identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
B47E38262154FF9AAAAFA211F2052AFB.text	B47E38262154FF9AAAAFA211F2052AFB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alona Baird 1843	<div><p>Genus Alona Baird, 1843</p> <p>Type species. Alona quadrangularis (O.F. Müller, 1776).</p> <p>Type species defined by Baird (1843) for subgenus Alona Baird, 1843. Raised to genus level by Baird (1850). Agassiz (1846) proposed a nomenclatural correction for this taxon in his Nomenclatoris zoologici index universalis, called Halona Agassiz, 1846 emend. pro Alona Baird, 1843, but this is ungrounded. Alona Baird, 1843 has priority and is retained.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B47E38262154FF9AAAAFA211F2052AFB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Damme, Kay Van;Dumont, Henri J.	Damme, Kay Van, Dumont, Henri J. (2008): The ‘ true’ genus Alona Baird, 1843 (Crustacea: Cladocera: Anomopoda): position of the A. quadrangularis-group and description of a new species from the Democratic Republic of Congo. Zootaxa 1943: 1-25
B47E38262154FF91AAAFA58CF3EE2FB5.text	B47E38262154FF91AAAFA58CF3EE2FB5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alona quadrangularis (O. F. Muller 1776) sensu Baird 1850	<div><p>Alona quadrangularis (O.F. Müller, 1776)</p> <p>Figs 1–5</p> <p>Lynceus quadrangularis O.F. Müller, 1776; 199, n° 2393 (identity uncertain).</p> <p>Lynceus quadrangularis O.F. Müller, 1776 in Müller (1785): 72, Plate 9, Figs 1–3 (identity uncertain).</p> <p>Monoculus quadrangulus Gmelin, 1790: Gmelin (1790): 3008, 61.</p> <p>Lynceus (Alona) quadrangularis (O.F. Müller, 1776) sensu Baird (1843): Plate 3, Figs 9–11 (identity uncertain).</p> <p>Alona quadrangularis (O.F. Müller, 1776) sensu Baird (1850): Plate 16, Fig. 4 = nec Lynceus (Alona) quadrangularis O.F. Müller, 1776 sensu Baird 1843.</p> <p>nec Lynceus quadrangularis (O.F. Müller, 1776) sensu Fischer (1851): 189, Plate 9, Fig 3.</p> <p>nec Lynceus quadrangularis (O.F. Müller, 1776) sensu Leydig (1860): 221, Plate 8, Fig. 58.</p> <p>Alona quadrangularis (O.F. Müller, 1776) sensu G.O. Sars (1861): 132, Plate 96, Fig. 4, Plate 97, Figs 6–8 = A. quadrangularis sensu Baird (1850): Plate 3, Figs 9–11.</p> <p>Alona macrops Motas &amp; Orghidan, 1948.</p> <p>Alona sulcata Schödler, 1862.</p> <p>Alona sanguinea P.E. Müller, 1867.</p> <p>For more extensive synonymy we refer to Baird (1850), Smirnov (1971) and Flössner (2000).</p> <p>Type locality. Denmark (O.F. Müller 1776).</p> <p>Material examined. 42 adult parthenogenetic females, Damvallei, Heusden, Belgium, 07.08.2007, Leg. K. Van Damme. 20 adult parthenogenetic females, 5 adult males, Watersportbaan, Ghent, Belgium, 15.08.2007; Leg. K. Van Damme. 15 adult parthenogenetic females and 10 adult males, Firtina Deresi, Tur- key, 18.07.1994. Material at UG Zooplankton collection, Ghent University, Belgium, Dpt. of Biology, Limnology Research Group.</p> <p>Redescription of parthenogenetic female. Habitus. Medium-sized to large animals, 0.6–0.8mm (Fig. 1A; 0.50–0.85mm in Flössner, 2001), in life reddish or colourless and transparent, after preservation brownishyellow, depending on amount of haemoglobin. In lateral view carapace widened posteriorly, with high posterodorsal angle (Figs 1A–B). Posteroventral corner with shallow notch (Fig. 1B). In dorsal view, body bilaterally compressed with dorsal elevation but lacking a keel (Fig. 2A). Head. Eye and ocellus of similar size (Fig. 1A). In specimens from Belgium, eye and ocellus relatively large compared with Sinev &amp; Coronel (2006) and Flössner (2000), feature may be variable; head shield depicted in Flössner (2000) and Sinev &amp; Coronel (2006). Rostrum blunt, aesthetascs projecting beyond its tip (Fig. 1A). Three main head pores of same size, narrowly connected, small pores less than half distance between midline and lateral margin of head pores (Figs 1E &amp; 2B). In dorsal view, main head pores elevated, small pores in depressions on each side (Fig. 2A). Carapace. Ornamentation consisting of both large and ultra-fine striation (Fig. 1K). Marginal setae in different groups, longest group