mm long, 0.3 - 0.7 mm wide, linear, tapering to a point, spreading flat, greenish yellow becoming gradually lighter in color apically, unmarked or with purple (5 P 3 / 6) spots and streaks near base, ratio of outer coronal row to sepal length 0.47 - 0.74, the inner 40 - 47, 3.0 - 3.8 mm long, 0.2 - 0.4 mm wide, linear, capitellate, erect to slightly spreading, greenish yellow, unmarked or with a flush of purple at very base, ratio of inner coronal row to outer coronal row length 0.43 - 0.73; operculum 2.0 - 2.5 mm long, plicate, greenish yellow, the margin with narrow minutely fimbrillate teeth; nectary 1.3 - 1.9 mm high, 0.7 - 1.3 mm wide; limen recurved, 0.8 - 1.1 mm high, 0.2 - 1.0 mm wide, greenish yellow, unmarked or with a violet to dark purple tip, limen floor 2.6 - 3.3 mm in diameter, dark purple (5 P 2.5 / 6); androgynophore 3.9 - 5.5 mm long, 1.0 - 1.4 mm wide, whitish with a flush of purple at the base or with the purple coloration nearly reaching the apices of the staminal filaments; free portions of the staminal filaments 2.9 - 4.0 mm long, 0.5 - 0.7 mm wide, linear, commonly greenish yellow except as noted above; anthers 3.2 - 4.8 mm long, 1.0 - 2.2 mm wide; styles 4.0 - 6.5 mm long including stigmas, 0.2 - 0.5 mm wide, greenish yellow; stigmas 1.1 - 1.7 mm in diameter; ovary 2.6 - 3.1 mm long, 2.0 - 2.4 mm wide, globose to ovoid, greenish yellow. Berry (13.0 -) 17.3 - 18.1 (- 25.0) mm long, (13.0 -) 14.3 - 14.4 (- 20.0) mm in diameter, globose, very dark purple with glaucous bloom. Seeds 45 - 55, 3.7 - 4.1 mm long, 2.3 - 2.6 mm wide, 1.5 - 1.9 mm thick, obovate in outline, acute at both ends, reticulate-foveate with each side marked with ca. 11 - 18 foveae. Germination epigeal.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
BFE464E086953341A394A97E4CA15754.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mexico, in the Pacific lowlands and foothills of Jalisco, Colima, and northern Michoacan. Disturbed tropical deciduous or semideciduous low and medium forests (selva baja caducifolia and selva mediana subcaducifolia); growing on shrubs, trees, boulders, and rocks (sometimes limestone); sea-level to ca. 610 m.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
BFE464E086953341A394A97E4CA15754.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Passiflora juliana is most closely related to Passiflora viridiflora and aside from floral adaptations in Passiflora viridiflora resulting from a shift in pollinators, these two species with greenish yellow flowers borne in conspicuous, indeterminate, terminal inflorescences are very similar. Both species possess large, peltate, trilobed leaves that have a central lobe that is distinctly narrowed at the base. They both may possess stems that have some red pigmentation, but those of Passiflora viridiflora are generally bright red, while those of Passiflora juliana are commonly reddish purple. Passiflora juliana can also be separated from Passiflora viridiflora vegetatively because that species has small, narrowly ovate stipules, as opposed to the larger, ovate, foliose stipules of Passiflora juliana. Passiflora juliana bears the shallow cup-shaped flowers typical of most of the members of the supersection and subgenus, whereas Passiflora viridiflora possesses long, tubular flowers with a greatly elongated androgynophore. Passiflora juliana is a very distinctive taxon possessing the shortest floral stipe in supersection Cieca, a limen floor that is distinctly purple and an androgynophore flushed with purple at the base or to just above the middle. The light green flowers are likely adapted to a small or medium-sized insect pollinator, but J. M. MacDougal (1992) observed a hummingbird visiting the flowers of this plant. In an unpublished manuscript, MacDougal determined the total sugar concentration measured as sucrose equivalents in percent weight per total weight to be 35 - 38 % in Passiflora juliana, which is within the range typical for utilization by bees. MacDougal also found that lacebugs and the butterfly Heliconius charitonia are important herbivores.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
A5F84695F1123F0180DF7EE35FAB9E04.taxon	description	Description. Slender, climbing or trailing, perennial vine 3 m long or more, minutely antrorsely appressed-puberulent throughout (except on ovary) with unicellular, curved trichomes, 0.05 - 0.13 mm long, 0.02 mm wide. Flowering stems 1.1 - 2.8 mm in diameter, somewhat compressed and two-edged, red (4 / 12) when young, with the base somewhat woody and cork-covered. Stipules 2.5 - 7.9 mm long, 0.5 - 1.4 mm wide, asymmetrically narrowly ovate-falcate, slightly attenuate, longitudinally striate-nerved, often red (5 R 4 / 12) at flowering nodes; petioles 1.1 - 7.6 cm long, inserted 0.4 - 22.0 mm from the basal margins of the peltate blades, often red (4 / 12) at flowering nodes, commonly bearing in the proximal third, 0.12 - 0.33 (- 0.55) of the distance from the base toward the apex of the petiole, 2, round or elliptic, opposite to subopposite, sessile or shortly stipitate, saucer-shaped nectaries with flat rims, 0.9 - 2.5 mm wide (on the widest axis), 0.3 - 1.5 mm high. Laminas 3.7 - 14.1 cm long, 1.6 - 19.6 cm wide, coriaceous, occasionally variegated, conspicuously peltate, deeply 3 - lobed 0.60 - 0.82 of the distance to the leaf base, lateral lobes 1.6 - 10.6 cm long, 1.0 - 5.8 cm wide, oblong to obovate, acute to rounded, central lobes 1.9 - 14.1 cm long, 1.0 - 6.5 cm wide, obovate, acute to rounded, narrowed at base, angle between the lateral lobes 117 - 180 °, ratio of lateral to central lobe length 0.60 - 1.34, margins entire, thickened, often red (4 / 12), primary veins 3, diverging and branching above base, laminar nectaries present or absent (rare), (0 -) 4 (- 7), submarginal, associated with the minor veins of the abaxial surface, 0.3 - 1.1 mm in diameter, elliptic, sessile; tendril 0.3 - 1.1 mm wide, present at flowering node, absent in inflorescence. Flowers borne in leaf axils or terminal inflorescences; inflorescences 11.6 - 19.2 cm long, associated reduced laminas 7.3 - 11.3 mm long, 0.8 - 1.9 mm wide. Pedicels 7.5 - 25.0 mm long, 0.6 - 1.3 mm wide, paired in the leaf axils, often red (5 R 4 / 12); bract (s) absent; spur (s) absent. Tubular flowers 5.1 - 8.6 mm in diameter with stipe 4.5 - 11.4 mm long, 0.9 - 1.5 mm wide, greenish yellow (5 GY 8 / 6); hypanthium 5.1 - 8.6 mm in diameter; sepals 20.5 - 30.1 mm long, basally connate 5.8 - 15.4 mm, 1.3 - 3.9 mm wide, linear to narrowly ovate, acute to rounded, abaxially and adaxially greenish yellow (5 GY 8 / 6), free portions of sepals reflexed at anthesis; coronal filaments in 1 series, adnate to the calyx tube until they become free, 36 - 50, 2.2 - 4.0 mm long, basally connate 1.2 - 2.5 mm, 0.1 - 0.4 mm wide, linear to narrowly ovate, erect, greenish yellow, ratio of coronal (portion not adnate to sepal) to sepal (free portion) length 0.09 - 0.35; rarely a trace second coronal row of colorless filaments may be present just outside the operculum; operculum 3.0 - 4.6 mm long, plicate, greenish yellow, the margin with narrow minutely fimbrillate teeth; nectary 0.3 - 3.1 mm high, 1.1 - 2.0 mm wide, sulcate; limen erect, 0.8 - 1.7 mm high, 0.1 - 0.5 mm wide, greenish yellow, crenulate-lobed, very close to the base of the androgynophore, limen floor 0.6 - 2.1 mm in diameter, greenish yellow; androgynophore 17.4 - 26.1 mm long, 0.6 - 1.1 mm wide, greenish yellow; free portions of the staminal filaments 2.6 - 5.3 mm long, 0.3 - 0.7 mm wide, linear, greenish yellow; anthers 4.0 - 5.9 mm long, 0.6 - 2.4 mm wide, pollen presented laterally; styles 3.1 - 6.2 mm long including stigmas, 0.2 - 0.5 mm wide, greenish yellow; stigmas 0.9 - 1.7 mm in diameter; ovary 2.2 - 5.3 mm long, 1.1 - 3.5 mm wide, ellipsoid to fusiform, greenish yellow, glabrous. Berry 15.5 - 24.0 mm long, 12.9 - 19.0 mm in diameter, fusiform to ovoid, very dark purple. Seeds 39 - 53, 4.0 - 5.0 mm long, 2.4 - 3.6 mm wide, 1.4 - 2.0 mm thick, flattened, obovate in outline, acute at both ends, reticulate-foveate with each side marked with 15 - 18 foveae, sometimes pale brown in color at maturity. Germination epigeal.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
