taxonID	type	description	language	source
B420BD55FFC0FF8C3CA712B1FAA86682.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The monophyly of the Comesomatidae has been established only by the presence of a spiral amphid of at least 2.5 turns by Lorenzen (1994). However, the Comesomatidae are generally large species,> 1 mm long, with cylindrical body and conico-cylindrical tail. The cuticle usually has transverse rows of punctations of variable size, with or without lateral differentiation and an enlarged / elevated lateral field may be present. Somatic setae run along the length of the body in 4 longitudinal rows. The cephalic region has 6 lips and a 6 + 6 + 4 sensilla arrangement. The labial sensilla are papillate, the cephalic sensilla setose and in either one or two rings, the posterior cephalic setae usually longest. Amphids are usually multispiralled and located closely behind the cephalic setae, with the exception of Cervonema in which the cervical region is elongate. The buccal cavity is perhaps the most variable character across Comesomatidae, ranging from small and undifferentiated in Cervonema to having a sclerotized, dilated and conical posterior section with well developed teeth at its anterior margin in Paramesonchium Wieser 1954. The oesophageal lumen is tri-radiate with distinct marginal tubes. Ovaries and testes are paired, opposed and outstretched. The male copulatory apparatus typically comprises arcuate spicules, proximally cephalate and distally acute, and a gubernaculum with or without (usually paired) dorsocaudally directed apophyses.	en	Barnes, Natalie, Kim, Hyeong Geun, Lee, Wonchoel (2012): New species of free-living marine Sabatieriinae (Nematoda: Monhysterida: Comesomatidae) from around South Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 263-290, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.14, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.14
B420BD55FFC0FF8C3CA7114DFACE6001.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The Sabatieriinae is comprised of 7 genera (Actarjania Hopper 1967, Cervonema Wieser 1954, Laimella Cobb 1920, Pierrickia Vitiello 1970, Sabatieria De Rouville 1903, Scholpanialla Sergeeva 1972, Setosabatieria Platt 1985), and although Platt (1985) concluded that they shared no unique characters (they are “ described as lacking the derived features of the other two families ”), in addition to the family characters, the Sabatieriinae generally have a weakly sclerotized buccal cavity, posterior section as a collapsed tube. Spicules enlarged proximally, gubernacular apophyses (is) paired or single. Also, Laimella, Cervonema and Setosabatieria exhibit a striate cuticle, rarely minutely punctations have been observed in Laimella (Ward 1974; Jensen 1979).	en	Barnes, Natalie, Kim, Hyeong Geun, Lee, Wonchoel (2012): New species of free-living marine Sabatieriinae (Nematoda: Monhysterida: Comesomatidae) from around South Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 263-290, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.14, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.14
B420BD55FFC0FF8B3CA716C1FC046539.taxon	diagnosis	Emended diagnosis. Sabatieriinae with striate cuticle; fine punctations may be also observed. Anterior and posterior cephalic sensilla closely spaced, posterior setae usually longer than anterior. Buccal cavity small, three small teeth may appear as weak cuticularisation at base of anterior buccal cavity. Spicule simple arcuate, gubernaculum with posteriorly directed paired apophyses. Supplements minute or absent. Tail elongate, posterior section filiform.	en	Barnes, Natalie, Kim, Hyeong Geun, Lee, Wonchoel (2012): New species of free-living marine Sabatieriinae (Nematoda: Monhysterida: Comesomatidae) from around South Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 263-290, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.14, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.14
B420BD55FFC0FF8B3CA716C1FC046539.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Presently, there are 7 species of Laimella recognised as valid species; L. filipjevi Jensen 1979, L. minuta Vitiello 1970, L. longicauda Cobb 1920 and L. vera Vitiello 1970 (following the revision by Jensen (1979 )), and L. annae Chen & Vincx, 2000, L. sandrae Chen & Vincx, 2000 and L. subterminata Chen & Vincx, 2000, described by Chen & Vincx (2000). Two species formerly described as belonging to Laimella have been reclassified as Paracomesoma (P. quadrisetosum and P. hexasetosum, both B. Chitwood (1937 )), and a third species reclassified as Paramesonchium (P. serialis Wieser 1954) all by Jensen (1979). However, Jensen (1979) also undertook a number of synonimisations, specifically: 1. Laimella filipjevi nom. nov., pro Laimella longicaudata, syn. Sabatieria longicaudata Filipjev 1922. 