on frontal margin of carapace and in middle (Fig. 1A). Posteroventral corner with row of 60–68 setae ending abruptly instead of decreasing in size towards the end, and followed by groups of naked spiniform setae (Figs 1A&amp;K). Antennules (Fig. 1F). About three times as long as wide, sensory seta long, implanted at one third from base. Rows of setules on dorsal margin. Antennae (Figs 1G–J). Coxal setae long, reaching beyond first endopodal segment. Exopod with group of few thicker spines on second segment (Fig. 1J). Setae: 113/003, spines: 001/101(numbers indicate structures on exo/endo). Terminal setae subequal in length and with long setules, exopod setae with long setules as well (Figs 1H–I). Labrum (Figs 1C–D). Lacking lateral projections, labral keel in lateral view quadrangular, with convex margin, with ventral notch and two to three (one minute) ventral groups of setules. First maxilla with two setulated setae (Fig. 4B).</p> <p>Postabdomen (Figs 1M–N, 2D). Broad and robust, widening distally and with convex postanal margin; postanal and ventral margins parallel. Postanal portion expanded, postanal margin up to twice as long as anal margin (Fig. 1M). Postanal angle over 90°. Marginal teeth 10–13, pyramidal, serrated anterior margin. Each tooth consists of merged denticles, but no individual spines in postanal portion (Figs 1N, 2F). Lateral fascicles (Fig. 2F) with setules decreasing in size anteriorly; posteriormost spiniform, thicker and larger than other setules of its group. Posteriormost spine reaching just beyond dorsal margin of postabdomen, but never to apex of marginal teeth (Figs 1N, 2F). Terminal claw (Figs 1L, 2E). Long and slender (Fig. 1L), longer than anal margin, evenly curved (Fig. 2E). Basal spine also slender, more than two times claw width and less than half claw length (Fig. 2E). Row of basal spinules of moderate size along dorsal half of terminal claw, no strong spines here (Fig. 1L).</p> <p>Five pairs of limbs. First limb (Figs 3A–D, 4C–D&amp;F). First endite with three setae, the first seta well developed and plumose (Fig. 3A). Anterior soft setae present but small, accompanied by small element (Figs 3B, 4F). Second endite with three ventral setae, first two with moderate pecten. One anterior soft seta and additional minute element near base (Figs 3A–B, 4F). Third endite with four setae, similar in length (Fig. 3A). Inner distal lobe (IDL) or fourth endite (Fig. 3C) with three setae, of which one small and naked, two larger, subequal, unilaterally armed with fine denticles in distal half. Outer distal lobe (ODL) or fifth endite (Fig. 3C) with one single, long seta, implanted on one side with minute denticles in distal half. At base of ODL, before sixth endite, a projection. This projection is visible also on Fig. 4C (between ODL and accessory seta). Accessory seta on sixth endite strongly developed and plumose (Fig. 3C). Setule rows on anterior and ventral part of limb corm (Fig. 3D) consisting of seven to eight long singular setules instead of groups. Ejector hooks welldeveloped, subequal in size (Figs 3A, 4D). Gnathobase I with short setulated process (Fig. 3A). Second limb (Figs 3E–G, 4C–E). Exopodite well developed, carrying a long, finely setulated seta and group of setules; this seta about as long as first scraper (Figs 3E–F). Endites with eight scrapers, first three long, following five gradually decreasing in size towards gnathobase while increasing in thickness (Fig. 3E). Denticulation of scrapers is fine, last three with relatively thicker denticles (Fig. 4E). Additional small soft seta at the inner base of the first scraper (Fig. 3E). Gnathobasic hillock moderately expanded, with fine setules. Small sensillum close to gnathobasic setae. Gnathobase with typical three elements, of which the first a bent seta, second a thick seta, third small and naked. Filter comb with seven setae, of which the first three shorter and of relatively the same size. First filter seta (Fig. 3G) thicker, with long setules in distal half, implanted on all sides. Third limb (Figs 3H–L, 4C–E). Pre-epipodite relatively small, with long marginal