taxonID	type	description	language	source
BA6B87DFFF970E73FF56F8DCA7CBFE80.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Astyanax lacustris is distinguished from other species of the genus Astyanax by presenting a horizontally oval, black humeral spot and two brown vertical bars situated in the humeral region, characteristics that include it in the Astyanax bimaculatus group. It is distinguished from A. argyromarginatus, A. clavitaeniatus, A. goyacensis, A. incaicus, A. novae, A. rupununi, A. saltor, A. siapae, A. unitaeniatus, and A. utiariti by the absence of a conspicuous midlateral black stripe extending above the lateral line, from the humeral spot or just behind it (from the second vertical bar), until the caudal peduncle, continuing along the median rays of the caudal fin; the midlateral stripe continually narrows forward (vs. midlateral black stripe present), and one black spot is present on the caudal peduncle (vs. spot absent). From the other species of the same group, A. lacustris differs from A. bimaculatus and A. validus by the absence of maxillary teeth (one tooth present on the left side of one of 237 examined specimens) (vs. presence). It further differs from A. validus by the absence of horizontal lines, forming a zigzag pattern on body (vs. presence); and from A. bimaculatus by presenting a markedly concave external surface of the second tooth of the internal series of the premaxilla, with misaligned cusps (vs. teeth having slightly concave surfaces with cusps almost aligned and on the same plane). Astyanax lacustris differs from A. abramis by a reduced number of perforated scales on lateral lines 30 – 39 (rarely 40 or 41) (vs. 42 – 48). See “ Note on other species of the Astyanax bimaculatus subgroup caudal peduncle spot ” below for A. maculisquamis, A. borealis, and A. vittatus, and “ Remarks ” on Astyanax lacustris for A. orbignyanus.	en	De Lucena, Carlos Alberto S., Soares, Helena Gouvea (2016): Review of species of the Astyanax bimaculatus “ caudal peduncle spot ” subgroup sensu Garutti & Langeani (Characiformes, Characidae) from the rio La Plata and rio São Francisco drainages and coastal systems of southern Brazil and Uruguay. Zootaxa 4072 (1): 101-125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4072.1.5
BA6B87DFFF970E73FF56F8DCA7CBFE80.taxon	description	Description. Morphometric data summarized in Table 1. Body compressed and high, with greatest body depth in around origin of pelvic fins. Dorsal profile of head straight or slightly concave from region above eye to supraoccipital spine. Dorsal body profile convex from tip of supraoccipital spine to dorsal-fin origin; straight from that point to adipose fin origin. Ventral profile of body convex from mandibular symphysis to anal fin origin and posterodorsally slanted along anal-fin base. Caudal peduncle deep, nearly straight on dorsal and ventral margins. Snout rounded from margin of upper lip to vertical through anterior nostrils. Head somewhat pointed anteriorly in lateral profile. Mouth terminal, jaw isognathous. Maxilla extending posteriorly to vertical through anterior margin of orbit. Maxilla widened anteroposteriorly. Two tooth rows in premaxilla; outer row with 4 (140) or 5 (3) tricuspid teeth, central cusp longer; inner row with five teeth, gradually decreasing in length from first to fifth; usually with five or six cusps on first tooth, five, six or seven cusps on second to fourth teeth and four or five cusps on fifth tooth; central cusp twice as long and broad as other