2. L. longicauda Cobb 1920, syn. L. filicaudata Ward 1974. Laimella filipjevi has been recently re-examined by Tchesunov (2000) who additionally recorded the species in the White Sea. However, the current authors believe that the reasons given to refer L. filicaudata to the status of junior synonym of L. longicauda are not valid: The description of L. filicaudata and the differences listed therein between this species and L. longicaudata are well defined (Ward 1974). Namely, relative tail length (11.2 vs 17.7 abd, L. filicauda and L. longicauda respectively), proportion of tail cylindrical (81 % vs 66 %) and relative lengths of the cephalic setae (R 2: R 3 = 1: 3 vs 1: 4). Laimella filicaudata Ward, 1974 is therefore reinstated here. Published descriptions of these now eight known species of Laimella differ in the morphological characters considered of note, but reviewing these species the relative body proportions, including the de Man’s ratios, are particularly important. Therefore Table 1 presents a comprehensive comparison of the morphometric measurements of these species and Table 2 provides the calculated body proportions, such as de Man's ratios. Where measurements were not presented in the original publications they are supplemented by measurements made by the authors from the original published figures where possible.	en	Barnes, Natalie, Kim, Hyeong Geun, Lee, Wonchoel (2012): New species of free-living marine Sabatieriinae (Nematoda: Monhysterida: Comesomatidae) from around South Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 263-290, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.14, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.14
B420BD55FFC7FF893CA71753FE196722.taxon	description	(Fig. 1)	en	Barnes, Natalie, Kim, Hyeong Geun, Lee, Wonchoel (2012): New species of free-living marine Sabatieriinae (Nematoda: Monhysterida: Comesomatidae) from around South Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 263-290, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.14, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.14
B420BD55FFC7FF893CA71753FE196722.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Sub-tidally north-west of Socotra Rock (32.1523 º N 125.1519 º E), at a depth of 51 m, in muddy sediment. Type material. Holotype male NIBRIV 0000245036, collected by Kwang-Soo Kim, in June 2011, from Research Vessel Tam-Gu 8.	en	Barnes, Natalie, Kim, Hyeong Geun, Lee, Wonchoel (2012): New species of free-living marine Sabatieriinae (Nematoda: Monhysterida: Comesomatidae) from around South Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 263-290, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.14, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.14
B420BD55FFC7FF893CA71753FE196722.taxon	description	Measurements. See Table 3 and 4 for detailed measurements and calculations. 5 155 - 992 1678 906 2283 male 1 11 31 33 25 Description. Male holotype (Fig. 1). Habitus elongate tubular, tapering to filiform tail posteriorly, anterior only slightly narrowed, blunt. Cuticle with faint but relatively coarse striation throughout body, tail appears smooth. Body diameter increases gradually from cephalic setae to mid-esophageal region, reduces slightly behind cardia, then approximately stable to cloaca. Tail conico-cylindrical, cylindrical section filiform, tail tip missing. Labia as 6 small lips, labial papillae minute, 1 µm long. Six anterior cephalic setae (0.7 hd long) located about 0.2 hd from anterior extremity, 4 posterior cephalic setae (1 hd long) immediated behind. Amphid multi-spiralled with 3.5 turns (diameter 0.7 cbd), 0.5 hd from anterior. Cervical setae about 10 µm long, one setae 2.3 hd from anterior, then sub-lateral pair 3.5 hd from anterior. Somatic setae rare, 0.1 – 0.3 cbd. Row of latero-ventral postcloacal setae, 6 µm long. Last setae observed 5 abd from the cloaca in cylindrical part of tail. Anterior section of buccal cavity shallow V-shape (2 µm deep) and posterior portion as undifferentiated collapsed tube, teeth not observed. Oesophageal musculature surrounds buccal cavity, sclerotization of oesophageal lumen not observed. Oesophagus narrow cylindrical tube until slender oesophageal bulb (20 % of oesophagus length), lining of bulb lumen not thickened. Cardia short (12 µm long). Nerve-ring at 48 % oesophageal length from anterior, ventral pore posterior to nerve ring (68 % of oesophageal length). Ventral gland large, round, distance from pore to base of gland 85 µm (55 % of oesophageal length). Diorchic, outstretched testes, anterior testis 992 µm long, posterior testis 906 µm long. Spicules acutely arcuate (1.3 abd long, measured as curve), gubernaculum with posteriorly directed paired apophyses (0.9 abd long). One short mid-ventral papilla (1 µm long) located 0.4 abd anterior to cloaca. Twelve minute precloacal supplements observed, posterior supplement 1.1 abd from cloaca, anterior supplement 11.0 abd from cloaca. Cloaca as lateral slit. Caudal glands not observed. Five ejaculatory glands anterior to cloacal, 2 left lateral, 3 right lateral. Tail tip missing, but intact extent of tail 24.5 abd long, with filiform cylindrical portion 81 % of total. Terminal setae not observed. Female. Unknown.	en	Barnes, Natalie, Kim, Hyeong Geun, Lee, Wonchoel (2012): New species of free-living marine Sabatieriinae (Nematoda: Monhysterida: Comesomatidae) from around South Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 263-290, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.14, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.14