setules. Epipodite oval- round, without projections. Exopodite (Figs 3H–J, 4C) with seven setae, of which two on posterior and five on ventral margin. First two exopodite setae long, first longer than second. Third exopodite seta longest, about five times the length of the exopodite itself, following two setae that are very short and of similar size; sixth and seventh setae relatively narrow, fifth longest; all exopodite setae plumose, except for sixth (heterogenous setulation) (Fig. 3I). Endite (Fig. 3K) with typical alonine arrangement: close to the exopodite, a row of three well-developed setae, of which the first are unilaterally armed with short denticles in the distal half and have a small reduced seta in between, and a third, thicker seta with fine long setules. In continuation, between the latter row and the gnathobase, five naked setae, of which the first is most reduced. The gnathobase itself (Fig. 3L) consists of a subapical large bottle shaped sensillum and three apical gnathobasic setae: one large seta, bent over the endopodite and implanted with fine setules, and two well developed straight setae, lacking larger setulation. On the inner side of the endite (Fig. 3K), four similar plumose (1”–4”) setae precede the gnathobasic filter comb. The latter is strongly developed, consisting of seven long setae with fine plumose setulation. Fourth limb (Figs 3M–N &amp; 4C–E). Pre-epipodite round, implanted with long marginal setules and slightly larger than the oval-round epipodite. Exopodite (Fig. 3M) square and large, bearing six setae of which the first four are strongly plumose and similar in morphology, opposed to the last two (5–6 in Fig. 3M), which are much narrower and smaller, implanted with short setules. At the dorsal base of third exopodite seta, a small naked, round process, between third and fourth scraper a setulated hillock. Anteroventral margin of the exopodite straight and implanted with a row of small setules on its margin. Endopodite IV (Figs 3N, 4E) with four developed marginal setae, of which the first has a scraperlike morphology, i.e. unilaterally armed with short denticles in its distal half, the following three are long “flaming torch” setae (ft's in Fig. 4E). Between scraper and first ft-seta, a minute reduced element. A pore is present below the last scrapers on the anterior side (Fig. 4E) and towards gnathobase, adjacent to last ft-seta, a round naked seta (Fig. 3N, indicated “s”). Gnathobase with one large seta, and two smaller basal naked reduced elements Fig. 3N). Large receptor at posterior side of the endite, below the scrapers (Figs 3N, 4E). On the inner side, a row of three long plumose setae (Figs 3N, 4E), followed by five slender filter comb setae with fine setulation (Fig. 3N). Fifth limb (Figs 3O–P &amp; 4D–E). Pre-epipodite and epipodite oval-round and of similar size, the pre-epipodite with long setules. Exopodite a large flap (Fig. 3O), with four plumose setae in a 3+1 arrangement, first three setae long, oriented dorsally, fourth seta less than a third of previous exopodite seta. Between third and fourth seta, the exopodite margin is expanded and implanted with setules. Ventral portion of the exopodite widely round. Inner lobe large, with incision in dorsal margin, bearing thick long setules on its ventral margin (Fig. 3O). Two inner setae long (1’–2’ in Fig. 3O), first one bent over the inner lobe, second exceeding half the proceeding seta, both with long setules (Figs 3O, 4E). Gnathobase reduced, two naked elements, possibly reduced setae (rs in figs), and a setulated process (Fig. 3P). Sixth limb. Absent. There is no trace of this limb or a reduced structure, its absence can be seen clearly on SEM images (Figs 4A–C). Food groove around this region is unsetulated.