cusps. Maxilla without teeth (one tricuspidate tooth present in the left side of a specimen — MCP 47854 - of 237 examined). Four anteriormost dentary large teeth with five, six or seven cusps; remaining four to seven (9 c & s) (4 – 12 in Garutti & Britski, 2000) teeth smaller, uni- to tricuspid (Fig. 2). Dorsal-fin rays iii (9 c & s) (first very small), 8 (6), 9 (168) or 10 (33); second unbranched ray approximately half length of third ray. Distal margin of dorsal fin nearly straight to slightly convex. Dorsal fin origin slightly behind middle of SL. Origin of adipose fin at vertical through base of sixth, seventh or eighth last anal-fin rays. Anal-fin rays iv (6 c & s) or v (5 c & s), 21 (5), 22 (7), 23 (23), 24 (39), 25 (39), 26 (62), 27 (40), 28 (36), 29 (8), 30 (4) or 31 (1) (up to 34 in Garutti & Britski, 2000). Anal-fin profile smoothly concave. Anal fin origin posterior to vertical through base of last dorsal-fin ray. Pectoral-fin rays i, 11 (108), 12 (42), 13 (1), or 15 (2). Pectoral-fin tip reaching or slightly surpassing pelvic-fin insertion; not reaching in specimens smaller than 11.5 mm SL. Pelvic-fin rays i, 7. Pelvic-fin origin anterior to vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Pelvic-fin tip does not reach or barely reaches anal-fin origin. Caudal fin forked, lobes similar in size, with i + 17 + i principal rays, no scales in the lobes. Dorsal procurrent caudalfin rays 7 (1), 9 (1), 10 (2), 11 (2) or 12 (2), and ventral 7 (1), 8 (1), 9 (4) or 10 (2) (8 c & s). Lateral line complete, with 32 (1), 33 (26), 34 (38), 35 (60), 36 (65), 37 (41), 38 (10), 39 (9) or 40 (2) scales (up to 41 in Garutti & Britski, 2000). Scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 6 (103), 7 (121), 8 (26) or 9 (2); scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 4 (1), 5 (88), 6 (115), 7 (46), 8 (13) or 9 (2); scale rows between lateral line and anal-fin origin 5 (4), 6 (36), 7 (66), 8 (73), 9 (74) or 10 (7). Scale rows around caudal peduncle 11 (1), 12 (8), 13 (25), 14 (65), 15 (66), 16 (60), 17 (15), 18 (12) or 19 (1). Precaudal vertebrae 16 (4), 17 (2) or 18 (1); caudal vertebrae 18 (5), 19 (1) or 20 (1); total vertebrae 34 (2), 35 (3) or 36 (2). Supraneurals 4 (5) or 5 (2). Gillrakers at first arch: upper branch 6 (7), 7 (10), 8 (47), 9 (104), 10 (75) or 11 (5); lower branch 12 (17), 13 (94), 14 (65), 15 (50), 16 (19), 17 (4) or 18 (1); total number 20 (6), 21 (29), 22 (46), 23 (71), 24 (52), 25 (33) or 26 (10). Color in alcohol. Dorsal and dorsolateral portions of head and body dark brown. A dark oval humeral spot horizontally placed, followed by two vertical bars tenuously darkened; one exceeds the oval spot and the other remains two or three scales from it. Dark spot on caudal peduncle conspicuous, extending over median rays of caudal fin; anteriorly, it can reach the vertical through the origin of adipose fin. Body with dark spots at the posterior region of scales forming 2 to 4 horizontal stripes above lateral line and 2 to 5 below (Figs 3 A, B) (see Remarks). For color of living or freshly collected specimens see Desordi et al. (2011), Venere & Garutti (2011), Malabarba et al. (2013), Serra et al. (2014), and Graça & Pavanelli (2007). Sexual dimorphism. Male specimenswith hooks on anal and ventral fins. Anal fin with hooks from last unbranched ray (can be absent) until the first five, or until the tenth branched ray; one pair per segment. Hooks are present on all branched rays of the pelvic fin. Gill fusion glands were not found macroscopically