B420BD55FFC7FF893CA71753FE196722.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species is named in honour of Dr Tim Ferrero (Natural History Museum, London), as a recognition to his contribution to the field of marine nematodology. Affinities. Although only one specimen of Laimella ferreori sp. nov. was found, it is the most distinctive of the new Laimella species described here. It differs from other known species by having the largest de Man's ratios a and b (even when accounting for the long tail [L' / mbd and L' / O]). It also has the longest relative gubernaculum so far recorded and the longest, truly filiform, tail. These differences are greater than that which might be found as intraspecific variability.	en	Barnes, Natalie, Kim, Hyeong Geun, Lee, Wonchoel (2012): New species of free-living marine Sabatieriinae (Nematoda: Monhysterida: Comesomatidae) from around South Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 263-290, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.14, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.14
B420BD55FFC5FF873CA711B2FA2663BA.taxon	description	(Fig. 2)	en	Barnes, Natalie, Kim, Hyeong Geun, Lee, Wonchoel (2012): New species of free-living marine Sabatieriinae (Nematoda: Monhysterida: Comesomatidae) from around South Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 263-290, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.14, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.14
B420BD55FFC5FF873CA711B2FA2663BA.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Sub-tidally north-west of Socotra Rock (32.1523 º N 125.1519 º E), at a depth of 51 m, in muddy sediment. Type material. Single specimen, holotype male NIBRIV 0000245035. Collected by Kwang-Soo Kim, in June 2011 from Research Vessel Tam-Gu 8.	en	Barnes, Natalie, Kim, Hyeong Geun, Lee, Wonchoel (2012): New species of free-living marine Sabatieriinae (Nematoda: Monhysterida: Comesomatidae) from around South Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 263-290, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.14, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.14
B420BD55FFC5FF873CA711B2FA2663BA.taxon	description	Measurements. See Tables 3 and 4 for detailed measurements and calculations. 3 158 - 708 1224 647 1486 male 1 13 26 41 32 Description. Male holotype (Fig. 2). Habitus tubular, tapering to elongate tail posteriorly, slightly narrowed anteriorly. Cuticle with faint punctation mainly seen as sub-cuticular character, striation not observed. Body diameter increases gradually from cephalic setae to mid-oesophageal region, reduces slightly behind cardia, then approximately stable to cloaca. Tail conico-cylindrical. Labia as 6 small lips, labial papillae minute. Six anterior cephalic setae (0.2 hd long) located about 0.2 hd from anterior extremity, 4 posterior cephalic setae (0.4 hd long) directly behind. Amphid multi-spiralled with 3.25 turns (diameter 0.7 cbd), 0.4 hd from anterior. Cervical setae about 3 µm long, in 4 uneven longitudinal rows, possibly some breakage. Rows of latero-ventral somatic setae continue down body. Post-cloacal setae as latero-dorsal rows. Last setae observed as a pair at 56 % of the tail length from the cloaca on cylindrical portion of the tail. Anterior section of buccal cavity shallow cup-shape (4 µm deep) and posterior portion as undifferentiated collapsed tube, with three teeth at anterior margin, 3 µm long. Oesophageal musculature surrounds buccal cavity, sclerotization not observed, cylindrical to nerve ring, then narrows until rounded oesophageal bulb (23 % of oesophagus length) with thickened lining of lumen. Cardia short (8 µm long). Nerve-ring at 50 % of oesophagus length from anterior, ventral pore posterior to nerve ring (61 % of oesophagus length). Ventral gland small, elongate, distance from pore to base of gland 90 µm (57 % of oesophagus length). Diorchic, outstretched testes, anterior testis 708 µm long, posterior testis 647 µm long. Spicules arcuate (1.7 abd long, measured as curve), gubernaculum with posteriorly directed paired apophyses (0.7 abd long). Five ejaculatory glands anterior to cloacal, 3 left lateral, 2 right lateral. One short mid-ventral papilla (4 µm long) located 0.3 abd anterior to cloaca. Eight minute precloacal supplements observed, posteriormost 1.0 abd from cloaca, anteriormost 6.2 abd from cloaca. Cloaca as lateral slit. Caudal glands not observed. Tail 8.1 abd long, with cylindrical portion 68 % of total tail length, terminal setae not observed. Female. Unknown.	en	Barnes, Natalie, Kim, Hyeong Geun, Lee, Wonchoel (2012): New species of free-living marine Sabatieriinae (Nematoda: Monhysterida: Comesomatidae) from around South Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 263-290, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.14, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.14