A5F84695F1123F0180DF7EE35FAB9E04.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mexico, in the Pacific lowlands and foothills of southern Michoacan, Guerrero and Oaxaca. Disturbed tropical deciduous or semideciduous low and medium forests (selva baja caducifolia and selva mediana subcaducifolia); growing on shrubs, small trees, boulders and rocks (sometimes limestone) on very limited to moderately developed soils; sea-level to ca. 610 m.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
A5F84695F1123F0180DF7EE35FAB9E04.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Vegetatively, Passiflora viridiflora and Passiflora juliana are very similar, and the most obvious difference between them is the size and shape of their stipules. However, Passiflora viridiflora also differs from Passiflora juliana in its adaptations for hummingbird pollination including: vegetative parts that are commonly accentuated with or entirely bright red, a greatly elongated androgynophore that far exceeds the length of the stamen filaments, no inner coronal filaments, a very narrow limen floor, wide floral nectary, long operculum that is not incurved at the margin but erect and lays against the androgynophore, fused sepals that are greatly elongated, pollen that is presented laterally, and a sulcate floral nectary floor. On an herbarium specimen collected by W. L. Forment (1125), he indicated that Passiflora viridiflora is utilized by hummingbirds, which is consistent with its floral morphology and lack of floral fragrance. Passiflora viridiflora has been placed at various generic (e. g., Murucuia) and infrageneric levels (e. g., subg. Chloropathanthus) within the family Passifloraceae. The elongated, tubular flowers of this taxon inspired many previous workers to group it with other taxa that possess tubular flowers or in a group of its own because the flowers are not only tubular but also apetalous. Killip (1938) placed it in the subgenus Chloropathanthus with Passiflora lancifolia, an apetalous Jamaican endemic. MacDougal (1983) was the first to suggest that Passiflora viridiflora be placed within Cieca based upon its apetalous flowers and flavonoid chemistry. In 1992, MacDougal resolved the placement of Passiflora viridiflora by describing Passiflora juliana, a species clearly referable to Cieca and morphologically similar to Passiflora viridiflora. Both the molecular and morphological data in this study also show that Passiflora juliana and Passiflora viridiflora are sister species.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
838D0C4425AE8C1CF7A1F1DF5D1EDAB2.taxon	description	Description. Slender, low-climbing or trailing, perennial vine 2 - 8 m long or more, sparsely pubescent with unicellular curved trichomes on petiole, leaf, stem, and stipule (rare), 0.3 - 0.6 mm long, 0.02 mm wide, also minutely antrorsely appressed-puberulent throughout (except ovary) with unicellular, curved trichomes, 0.1 - 0.3 mm long, 0.02 - 0.03 mm wide. Flowering stems 0.9 - 2.6 mm in diameter, terete or somewhat compressed, with the base woody and cork-covered. Stipules 3.8 - 7.5 mm long, 0.3 - 0.8 mm wide, narrowly ovate, acute to slightly attenuate, longitudinally striate-nerved; petioles 0.8 - 5.3 cm long, inserted 1.1 - 6.9 mm from the basal margins of the peltate blades, eglandular or very rarely with 1 or 2, round or elliptic, opposite to subopposite, sessile or shortly stipitate, discoid nectaries with flat rims, 0.8 - 1.3 mm wide (on the widest axis), 0.4 - 1.3 mm high, borne just below (rare) or in the distal half of the petiole (0.45 - 0.86 of the distance from the base toward the apex of the petiole). Laminas 0.9 - 7.3 cm long, 6.2 - 22.0 cm wide, coriaceous, occasionally variegated along primary veins, conspicuously peltate, transversely elliptic (widely divaricately bilobed), lateral lobes 3.1 - 12.0 cm long, 1.0 - 5.6 cm wide, elliptic, acute to slightly attenuate, central vein 0.7 - 6.8 cm long (measured from point of petiole insertion), angle between the lateral lobes 101 - 182 (- 190) °, ratio of lateral lobe to central vein length 1.15 - 4.57, margins entire, hyaline, primary veins 3, diverging and branching above base, laminar nectaries absent, associated with the minor veins of the abaxial surface, 0.8 - 1.1 mm in diameter, sessile; tendril 0.3 - 1.0 mm wide, present at flowering node, absent in inflorescence. Flowers borne in leaf axils or rarely in inflorescences; inflorescences 2.5 - 5.8 cm long, associated reduced laminas 1.3 - 2.3 mm long, 0.5 - 1.0 mm wide. Pedicels 5.6 - 25.0 mm long, 0.3 - 0.6 mm wide, (1 -) 2 per node; bract (s) absent or with one or two, narrowly ovate, acute bracts, 1.1 - 1.2 mm long, 0.1 mm wide, the bracts ca. 3.7 mm from base of peduncle; spur (s) absent. Flowers 15.0 - 25.3 mm in diameter with stipe 3.1 - 9.0 mm long, 0.5 - 0.7 mm wide; hypanthium 5.0 - 8.3 mm in diameter; sepals 6.7 - 8.5 mm long, 3.3 - 5.6 mm wide, ovate-triangular, acute, abaxially and adaxially greenish yellow, reflexed at anthesis; coronal filaments in 2 series, the outer 31 - 36, 3.1 - 7.1 mm long, 0.3 - 0.7 mm wide, linear to slightly narrowly obovate, erect, dull purple (5 P 4 / 6) at base, yellow at tips, ratio of outer coronal row to sepal length 0.41 - 0.89, the inner 40 - 60, 1.3 - 2.9 mm long, 0.1 - 0.3 mm wide, linear, capitate, erect, greenish yellow speckled with dull purple, ratio of inner coronal row to outer coronal row length 0.20 - 0.56; operculum 1.0 - 1.8 mm long, plicate, whitish green, the margin with narrow minutely fimbrillate teeth; nectary 0.2 - 1.1 mm high, 0.6 - 1.0 mm wide; limen inclined away from androgynophore, 0.2 - 0.7 mm high, 0.2 - 0.5 mm wide, whitish green, speckled with purple, limen floor 2.5 - 4.9 mm in diameter, whitish green, speckled with purple; androgynophore 1.5 - 4.7 mm long, 0.9 - 1.3 mm wide; free portions of the staminal filaments 2.1 - 3.3 mm long, 0.4 - 0.8 mm wide, linear, greenish yellow anthers 1.7 - 3.2 mm long, 0.7 - 1.7 mm wide, greenish yellow with a dark purple edge; styles 2.7 - 4.9 mm long including stigmas, 0.3 - 0.5 mm wide, greenish yellow; stigmas 0.6 - 1.3 mm in diameter; ovary 1.3 - 3.6 mm long, 1.1 - 3.0 mm wide, widely ellipsoid to ovoid, greenish yellow. Berry 10.0 - 14.4 mm long, 12.8 - 13.8 mm in diameter, globose, very dark purple. Seeds (2 -) 6 - 11, 4.8 - 5.5 mm long, 3.6 - 4.1 mm wide, 2.1 - 2.7 mm thick, widely elliptic to widely obovate in outline, obtuse at both ends, reticulate-foveate with each face marked with 15 - 22 foveae.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
838D0C4425AE8C1CF7A1F1DF5D1EDAB2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mexico, in the states of Jalisco, Mexico, and Guerrero. Pine and oak forests (bosque de pino y encino) or montane mesophytic forests (bosque mesofilo de montana); growing in trees and on the steep banks of canals (barrancas) or streams, and moist hillsides; 1100 - 2000 m.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