</p> <p>Description of male. (Fig. 5). Smaller and more elongate than female (0.4–0.60mm), with shorter head and wider rostrum (Fig. 5A). Antennules shorter, with subapical aesthetasc and sensory seta (Fig. 5B). Postabdomen sexually dimorph, (Figs 5C–D) broad, gonopores ending subterminally ventrally from the terminal claws (Fig. 5C); anal margin little shorter than postanal margin; postanal part with marginal row of minute, unmerged denticles (Fig. 5D); lateral fascicles reaching just beyond margin, spinules strongly decreasing in size per group (Fig. 5D). Terminal claw relatively short, basal spine half the size of claw. First limb (Figs 5E– F) with 5–6 anterior groups of setules with more than one setule per group and a well developed clasper (Fig. 5F), about two times as long as wide, with minute V-like incisions (rugae and furrows) on apex (Fig. 5F).</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. A. quadrangularis is morphologically similar to A. boliviana and A. kolwezii, but may be distinguished by the carapace that widens strongly posteriorly, with a high posterodorsal angle (in lateral view); in having a postabdomen with an extended postanal margin in the posterior part with about 13 stout serrated marginal teeth, a long slender terminal claw and basal spine; first limb with only 6–7 single setae on anterior margin and second limb with an exopodal seta about as long as the first scraper. For detailed differences with A. boliviana, see Table 1 and Sinev &amp; Coronel (2006). In Europe, A. quadrangularis is sometimes confused with A. affinis at lower magnifications, but the latter (Alonso 1996) can be distinguished by two major head pores; its larger body size in adult females; a more rectangular habitus (carapace not widening posteriorly); spinule per articulation of antennal swimming setae; much thicker basal spines on the terminal claw, longer and less marginal teeth on a more parallel postabdomen and –a very clear feature- first limb with groups of setules on anterior margin. For differences with A. kolwezii n.sp., see Table 1 and diagnosis below.</p> <p>Distribution. Due to historical uncertainty of its taxonomical status, the exact worldwide distribution of</p> <p>A. quadrangularis is unknown. Most likely its distribution is Palaearctic (Sinev &amp; Coronel, 2006) and maybe Holarctic. Records of A. quadrangularis outside this region should be compared in detail with the populations described in this paper. For example, records from South Africa, South East Asia and Australia (e.g., A. cf. quadrangularis in Frey 1993), may well reveal distinct taxa. An available name for Australia may be Alona whiteleggi Sars, 1896 but identity of the latter (member of quadrangularis- or affinis group?) is unclear. In South America, it may be of interest to check how far the range of A. boliviana extends outside the high Andes, and if other cryptic species will be found on the continent. The same goes for Africa (A. kolwezii n.sp.).</p> <p>Ecology and Biology. A. quadrangularis occurs in a wide variety of littoral habitats and ecological conditions, in diverse water types (swamps, lakes, rivers, springs, etc.) but is rare in temporary pools. The species is not bound to vegetation but lives close to substrate, on stones or detritus in waters rich of fine organic matter with population increases following eutrophication; tolerates acid waters (pH 5) but prefers neutral conditions (Flössner 2000). Reported from caves (Wood &amp; Greenwood 2001). In comparison to other chydorids, it shows clear preference for mud (Whiteside et al. 1978). We found it sympatrically with the alonines Leydigia and A. affinis on detritus-rich substrate (rocks, stones, wood) in medium-sized eutrophic, turbid waters rich in decaying plant material (e.g., leaves) and associated algae. Typically lives in flocculent detritus. Gut contents of A. quadrangularis from Belgian populations showed mainly detritus and few algae (e.g., Staurastrum) (sympatric A. affinis in the same samples contained relatively more algae in gut indicating different diet preferences). We observed live A. quadrangularis, which showed that these are comparatively slower swimmers, keeping closer to the substrate than A. affinis under the same conditions.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B47E38262154FF91AAAFA58CF3EE2FB5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Damme, Kay Van;Dumont, Henri J.	Damme, Kay Van, Dumont, Henri J. (2008): The ‘ true’ genus Alona Baird, 1843 (Crustacea: Cladocera: Anomopoda): position of the A. quadrangularis-group and description of a new species from the Democratic Republic of Congo. Zootaxa 1943: 1-25