B420BD55FFC5FF873CA711B2FA2663BA.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name refers to the sampling location, about 4.5 km north-west from Socotra Rock, discovered by the British merchant vessel Socotra in 1900. Affinities. Laimella socotrensis sp. nov. is most similar to L. longicauda and L. filicaudata in having a distinct rounded posterior oesophageal bulb. It differs from L. longicauda however, with regard to the tail length (c' = 8.1 vs 17.7; Cobb 1920) and the relative length of the anterior and cephalic setae (0.2 + 0.4 hd vs 0.4 + 1.5 hd, respectively). It differs from L. filicaudata also with regard to the relative lengths of the anterior and posterior cephalic setae (vs 0.4 + 1.2 hd, respectively). ...... continue on next page	en	Barnes, Natalie, Kim, Hyeong Geun, Lee, Wonchoel (2012): New species of free-living marine Sabatieriinae (Nematoda: Monhysterida: Comesomatidae) from around South Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 263-290, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.14, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.14
B420BD55FFC8FF833CA7157AFC4C65D8.taxon	description	(Figs. 3 & 4)	en	Barnes, Natalie, Kim, Hyeong Geun, Lee, Wonchoel (2012): New species of free-living marine Sabatieriinae (Nematoda: Monhysterida: Comesomatidae) from around South Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 263-290, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.14, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.14
B420BD55FFC8FF833CA7157AFC4C65D8.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Three males, one female and three juveniles. Holotype male NIBRIV 0000245028 and paratype males NIBRIV 0000245030 and NIBRIV 0000245032. Paratype female NIBRIV 0000245031 and paratype juveniles NIBRIV 0000245029, NIBRIV 0000245033 and NIBRIV 0000245034. Type locality. All specimens were collected sub-tidally, near the islands of the southern extent of the Tongyeong sea, South Korea (34.5789 º N 128.4169 º E), at a depth of 49 m, in muddy sediment. Specimens were collected by Kwang-Soo Kim, Dong-Ju Lee, and Kichoon Kim in February, May and December 2010, respectively, from Research Vessel Tam-Gu 7.	en	Barnes, Natalie, Kim, Hyeong Geun, Lee, Wonchoel (2012): New species of free-living marine Sabatieriinae (Nematoda: Monhysterida: Comesomatidae) from around South Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 263-290, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.14, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.14
B420BD55FFC8FF833CA7157AFC4C65D8.taxon	description	Measurements. See Tables 3 and 4 for detailed measurements and calculations. 4 205 - 977 1494 934 1897 male 1 17 42 43 36 4 172 219 629 205 1124 1505 female 1 11 33 35 27 Description. Male holotype (Fig. 3). Habitus tubular, tapering to elongate tail posteriorly, blunt anteriorly. Cuticle with faint punctation in lateral field of cervical region, otherwise weakly striate, most visible as subcuticular character. Narrow region just behind cephalic setae, body diameter increasing to at most 2 hd from anterior, then approximately stable to cloaca. Tail conico-cylindrical. Labia as 6 small lips, labial papillae minute. Six anterior cephalic setae (0.3 hd long) located about 0.3 hd from anterior extremity, 4 posterior cephalic setae (0.8 hd long) immediate behind. Amphid multi-spiralled with 3.25 turns (diameter 0.6 cbd), close behind cephalic setae (0.4 hd from anterior). Cervical setae about 7 µm long, in 4 uneven longitudinal rows starting as a pair directly behind amphid, possibly some breakage. Somatic setae rare. Around the cloaca, setae as sub-dorsal and dorso-sublateral rows. Last observed setae at base of conical section of tail. Buccal cavity with minute anterior section (4 µm deep) and posterior portion as weakly sclerotized collapsed tube, base not differentiated, with three teeth at anterior margin, 6 µm long. Slightly swollen oesophageal musculature surrounds buccal cavity, anteriorly faintly sclerotized, then cylindrical to elongate oesophageal bulb (22 % of oesophagus length) with thickened lining of lumen. Cardia short (12 µm long). Nerve-ring at 51 % of oesophageal length from anterior, ventral pore posterior to nerve ring (55 % of oesophagus length). Ventral gland small, rounded, distance from pore to base of gland 108 µm (53 % of oesophageal length). Diorchic, outstretched testes, anterior testis 977 µm long, posterior testis 934 µm long. Spicules arcuate (length 1.7 abd, as curve), gubernaculum with posteriorly directed paired apophyses (0.6 abd long). Ejaculatory glands not observed. Cloaca as lateral slit. One short mid-ventral papilla (2 µm long) located 0.3 abd anterior to cloaca. Precloacal supplements not observed in holotype, 5 supplements noted in only one paratype male (male 2); posterior supplement 0.5 abd from cloaca and anteriormost supplement 2.8 abd from cloacal. Three small caudal glands positioned posterior to gubernacular apophyses in conical region of tail. Tail 10.7 abd long, with elongate cylindrical portion 83 % of total tail length, terminal setae absent. Female paratype (Fig. 4). Cephalic setae foreshortened in figure. Similar to male, except body shorter and de Man's a smaller, tail longer (14 abd, 77 % cylindrical). Vulva at 42 % of body length, as simple lateral slit without epiptygmata. Vagina short and straight, sclerotization appearing in lateral view as 2 closely spaced rods parallel to vaginal lumen. Didelphic, outstretched ovaries, anterior 218 µm, posterior 202 µm long. Supplements absent.	en	Barnes, Natalie, Kim, Hyeong Geun, Lee, Wonchoel (2012): New species of free-living marine Sabatieriinae (Nematoda: Monhysterida: Comesomatidae) from around South Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 263-290, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.14, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.14