838D0C4425AE8C1CF7A1F1DF5D1EDAB2.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Passiflora mcvaughiana is one of four species found in Mexico previously known under the name of Passiflora coriacea Juss. The other two species are Passiflora obtusifolia and Passiflora tacanensis, which are both extremely similar vegetatively to Passiflora mcvaughiana. Passiflora mcvaughiana can usually be separated from Passiflora obtusifolia because Passiflora mcvaughiana commonly has a central leaf lobe that is nearly as long as the lateral lobes at fertile nodes, as opposed to having lateral lobes that are commonly twice as long as the central lobe in Passiflora mcvaughiana. Passiflora obtusifolia is commonly 3 - lobed more than 0.20 the distance to the base, as opposed to 3 - lobed less than 0.20 the distance to the base in Passiflora mcvaughiana. Passiflora mcvaughiana lacks laminar nectaries, whereas Passiflora obtusifolia commonly has 2 - 6 nectaries present between the primary leaf veins. Flowers are rarely produced in inflorescences in Passiflora mcvaughiana, but Passiflora obtusifolia commonly has very long inflorescences. The pedicel in Passiflora mcvaughiana is longer than 10 mm, but the pedicel in Passiflora obtusifolia is commonly less than 10 mm long. The outer coronal filaments of Passiflora mcvaughiana are longer than 4.0 mm, linear, and dull purple toward their bases, those of Passiflora obtusifolia are commonly less than 4.0 mm long, linear / capitellate and greenish yellow or greenish yellow with a flush of reddish purple at the base. Passiflora mcvaughiana possesses the widest seeds in the supersection (over 3.6 mm wide) and Passiflora obtusifolia has seeds that are less than 2.3 mm wide. Additionally, Passiflora mcvaughiana and Passiflora obtusifolia occupy different habitats, with Passiflora obtusifolia commonly occurring in lower elevation tropical deciduous or semideciduous forests in Pacific lowlands and foothills and Passiflora mcvaughiana in high elevation oak, pine / oak, pine or montane mesophytic forests of Mexico. Passiflora tacanensis is a newly discovered species from Volcan Tacana, Chiapas, Mexico. Like Passiflora mcvaughiana, it occurs in montane mesophytic forests. However, Passiflora tacanensis is easily separated from Passiflora mcvaughiana by its foliose stipules that are more than 3 mm wide. The fruits of Passiflora tacanensis also possess ca. 20 seeds, whereas those of Passiflora mcvaughiana produce only 2 - 10 seeds. Passiflora mcvaughiana is also quite similar vegetatively to Passiflora sexocellata, though this species does not occur in southwestern Mexico. The leaves of Passiflora mcvaughiana are not as coriaceous as those of Passiflora sexocellata and are darker green. In addition, Passiflora sexocellata always possesses 4 - 13 laminar nectaries while Passiflora mcvaughiana has none. The petiolar nectaries of Passiflora sexocellata are commonly positioned on the proximal half of the petiole, whereas those of Passiflora mcvaughiana are positioned on the distal half of the petiole. Flowers are often produced in long inflorescences in Passiflora sexocellata, and Passiflora mcvaughiana commonly lacks inflorescences. The fruits of Passiflora sexocellata are also much larger than those of Passiflora mcvaughiana and possess between 40 and 50 seeds per fruit.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
AF17C7A32B5A82BD4AE7211064720AC0.taxon	description	Description. Vine, pubescent with unicellular curved trichomes on petiole, adaxial leaf surface, and stipules 0.28 - 0.38 mm long, 0.03 mm wide, also minutely antrorsely appressed-puberulent throughout with unicellular, curved trichomes, 0.06 - 0.08 mm long, 0.02 mm wide. Flowering stems 1.5 - 1.8 mm in diameter, terete or somewhat compressed. Stipules 6.3 - 7.5 mm long, 2.5 - 3.5 mm wide, ovate, acute to acuminate; petioles 2.3 - 2.6 cm long, commonly bearing at or just below the middle (0.44 - 0.50 of the distance from the base toward the apex of the petiole) 2, elliptic, opposite to subopposite, sessile, discoid nectaries with the rims slightly raised, 1.0 - 1.1 mm wide (on the widest axis), 0.5 - 0.6 mm high. Laminas 3.8 - 5.3 cm long, 12.4 - 14.2 cm wide, membranous, subpeltate or slightly peltate (the distance from leaf base to point of petiole insertion 1.0 - 1.7 mm), transversely elliptic, 3 - lobed 0.02 - 0.10 of the distance to the leaf base at the deepest sinus, lateral lobes 6.9 - 7.5 cm long, 2.6 - 4.2 cm wide, elliptic, acute to attenuate, central lobe elliptic or present as an obtuse to rounded tip, central vein 3.7 - 5.2 cm long (measured from point of petiole insertion to the leaf apex), angle between the lateral lobes 109 - 130 °, ratio of lateral lobe to central vein length 1.41 - 1.86, margins entire, hyaline, primary veins 3, diverging and branching above base, laminar nectaries absent; tendril 0.7 - 0.9 mm wide, present at flowering node. Pedicels 11.9 - 13.0 mm long in fruit, 0.5 mm wide, paired in the leaf axils; bract (s) absent. Flowers not seen. Stipe 6.9 - 8.5 mm long in fruit, 0.5 - 0.6 mm wide. Berry 25.0 - 26.0 mm long, 24.0 - 26.0 mm in diameter, ellipsoid to globose, very dark purple. Seeds ca. 20, 4.6 - 4.9 mm long, 2.9 - 3.1 mm wide, 2.0 - 2.1 mm thick, obovate in outline, acute at both ends, reticulate-foveate with each face marked with ca. 22 - 26 foveae. Phenology. Flowering and fruiting May. Distribution. Mexico, in the state of Chiapas. Bosque mesofilo de montana (montane moist forest), 1700 - 2700 m altitude. Discussion. Passiflora tacanensis is known only from the general type locality and though Martinez (Martinez 20782) states that the flowers are purple, the specimen does not possess flowers and I have not been able to locate any duplicates. It was found in montane mesophytic forests on Volcan Tacana in southwestern Mexico and was collected in May during the rainy season. Passiflora tacanensis is very similar to Passiflora eglandulosa, which grows on adjacent volcanic cones in San Marcos, Guatemala. The mature leaves of Passiflora tacanensis greatly resemble the juvenile leaves of Passiflora eglandulosa and are trilobed, with the middle lobe greatly reduced and widely obtuse to truncate. The laminae are also cordate and eglandular, and both of these species possess wide foliose stipules. However, Passiflora tacanensis possesses petiolar glands positioned near the middle of the petiole, whereas Passiflora eglandulosa does not possess petiolar glands. In addition, the fruits of Passiflora tacanensis possess more seeds and the chalazal and micropylar ends of the seed are inclined toward the raphe. Specimens examined. MEXICO. Chiapas: Mpio. Tapachula, Volcan Tacana. On trail between Talquian and the border of Guatemala, 1901 m, Porter-Utley et al. 436 (KESC); Mpio. Tapachula, Volcan Tacana. On trail between Talquian and the border of Guatemala, 1857 m, Porter-Utley et al. 441 (KESC).	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
8C83A853ED0F4BD020EC1CC83A5AC2E3.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela; reported once from Guyana (Lejos 43, B, destroyed). Growing in shrubs and small trees in secondary successional areas, along the edges of moist tropical forests near rivers and streams, and along the seashore, 0 - 1500 m.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