B47E3826215FFF95AAAFA349F23E2A0D.text	B47E3826215FFF95AAAFA349F23E2A0D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alona kolwezii Damme & Dumont 2008	<div><p>Alona kolwezii n. sp.</p> <p>Figs 6–7</p> <p>Material examined. Holotype, undissected, parthenogenetic female, mounted in glycerol on a glass slide, labelled “ Alona kolwezii holotype ”; deposited at Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences, Brussels (RBIN) under accession number IG 30.556. Paratypes, five slides, with fully or partially dissected females, labelled “ A. kolwezii paratypes ”, RBIN accession number IG 30.556. Sample with adult females in ethanol (70%) in glass tube, with same data as holotype, under same accession number. Type locality. Mulungwishi stream (10°37’00” S, 26°42’00” E), close to Lulua River, vicinity Lufupa, Katanga Region, SE of DR-Congo, Leg. K. Martens, 14.10.1981, picked from sample 81.067 at UG Zooplankton Collection, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.616667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.7/lat -10.616667)">Ghent University</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.616667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.7/lat -10.616667)">Department of Biology</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.616667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.7/lat -10.616667)">Limnology Research Group</a>.</p> <p>Additional material. Four adult parthenogenetic females, stagnant pond next to stream with clay bottom, devoid of aquatic plants, between Lubondo and Kolwezi, Lualaba River Basin, Katanga region, DR-Congo, 06.10.1981, Leg. K. Martens, sample 81.015 (labelled “pond CPA, Zaire-Kolwezi”). Specimens in UG Zooplankton Collection.</p> <p>Etymology. Named after the city of Kolwezi in DR Congo, Katanga Region, near the Lualaba River and situated equidistant from both localities of the new species. Sample series collected by Dr. K. Martens from which this species derives, are originally labelled as “Zaire-Kolwezi”.</p> <p>Description of adult parthenogenetic female. Habitus. Medium-sized animals (Figs 6A–C; 0.50– 0.60mm), colour in life unknown. In lateral view carapace rectangular, posterodorsal angle not pronounced and posterior margin relatively straight (Figs 6A–C). Posteroventral corner with shallow notch (Fig. 6A). Head. Eye larger than ocellus (Fig. 6A). Rostrum blunt, aesthetascs projecting beyond it (Fig. 6A). Three main head pores of same size with narrow connection between them, small pores more than half distance between midline and lateral margin of head pores (Fig. 6F). Carapace. Ornamentation not pronounced, large striation present. Marginal setae in different size groups, longest group on frontal margin of carapace and just before middle (Fig. 6A). Posteroventral corner with row of 55–60 setae ending abruptly towards posteroventral corner and followed by small spiniform setae (Fig. 6I). Head. Eye larger than ocellus (Fig. 6A). Rostrum blunt, aesthetascs projecting beyond it (Fig. 6A). Three main head pores of same size with narrow connection between them, small pores more than half distance between midline and lateral margin of head pores (Fig. 6F). Antennules (Fig. 6F). About three times as long as wide, sensory seta implanted between one third and half from base of antennule. Rows of setules on dorsal margin. One aesthetasc longer than others. Antennae (Fig. 6G). Coxal setae long. Exopod with group of smaller spines on second segment. Setae: 113/003, spines: 001/101 (structures on exo/endopod) Terminal setae subequal in length. First endopod spine just shorter than penultimate endopod segment, apical spines longer than ultimate segments; first exopod seta not reaching apex of third exopodal segment. Labrum (Figs 6D–E). Lacking lateral projections, labral keel with convex margin, small to large ventral notch and two to three (one minute) ventral groups of setules; also two lateral groups of setules present.