B420BD55FFC8FF833CA7157AFC4C65D8.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name refers to the sampling location, specifically the Tongyeong Sea Affinities. Laimella tongyeongensis sp. nov. is one of the longest Laimella species so far described. It differs from the previously described species of the genus with regards to combinations of features, rather than one specific difference. It is most similar to L. annae and L. vera: It is similar to L. annae with regards to de Man's ratios b, c and c', but differs from it in terms of de Man's a (being much fatter), and the longer relative length of the R 3 sensilla (R 2 / R 3 = 0.3 vs 0.6). In addition, L. annae was described without teeth, whilst these were clearly visible in L. tongyeongensis. In contrast it is similar to L. vera, with regards de Man's ratios a and c', but differs with regards to the ratio between the anterior and posterior cephalic setae (1: 3 vs 1: 2), the tail length (c': 12.7 vs 9.1) and the spicule length (s’: 1.6 vs 2.0). In the male specimens studied here, the precloacal supplements were extremely difficult to observe, being visible only in those specimens with an ideal rotation. They should therefore not be used to differentiate the species. Concluding remarks on Laimella. A search of the ecological literature finds the genus frequently recorded, though rarely in high numbers, in mainly muddy or fine sand sediments from the intertidal and estuarine habitats to the deep sea (Alongi, 1987; Dando et al., 1991; Moreno et al 2008; Miljutina et al 2010). However, it is unlikely that Laimella species are widely distributed. Eskin & Palmer (1985) found that in a turbulent creek, the two species of Laimella observed were never found in the water column (from a total of 71 species, these were two of only eight species that were never recorded in the water column); and indeed, long tails tend to be found in animals anchored to the substrate for long periods (Riemann 1974). It is likely that the diversity of this genus is highly underestimated, partly owing to a paucity of specimens usually found, which does not aid formal description. Also, illustrated records of many species, including species of Laimella, indicate that the accepted within-species range of morphological characters has resulting in the probable ' clumping' of species. The specimens recorded as Laimella vera by Gourbault (1980), for example, probably represents a ' new' species owing to the shape of the oesophageal bulb (approximately 50 % of oesophageal length, in comparison to the original description of 21 %); the caudal setation pattern; the length of the spicule (1.7 vs 1.4 abd); and the relative length of the oesophagus (a: 14 – 15 vs 10). Whilst the latter two differences appear small, they are consistent across specimens within the genera and should be considered as speciesinformative characters, particularly in such a relatively character poor genus.	en	Barnes, Natalie, Kim, Hyeong Geun, Lee, Wonchoel (2012): New species of free-living marine Sabatieriinae (Nematoda: Monhysterida: Comesomatidae) from around South Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 263-290, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.14, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.14
B420BD55FFD2FF9E3CA712F1FD72679B.taxon	diagnosis	Emended diagnosis. Sabatieriinae with striate cuticle; fine punctations may be also observed. Anterior and posterior cephalic sensilla in distinctly separate crowns and usually equal in length. Buccal cavity short and undifferentiated. Posterior elongate oesophageal bulb. Cervical region elongate and narrowed, amphids usually set back from cephalic setae, about 2 hd from the anterior, and up to 7 turns. Spicules simple, poorly sclerotized and <2 abd in length, usually ≤ 1 abd. Gubernaculum plate-like, or not observed, apophyses absent. Supplements minute tubular pores or absent. Tail conico-cylindrical.	en	Barnes, Natalie, Kim, Hyeong Geun, Lee, Wonchoel (2012): New species of free-living marine Sabatieriinae (Nematoda: Monhysterida: Comesomatidae) from around South Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 263-290, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.14, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.14