8C83A853ED0F4BD020EC1CC83A5AC2E3.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Passiflora coriacea is extremely similar to Passiflora sexocellata and Passiflora megacoriacea in its vegetative morphology, but is easily distinguished by its flowers. The flowers of Passiflora coriacea possess long floral stipes as compared to their pedicels (the stipes are usually two to three times the length of the pedicels) and an operculum that is dark reddish purple. Passiflora sexocellata has floral stipes that are commonly shorter than or equal in length to the pedicels and an operculum that is greenish yellow with a flush of dark reddish purple at the base and a white margin. Passiflora megacoriacea possesses floral stipes that are commonly less than half the length of the pedicels and an operculum that is greenish yellow with a white margin or greenish yellow with a mere flush of reddish purple at the base and a white margin. Passiflora coriacea is also distinguished by outer coronal filaments that may appear banded with light to dark reddish purple. In addition, the outer coronal filaments are more dilated distally, much like Passiflora megacoriacea but in contrast to Passiflora sexocellata. The limen floor in Passiflora coriacea is very light greenish yellow with dark reddish purple spots and streaks, again much like Passiflora megacoriacea. Passiflora sexocellata usually possesses a very dark red limen floor. Schlechtendal (1854) attempted to use mostly vegetative characters to distinguish Passiflora coriacea from Passiflora sexocellata; incidentally, he was the first to notice differences in the stipe and pedicel lengths of the two species. He used the following characters to differentiate them: position of the petiolar nectaries, the number of laminar nectaries, the shape of the stem, leaf venation, the leaf margin, and the leaf texture. However, in my analysis of these species, I did not find any of these vegetative characters to be wholly reliable in distinguishing between these two species. Both have petiolar nectaries that occur in various positions below the middle of the petiole, stems that are terete to somewhat compressed, five distinct leaf veins, thick leaf margins and coriaceous leaves. Passiflora sexocellata does tend to have fewer nectaries than Passiflora coriacea on average, but there is a significant amount of overlap in the range of variation. A clone of Passiflora coriacea (MacDougal 3029) did not produce fruits by autogamy in years in cultivation. This greenhouse accession was given to me by MacDougal, who originally received it as seedlings from J. Zarucchi (Zarucchi et al. 6102). Heliconius erato (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae) has been reported to be an herbivore of Passiflora coriacea in the central Colombian valleys (Cauca and Magdalena) (Benson et al. 1975). Fajardo et al. (1998) in a study on the genetic variation analysis of the genus Passiflora using RAPD markers, used Passiflora coriacea and Passiflora adenopoda DC. as representatives of taxa from subgenus Decaloba. They found Passiflora coriacea to be genetically distant from the other taxa in his study, including Passiflora adenopoda, but due to insufficient data, they were not able to discuss the significance of this result (Fajardo et al. 1998). In Antoine Laurent de Jussieu's original description of Passiflora coriacea (1805) he included a detailed diagnosis and drawing of the species. The lectotype of Passiflora coriacea (at P), closely resembles the drawing in Jussieu, but there are no locality data on the specimen. The isolectotype of Passiflora coriacea consists of two leaves and a small portion of the stem and does not resemble the type drawing of the species, but written on the specimen are locality and descriptive data in Jussieu's hand.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
5A5500FEFE5D82A4C94B4385D4E81407.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Passiflora scandens; stipulae 0.4 - 0.7 mm latae; petioli in parte proximali biglandulosi; folia peltata glandulosa bilobata vel obscure ad distincte trilobata, lobis centralibus obtusis ad acutis, lobis lateralibus acutis vel raro acuminatis, marginibus integris; pedunculi ebracteatis vel raro unibracteatis, stipites florum 1.7 - 5.7 mm longi; petala nulla; sepala 10.0 - 20.5 mm longa, viridiflava; filamenta coronae 2 - seriata, filamentis exterioribus linearibus, 6.8 - 14.0 mm longis, pro parte maxima viridiflavis, ad apicem flavidis, interdum ad basim purpureis, filamentis interioribus capitatis, 2.3 - 5.6 mm longis, pro parte maxima viridiflavis, ad apicem flavidis, interdum ad basim purpureis; operculum plicatum; androgynophorum 4.1 - 10.0 mm longum; ovarium glabrum; fructus ellipsoidei; semina 4.9 - 5.1 mm longi, 3.0 - 3.1 mm lata, retifoveata. Type: Costa Rica. Limon: bluff above mouth of river at Moin, about 7 km N of Limon, sunny clay bank along road, 9 Aug. 1980, J. M. MacDougal 1204 (holotype: DUKE! [DUKE 00274532]; isotypes: C!, CAS! [CAS 00767084]).	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
5A5500FEFE5D82A4C94B4385D4E81407.taxon	description	Description. Slender, climbing, perennial vine 2 - 4 m long or more, sometimes trailing on ground, sparsely pubescent with unicellular curved trichomes on petiole, leaf and stem, 0.2 - 0.4 mm long, 0.02 - 0.03 mm wide, also minutely antrorsely appressed-puberulent throughout with unicellular, curved trichomes, ca. 0.1 mm long, 0.02 - 0.03 mm wide. Flowering stems 1.0 - 2.4 mm in diameter, terete or somewhat compressed, with the base woody and cork-covered. Stipules 1.7 - 5.7 mm long, 0.4 - 0.7 mm wide, narrowly ovate-triangular, acute, longitudinally striate-nerved; petioles 1.1 - 3.8 cm long, inserted 1.4 - 9.6 mm from the basal margins of the peltate blades, with two, round or elliptic, opposite to subopposite, sessile or shortly stipitate (rare), saucer-shaped nectaries with flat rims, 1.3 - 2.1 mm wide (on the widest axis), 0.4 - 1.6 mm high, commonly borne in the distal half of the petiole (0.30 -) 0.53 - 0.77 of the distance from the base toward the apex of the petiole. Laminas (2.7 -) 3.3 - 7.1 (- 8.2) cm long, 6.6 - 17.3 cm wide, sometimes glaucous beneath, coriaceous, peltate, transversely elliptic (widely divaricately bilobed) or 3 - lobed, lateral lobes 3.5 - 9.1 cm long, 3.7 - 25 cm wide, elliptic, acute to slightly attenuate, central lobe elliptic to ovate or present merely as an acute to obtuse tip, central vein 2.4 - 7.7 cm long (measured from point of petiole insertion), angle between the lateral lobes 104 - 176 °, ratio of lateral lobe to central vein length 0.85 - 2.47, margins entire, hyaline, primary veins 3, diverging and branching above base, laminar nectaries present, 6 - 10, submarginal, associated with the minor veins of the abaxial surface, 0.3 - 1.5 mm in diameter, circular to widely elliptic, sessile; tendril 0.3 - 1.1 mm wide, present at flowering node, absent in inflorescence. Flowers borne in leaf axils or inflorescences; inflorescences 5.6 - 11.7 cm long, associated reduced laminas 2.6 - 9.0 mm long, 1.0 - 2.8 mm wide. Pedicels 4.4 - 17.5 mm long, 0.4 - 1.1 mm wide, 2 per node; bract (s) 1 (rare) or absent; spur (s) absent. Flowers 29.5 - 56.7 mm in diameter with stipe 2.6 - 6.1 mm long, 0.9 - 1.4 mm wide; hypanthium (7.8 -) 8.1 - 16.1 mm in diameter; sepals 10.0 - 20.5 mm long, 4.3 - 12.1 mm wide, ovate-triangular, acute to rounded, abaxially and adaxially very pale greenish yellow; coronal filaments in 2 series, the outer 31 - 40, 6.8 - 14.0 mm long, 0.4 - 1.1 mm wide, linear, dilated toward tips, erect, greenish yellow (5 GY 8 / 4) with very light yellow tips (5 Y 8 / 6), ratio of outer coronal row to sepal length 0.48 - 0.85, the inner (12 -) 30 - 45, 2.3 - 5.6 mm long, 0.1 - 0.4 mm wide, linear, capitate, erect, greenish yellow