on the first gill arch. Téran et al. (2014) have found glandular cells but not fusion on the gill filaments in A. asuncionensis (= A. lacustris). Geographic variation. Variation of meristic characters showed ample overlapping after comparison between the drainages. Therefore, they were not useful in proposing diagnoses according to our criteria. This does not mean that we have not found statistically significant differences in the analysis undertaken. For example, Dunn´s method indicates significant differences in the number of total gill rakers and lower branch gill rakers between the populations of rio São Francisco and the other three populations from Paraguai, Paraná and SLPUR (Figs. 4 A, B). The last count was significantly different between the rios Paraná and Paraguai and SLPUR (Fig. 4 B). The number of gill rakers on the upper branch was significantly different between populations of the Paraná and Paraguai vs. the São Francisco and SLPUR (Fig. 4 C). Significant differences were found in the number of branched anal fin rays between the São Francisco and Paraguai and SLPUR (Fig. 4 D). The number of perforated scales of the lateral line and of scales around the caudal peduncle was significantly different between the rio São Francisco populations and those of the Paraná and Paraguai. The same occurred between the populations of SLPUR and the Paraguai (Figs. 4 D, E). The number of scales around the caudal peduncle was significantly different between SLPUR and Paraná populations (Fig. 4 F). Significant differences were found in the number of scales from the lateral line and pelvic fin origin between São Francisco and Paraguai and SLPUR; the same occurred between the Paraná and Paraguai and SLPUR (Fig. 5 A). The scale count from lateral line to anal fin origin was significantly different between therios São Francisco, Paraguai and Paraná, and SLPUR; the same count was different between the rios Paraguai and Paraná (Fig. 5 B). Significant differences were found in the number of scales from dorsal fin to lateral line between the rio Paraguai and the other three populations (Fig. 5 C). Morphometric data analyzed did not indicate diagnostic differences (Tab. 1), and in an exploratory test PCA did not reveal discriminate populations at all (Fig. 5 D). In PCA, the three first axes explained 96.26 % variation of the data, but the scree plot between axes indicated that only the first two are informative. The axis PC 1 corresponds to the axis of size with all variables showing positive loadings. Axis PC 2, however, showed the population of the Paraná partially discriminated from populations of the rios São Francisco and Paraguai, and SLPUR. The most influential variables in this discrimination in the second axis (explaining 2.892 % of variance) were diameter of the eye and interorbital width on the positive side, and pre-anal distance on the negative side. The drainages — the rios São Francisco, Paraguai and Sistema da Laguna dos Patos — did not show discrimination between them. FIGURE 4. Astyanax lacustris populations by river drainages. (A) Number of total gill rakers on the first gill arch in. (B) Number of gill rakers on lower branch of first gill arch. (C) Number of gill rakers on upper branch of first gill arch. (D) Number of branched anal-fin rays. (E) Number of perfored scales of lateral line. (F) Number of scales around caudal peduncle. Tukey box plots: the middle line is the median and lateral lines of the box are 25 th and 75 th respectively. FIGURE 5. Astyanax