B420BD55FFD2FF9E3CA712F1FD72679B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. To date 13 species of Cervonema have been described: C. allometricum Wieser 1954, C. tenuicauda Schuurmans Stekhoven jr. 1950, C. macramphis Jensen 1979, C. jenseni Gourbault 1980, C brevicauda, Gourbault 1980, C. papillatum Jensen 1988, C. deltensis Hope & Zhang 1995, C. minutus (Muthumbi et al. 1997), C. gourbaulti Muthumbi et al. 1997, C. chilensis Chen & Vincx 2000, C. hermani Chen & Vincx 2000, C. shia Chen & Vincx 2000, C. proximamphidu Tchesunov 2000. Table 5 presents a comprehensive comparison of the morphometric characteristics of these species and Table 6 provides the calculated body proportions, such as de Man's ratios. Where measurements were not presented in the original descriptions they are supplemented by measurements made by the authors from the original published figures where possible. Here one species, Cervonema pseudodeltensis is described based on male and female specimens, and a further two species are informally described owing to a lack of males. The intention of these informal descriptions is to indicate the presence of additional species and to describe them as best as possible, without males, to allow subsequent researches an ability to compare records. Although for some taxa it is common practise to describe species based on females, it is not so for nematodes. Whilst for the Cervonema the male characters are not very informative to species differentiation, there is a risk of introducing nomenclatural problems, as yet unforeseen, if these species are described based on females only.	en	Barnes, Natalie, Kim, Hyeong Geun, Lee, Wonchoel (2012): New species of free-living marine Sabatieriinae (Nematoda: Monhysterida: Comesomatidae) from around South Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 263-290, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.14, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.14
B420BD55FFD3FF9A3CA712F1FA23638E.taxon	description	(Figs. 5 & 6)	en	Barnes, Natalie, Kim, Hyeong Geun, Lee, Wonchoel (2012): New species of free-living marine Sabatieriinae (Nematoda: Monhysterida: Comesomatidae) from around South Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 263-290, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.14, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.14
B420BD55FFD3FF9A3CA712F1FA23638E.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Subtidally off the Korean west-south coast (34.410 º N 127.577 º E), south-east of Oeraro Island, from clayey silt and 19 m water depth. Additional localities. Paratype males specimens from Korean west-south coast (34.436 º N 126.955 º E), east of Joyag Island, in a region of intense aquaculture activity, at a depth of 22 m in clayey silt. Juvenile collected subtidally, near the islands of the southern extent of the Tongyeong sea, South Korea (34.5738 º N 128.4169 º E) at a depth of 42 m in muddy sediment. Type material. Four males, two females and 1 juvenile. Holotype male NIBRIV 000024586. Paratype male NIBRIV 000024586 and 2 paratype females NIBRIV 000024586 - 4 on one slide. Two paratype males NIBRIV 0000245865 and one paratype juvenile NIBRIV 000024586, on separate slides as listed. Holotype and all paratype adults collected by Jong-ho Hong from Research Vessel Tam-Gu 17. Juvenile collected by Dong-Ju Lee from Research Vessel Tam-Gu 7 in the Tongyeong sea in June 2010.	en	Barnes, Natalie, Kim, Hyeong Geun, Lee, Wonchoel (2012): New species of free-living marine Sabatieriinae (Nematoda: Monhysterida: Comesomatidae) from around South Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 263-290, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.14, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.14
B420BD55FFD3FF9A3CA712F1FA23638E.taxon	description	Measurements. See Tables 7 and 8 for detailed measurements and calculations. 4 224 - 960 1421 803 1638 male 1 11 51 53 34 3 265 340 943 289 1567 1755 female 1 10 52 56 37 Description. Male holotype (Fig. 5). Habitus tubular, tapering from cloaca to conico-cylindrical tail posteriorly, anterior narrowing more gently from cardia to lips. Cuticle with faint, relatively fine striation throughout body, cylindrical section of tail appears smooth. In the lateral field of the cervical region striations appear as punctations so closely spaces as to appear fused: In the sublateral field of the post-cloacal region, the irregular punctations are clear. Six small lips indistinct, labial papillae minute. Six anterior cephalic setae (0.6 hd long) located about 0.4 hd from anterior extremity, 4 jointed posterior cephalic setae (0.4 hd long) in distinctly separate crown. Amphid multispiralled with 5.5 turns (diameter 0.6 cbd). Cervical setae scarce, 2 µm long. Somatic setae not observed. Row of 6 subventral post-cloacal setae, 9 – 3 µm long in conical region of tail, 2 subventral setae pre-cloacally. Row of 3 dorso-sublateral setae in also in conical tail region. Lateroventral setae scattered. Last somatic setae observed 3.1 abd from the cloaca in the cylindrical region of the tail. Diorchic, outstretched testes, anterior testis 960 µm long, posterior testis 803 µm long. Spicules approximately straight (1 abd long), gubernaculum with indication of posteriorly directed paired apophyses (0.2 abd long), seen only owing to rotation of specimen. Eight ejaculatory glands anterior to cloacal, 3 left lateral, 5 right lateral. One short mid-ventral papilla (3 µm long) located 0.3 abd anterior to cloaca. Five minute precloacal supplements observed, posterior supplement 0.6 abd from cloaca, anterior supplement 2.4 abd [However, 6, 6, & 7 supplements were recorded in other specimens, anterior supplement up to 5.2 abd from cloaca]. Cloaca as lateral slit. Caudal glands start level with cloaca. Tail conico-cylindrical 6.4 abd long, with cylindrical portion 56 % of total, 3 