identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
B51F2F36D860FFF0FF63FA12FA19E244.text	B51F2F36D860FFF0FF63FA12FA19E244.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oxynoemacheilus hazarensis	<div><p>Oxynoemacheilus hazarensis, new species</p><p>(Figs. 1–6)</p><p>Holotype. IUSHM 2017-1171, 44 mm SL; Turkey: Elazığ prov.: north-eastern shore of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.093&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.398" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.093/lat 28.398)">Lake Hazar</a>, 38° 28.398N 39° 18.093E.</p><p>Paratypes. IUSHM 2017-1172, 22, 30–46 mm SL; FSJF 2512, 11, 44–62 mm SL; same data as holotype .</p><p>Diagnosis. Oxynoemacheilus hazarensis is distinguished from the other species of Oxynoemacheilus in the Tigris and Euphrates drainages by a combination of characters, none of them unique. Oxynoemacheilus hazarensis belongs to a group of species ( O. chomanicus, O. frenatus, O. gyndes, O. kaynaki, O. kiabii and O. zagrosensis) which lack a suborbital groove in males (vs. present in O. bergianus, O. euphraticus, O. hanae, O. longipinnis, O. karunensis, O. kurdistanicus and O. parvinae) and a slightly emarginate or truncate caudal fin (vs. deeply emarginate or forked in O. argyrogramma, O. bergianus, O. euphraticus, O. hanae, O. longipinnis, O. karunensis, O. kurdistanicus and O. parvinae).</p><p>The new species is superficially similar and occurs adjacent to O. frenatus . Oxynoemacheilus hazarensis is distinguished from O. frenatus by having an incision in the middle of the upper lip (vs. absent or with a shallow groove in the middle of the upper lip), the colour pattern on the flank is not interrupted by an unpigmented zone along the lateral line (vs. interrupted), the caudal fin is slightly emarginate (vs. almost truncate) and O. hazarensis lack scales on the back and flank in front of the anus (vs. scales present).</p><p>Oxynoemacheilus hazarensis is distinguished from O. chomanicus and O. zagrosensis by having longer barbels, the maxillary barbel reaching beyond the middle of the eye (vs. to anterior eye margin or middle of eye), having no scales on the back and flank in front of the anus (vs. scales present at least below the dorsal-fin base, on the predorsal back and the flank behind a vertical of the tip of the pectoral fin in most individuals) and having an incomplete lateral line (vs. complete).</p><p>It is distinguished from O. kiabii by the presence of a central pore in the supratemporal canal (vs. absence), three pores in the supratemporal canal (vs. 4–6 pores), flank with a mottled colour pattern, with vertically elongated, dark-brown blotches on the caudal peduncle in some individuals (vs. flank with very large, vertically elongated and distinct blotches most distinct on flank behind dorsal-fin base), a shorter head (length 24–26% SL vs. 26–30) and a larger predorsal distance (51–54% SL vs. 48–52).</p><p>The new species is distinguished from O. gyndes by the presence of a central pore in the supratemporal canal (vs. absence), the lateral line reaching to a vertical below the dorsal-fin base or above the anal-fin base (vs. to below pectoral-fin), the dorsal-fin usually with 2 brown bands on rays (vs. 5–7) and the caudal-fins with 2–4 brown bands on rays (vs. 6–10).</p><p>Two additional species occur in the adjacent upper Euphrates drainage. Oxynoemacheilus hazarensis is distinguished from O. paucilepis by lacking a suborbital groove in males (vs. present) and having an incomplete lateral line (vs. complete), a greater predorsal length (51–54% SL vs. 43–45), a greater preanal length (73–77% SL vs. 68–69) and a longer caudal peduncle (17–21% SL vs. 11–13). Oxynoemacheilus hazarensis is distinguished from O. kaynaki by having an incomplete lateral line (vs. complete), a slightly emarginated caudal fin (vs. truncate), a longer predorsal body (predorsal length 51–54% SL vs. 46–50) and no scales on the back and flank in front of the anus (vs. present).