lacustris populations by river drainages (A) Number of scales between pelvic-fin and lateral line in. (B) Number of scales rows between anal-fin and lateral line. (C) Number of scales rows between dorsal-fin and lateral line. Tukey box plots: the lateral lines of the box are 25 th and 75 th respectively. (D) Projection of individual scores in the space of the first and second Principal Component axis for the populations of Astyanax lacustris. In specimens, principally from the rio São Francisco drainage, anterior prolongation of caudal spot can be more tapered (contrary to truncated, a more common form in the other drainages), reaching the vertical through nearly half the distance between origin of adipose fin and end of dorsal-fin base (Figs. 1 A, B). This prolongation, however, sometimes is difficult to visualize, both in its form and scope, suggesting that it may be related to fixation (Fig. 6 A).	en	De Lucena, Carlos Alberto S., Soares, Helena Gouvea (2016): Review of species of the Astyanax bimaculatus “ caudal peduncle spot ” subgroup sensu Garutti & Langeani (Characiformes, Characidae) from the rio La Plata and rio São Francisco drainages and coastal systems of southern Brazil and Uruguay. Zootaxa 4072 (1): 101-125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4072.1.5
BA6B87DFFF970E73FF56F8DCA7CBFE80.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Rio La Plata and rioSão Francisco drainages, Sistema da Laguna dos Patos and rio Tramandaí drainage, and according to Garutti & Langeani (2009), in rio Araguaia (Tocantins-Araguaia drainage) (Fig. 7 A).	en	De Lucena, Carlos Alberto S., Soares, Helena Gouvea (2016): Review of species of the Astyanax bimaculatus “ caudal peduncle spot ” subgroup sensu Garutti & Langeani (Characiformes, Characidae) from the rio La Plata and rio São Francisco drainages and coastal systems of southern Brazil and Uruguay. Zootaxa 4072 (1): 101-125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4072.1.5
BA6B87DFFF970E73FF56F8DCA7CBFE80.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Tetragonopterus lacustris was described by Lütken based on specimens captured in Santa Lagoon, rio São Francisco, and taken by Reinhardt to the Zoological Museum at the University of Copenhagen. Lütken did not mention the number of specimens examined, but according to M. Krag (pers. comm.), collection manager of this museum, there are 25 specimens catalogued in that museum. Other syntypes are in the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, and in the Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Stuttgart. Photos of all specimens were examined and confirmed as belonging to the A. bimaculatus subgroup with caudal peduncle spot (see type material examined) (Figs. 1 C, D).	en	De Lucena, Carlos Alberto S., Soares, Helena Gouvea (2016): Review of species of the Astyanax bimaculatus “ caudal peduncle spot ” subgroup sensu Garutti & Langeani (Characiformes, Characidae) from the rio La Plata and rio São Francisco drainages and coastal systems of southern Brazil and Uruguay. Zootaxa 4072 (1): 101-125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4072.1.5