terminal setae, 3 µm long. Female paratype (Fig. 6). Similar to male, longer (2104 µm), anterior cephalic setae equal to or shorter than posterior cephalic. Vulva at 47 % of body length, as lateral slit. Vagina short and straight without sclerotizations or epiptygmata. Didelphic, outstretched ovaries, anterior 323 µm, posterior 307 µm long. Supplements absent. Cylindrical tail section slightly longer than in males (66 % of total tail length). Affinities. Cervonema pseudodeltensis sp. nov. is unique within the genus, being the only species so far described which appears to have anterior cephalic setae marginally longer than the posterior cephalic setae. It is superficially similar to C. deltensis Hope and Zhang 1995, described from the Bohai Sea, and they share similar spicules lengths (as abd), amphid size, oesophageal bulb size and a similar proportional relationship between the conical and cylindrical sections of the tail. However, they differ with regard to body length of adults (male 1559 – 1755 µm vs 1201 – 1237 µm; female 1828 – 2104 µm vs 1250 µm), the proportional lengths of the cephalic setae, the relative length of the oesophagus (b = 7.0 – 7.9 vs 6.3 – 6.7) and the number of ejaculatory glands (3 + 5 vs 6 + 6). ...... continue on next page	en	Barnes, Natalie, Kim, Hyeong Geun, Lee, Wonchoel (2012): New species of free-living marine Sabatieriinae (Nematoda: Monhysterida: Comesomatidae) from around South Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 263-290, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.14, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.14
B420BD55FFD7FF993CA71441FDF267F8.taxon	description	(Fig. 7) Sampling Locality. About 6 km off-shore, north-east from Sehwa-ri, Jeju Island (33.5700 º N, 126.8900 º E), in sandy sediment and 55 m water depth.	en	Barnes, Natalie, Kim, Hyeong Geun, Lee, Wonchoel (2012): New species of free-living marine Sabatieriinae (Nematoda: Monhysterida: Comesomatidae) from around South Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 263-290, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.14, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.14
B420BD55FFD7FF993CA71441FDF267F8.taxon	materials_examined	Material. Two females, NIBRIV 000024586 - 9 on separate slides, collected by Kwang-Soo Kim in May 2011 from Research Vessel Tam-Gu 8.	en	Barnes, Natalie, Kim, Hyeong Geun, Lee, Wonchoel (2012): New species of free-living marine Sabatieriinae (Nematoda: Monhysterida: Comesomatidae) from around South Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 263-290, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.14, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.14
B420BD55FFD7FF993CA71441FDF267F8.taxon	description	Measurements. See Tables 7 and 8 for detailed measurements and calculations. 6 259 222 693 236 1236 1463 female 1 12 46 52 36 3 248 193 640 211 1211 1445 female 2 11 42 44 30 Description. Female (Fig. 7). Habitus tubular, tapering from cloaca to conico-cylindrical tail posteriorly, anterior narrowing more gently from nerve ring to lips. Cuticle with faint, relatively fine striation throughout body, cylindrical section of tail appears smooth. Six small lips indistinct, labial papillae minute. Six anterior cephalic setae (0.5 hd long) located about 0. 4 hd from anterior extremity, 4 posterior cephalic seta. (0.5 hd long) in distinctly separate crown. Amphid, 1.5 hd from anterior, multi-spiralled with 5 turns (diameter 0.6 cbd). Cervical setae scarce, 4 µm long. Somatic setae scarce, 5 µm long. Setae scattered around lateral field in cloacal region, last setae observed 2.7 abd (43 % of tail length) from the cloaca in cylindrical portion of tail. Anterior section of buccal cavity minute (3 µm deep), posterior section not observed. Oesophageal musculature surrounds buccal cavity, sclerotization not observed. Posterior elongate oesophageal bulb (31 % of oesophagus length). Cardia short (7 µm long). Nerve-ring at 42 % of oesophageal length from anterior, ventral pore posterior to nerve ring (52 % of oesophageal length). Ventral gland small, round, behind cardia, distance from pore to base of gland 135 µm (52 % of oesophageal length). Vulva at 47 % of body length, as lateral slit without epiptygmata. Vagina short and straight without sclerotizations. Didelphic, outstretched ovaries, anterior 222 µm, posterior 236 µm long. Supplements absent. Tail conico-cylindrical 6.3 abd long, with cylindrical portion 69 % of total, three terminal setae (4 µm long). Affinities. Cervonema sp. A is superficially similar to C. deltensis Hope and Zhang 1995 described from the Bohai Sea and and C. pseudodeltensis sp. nov. However, comparing females, it differs from C. deltensis with regard to the relative length of the oesophagus (b = 5.7 – 5.8 vs 6.3 – 6.7) and tail length (c = 6.2 – 6.5 vs 7.3). It also differs from C. pseudodeltensis with regard to relative length of the oesophagus (b = 5.7 – 5.8 vs 7.0 – 7.9), and body length (1445 – 1463 µm vs 1828 – 2104 µm), and the simpler and short anterior cephalic setae (length of R 2 and R 3 equal in Cervonema sp. A).	en	Barnes, Natalie, Kim, Hyeong Geun, Lee, Wonchoel (2012): New species of free-living marine Sabatieriinae (Nematoda: Monhysterida: Comesomatidae) from around South Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 263-290, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.14, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.14