</p><p>Description. For general appearance see Figs. 1–5; morphometric data are provided in Table 1. Medium sized and moderately stout species with a blunt head. Body deepest at dorsal-fin origin or at about midline between nape and dorsal-fin origin, depth decreasing continuously towards caudal-fin base. No hump at nape. Greatest body width at pectoral-fin base. Section of head roundish, flattened on ventral surface. Caudal peduncle compressed laterally, 1.6–1.9 (mean 1.7) times longer than deep. No or a very shallow, usually roundish axillary lobe at base of pelvic fin, fully attached to body. Pelvic-fin origin below second or third branched dorsal-fin ray. Anal-fin origin clearly behind vertical of middle between dorsal- and caudal-fin origins. Pectoral fin reaching approximately 55– 78% of distance from pectoral-fin origin to pelvic-fin origin. Pelvic fin not reaching vertical of tip of last dorsal-fin ray, reaching to a short distance in front of anus. Anus about one eye diameter in front of anal-fin origin. Anal fin not reaching caudal-fin base. A short and shallow dorsal adipose crest on caudal peduncle, a short ventral adipose crest. Margin of dorsal fin straight or slightly convex. Caudal fin slightly emarginate. Largest known specimen 65 mm SL.</p><p>Dorsal fin with 7½ (1), 8½ (14) branched rays. Anal fin with 5½ (15) branched rays. Caudal fin with 8+8 (15) branched rays. Pectoral fin with 10 (13), 11 (2) and pelvic fin with 7 (15) rays. Body covered by isolated embedded scales on caudal peduncle, no scales on back and flank in front of anus. Lateral line incomplete, reaching to a vertical below dorsal-fin base or above anal-fin base. Two lateral and one central pore in supratemporal canal. Anterior nostril opening at end of a low, pointed and flap-like tube. Posterior tip of anterior nostril overlapping posterior nostril when folded backwards. No suborbital groove in males. Male with longer pectoral fin. Mouth large, arched (Fig. 6). Lips very thick, with strongly marked furrows. A deep median interruption in lower lip. A median incision in upper lip. Processus dentiformis narrow and pointed. No median notch in lower jaw. Barbels moderately long, inner rostral barbel not reaching to base of maxillary barbel; outer one reaching to vertical of anterior eye margin. Maxillary barbel reaching to or beyond middle of eye.</p><p>Coloration. Body yellowish with fine, dark-brown mottled pattern in life and preserved individuals. Head plain brown on top or with mottled pattern, cheeks with fine dark-brown spots or mottled pattern, without colour pattern ventrally in some individuals. Flank below a line from pectoral-fin base to anus with fine dark-brown mottling. Colour pattern on flank not interrupted by lateral line. Back with two, rarely one wide, dark-brown saddles, irregularly shaped and set, usually wider than interspaces, not fused to lateral blotches. A large, roundish or irregularly shaped, dark brown blotch at dorsal fin-origin and below posterior half of dorsal-fin base. Two or three wide, dark-brown saddles on upper caudal peduncle, fused with blotches or bars on flank in few individuals. Flank with 6–12 large, dark-brown, irregularly shaped vertically elongated blotches or bars along lateral midline. Flank below lateral series of blotches with mottled patter. Two black or brown blotches at upper and lower posterior extremity of caudal peduncle, not fused together. Dorsal-fin usually with two wide, brown bands on rays, caudal-fins with 2–4 wide, irregularly shapes, brown bands on rays. Anal-, pelvic- and pectoral fins hyaline, with few dark-brown spots on rays or with almost browns rays.</p><p>Distribution. Oxynoemacheilus hazarensis was found in Lake Hazar, a large tectonic lake in eastern Turkey, and one of the sources of the Tigris. It may be endemic to Lake Hazar.</p><p>Etymology. The species is named for its type locality, Lake Hazar. An adjective.</p><p>Remarks. If this is confirmed by intensive field-work in the region, O. hazarensis would be the third fish species endemic to Lake Hazar after Aphanius asquamatus (Cyprinodontidae) and Alburnus heckeli (Cyprinidae) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B51F2F36D860FFF0FF63FA12FA19E244	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Freyhof, Jörg;Özuluğ, Müfit	Freyhof, Jörg, Özuluğ, Müfit (2017): Oxynoemacheilus hazarensis, a new species from Lake Hazar in Turkey, with remarks on O. euphraticus (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae). Zootaxa 4247 (4): 378-390, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4247.4.2
