taxonID	type	description	language	source
B61C87FCFFEBFFFD396EFCF9FAF7F98A.taxon	description	Hurd and Moure (1963) considered X. (Dasyxylocopa) to be most closely related to X. (Ioxylocopa), then only known from males, and to X. (Xylocopsis). In Minckley’ s (1998) study of the phylogenetic relationships of the carpenter bees, the different analyses favoured a closer relationship of X. (Dasyxylocopa) with X. (Xylocopsis), X. (Schonnherria) and X. (Xylocospila). Although X. (Ioxylocopa) was not included in his phylogenetic analyses, Minckley (1998) examined males of this subgenus and considered it part of his expanded X. (Schonnherria), therefore discarding a closer relationship with X. (Dasyxylocopa). A molecular phylogeny for the Neotropical subgenera of Xylocopa (Viana and Melo, unpub. data), in which data for X. (Xylocopsis) were not available, supported a sister group relationship between X. (Dasyxylocopa) and X. (Ioxylocopa), which in turn formed the sister clade of X. (Schonnherria). After its proposal the subgenus X. (Dasyxylocopa) has not been revised and is still considered to contain only the type species, X. bimaculata, with the additional available names maintained as synonyms (Hurd and Moure 1963; Hurd 1978; Moure 2007). Hurd and Moure (1963) listed two available names, X. bimaculata and X. leucopus Friese, 1925, the latter placed as a synonym of the type species. Later, Hurd (1978) added X. piligera Maidl, 1912 as an additional synonym. In Hurd and Moure (1963), Maidl’ s name appeared as a synonym of X. funesta Maidl, 1912. After revision of the type material of all available names, X. (Dasyxylocopa) is considered to contain three valid species, one of them newly proposed based on females from the EspinhaÇo mountain range in the state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. The three species can be distinguished by details of the tergal pubescence, punctation of the head and mesosoma, and structural details of the head shape (Figures 1 – 5).	en	Melo, Gabriel A. R. (2017): Revision of the carpenter bee subgenus Xylocopa (Dasyxylocopa) (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (7 - 8): 379-390, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1272724, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1272724
B61C87FCFFECFFF13967FD5FFDE7F99C.taxon	description	(Figures 1, 2 a, 3 a, b)	en	Melo, Gabriel A. R. (2017): Revision of the carpenter bee subgenus Xylocopa (Dasyxylocopa) (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (7 - 8): 379-390, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1272724, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1272724
B61C87FCFFECFFF13967FD5FFDE7F99C.taxon	discussion	Comments The name X. bimaculata is used here to encompass only the populations from southern Brazil (additional records also known from northern Argentina and Paraguay; see Hurd 1978, p. 15), with the other available names removed from its synonymy (see X. piligera below). This species is most similar to X. piligera, with the main differences between them indicated in the key above.	en	Melo, Gabriel A. R. (2017): Revision of the carpenter bee subgenus Xylocopa (Dasyxylocopa) (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (7 - 8): 379-390, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1272724, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1272724