BA6B87DFFF970E73FF56F8DCA7CBFE80.taxon	materials_examined	The diagnostic characters of A. altiparanae (Fig. 8 A) presented by Garutti & Britski (2000), are: “ 33 to 41 scales on the lateral line, 10 to 17 scales on the transversal line, 22 to 34 rays on the anal fin, lower portion of body (when divided by the horizontal line that passes through the oral cleft) greater than the upper portion, 4 to 12 (frequently 6 to 8) small teeth on the dentary; large dentary teeth with five, six, or seven cusps; latero-ventral and ventral region of the trunk silvery, absence of maxillary tooth and black lateral band ”. While comparing the new species with A. lacustris, the authors affirm that it possesses “ the same uniform coloration as altiparanae on the ventral flank, differing from it by other characters, among which are the approximately equal height between the upper and lower portions of the horizontal line that passes through the oral cleft (vs. lower portion higher than the upper in A. altiparanae), the large teeth with five or six cusps on the dentary bone (vs. five, six, or seven cusps in A. altiparanae), and the lesser number of small teeth on the dentary (3 to 6) (vs. 4 – 12, usually 6 – 8 teeth in A. altiparanae) ”. The last two characters overlap between the two species, and therefore are not considered diagnostic. Regarding the number of small posterior teeth on the dentary, we found the total range of 4 – 7 with the following distribution: 5 – 7 in specimens of rio Paraná drainage (MCP 20339 and MCP 37737); 4 – 6 in specimens of rio Paraguai drainage (MCP 39750); 4 – 5 in specimens of SLP (MCP 18666); 4 – 7 in specimens of rio Iguaçu drainage (MCP 26610), and 4 – 5 in specimens of rio São Francisco drainage (MCP 17155 and MCP 16997). The differences in height between the upper and lower portions of the body (considering a horizontal line that passes by the oral cleft, as per the authors) were variable in the material examined. For example, lot MCP 27862 (7, 70.0 – 107.0 mm) of the rio Tietê, upper rio Paraná, in which specimens present weak dark spots on the scales that are almost imperceptible on the ventral part of the body, presents a pattern that according to Garutti & Britski (2000) is characteristic of the species A. lacustris and A. altiparanae. We have verified that the upper and lower portions of the body are approximately equal among all specimens, with a tendency for the upper part to be a bit larger. See also the syntypes of Tetragonopterurs lacustris (Figs. 1 C, D), in which the height of the upper portion is smaller or approximately equal to the ventral portion. Salgado (2013) indicates characters differentiating A. altiparanae and A. lacustris, which include shape of the distal margin of the anal fin, shape of the margin of the operculum, length of the second ramified ray of the anal fin, and number of cusps on the symphyseal tooth. None of these characters were diagnosed in this study.	en	De Lucena, Carlos Alberto S., Soares, Helena Gouvea (2016): Review of species of the Astyanax bimaculatus “ caudal peduncle spot ” subgroup sensu Garutti & Langeani (Characiformes, Characidae) from the rio La Plata and rio São Francisco drainages and coastal systems of southern Brazil and Uruguay. Zootaxa 4072 (1): 101-125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4072.1.5
BA6B87DFFF970E73FF56F8DCA7CBFE80.taxon	materials_examined	Considering the results obtained in the present study and exposed above, and based on the pictures of the type material examined, we conclude that the names Tetragonopterus jacuhiensis Cope, 1894, Astyanax asuncionensis Géry, 1972, and A. altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000, are junior synonyms of A. lacustris Lütken, 1875 (ICNZ, 1999: art. 23). continued. Paraná São Francisco Measurements Range Range Material examined. Types. Brazil: Minas Gerais state: Tetragonopterus