B51F2F36D866FFFCFF63FF63FD0CE1E8.text	B51F2F36D866FFFCFF63FF63FD0CE1E8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oxynoemacheilus euphraticus (Bănărescu & Nalbant 1964) Banarescu & Nalbant 1964	<div><p>Oxynoemacheilus euphraticus (Bănărescu &amp; Nalbant, 1964)</p><p>(Figs. 7–9)</p><p>Noemacheilus insignis euphraticus Bănărescu &amp; Nalbant, 1964:175, Figs. 11–12</p><p>Oxynoemacheilus freyhofi Jouladeh –Roudbar, Eagderi &amp; Hosseinpour, 2016: 93, Figs. 1–5</p><p>Material examined. ZMH 1889, holotype of Nemacheilus insignis euphraticus, 29 mm SL; ZMH 1890, 20 paratypes of N. i. euphraticus, 24–36 mm SL; Turkey: Malatya. — FSJF 1990, 24, 25–61 mm SL; Turkey: Muş prov.: stream Page at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=41.266666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.916668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 41.266666/lat 38.916668)">Yaygın</a>, about 30 km west of Muş, 38°55'N 41°16'E. — FSJF 1996, 5, 36–55 mm SL; Turkey: Elazığ prov.: stream at village <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=40.016666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 40.016666/lat 38.95)">Karakocan</a>, at street from Elazığ to Bingöl, 38°57'N 40°01'E. — FSJF 2636, 20, 35– 60 mm SL; Turkey: Adıyaman prov.: upper River Göksu, 5 km northeast of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=41.088&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.217" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 41.088/lat 50.217)">Gölbaşı</a>, 37° 50.217N 37° 41.088E. — FSJF 2910, 26, 28–66 mm SL; Turkey: Sivas prov.: stream Kangal under railway bridge at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.6189&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.2516" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.6189/lat 39.2516)">Çetinkaya</a>, 39.2516N 37.6189E. — FSJF 3376, 31, 34.8–73.6 mm SL; Iraq: Rezan River near Ziraran, a tributary to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.19533&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.943333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.19533/lat 36.943333)">Greater Zab River</a>, 36°56.60'N 44°11.72'E.</p><p>Diagnosis. Oxynoemacheilus euphraticus is distinguished from the other Oxynoemacheilus species in the Euphrates and Tigris drainage by a combination of characters, none of them unique. Oxynoemacheilus euphraticus belongs to a group of species ( O. argyrogramma, O. bergianus, O. erdali, O. hanae, O. karunensis, O. longipinnis O. kurdistanicus O. parvinae and O. paucilepis) having a suborbital groove in males (vs. absent in O. chomanicus, O. frenatus, O. gyndes, O. hazarensis, O. kaynaki, O. kiabii and O. zagrosensis) and a deeply emarginate or forked caudal fin (vs. slightly emarginate or truncate in O. chomanicus, O. frenatus, O. gyndes, O. hazarensis, O. kaynaki, O. kiabii and O. zagrosensis).</p><p>Oxynoemacheilus euphraticus is distinguished from O. bergianus, O. erdali, O. longipinnis and O. parvinae by having two prominent black jet-spots at the caudal-fin base (vs. absent), a deeper caudal peduncle (8–11% SL vs. 7–8) and the caudal peduncle usually with regularly shaped bars (vs. caudal peduncle mottled, with irregularly shaped dark-brown bars or large blotches). It should be noted, that in large individuals, especially in clear streams, the flank colour pattern might be very dark and might overlay the two spots at the caudal-fin base in O. euphraticus . In juvenile fishes, these two spots are always very well visible (Fig. 7).