with whitish apices or greenish yellow with a mere flush of reddish purple (5 RP 4 / 8 - 4 / 10) at the very base and whitish tips, ratio of inner coronal row to outer coronal row length 0.30 - 0.52; operculum 2.1 - 4.2 mm long, plicate, flushed with reddish purple toward the base and whitish toward the tips, the margin with narrow minutely fimbrillate teeth; nectary 0.4 - 0.8 (- 2.3) mm high, 0.8 - 2.5 mm wide; limen recurved or rarely inclined slightly away from androgynophore, 0.4 - 1.3 mm high, 0.2 - 0.9 mm wide, whitish, limen floor 3.3 - 8.4 mm in diameter, whitish with reddish purple spots and streaks toward base; androgynophore 4.1 - 10.0 mm long, 0.9 - 1.9 mm wide, whitish at base with reddish purple spots and streaks becoming light greenish yellow toward apex; free portions of the staminal filaments 2.8 - 3.9 mm long, 0.5 - 1.3 mm wide, linear, greenish yellow; anthers 2.8 - 4.4 mm long, 0.8 - 2.6 (- 5.1) mm wide; styles 3.2 - 6.7 mm long including stigmas, 0.3 - 0.7 mm wide, greenish yellow; stigmas 1.2 - 2.5 mm in diameter; ovary 2.1 - 4.0 mm long, 1.4 - 3.6 mm wide, widely ellipsoid to globose, greenish yellow. Berry 24.0 - 27.0 mm long, 19.0 - 25.0 mm in diameter, ellipsoid, very dark purple (5 P 2.5 / 2) with a glaucous bloom at maturity, immature fruit greenish yellow, sometimes mottled with white or yellow. Seeds (27 -) 45 - 50 (- 60), 4.9 - 5.1 mm long, 3.0 - 3.1 mm wide, 1.9 - 2.0 mm thick, obovate in outline, acute at both ends, reticulate-foveate with each face marked with ca. 15 - 20 foveae.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
5A5500FEFE5D82A4C94B4385D4E81407.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, and Panama. Growing in shrubs or trees in secondary successional areas, along the edges of tropical moist to premontane wet forests, and near the seashore, 0 - 1100 m altitude.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
5A5500FEFE5D82A4C94B4385D4E81407.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Passiflora megacoriacea is relatively common in Costa Rica and Panama. John MacDougal brought my attention to the variation of vegetative and floral characters of some of the Costa Rican and Panamanian specimens then identified as Passiflora coriacea. Passiflora megacoriacea, as noted above in the discussion of Passiflora coriacea, is very similar to Passiflora coriacea and Passiflora sexocellata, and although not sympatric, without reproductive material it can be difficult to separate them. Passiflora megacoriacea may be recognized by commonly having petiolar nectaries found on the distal half of the petiole, (0.30 -) 0.50 - 0.77 of the distance from the base toward the apex of the petiole, and although that overlaps the 0.21 - 0.54 (- 0.64) range of Passiflora coriacea and Passiflora sexocellata, the character is easily seen in herbarium specimens. Passiflora megacoriacea can also possess deeply trilobed leaves (commonly 0.11 - 0.61 the distance to the base), especially in populations along the Pacific coast of Costa Rica and in the Panama Canal Zone, whereas Passiflora coriacea and Passiflora sexocellata do not possess deeply trilobed leaves (commonly less than 0.11 the distance to the base). The reproductive structures of these three species provide a number of distinguishing characters. Passiflora megacoriacea possesses floral stipes that are commonly less than half the length of the pedicels, whereas Passiflora coriacea possess stipes that are usually two to three times the length of the pedicels and Passiflora sexocellata has floral stipes that are commonly just shorter than or rarely up to two times the length of the pedicels. The overall size of the flower of Passiflora megacoriacea exceeds that of both Passiflora coriacea or Passiflora sexocellata, with Passiflora megacoriacea commonly having a wider hypanthium, longer sepals, larger and fewer outer coronal filaments, a longer androgynophore, longer staminal filaments, longer anthers, and a longer operculum. The most informative of these is the length of the androgynophore, with Passiflora megacoriacea having an androgynophore that is 6.9 - 8.8 mm long and the androgynophores of both Passiflora coriacea and Passiflora sexocellata not exceeding a length of 5.9 mm. In addition, the nectary floor is raised in Passiflora megacoriacea, never raised in Passiflora sexocellata, and only rarely raised in Passiflora coriacea. The outer coronal filaments of both Passiflora megacoriacea and Passiflora sexocellata are erect, while those of Passiflora coriacea spread to ca. 140 - 160 °. The flowers of Passiflora megacoriacea are commonly referred to as white, greenish white, or cream on herbarium labels and this is due to it having no (or relatively little) reddish purple coloration in the mature flowers; the flowers of Passiflora coriacea and Passiflora sexocellata both commonly have a significant amount of reddish purple coloration. According to Benson et al. (1975), Passiflora megacoriacea (based on geography) has a different passionflower butterfly herbivore than Passiflora coriacea and Passiflora sexocellata. Heliconius cydno has been reported to be the primary herbivore of Passiflora megacoriacea in Panama and southeastern Costa Rica, though Heliconius erato is also known to utilize this species. Heliconius erato is the primary herbivore of Passiflora coriacea and Passiflora sexocellata. Dryas julia is also an herbivore of Passiflora sexocellata (Benson et al. 1975). In an unpublished manuscript, MacDougal determined the total sugar concentration measured as sucrose equivalents in percent weight per total weight to be 29 - 44 % in Passiflora megacoriacea (MacDougal 409). He found the flower odor to be sweet, waxy, and strong. These data indicate that the flowers are likely utilized by bees.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
41DE9F16E4FDD1A9B3E3F225277544B3.taxon	description	Description. Slender, climbing, perennial vine 2 - 6 m long or more, sparsely pubescent with unicellular curved trichomes on petiole, leaf, stem, sepal, and stipule, 0.20 - 0.64 mm long, 0.02 - 0.03 mm wide, also minutely antrorsely appressed-puberulent throughout with unicellular, curved trichomes, 0.03 - 0.12 mm long, 0.02 - 0.03 mm wide. Flowering stems 1.0 - 2.4 mm in diameter, terete to somewhat compressed, with the base woody and cork-covered. Stipules 2.5 - 6.0 mm long, 0.4 - 1.3 mm wide, narrowly ovate-triangular, acute; petioles 1.2 - 5.7 cm long, with 2 (rarely 3), opposite to subopposite, sessile, discoid nectaries with flat rims, 1.0 - 2.1 mm wide (on the widest axis), 0.3 - 1.3 mm high, borne in the proximal half of the petiole (0.34 - 0.54 of the distance from the base toward the apex of the petiole). Laminas 2.6 - 8.5 cm long, 6.5 - 23.5 cm wide, coriaceous, peltate (the distance from leaf base to point of petiole insertion 3.0 - 18.9 mm), transversely elliptic (widely divaricately bilobed) or sometimes 3 - lobed, lateral lobes 3.7 - 12.9 cm long, 1.9 - 7.5 cm wide, elliptic, acute to attenuate, central lobe elliptic to obovate or present merely as a widely acute to obtuse tip (rarely retuse), central vein 1.8 - 7.0 cm long (measured from point of petiole insertion to the leaf apex), angle between the lateral lobes 132 - 188 °, ratio of lateral lobe to central vein length 1.33 - 2.77, margins entire, hyaline, primary veins 3, diverging and branching above base, laminar nectaries present, 4 - 13, submarginal, associated with the minor veins of the abaxial surface, with 2 - 4 nectaries proximal to the lateral leaf veins, 0.5 - 1.4 mm in diameter, circular to widely