</p> <p>Postabdomen (Figs 6J–L). Moderate, with parallel dorsal and ventral margins, not expanded in postanal portion. Postanal portion expanded, postanal margin less than twice as long as anal margin. Postanal angle about 90°. Postanal marginal teeth 10–11, long pyramidal, serrated on the anterior margin. Lateral fascicles with setules decreasing in size anteriorly; posteriormost thicker and larger than others of its group and reaching half its length beyond the dorsal margin of the postabdomen, to the apex of the marginal teeth (posterior groups; Fig. 6L). Terminal claw (Fig. 6K). Relatively long and slender, about as long as anal margin (Fig. 6J) and slightly curved. Basal spine (Fig. 6K), more than two times claw width and less than half of claw length. Row of basal spinules along the dorsal half of the terminal claw, no strong spines.</p> <p>Five pairs of limbs. First limb (Figs 7A–D). First endite with three setae, the first seta well developed and plumose (Fig. 7A). Anterior soft seta present, small (Figs 7A–B). Second endite with three setae, first two with small pecten. One anterior soft seta present and an additional minute element near its base (Figs 7A–B). Third endite with four setae, similar in length (Fig. 7A). IDL (Fig. 7C) with three setae, of which one smaller and naked, two larger, subequal, unilaterally armed with fine denticles in the distal half. IDL with three setae, ODL (Fig. 7C) with one single, long seta, implanted on one side with minute denticles in distal half. At base of ODL, a projection. Accessory seta on sixth endite strongly developed and plumose, about as long as ODL seta (Fig. 7C). Setule rows on anterior and ventral part of limb corm (Fig. 7D set) consisting of 15–17 long singular setules, two ventralmost groups with two setules. Ejector hooks well-developed, subequal in size (Figs 7A). Gnathobase I with short setulated process (Fig. 7A). Second limb (Figs 7E–I). Exopodite well developed with setulated seta implanted subapically and of about same length as exopodite itself and group of fine setules (Figs 7E–F); exopodite seta half the size of first scraper (Fig. 7E). Endites with eight scrapers, first three long, following five gradually decreasing in size towards gnathobase while increasing in thickness (Fig. 7E). Denticulation of scrapers is fine, last three with relatively thicker denticles (Fig. 7E). Additional small soft seta at the inner base of the first scraper (Figs 7H–I) and minute sensillum at base of third scraper (Fig. 7H). Gnathobasic hillock not expanded, with fine setules. Small sensillum close to gnathobasic setae. Gnathobase typically with three elements, of which the first bears a bent seta, second a thick seta, third small and naked. Filter comb (Fig. 7G) with seven setae, of which the first three shorter. First filter seta (Fig. 7G) shortest, thicker, with long setules in distal half, implanted on all sides. Third limb (Figs 7J–O). Epipodite ovalround, without projections. Exopodite (Figs 7J–L) with seven setae, of which two on posterior and five on ventral margin. First two exopodite setae long, first shorter than second (Fig. 7J). Third exopodite seta longest, about four times the length of the exopodite itself, following two short setae of similar size (4–5 in Fig. 7L); sixth and seventh setae relatively narrow, fifth longest; all exopodite setae plumose, except for sixth (heterogenous setulation) (Fig. 7K). Endite (Fig. 7M) with typical alonine arrangement: close to the exopodite, a row of three well-developed setae, of which the first are unilaterally armed with short denticles in the distal half and have a small reduced seta in between, and a third, thicker seta with fine long setules (1”–3” in Fig. 7M). Between the latter row and the gnathobase, five naked setae, of which the first is most reduced (Fig. 7O). The gnathobase (Fig. 7N) consists of a subapical large bottle shaped sensillum, a group of setules, and three apical gnathobasic setae: one large seta, bent over the endopodite and implanted with fine setules, and two smaller straight setae, lacking larger setulation. On the inner side