</p><p>Oxynoemacheilus euphraticus is distinguished from O. hanae and O. karunensis by having a deep median incision in the upper lip (vs. no or a very short incision), a series of narrow and regularly or irregularly set and shaped bars at least on the flank behind the caudal-fin base (vs. a series of dark-brown roundish or ovoid blotches along the midlateral flank), the midlateral blotches reaching down to ventral side of caudal peduncle (vs. not reaching) and the bars on the flank behind the dorsal-fin-base usually being confluent with the saddles on the back (vs. midlateral blotches usually not confluent with saddles on back, but often overlapping).</p><p>Oxynoemacheilus euphraticus is also distinguished from O. karunensis by having a well developed pelvic axillary lobe with a free tip (vs. no or only a very rudimentary, shallow and knob-shaped, fully attached to the body), flank without spots, vermiculation or mottling, in some individuals with small, vertically-elongated and transversely-positioned blotches (vs. many minute dark-brown spots on the back, flank above lateral midline and caudal peduncle, with a mottled colour pattern in the interspaces of saddles and large blotches on the back or these interspaces with vermiculated pattern) and flank behind the dorsal-fin base with regularly or irregularly shaped bars usually confluent with the saddles on the back (vs. flank usually with a midlateral row of short, verticallyelongated blotches usually not confluent with the saddles on the back).</p><p>We were not able to find characters distinguishing O. kurdistanicus from O. euphraticus (see Discussion).</p><p>Distribution. Oxynoemacheilus euphraticus is very widespread in the Euphrates River drainage and records of O. hamwii from the Euphrates by Krupp &amp; Schneider (1991) might belong to this species. Its presence in the Tigris drainage is confirmed by several findings in the Greater Zab and in streams flowing to the Greater Zab, one very small juvenile individual from the lower Lesser Zab, and from the Karun drainage in Iran. It might be more widespread.</p><p>Remarks. Freyhof et al. (2011) treat O. euphraticus as a synonym of O. argyrogramma as both species have two prominent black jet-spots on the caudal-fin base and a deeply emarginate caudal fin. Oxynoemacheilus argyrogramma has been described from the Queiq, an endorheic river west of the Euphrates. Oxynoemacheilus euphraticus has been described from the upper Euphrates drainage at Malatya in Turkey. Since the study by Freyhof et al. (2011), it turned out that there are two species in the upper Euphrates both distinguished by having two prominent black jet-spots on the caudal-fin base and a deeply emarginate caudal fin. Both species are well distinguished also by their COI sequences and by their colour pattern and the depth of the caudal peduncle, which is slender in one species and deep in the other (adults larger than 50 mm SL: caudal peduncle depth 2.0–2.8 times in the caudal peduncle length vs. 1.4–1.8). The species with the deep caudal peduncle is identified as O. argyrogramma . The syntypes of O. argyrogramma (NMW 48541, NMW 59913) from the Queiq have a deep caudal peduncle. Fishes from the Queiq drainage (Sünnep stream) collected by us (FSJF 2926), are superficially identical to the types and also have a deep caudal peduncle. COI sequences of fishes from the Queiq drainage and those from the adjacent Euphrates are almost identical. These are identified as O. argyrogramma .</p><p>The holotype and the paratypes of O. euphraticus are juveniles (24–36 mm SL) (Fig. 7) and we compared them with juveniles of O. argyrogramma of about the same size (FSJF 2892: 26–38 mm SL) and with juveniles of the second species from the Euphrates (FSJF 2910: 28–35 mm SL). Already in the juveniles, the difference in the caudal peduncle depth is clear (caudal peduncle depth 1.5–1.8 times in the caudal peduncle length in O. argyrogramma, 2.1–2.8 in types of O. euphraticus, 2.0– 2.3 in fresh materials from the Euphrates). Therefore, we identify the second species, diagnosed by having two prominent black jet-spots on the caudal-fin base and a deeply emarginate caudal fin, as O. euphraticus and treat O. euphraticus as a valid species.