elliptic, sessile; juvenile leaves bilobed and variegated, the variegation seen in some clones at maturity; tendril 0.3 - 1.0 mm wide, present at flowering node, absent in inflorescence. Flowers borne in leaf axils or inflorescences; inflorescences 2.0 - 18.5 (- 25.1) cm long, associated reduced laminas 2.0 - 4.3 mm long, 1.5 - 3.1 mm wide. Pedicels 1.9 - 15.8 mm long, 0.4 - 0.9 mm wide, 2 per node; bract (s) absent; spur (s) absent. Flowers 18.4 - 33.4 mm in diameter with stipe 3.1 - 8.6 (- 9.4) mm long, 0.5 - 1.3 mm wide; hypanthium 5.4 - 8.2 mm in diameter; sepals 6.5 - 13.3 mm long, 2.9 - 6.3 mm wide, ovate-triangular, acute to rounded, abaxially and adaxially greenish yellow; coronal filaments in 2 series, the outer 40 - 51, 5.5 - 8.4 mm long, 0.3 - 0.7 (- 0.8) mm wide, linear, more or less erect, very dark reddish purple (5 RP 3 / 2) on proximal third, greenish yellow (5 GY 8 / 4) on middle third, yellow on distal third (5 Y 8 / 10), ratio of outer coronal row to sepal length 0.59 - 0.94, the inner 27 - 40, 2.3 - 3.8 mm long, 0.2 - 0.5 (- 0.6) mm wide, linear, capitate, erect, greenish yellow with a flush of very dark reddish purple at base, ratio of inner coronal row to outer coronal row length 0.35 - 0.52; operculum 1.2 - 2.0 mm long, plicate, greenish yellow with a flush of very dark reddish purple at base, the margin white with narrow minutely fimbrillate teeth; nectary 0.1 - 0.5 (- 0.6) mm high, 0.5 - 1.2 (- 2.9) mm wide; limen not recurved but inclined toward the operculum, 0.1 - 0.5 (- 0.7) mm high, 0.1 - 0.4 (- 0.5) mm wide, very dark red (5 R 2.5 / 2), limen floor 2.5 - 5.1 mm in diameter, very dark red; androgynophore (2.1 -) 3.5 - 6.0 mm long, 0.4 - 1.3 (- 1.5) mm wide, the distal half dark red then greenish yellow with dark red spots and streaks; free portions of the staminal filaments 1.5 - 2.8 mm long, 0.5 - 0.9 mm wide, linear, greenish yellow; anthers 1.9 - 2.9 mm long, 0.6 - 1.5 (- 1.9) mm wide; styles 1.8 - 4.9 (- 5.4) mm long including stigmas, 0.2 - 0.5 mm wide, greenish yellow; stigmas 0.8 - 1.7 mm in diameter; ovary 1.6 - 2.7 mm long, 1.1 - 2.1 mm wide, widely ellipsoid to globose, greenish yellow. Berry (12.4 -) 18 - 23.1 mm long, (13.4 -) 18.4 - 33.0 mm in diameter, globose, very dark purple. Seeds ca. 40 - 50, 1.8 - 4.8 mm long, 2.1 - 2.9 mm wide, 1.5 - 2.1 mm thick, obovate in outline, acute at both ends, reticulate-foveate with each face marked with ca. 12 - 17 (- 19) foveae. Germination epigeal.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
41DE9F16E4FDD1A9B3E3F225277544B3.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mexico and Central America (except Costa Rica and Panama). Growing in shrubs, trees or trailing on the ground in secondary successional areas, along the edges of semideciduous to deciduous, dry to wet tropical forests, both inland and near the seashore, 0 - 1171 m.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
41DE9F16E4FDD1A9B3E3F225277544B3.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Passiflora sexocellata is very similar to Passiflora coriacea and Passiflora megacoriacea, and some of their similarities and differences are discussed under their respective descriptions. According to Jan Meerman (pers. comm.), Passiflora sexocellata and Passiflora xiikzodz grow side by side in Belize, with Passiflora sexocellata growing in the sun and Passiflora xiikzodz growing in the shade. Where these two species are found in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico, I found that Passiflora sexocellata occurs in wetter forests along rivers and lakes to the west and Passiflora xiikzodz and the related Passiflora itzensis are found in drier forests to the east. However, MacDougal concluded that these plants grow together at some sites in the Yucatan (MacDougal 1992). These two species are easily separated because Passiflora xiikzodz and Passiflora itzensis possess petiolar nectaries at or near the apex of the petiole whereas Passiflora sexocellata has petiolar nectaries on the proximal half of the petiole. In addition, numerous floral characters can be used to distinguish between them. The most obvious difference is the number of coronal rows, with Passiflora xiikzodz and Passiflora itzensis possessing seven series and Passiflora sexocellata possessing only two. Klucking (1992) classified the leaf venation of Passiflora sexocellata, identified as Passiflora coriacea, as actinodromous and pinnate secondary venation with irregular to regular intercostal venation consisting of lineate to transverse veins. The peltate, trilobed leaf illustrated is the typical form for Passiflora sexocellata. There are three primary veins and two acrodromal veins which extend two-thirds the length of the lateral lobes, the lateral lobes are acute, the angle between the lateral veins is 150 °, and there are six laminar nectaries apparent on the abaxial surface (Klucking 1992). In Belize, Meerman (2001) found that Heliconius erato is an herbivore of Passiflora sexocellata (which he identified as Passiflora coriacea). Benson et al. (1975) found that Dryas julia and Heliconius erato were herbivores of Passiflora sexocellata (again, identified as Passiflora coriacea). In 1990, Joanna Turner collected Plaster bees, Colletes sp., that regularly visited flowers of Passiflora sexocellata in Belize. The bees are approximately 10 mm long, 3 - 4 mm high, including some off-the-ground leg clearance, and have a thorax that is 2.0 - 2.5 mm high, and were identified by Rick Clinebell at MO (pers. comm.). Passiflora sexocellata was originally described by Schlechtendal in 1854. He cited " Passiflora marmorea hort. ", as a synonym, but this horticultural name was not validly published. It is interesting that the specific epithet " marmorea " means marbled, as the leaves of this species are often variegated. Holm-Nielson et al. (1988), in the synonomy of Passiflora coriacea, stated that Passiflora sexocellata is an illegitimate name that was based upon material of Passiflora coriacea Juss. and Passiflora difformis Kunth. However, I do not see any reason why Schlechtendal's species has to be considered illegitimate. He carefully describes the plant from cultivated material that he had at hand in the Botanical Gardens in Halle, Germany and spends a paragraph differentiating his species from both Passiflora coriacea and Passiflora difformis. I was unable to locate the type of Passiflora sexocellata, and U. Braun (curator of the herbarium at the Herbarium at the Institut fur Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Halle) was unable to find any material under the name Passiflora sexocellata. Braun was also unable to locate appropriate material under Passiflora coriacea or Passiflora difformis. Other species of Passiflora from Mexico and Central America were in cultivation in Europe by 1830 (Loudon 1830), and it is plausible that Schlechtendal had such material at hand when he described Passiflora sexocellata. Schlechtendal's Passiflora sexocellata seems to fit the description of the Mesoamerican entity that I am recognizing as a species distinct from Passiflora coriacea and other similar taxa from supersection Cieca. However, some of the vegetative characters that he uses to distinguish Passiflora sexocellata are actually quite variable, but he only had one live specimen available to him when he described the species. He describes the flower as having five green sepals, outer coronal filaments that are " lilac " at the base but " greenish yellow " otherwise, inner coronal filaments that are dilated at the apex and " lilac " in color