B61C87FCFFECFFF13967FD5FFDE7F99C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined The taxon was proposed based on a single female specimen, currently housed in the ZMB collection. The holotype is in perfect condition (Figure 1). Additional material examined Brazil: one male (ZMB), ‘ 128 ’ ‘ Brasilien’ ‘? ♂ X. bimaculata \ Fr. ’. Paraná: one female (DZUP), ‘ CURITYBA – PARANÁ \ 30 - XII- 37 \ Coll. Claretiano’ ‘ bimaculata’; one female (DZUP), ‘ Paraná \ CURITIBA \ 20 – 10 - 941 \ J. Leprevost-Leg. ’ ‘ Xylocopa ♀ \ bimaculata \ Fr. \ P. Moure det. \ 1942 ’; one male (DZUP), idem except ‘ Xylocopa ♂ \ bimaculata \ Fr., 1903 \ P. Moure det. \ 1946 ’; one male (DZUP), idem except ‘ 18 – 10 - 941 ’; two females (DZUP), ‘ Curitiba \ XII- 1946 \ P. J. Moure’ [underside: ‘ Paraná \ Brasil’] ‘ Xylocopa ♀ \ bimaculata \ Friese \ Pe J. S. Moure 1947 ’ (in one of the females, the identification label lacks the word ‘ Friese’); two females (DZUP), idem except ‘ X. (Dasyxylocopa) \ bimaculata ♀ \ Friese \ Pe J. S. Moure 1986 ’ (in one of the females, the identification label lacks the symbol ‘ ♀ ’); one male (DZUP), ‘ UNIÃO VITÓRIA-PR \ BRASIL III / 1967 \ E. U. Breyer leg’ ‘ Xylocopa ♂ \ bimaculata \ Friese’; ‘ one female (DZUP), ‘ VOSSOROCA, PR \ Tijucas do Sul \ BRASIL iv- 71 \ Moure Mielke’ ‘ X. (Dasyxylocopa) \ bimaculata \ Friese, 1903 \ Pe. J. S. Moure det. 1990 ’; one female (DZUP), ‘ 20 - III- 1988 \ S. José dos Pinhais, \ PR. 850 m Mielke leg’ ‘ Xylocopa \ bimaculata \ Friese’; one female ‘ Brasil, Paraná, Piraquara, \ Mananciais da Serra, \ 25 ° 29 ’ S 48 ° 58 ʹ W, \ 09. iii. 2002, G. A. R. Melo’ ‘ Xylocopa \ bimaculata ♀ \ det. GAR Melo 2013 ’; one female (DZUP), ‘ Brasil, Paraná, Campo \ Largo, 980 m, 25 ° 28 ’ S \ 49 ° 37 ʹ W, 10. iv. 2005, \ G. Melo & A. Aguiar’; one female (DZUP), ‘ DZUP \ 161736 ’ ‘ Brasil, Paraná, Campina \ Grande do Sul, Pico do \ Caratuva, 09. xii. 2008, \ F. Dias & E. Carneiro’ ‘ Xylocopa \ bimaculata ♀ \ det. GAR Melo 2010 ’; one female (DZUP), ‘ Guarapuava, PR, Brasil \ S 25 ° 23 ʹ 42.71 ” \ W 51 ° 25 ʹ 27.51 ” \ Intervalo: 09: 00 às 09: 30 h \ 07. IX. 2012 \ Diniz, M. E. R. ’. Santa Catarina: one female (DZUP), ‘ DZUP \ 161737 ’ ‘ Brasil, Santa Catarina, \ Campo Alegre, Alto \ do Quiriri, 1300 m, \ 26 ° 03 ’ S 48 ° 57 ʹ W, \ 14. xi. 2009, G. Melo’ ‘ Xylocopa \ bimaculata ♀ \ det. GAR Melo 2010 ’.	en	Melo, Gabriel A. R. (2017): Revision of the carpenter bee subgenus Xylocopa (Dasyxylocopa) (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (7 - 8): 379-390, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1272724, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1272724
B61C87FCFFE0FFF33994FF76FCE9FDE1.taxon	description	(Figures 3 c, d, 4)	en	Melo, Gabriel A. R. (2017): Revision of the carpenter bee subgenus Xylocopa (Dasyxylocopa) (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (7 - 8): 379-390, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1272724, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1272724
B61C87FCFFE0FFF33994FF76FCE9FDE1.taxon	discussion	Comments In addition to the characters provided in the key, this species differs from the other two species of X. (Dasyxylocopa) by the enlarged ocelli, which make the distance to the eye margins shorter, and the enlarged fovea on the outer surface of the mandible. Also, in addition to differences in density and length, the pubescence on the terga is notably thinner than that possessed by X. bimaculata and X. piligera, although the difference is hard to quantify objectively. The density of the pubescence and punctation on the mesoscutum (Figure 4 d) is similar to that of X. piligera and much denser than that of X. bimaculata.	en	Melo, Gabriel A. R. (2017): Revision of the carpenter bee subgenus Xylocopa (Dasyxylocopa) (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (7 - 8): 379-390, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1272724, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1272724