lacustris, lagoa Santa, all pictures. ZMUC P 241324, about 85.0 mm SL, ZMUC P 241322 - 23 and P 241325 - 28, 6, about 49.0 – 92.5 mm. MNHN 9580, 1, about 80.0 mm. NMW 57540, 1, about 100 mm. ZMB 9200, 2, 98.0 – 99.0 mm SL. SMNS, 2, about 74.0 – 100.0 mm. São Paulostate: Astyanax altiparanae, rio Grande, paratypes, MZUSP 48180, 32 (10, 63.3 – 112.8 mm. Rio Grande do Sul state. Tetragonopterus jachuiensis, Jacuhy, holotype ,, ANSP 21912, 95.1 mm, same locality of holotype, paratypes, ANSP 21683 - 21701, 19 (7, specimens numbers 1 (88.5 mm), 2 (69.7 mmm) and 3 (Astyanax (Poecilurichthys) bimaculatus paraguayensis, 67.2 mm), 4 (63.9 mm) and 5 (52.7 mmm), 7 (48.1 mm) and 14 (32.4 mm). Paraguay: rio Paraguay, syntype, CAS 38987, 9.3 mm, pict and CAS 38998, 70.0 mm, pict. Non-types. Brazil: Sistema da laguna dos Patos: Rio Grande do Sul state: MCP 18666, 47 (2, 47.6 – 65.0 mmc & s) arroio on the road Candelária to Chachoeira. MCP 37927 (1, 96, 9 mm) rio das Antas. MCP 33613, 3 (1, 89, 8 mm), rio das Antas. MCP 33584, 4 (1, 54, 8 mm), arroio Jararaca. MCP 33587, 7 (1, 98,1 mm), arroio Trajano, rio das Antas. MCP 21459, 12 (6, 68,1 – 104,9 mm), Lageado Fortaleza. MCP 38805 (1, 112,0 mm), rio das Antas. MCP 37919 (1, 99, 2 mm), rio das Antas. MCP 45787 (1, 66, 8 mm, arroio Corrientes. MCP 8879 (1, 75,9 mm), rio Camaquã, at reservoir. MCP 21292, 14 (1, 64,0 mm), Lageado do Gringo ca 2 km da UHE Dona Francisca. MCP 9440, 153 (3, 47,7 – 52,5 mm), pools of rio Vacacaí. MCP 37892 (1, 58,0 mm) rio das Antas. MCP 33585, 3 (1, 83, 2 mm), rio das Antas. MCP 8498 (1, 81, 2 mm), rio dos Sinos. MCP 8971, 2 (1, 81, 6 mm), rio dos Sinos. MCP 21219, 5 (2, 72,2 – 74,3 mm), arroio on the road to UHE Dona Francisca. MCP 21259, 10 (2, 60,9 – 71,7 mm), arroio da Gringa. MCP 21306 (2, 46.2 – 49.5 mm), arroio Corupá. MCP 21225, 23 (1, 47, 1 mm), rio Jacuí. MCP 23847, 17 (1, 68, 4 mm), arroio Faxinal. MCP 13711, 5 (1, 91, 2 mm), rio Jacuí. MCP 37883, 5 (1, 76.0 mm), rapids of Caninana. MCP 9157, 7 (1, 67, 7 mm), beach at Tapes. MCP 17320, 13 (1 50,6 mm), arroio Martins. MCP 33641, 2 (1 72,5 mm CP), rio Taquari, near do mouth of rio Guaporé. MCP 33616 (2, 70,2 – 80,0 mm), rio Taquari. MCP 21517, 7 (1, 61.2 mm), tributary of Ingaí. MCP 20050 (1, 91, 4 mm), arroio Feitoria. Rio Uruguai drainage: Rio Grande do Sul state: MCP 26807, 26 (9, 50.4 – 107.5 mm), rio Ibicuí Mirim. MCP 27596 5 (1, 71, 9 mm), arroio Cambará. MCP 14190 (1,62,8 mm), rio Ibicui da Armada. MCP 19222, 12 (1, 68, 6 mm), rio Alegre. MCP 13184 (1, 81, 6 mm), rio Comandaí. MCP 13263, 3 (1, 94, 6 mm), mouth of rio Ijuí-Mirim. MCP 21611, 15 (12, 53,1 – 92,1 mm) rio Uruguai. MCP 28903 (1, 115, 3 mm), rio Ibicui-Mirim. MCP 22870, 9 (1, 94, 6 mm), rio Piraizinho. MCP 23144, 3 (1, 76, 7 mm), rio Inhacunda. MCP 13225, 7 (2, 96,9 – 124,1 mm), rio Uruguai. MCP 6610, 6 (2, 74,8 – 86,9 mm), arroio Lageado. MCP 12715, 103 (2, 57,8 – 103,5 mm), arroio Passo do Alto. MCP 12660, 21 (2, 89,6 – 120,6 mm), rio Uruguai. MCP 13049, 3 (2, 95,6 – 144,8 mm), rio Uruguai. MCP 13273, 4, 71.3 – 79.2 mm, mouth of rio Ijuí. MCP 27607, 26, 49.3 – 102.9 mm. Arroio Caraí-Passo. MCP 13089, 3, 113.4 – 138.2 mm, rio Comandaí. MCP 6282, 25, 51.7 – 77.5 mm, arroio na estrada Barra do Guarita / Pinheirinho. Santa Catarina state: MCP 18989, 1, 120.0 mm, rio Uruguai em Itá MCP 18444, 2, 113.4 – 113.6 mm, rio Uruguai. MCP 12039, 8 (1, 62,2 mm), rio Canoas. MCP 18582, 4 (2, 86,6 – 89,9 mm), rio Jacutinga. MCP 18839, 6 (1, 131.6 mm) rio Uruguai. MCP 20868, 7 (1, 117,0 mm), arroio da