of the endite (Fig. 7M), four similar plumose (1”–4”) setae. Filter comb s strongly developed, consisting of seven long setae with fine plumose setulation (Fig. 7M). Fourth limb (Fig. 7P). Pre-epipodite round, implanted with long marginal setules and larger than the oval-round epipodite. Exopodite (Fig. 7P) square and large, bearing six setae of which first four strongly plumose and similar in morphology, opposed to the last two (5–6 in Fig. 7P), which are much narrower and smaller, implanted with short setules. At dorsal base of third exopodite seta, a small naked, oval-round process, between third and fourth scraper a setulated hillock (Fig. 7P). Anteroventral margin of exopodite straight and implanted with row of small setules on its margin. Endopodite (Fig. 7P) with four developed marginal setae, of which first scraper-like; the following three long “flaming torch” setae (1”–4”). Between scraper and first ft-seta, a minute reduced element. Towards gnathobase, adjacent to last ft-seta, a round naked seta ("s" in Fig. 7P). Gnathobase with one large seta, and two smaller basal naked reduced elements, one spiniform. On the inner side, a row of three long plumose setae (1”–3” in Fig. 7P) on a separate endite, is followed by five slender filter comb setae with fine setulation. Fifth limb (Figs 7Q–R). Pre-epipodite and epipodite oval-round and of similar size, pre-epipodite with long setules. Exopodite a large flap (Fig. 7Q), with incision and convex margin in ventral middle. Four plumose setae in a 3+1 arrangement, first three setae long, oriented dorsally, fourth seta very short (less than a fourth of the third seta). Between third and fourth seta, the exopodite margin is implanted with long setules, largest group in ventral half. Ventral portion of the exopodite widely round. Inner lobe large, with slightly convex dorsal margin, bearing thick long setules on its ventral margin (Fig. 7Q). Two inner setae long (1’–2’ in Fig. 7Q), first one bent over the inner lobe, second (2’) half the proceeding seta (1’), both with long setules. Gnathobase reduced, two naked elements (reduced setae?) and a setulated process (Figs 7Q–R). Sixth limb absent.</p> <p>Male and gamogenetic female. Unknown.</p> <p>Distribution. A. kolwezii n.sp. is now only known from samples from South Congo in two different localities in the Katanga region. Both are located east and west of the Lualaba River, the largest headstream of the Congo River. It is likely that the species has a wider distribution in the Congo Basin, its further occurrence in the Afrotropical region remains unknown.</p> <p>Ecology. Found in bottom samples from a stream environment or stagnant pool connected to stream, with leaf litter, sandy and clay substrate. Sympatric with Macrothrix sp., Alona mediterranea and two undescribed species of the A. verrucosa - (see Sinev &amp; Hollwedel 2005) and A. affinis -groups (see Sinev, 1997).</p> <p>Remarks. A. kolwezii is closer in morphology to A. boliviana than to A. quadrangularis in having more than ten long setules on the anterior margin of the P1, a short seta on exopodite II, a postabdomen with straight dorso-distal margin, relatively shorter terminal claw or basal spine. The new species differs from A. boliviana by a smaller body size (0.5-0.6mm), a low posterodorsal angle (unlike quadrangularis or boliviana, body is actually relatively arched in kolwezii with a more affinis- like habitus), second antennae with group of fine spinules on the exopod, no strong spines; on postabdomen, the longest spines of lateral fascicles reach the apex of marginal teeth; P1 with more than 14 setules on the anterior margin. We refer to Table 1 for additional differences between the three species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B47E3826215FFF95AAAFA349F23E2A0D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Damme, Kay Van;Dumont, Henri J.	Damme, Kay Van, Dumont, Henri J. (2008): The ‘ true’ genus Alona Baird, 1843 (Crustacea: Cladocera: Anomopoda): position of the A. quadrangularis-group and description of a new species from the Democratic Republic of Congo. Zootaxa 1943: 1-25