at the tips and lighter toward the base, an operculum that is dull " lilac " at the base and becoming " greenish yellow " toward the apex, and a " greenish yellow " androgynophore. The use of the term " lilac " is somewhat misleading, but the description of how the colors vary on the various parts of the flower is diagnostic. For example, Passiflora coriacea possesses outer coronal filaments that are reddish purple at the base but obviously white toward the tips with a band of reddish purple and not " greenish yellow. " In addition, the operculum of Passiflora coriacea is wholly reddish purple. However, Passiflora sexocellata possesses outer coronal filaments that are reddish purple at their bases, greenish yellow at their middles and yellow at their apices and an operculum that is dark reddish purple at the base and greenish yellow otherwise (often with a white margin). Based upon Schlechtendal's detailed description, I apply the name Passiflora sexocellata to this species and have designated a neotype that perfectly illustrates the diagnostic characters of the taxon, with the colors of the corona and limen floor still very vibrant.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
8E475001702494A526BD431A16F4CCB2.taxon	description	Description. Slender, low-climbing or trailing, perennial vine 1 - 3 m or more, minutely antrorsely appressed-puberulent throughout with unicellular, curved trichomes, 0.06 - 0.11 mm long, 0.02 mm wide. Flowering stems 1.4 - 2.3 mm in diameter, terete or somewhat compressed, greenish yellow (5 GY 8 / 4) to very dark reddish purple (5 RP 2.5 / 2). Stipules 2.5 - 5.6 mm long, 0.4 - 0.6 mm wide, narrowly ovate, acute to slightly attenuate, longitudinally striate-nerved; petioles 0.9 - 1.8 (- 3.0) cm long, inserted 2.4 - 6.1 (- 7.0) mm from the basal margins of the peltate blades, with 2, round or elliptic, opposite, sessile, discoid nectaries with flat rims, 1.3 - 1.9 mm wide (on the widest axis), 0.5 - 0.9 mm high, borne in the distal third of the petiole (0.62 - 0.83 of the distance from the base toward the apex of the petiole). Laminas 2.3 - 4.6 cm long, 5.0 - 12.4 (- 13.1) cm wide, coriaceous, often variegated along primary veins and major secondary veins, ratio of leaf width to central vein length measured from point of petiole insertion 1.9 - 5.1, depressed obovate to transversely elliptic (widely divaricately bilobed), lateral lobes (3.5 -) 4.3 - 7.4 cm long, 1.7 - 4.1 cm wide, elliptic, acute to slightly attenuate, central lobe commonly obsolete or present as an obtuse tip, central vein 1.8 - 3.1 (- 4.1) cm long (measured from point of petiole insertion), angle between the lateral lobes (85 -) 103 - 140 °, ratio of lateral lobe to central vein length 1.4 - 2.8, margins entire, hyaline, primary veins 3, diverging and branching above base, laminar nectaries present, 6 - 19, submarginal, associated with the minor veins of the abaxial surface, 0.6 - 1.8 mm in diameter, widely elliptic to circular, sessile; tendril 0.4 - 0.9 mm wide, present at flowering node, absent in inflorescence. Flowers borne in leaf axils or inflorescences; inflorescences 5.3 - 9.6 cm long, associated reduced laminas 1.9 - 2.5 mm long, 1.3 - 2.7 mm wide. Pedicels 1.3 - 3.4 (- 5.8) mm long, 0.6 - 1.1 mm wide, (1 -) 2 per node; bract (s) absent; spur (s) absent. Flowers 20.3 - 25.5 mm in diameter with stipe 9.1 - 14.3 mm long, 0.6 - 1.0 mm wide; hypanthium 4.0 - 6.2 mm in diameter; sepals 7.5 - 9.8 mm long, 2.6 - 4.3 mm wide, ovate-triangular, acute, abaxially and adaxially greenish yellow or sometimes greenish yellow with very dark reddish purple streaks abaxially; coronal filaments in 7 series, the outer 22 - 31, 6.3 - 8.1 mm long, 0.2 - 0.3 mm wide, linear, spreading flat, the tips often slightly incurved, very dark reddish purple (5 RP 2.5 / 2 - 3 / 2) with yellow (5 Y 8 / 4 - 8 / 6) at tips, ratio of outer coronal row to sepal length 0.67 - 0.97, the second 20 - 30, 2.5 - 5.0 mm long, 0.1 - 0.2 mm wide, linear, spreading flat, very dark reddish purple with yellow tips, ratio of second coronal row to outer coronal row length 0.33 - 0.64 (- 0.75), the third ca. 50, 0.7 - 2.1 mm long, 0.05 - 0.13 mm wide, linear, spreading flat, very dark reddish purple with yellow tips, ratio of third coronal row to second coronal row length 0.22 - 0.59, the fourth through seventh ca. 100 per series, 0.7 - 1.1 mm long, 0.05 - 0.11 mm wide, linear, capitate, erect, very dark reddish purple, ratio of coronal rows 4 - 7 to third coronal row length 0.51 - 0.62 (- 0.90); operculum 0.3 - 0.4 mm long, denticulate, very dark reddish purple, nectary absent; limen absent, limen floor 2.8 - 4.1 (- 5.7) mm in diameter, very dark reddish purple; androgynophore appearing absent, or 0.3 - 1.7 mm long, 0.9 - 1.8 mm wide; free portions of the staminal filaments 1.9 - 3.4 mm long, 0.5 - 0.8 mm wide, linear, very dark reddish purple; anthers 1.3 - 2.0 mm long, 0.7 - 1.4 mm wide, introrse at anthesis with their axes maintained more or less parallel to the filament, anthers dehiscing distally; styles 1.8 - 3.1 mm long including stigmas, 0.3 - 0.5 mm wide, very dark reddish purple or greenish yellow with very dark reddish purple tinge toward base; stigmas 0.9 - 1.4 mm in diameter; ovary 1.7 - 2.4 mm long, 1.2 - 1.3 mm wide, widely ellipsoid to globose, greenish yellow. Berry 26.0 mm long, 14.0 mm in diameter, ovoid to obovoid, greenish yellow with white spots, becoming soft at the base at maturity. Seeds 30 - 40, 5.0 - 5.5 mm long, 2.0 - 2.2 mm wide, 1.3 - 1.8 mm thick, elliptic to slightly obovate in outline, acute at both ends, reticulate-foveate with each face marked with 20 - 22 foveae. Germination type epigeal.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
8E475001702494A526BD431A16F4CCB2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mexico, in the states of Campeche, Quintana Roo, and Yucatan. Tropical semideciduous forests (selva mediana subcaducifolia and selva mediana subperennifolia); growing in shrubs or trailing along the ground on soil of little depth, lying directly on top of limestone; 0 - 23 m.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
8E475001702494A526BD431A16F4CCB2.taxon	discussion	Discussion. In 1992, MacDougal described Passiflora xiikzodz from herbarium specimens circulated as Passiflora coriacea from Belize, Guatemala, and the Yucatan Peninsula. He found the floral corona of this new species to be fundamentally different from Passiflora coriacea and the other members of supersection Cieca, as it is 5 - 7 - seriate as opposed to 2 - seriate. He noted the absence of the floral nectary and the very reduced, denticulate operculum of this species. The seeds are also longer than all of the other species in the supersection. The petiolar nectaries are positioned on the distal third of the petiole in Passiflora xiikzodz and the floral stipe is diagnostically long. MacDougal further separated Passiflora xiikzodz into two subspecies, Passiflora xiikzodz subsp. xiikzodz and Passiflora xiikzodz subsp. itzensis. Though he found numerous differences in the flowers of the two subspecies and artificial cross-pollinations between them proved unsuccessful, he felt that more information was needed to support the recognition of two separate species. I recognize the two species, Passiflora xiikzodz and Passiflora itzensis, which is supported by my morphological and molecular analyses of the taxa (see chapters 4 and 6). Passiflora itzensis and Passiflora xiikzodz are identical vegetatively, but the flowers are quite different. The flowers of Passiflora itzensis lack or have a greatly