B420BD55FFD5FF973CA7119FFD6166B2.taxon	description	(Fig. 8)	en	Barnes, Natalie, Kim, Hyeong Geun, Lee, Wonchoel (2012): New species of free-living marine Sabatieriinae (Nematoda: Monhysterida: Comesomatidae) from around South Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 263-290, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.14, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.14
B420BD55FFD5FF973CA7119FFD6166B2.taxon	materials_examined	Material. One female, NIBRIV 0000245890. Collected by Jinwook Back in May 2007 from Research Vessel Tam Gu 18. Sampling locality. Subtidal, 25 m, in silty sand off the Korean west coast (36.251 º N 126.198 º E), within the chain of islands from Sapsi-do to Eoncheong-do.	en	Barnes, Natalie, Kim, Hyeong Geun, Lee, Wonchoel (2012): New species of free-living marine Sabatieriinae (Nematoda: Monhysterida: Comesomatidae) from around South Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 263-290, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.14, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.14
B420BD55FFD5FF973CA7119FFD6166B2.taxon	description	Measurements. See Tables 7 and 8 for detailed measurements and calculations. 3 138 298 792 295 1534 1727 female 1 10 33 40 31 Description. Female (Fig. 8). Habitus tubular, tapering from cloaca to conico-cylindrical tail posteriorly, anterior narrowing more gently from nerve ring to lips. Cuticle with faint, relatively fine striation throughout body, cylindrical section of tail appears smooth. Six small lips indistinct, labial papillae minute. Six anterior cephalic setae (0.7 hd long) located about 0.3 hd from anterior extremity, 4 posterior cephalic seta. (0.9 hd long) in distinctly separate crown. Amphid, 0.5 hd from anterior, multi-spiralled with 4 turns (diameter 0.8 cbd). Cervical setae in two sub-lateral rows, 7 µm long, somatic setae scarce, 9 µm long. Setae scattered around lateral field in cloacal region, last setae observed 3.7 abd (60 % of tail length) from the cloaca in cylindrical portion of tail. Anterior section of buccal cavity minute (2 µm deep), posterior section not observed. Oesophageal musculature surrounds buccal cavity, sclerotization not observed. Posterior oesophageal bulb (20 % of oesophagus length), distinct rounded triangular shape; flattened posterior base. Cardia short (3 µm long). Nerve-ring at 54 % oesophageal length from anterior, ventral pore posterior to nerve ring (65 % of oesophageal length). Ventral gland small, round, behind cardia, distance from pore to base of gland 85 µm (62 % of oesophageal length). Vulva at 46 % of body length, as lateral slit without epiptygmata. Vagina short and straight without sclerotizations. Didelphic, outstretched ovaries, anterior 298 µm, posterior 295 µm long. Supplements absent. Tail conico-cylindrical 6.3 abd long, with cylindrical portion 74 % of total, three terminal setae (obscured). Affinities. Cervonema sp. B is similar to C. chilensis and C. hermani in having the amphids positioned almost directly behind the cephalic setae. It is additionally similar to H. hermani owing to the relative lengths of the cephalic setae (as hd) and the tail (as abd). It differs from C. hermani and D. chilensis, however, with regard to the de Man's ratio a (43 vs 60 and 35, respectively) and de Man's ratio b (12.5 vs 9.9 and 8.5, respectively). It is additionally different from C. hermani and C. chilensis with regard to the R 2: R 3 sensilla length ratio (0.8 vs 1 and 1, respectively), and in having fewer turns of the amphid (4 vs 5.5 and 5.5, respectively). Concluding remarks on Cervonema. Like Laimella, species of Cervonema are recorded from the intertidal and estuarine habitats to the deep sea, and mostly recorded in fine sand and muddy sediments. It has also been noted that they tend to be restricted to marine or near-marine salinities (Soetaert et al. 1995). Forster (1998) noted that an upper-shore species of Cervonema was able to osmoregulate under osmotic stress conditions (immersion in hypo- or hyper-tonic solutions), though of course this will reflect habitat-specific adaptation across the Nematoda rather than a species or genus specific characteristic. Cervonema have been described from Africa, America, Asia and Europe, and have been recorded in, but not described to, the Arctic and Southern Oceans (Vanreusel et al. 2000; Lee et al. 2001; respectively). They may be (co-) dominant in some habitats (eg. upper and mid-slope; see Muthumbi et al. 2004; Ingels et al. 2011) and deepsea manganese nodule provinces (Miljutina et al. 2010; Vopel & Thiel 2001) and have been observed to increase in abundance in disturbed sediments (Lee et al. 2001).	en	Barnes, Natalie, Kim, Hyeong Geun, Lee, Wonchoel (2012): New species of free-living marine Sabatieriinae (Nematoda: Monhysterida: Comesomatidae) from around South Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 263-290, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.14, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.14