B61C87FCFFE0FFF33994FF76FCE9FDE1.taxon	distribution	Distribution Currently known only from the southern portion of the EspinhaÇo mountain range, in central Minas Gerais. The specimens were collected in the Serra do Cipó.	en	Melo, Gabriel A. R. (2017): Revision of the carpenter bee subgenus Xylocopa (Dasyxylocopa) (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (7 - 8): 379-390, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1272724, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1272724
B61C87FCFFE0FFF33994FF76FCE9FDE1.taxon	description	Description	en	Melo, Gabriel A. R. (2017): Revision of the carpenter bee subgenus Xylocopa (Dasyxylocopa) (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (7 - 8): 379-390, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1272724, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1272724
B61C87FCFFE0FFF33994FF76FCE9FDE1.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype female. Approximate body length, 18 mm; forewing, including tegula, 16 mm. Body integument mostly black, except for reddish-brown frontal surface of F 2 – F 10 and basal half of claws. Wing membrane dark brown infumated, reflexes of a dark steel-blue hue. Pubescence chiefly dark brown to black; face, vertex and lower portion of gena with abundant intermingled white hairs; anterior corners of mesoscutum also with some pale plumose hairs under the dark pubescence; lateral portions of T 5 with a conspicuous tuft of white pubescence, which extends slightly dorsally along the posterior margin of the tergum; sides of T 6 and S 5 with some white hairs intermingled with the dark pubescence and a few white plumose hairs laterally on T 4. Vertex and gena densely punctured throughout, density on upper portion of gena similar to that on vertex laterally; punctures on disc of mesoscutum, on the inner side of the parapsidial line, about 1 – 1.5 pd; tergal punctures relatively fine, their diameter smaller than those on vertex; medial portion of T 2 with relatively sparse punctation (about 2 – 4 pd). Structure and proportions (measurements in mm): Head about 1.4 × wider than long (6.1: 4.4); eyes equally distant along both upper and lower orbits (3.0: 3.0); maximum interorbital distance shorter than eye length (3.4: 3.85); clypeus about 1.9 × wider than long (3.1: 1.6), its length equal to clypeo-ocellar distance (1.6: 1.6); length of subantennal suture 0.75 × inner diameter of antennal alveolus (0.30: 0.40); interalveolar distance longer than alveolo-orbital distance (1.0: 0.88); distance between posterior ocelli 1.5 × diameter of mid ocellus and about 1.2 × ocello-orbital distance (0.78: 0.52: 0.63); upper head margin, in frontal view, equally distant to lateral ocellus and to upper orbit (0.52: 0.52); malar space much shorter than maximum diameter of F 1 (0.15: 0.28); length of F 1 longer than summed length of F 2 – F 3 and shorter than length of F 2 – F 4 (0.83: 0.65: 1.0). Male unknown	en	Melo, Gabriel A. R. (2017): Revision of the carpenter bee subgenus Xylocopa (Dasyxylocopa) (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (7 - 8): 379-390, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1272724, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1272724
B61C87FCFFE0FFF33994FF76FCE9FDE1.taxon	description	Variation. The density of pilosity along the medial portion of the T 2 and T 3 of the paratype is sparser than in the holotype.	en	Melo, Gabriel A. R. (2017): Revision of the carpenter bee subgenus Xylocopa (Dasyxylocopa) (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (7 - 8): 379-390, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1272724, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1272724