reduced dark reddish purple androgynophore, are smaller, possess fewer filaments in the outer and second coronal rows, an androecium and gynoecium with reddish purple pigmentation, very short styles, stigmas with their receptive surfaces presented distally, and anthers that do not flip over to an extrorse position after the flower buds open but move only slightly from the original introrse position to present their pollen distally. In the herbarium, it is not necessary to have perfectly preserved flowers to differentiate between Passiflora itzensis and Passiflora xiikzodz, as the floral stipe of Passiflora itzensis is commonly shorter than that of Passiflora xiikzodz. Incidentally, in the dried flowers of both Passiflora itzensis and Passiflora xiikzodz, the coronal filaments appear nearly black. The occasional appearance of one or two small but well-formed petals in cultivated material of Passiflora itzensis has been noted (MacDougal 4633) (MacDougal 1992). I also noticed this in the same clone (MacDougal 4633) and in another clone given to me by T. Skimina (Porter-Utley P- 69). Tim Skimina (pers. comm.) successfully crossed MacDougal 4633 and Porter-Utley P- 69. The fruits from this cross were greenish yellow with white spots at maturity and possessed 30 - 40 light brown seeds. After approximately 35 - 40 days, the mature fruits began to soften at the apex and, at that time, became very attractive to animals in and around his garden. It is thanks to Tim Skimina's efforts that we now have such detailed information about the fruits of this species.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
6769229715DC9E48CF040377A904903C.taxon	description	Description. Slender, low-climbing or trailing, perennial vine 1 - 3 m or more, minutely antrorsely appressed-puberulent throughout with unicellular, curved trichomes, 0.1 - 0.2 mm long, 0.02 - 0.03 mm wide. Flowering stems 1.3 - 2.3 mm in diameter, terete or somewhat compressed. Stipules 1.0 - 4.9 mm long, 0.3 - 0.7 mm wide, narrowly ovate, acute to slightly attenuate, longitudinally striate-nerved; petioles (0.1 -) 0.5 - 3.0 cm long, inserted 1.4 - 7.3 (- 8.9) mm from the basal margins of the peltate blades, with 2, round or elliptic, opposite to subopposite, sessile, discoid nectaries with flat rims, 1.1 - 1.9 mm wide (on the widest axis), 0.3 - 1.0 mm high, borne in the distal third of the petiole (0.63 - 0.87 of the distance from the base toward the apex of the petiole). Laminas 1.1 - 5.8 cm long, 3.4 - 13.7 cm wide, coriaceous, commonly variegated along primary veins and major secondary veins, conspicuously peltate, ratio of leaf width to central vein length measured from point of petiole insertion 2.0 - 5.9, depressed obovate to transversely elliptic (widely divaricately bilobed), lateral lobes 2.6 - 7.3 (- 8.1) cm long, 0.8 - 4.9 cm wide, elliptic, obtuse or acute to slightly attenuate, central lobe commonly obsolete or present as an obtuse to retuse tip, central vein 0.9 - 4.4 (- 5.4) cm long (measured from point of petiole insertion), angle between the lateral lobes 53 - 162 °, ratio of lateral lobe to central vein length 1.3 - 3.0 (- 4.8), margins entire, hyaline, primary veins 3, diverging and branching above base, laminar nectaries present, 6 - 17, submarginal, associated with the minor veins of the abaxial surface, 0.8 - 1.3 mm in diameter, widely elliptic to circular, sessile; tendril 0.4 - 0.8 mm wide, present at flowering node, absent in inflorescence. Flowers borne in leaf axils or inflorescences; inflorescences 4.5 - 22.3 cm long, associated reduced laminas 2.1 - 5.3 mm long, 1.3 - 2.5 mm wide. Pedicels 1.3 - 3.1 (- 9.9) mm long, 0.4 - 1.1 mm wide, (1 -) 2 per node; bract (s) absent; spur (s) absent. Flowers 18.8 - 31.9 mm in diameter with stipe 12.3 - 19.0 (- 23.3) mm long, 0.4 - 0.8 mm wide; hypanthium 4.8 - 8.1 mm in diameter; sepals 6.5 - 12.3 mm long, 3.1 - 6.3 mm wide, ovate-triangular, acute, abaxially and adaxially greenish yellow; coronal filaments in 7 series, the outer 40 - 50, 6.3 - 10.4 mm long, 0.1 - 0.3 mm wide, linear, spreading flat, reflexed above middle and the tips often slightly incurved, very dark reddish purple with yellow at tips, ratio of outer coronal row to sepal length 0.73 - 1.38, the second 35 - 50, 2.3 - 4.8 (- 5.1) mm long, 0.1 - 0.2 mm wide, linear, spreading flat, very dark reddish purple with yellow tips, ratio of second coronal row to outer coronal row length 0.23 - 0.60, the third 40 - 50, 0.8 - 3.0 mm long, 0.06 - 0.13 mm wide, linear, spreading flat, very dark reddish purple with yellow tips, ratio of third coronal row to second coronal row length 0.20 - 0.65, the fourth through seventh ca. 100 per series, 0.6 - 1.3 mm long, 0.1 - 0.2 mm wide, linear, capitate, erect, very dark reddish purple, ratio of coronal rows 4 - 7 to third coronal row length 0.30 - 0.72 (- 0.91); operculum 0.3 - 0.7 mm long, denticulate, very dark reddish purple, nectary absent; limen absent, limen floor 4.7 - 7.1 mm in diameter, very dark reddish purple; androgynophore 2.7 - 4.1 mm long, 0.7 - 1.3 mm wide; free portions of the staminal filaments 2.3 - 3.6 mm long, 0.4 - 0.7 mm wide, linear, very dark red dish purple; anthers 1.6 - 3.1 mm long, 0.7 - 1.7 mm wide, extrorse at anthesis with their axes maintained parallel to the filament; styles 4.1 - 6.3 mm long including stigmas, 0.3 - 0.5 mm wide, greenish yellow with very dark reddish purple tinge; stigmas 0.7 - 1.6 mm in diameter; ovary 1.3 - 3.7 mm long, 1.4 - 2.7 mm wide, widely ellipsoid to globose, greenish yellow. Berry 14.4 - 26.0 mm long, 12.5 - 19.00 mm in diameter, widely ellipsoid to ovoid, greenish yellow with white spots, becoming soft at the base at maturity. Seeds ca. 10, 5.0 - 6.1 mm long, 2.1 - 2.7 mm wide, 1.3 - 1.9 mm thick, widely elliptic in outline, acute at both ends, reticulate-foveate with each face marked with 12 - 24 foveae. Germination type epigeal.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
6769229715DC9E48CF040377A904903C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Belize, Guatemala, and Mexico. Tropical semideciduous forests (selva mediana subcaducifolia and selva mediana subperennifolia); growing in shrubs or trailing along the ground on soil of little depth, lying directly on top of limestone; 20 - 500 m.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
6769229715DC9E48CF040377A904903C.taxon	discussion	Discussion. As discussed under the description of Passiflora itzensis, I have chosen to recognize MacDougal's two subspecies of Passiflora xiikzodz at the species level. The work of MacDougal and molecular and morphological analyses presented here support the specific recognition of this very distinct taxon. Passiflora xiikzodz is vegetatively identical to Passiflora itzensis, but numerous floral characters may be used to separate them (see description of Passiflora itzensis). The most obvious difference between these species is the extreme reduction or lack of an androgynophore in Passiflora itzensis. Passiflora sexocellata is also vegetatively similar to Passiflora xiikzodz. However, these species differ in the position of the petiolar nectaries, with Passiflora xiikzodz having nectaries positioned toward the apex of the petiole and Passiflora sexocellata possessing nectaries at the middle or on the proximal half of the petiole. In Belize, Meerman (2001) found that Heliconius erato is an herbivore of Passiflora xiikzodz.	en	Porter-Utley, Kristen (2014): A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae). PhytoKeys 43: 1-224, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.43.7804