</p><p>Juveniles of both species have a midlateral row of brown blotches on the flank. Adults of O. euphraticus (Fig. 9) have bars on caudal peduncle (vs. a marbled colour pattern without bars on the flank in O. argyrogramma, Fig. 10). We found O. euphraticus in the area of Malatya and the species is widespread in the Euphrates and found also in the Tigris drainage. Oxynoemacheilus argyrogramma seems to be restricted to the Queiq and the westernmost tributaries of the Euphrates.</p><p>Jouladeh-Roudbar et al. (2016) described O. freyhofi from the Karun drainage in Iran without considering that O. euphraticus might be an available name for the species they found. Jouladeh-Roudbar et al. (2016) try to balance the lack of correctly identified comparison materials by applying molecular data from NCBI Genbank. That would make sense if all described species would be available from NCBI Genbank, and if the species from which these sequences are derived had been definitively identified, which is not the case. We found O. freyhofi to be distinguished from other populations of O. euphraticus only by 0.5% K2P sequence difference in the COI barcode region (own unpublished data). Jouladeh-Roudbar et al. (2016) diagnose O. freyhofi by having always 10½ branched dorsal-fin rays and lacking a suborbital groove in males. Indeed, O. euphraticus frequently, but not always has 10½ branched dorsal fin ray (8½–10½). We would be more than surprised if O. freyhofi lacks the suborbital groove in males. Jouladeh-Roudbar et al. (2016) examined only a single adult individual for their description of O. freyhofi, the holotype (60.3 mm SL), which might be a female. All 10 paratypes are juveniles (43– 45 mm SL). Juvenile individuals of Oxynoemacheilus species do not show the sexual dimorphism that is visible in adults. None of the characters provided in the description of O. freyhofi allows this species to be distinguished from O. euphraticus . However, in O. argyrogramma, not all males have a suborbital groove and it cannot be excluded, that some males of O. euphraticus might also lack a suborbital groove. Freyhof (2016) already treated O. freyhofi as a synonym of O. euphraticus without giving reasons and the case is therefore considered here again. It should be noted that it is the responsibility of the authors describing a new species to provide evidence that their species has not in fact yet been described.</p><p>When Kamangar et al. (2014) described O. kurdistanicus, they also followed Freyhof et al. (2011) and considered O. euphraticus as a synonym of O. argyrogramma . It is since turned out that this is not the case and that O. euphraticus represents a valid species (see above). The fishes identified as O. argyrogramma by Kamangar et al. (2014) were collected in the Iranian part of the Sirvan River, a tributary of the Tigris, and might in fact represent O. hanae . It was easy to distinguish O. kurdistanicus from O. hanae for Kamangar et al. (2014), but to distinguish O. kurdistanicus from O. euphraticus is a challenge. Jouladeh-Roudbar et al. (2016) give several morphometric differences between O. euphraticus (as O. freyhofi) and O. kurdistanicus but all morphometric characters mentioned by Jouladeh-Roudbar et al. (2016) substantially overlap between both species (own data). Even the measurements given by Jouladeh-Roudbar et al. (2016) cannot be used, as no ranges were given for the morphometric characters distinguishing O. euphraticus from O. kurdistanicus . We are as a result unable to distinguish O. euphraticus from O. kurdistanicus and they might be just one species or two valid but cryptic species without (known) morphological differences.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B51F2F36D866FFFCFF63FF63FD0CE1E8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Freyhof, Jörg;Özuluğ, Müfit	Freyhof, Jörg, Özuluğ, Müfit (2017): Oxynoemacheilus hazarensis, a new species from Lake Hazar in Turkey, with remarks on O. euphraticus (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae). Zootaxa 4247 (4): 378-390, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4247.4.2