B61C87FCFFE0FFF33994FF76FCE9FDE1.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype female (DZUP), ‘ DZUP \ 028452 ’ ‘ Brasil, MG, 20 km a SE \ de Santana do Riacho, \ Serra do Cipó, 1040 m, \ 19.301 ° S 43.601 ° W, \ 14. ix. 1986, G. Melo’ ‘ Encontrada morta \ no chão’. Paratype: 1 female (DZUP), ‘ DZUP \ 028453 ’ ‘ Serra do Cipó \ MG-BRASIL \ v. 1990 L. Queiroz \ HC. Souza l. ’.	en	Melo, Gabriel A. R. (2017): Revision of the carpenter bee subgenus Xylocopa (Dasyxylocopa) (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (7 - 8): 379-390, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1272724, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1272724
B61C87FCFFE0FFF33994FF76FCE9FDE1.taxon	etymology	Etymology The species is named after fortuitus, Latin for accidental, by chance, in reference to how the holotype was collected. The specimen was found dead, lying on the ground, and was kept among unprepared material for almost 30 years, after which it was recognised as a new species and then pinned for study.	en	Melo, Gabriel A. R. (2017): Revision of the carpenter bee subgenus Xylocopa (Dasyxylocopa) (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (7 - 8): 379-390, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1272724, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1272724
B61C87FCFFE3FFF53930FDB3FD19FE19.taxon	description	(Figures 2 b, 3 e, f, 5, 6)	en	Melo, Gabriel A. R. (2017): Revision of the carpenter bee subgenus Xylocopa (Dasyxylocopa) (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (7 - 8): 379-390, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1272724, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1272724
B61C87FCFFE3FFF53930FDB3FD19FE19.taxon	discussion	Comments Although Friese’ s X. leucopus was placed under the synonymy of X. bimaculata by Hurd and Moure (1963), they considered the possibility that it could be ‘ subspecifically distinct’. Later, in his catalog of the New World Xylocopa, Hurd (1978) included Maidl’ s X. piligera as an additional synonym of X. bimaculata. After study of the type material of the two taxa, it was found that they correspond to the same species occurring in the mountains at the borders between the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro. Structurally, X. piligera is most similar to X. bimaculata, as shown in the identification key above. They differ mostly by details of colour and density of pilosity.	en	Melo, Gabriel A. R. (2017): Revision of the carpenter bee subgenus Xylocopa (Dasyxylocopa) (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (7 - 8): 379-390, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1272724, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1272724
B61C87FCFFE3FFF53930FDB3FD19FE19.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined Xylocopa piligera was proposed based on a series of six males from Brazil and housed in the NHW collection. The specimen with the labels ‘ Beske \ Brasilien’ ‘ piligera \ Maidl ♂ \ det. Fr. Maidl \ Type’ ‘ Lectotype \ piligera \ Det. J. S. Moure 1958 ’ ‘ NHMW’ is here designated as lectotype. Among the remaining specimens, four paralectotypes bear the labels ‘ Beske \ Brasilien’ ‘ piligera \ Maidl ♂ \ det. Fr. Maidl \ Type’ and the fifth one only ‘ piligera \ Maidl ♂ \ det. Fr. Maidl \ Type’. Friese’ s Xylocopa leucopus was described from an unknown number of males and females. A male in the ZMB collection with the labels ‘ Brasil \ Campinas \ 1921 \ Passa Q. ’ (in which ‘ 21 \ Passa Q. ’ has been handwritten on an original printed label ‘ Brasil \ Campinas \ 1903 \ Hempel’) ‘ Xylocopa \ leucopus \ 1909 Friese det. \ ♂ n. Friese’ ‘ Type’ ‘ Coll. \ Friese’ ‘ LIEFT. ’ ‘ LECTOTYPE \ Xylocopa \ leucopus \ Friese \ ♂ P. D. Hurd ‘ 64 ’ ‘ Xylocopa \ bimaculata \ Friese \ ♂ P. D. Hurd ‘ 64 ’ is here designated as lectotype. The SDEI collection possesses a male paralectotype bearing the labels ‘ Brasil \ Campinas \ 1921 \ Passa Q. ’ (in which ‘ 21 \ Passa Q. ’ has been handwritten on an original printed label ‘ Brasil \ Campinas \ 1903 \ Hempel’) ‘ Xylocopa \ leucopus \ 1909 Friese det. \ ♂ n. Friese’ ‘ Coll. Friese’ ‘ Paralecto \ Typus \ Hurd ‘ 64 ’. There are two additional specimens, one female and one male, from the ZMB collection on loan that might constitute additional paralectotypes. Additional material examined Brazil, Minas Gerais: one male (ZMB), ‘ Brasil \ Passa Quatro \ 1823 [sic] \ Zikan’ (in which ‘ Passa Quatro \ 23 \ Zikan’ has been handwritten on an original printed label ‘ Brasil \ S. Leopoldo \ 1897 \ Dutra’) ‘ Xylocopa \ leucopus \ Fr. \ 1909 Friese det. \ ♂ ’ ‘ Coll. \ Friese’; one male (DZUP), ‘ DZUP \ 028414 ’ ‘ Brasil, MG, 16 km a SE \ de Itamonte, Pq. Nac. \ Itatiaia, 2200 m, \ 22.359 ° S 44.733 ° W, \ 25. x. 2011, D. Luz’. Rio de Janeiro: one male (ZMB), ‘ Brasil \ Rio de Janeiro \ 1897 \ Peckolt’ ‘ Xylocopa \ albitarsis \ 1904 Friese det. \ ♂ Fr. ’ ‘ Type’ ‘ MS – Name’ ‘ bimaculata \ Fr. \ Hurd’; one male (DZUP), ‘ Parque Nacional \ das Serra dos Órgaos \ Entre abrigos 2 e 3. \ Terezopolis – E. Rio. \ 17. XI. 949. Aristo- \ teles Silva’ ‘ Xylocopa \ bimaculata \ Friese’. São Paulo: three females (DZUP), ‘ Brasil, SP, 10 km a SW \ de S. J. Barreiro, Serra \ da Bocaina, 1560 m, \ 22.721 ° S 44.625 ° W, \ 23. x. 2011, G. Melo \ Em ninho’; one male (DZUP), ‘ Sa. BOCAINA- 1500 m \ S. J. BARREIRO – SP \ BRASIL 4 - XI- 1965 \ F. M. Oliveira leg’; one male (DZUP), ‘ CAMPOS DO JORDÃO \ S. Paulo BRASIL \ Fev. – 1958 \ K. Lenko leg. ’ ‘ Xylocopa ♂ \ bimaculata \ Friese \ Pe J. S. Moure 1990 ’.	en	Melo, Gabriel A. R. (2017): Revision of the carpenter bee subgenus Xylocopa (Dasyxylocopa) (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (7 - 8): 379-390, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1272724, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1272724
B61C87FCFFE3FFF53930FDB3FD19FE19.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology A single nest of X. piligera was found in a wood post of a fence (Figure 6) in the Serra da Bocaina, in São Paulo. The nest was not opened and therefore its internal structure has not been examined. The use of large pieces of dead wood for nesting purposes is a widespread behaviour in the genus Xylocopa. The only previous information on the nesting habits of the subgenus X. (Dasyxylocopa) is a report by Silveira et al. (2002) of use of dead stems of Vellozia (Velloziaceae) for nest construction by what was assumed to be X. bimaculata, but most likely corresponds to X. fortuita sp. nov. Acknowledgments I would like to thank Frank Koch and Michael Ohl for their kind help and support during my stay at the Museum für Naturkunde, in Berlin, and Dominique Zimmermann and Manuela Vizek, for their assistance during a short visit to the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien.	en	Melo, Gabriel A. R. (2017): Revision of the carpenter bee subgenus Xylocopa (Dasyxylocopa) (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (7 - 8): 379-390, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1272724, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1272724