Taipa. Rio Tramandaí drainage: Rio Grande do Sul state: MCP 25322, 4, 72.2 – 92.6 mm, rio Três Forquilhas. MCP 10090, 4, 68.3 – 86.5 mm, rio Maquiné near mouth with Lagoa dos Quadros. MCP 28277, 5, 51.5 – 54.5 mm, rio Maquiné. Rio Paraná drainage: São Paulostate: LBP 3502, 36 (15, 55,4 – 104.3 mm), rio Tietê. LBP 3588, 5 (1, 52, 8 mm), rio Tietê LBP 3908, 11.4 – 35.2 mm, rio Paranapanema. LBP 10682, 5, 26.6 – 50.5 mm, rio Uberaba. LBP 9754, 15, 34.6 – 49.3 mm. NUP 11967, 7 (2, 93.9 – 95.4 mm), córrego Toledinho. DZSJRP 14082, 128 (2, 70.7 – 77.1 mm), córrego at bridge near Canavial. DZSJRP 12654, 15, (1, 82.6 mm) córrego do Tapeirão. DZSJRP 14362, 4 (1, 86.6 mm), córrego Água do Silveira. MCP 14429, 11 (4, 84.4 – 97.9 mm), rio Pardo. MCP 14869, 5 (1, 60.8 mm), lagoon at farm Santa Lúcia. MCP 27862, 18 (8, 78.0 – 104.3 mm) rio Piracicaba. MCP 44583 (1, 94.6 mm) rio Paranapanema. MCP 27863, 5 (3, 52.9 – 59.7 mm), rio Preto. Paraná: NUP 11103, 13 (5, 49.0 – 71.8 mm), riacho Caracu. NUP 7950 (3, 55.3 – 62.7 mm), rio Paracai. MCP 14869, 5 (1, 54.0 mm), lagoon at farm Santa Lúcia. Minas Gerais state: MCP 27871 (1, 8.8 mm), rio Quebra-Anzol. MCP 34675 (2, 70.1 – 81.7 mm), Ribeirão Coelhos. MCP 27867 (1, 66.9 mm), córrego Bagagem. MCP 27864 (1, 61.4 mm), córrego on the road Davinópolis / Douradoquara. MCP 27861 (1, 69.4 mm), Córrego Grande. MCP 27865 (1, 66.3 mm), ribeirão da Estiva. MCP 27869 (1, 53, 1 mm), Córrego na estrada Argenita / Pratinha. MCP 34682 (1, 49.5 mm), Rio Jacaré. Goiás: MCP 42947 (1, 117.0 mm), Ribeirão João Leite. MCP 42987 (1, 75.9 mm CP), Córrego das Pedras. MCP 34256, 2 (1, 70.6 mm), rio Meia-Ponte. MCP 20339, 56 (12, 61.4 – 71.6 mm, 2, 59.3 – 60.8 mm c & s) rio Corumbá. MCP 27870 (2, 60,7 – 61,1 mm), rio Paranaíba. MCP 42977 (1, 56.7 mm) Córrego Barreiro. Rio Iguaçu drainage: Paraná state: MCP 25603 18 (12, 54.1 – 68.4 mm) rio Iguaçú. MCP 25610, 64 (4, 59.5 – 73.3 mm, 2, 58.4 – 63.4 mm c & s), rio Lageado Grande. MCP 25609, 35 (6, 76.2 – 92.1 mm) rio Capanema. NUP 4342, 26 (2, 61.8 – 63.9 mm) Salto Santiago dam. NUP 1313, 19 (2, 61.2 – 72.9 mm), Caxias dam. NUP 1623 100 (2, 50.7 – 57.6 mm), reservatório Caxias. NUP 4126, 8 (2, 40.3 – 40.2 mm), Santo Osóriodam. NUP 7368, 6 (4, 54,6 – 85,9 mm) córrego Brasília. Rio Paraguai drainage: MatoGrosso state: CPUFMT 118, 9 (7, 50.7 – 77,0 mm), flooded area on roadside betweenSanto Antonio do Leverger and Barão de Melgaço. CPUMFT 951, 1, 60.5 mm, rio Itiquira. MCP 48430, 2, 38.0 – 39.0 mm, rio Sangradouro. MCP 32464 (2, 50.9 – 59.7 mm), córrego Piraputanga. MCP 48421 (2, 53.7 – 74.2 mm), córregoon the road Barra dos Bugres – Cáceres. MCP 39279, 16 (4, 57.4 – 66.1 mm), córrego on the transpantaneira road. MCP 48429, 1, 49.8 mm, ribeirão Figueira. MCP 39590, 34 (8, 50.3 – 72.1 mm), córrego on the road BR- 070. MCP 48428, 1, 59.8 mm, córregoon the road MT- 124. MCP 37737, 226, 37.7 – 69.4 mm, 42, 52.3 – 68.5 mm c & s), ribeirão Figueira. MCP 8338, 5 (4, 71.9 – 84.8 mm), rio Pixaim. MCP 39665, 2, 56.0 – 65.0 mm SL, tributary of rio Caeté, drainage of rio Jauru. Rio SãoFrancisco drainage: Minas Gerais state: MCP 16935, 21 (1, 73.7 mm), rio Poções. MCP 17154, 150 (5, 51.7 – 60.7 mm), rio Verde Pequeno. MCP 16997, 28 (10, 57.8 – 62.8 mm), stream near Montes Claros. MCP 16930, 14 (4, 48.7 – 57.5 mm), rio Peru-Açu. MCP 17155, 44, 30.4 – 81.6 mm, stream near Januária. MCP 16970, 2, 49.9 – 68.7 mm, córrego at São João das Missões. MCP 27810, 6 (2, 56.9 – 71.1 mm), stream near Claro de Minas. MCP 34307, 5, 24.6 – 38.4 mm, córrego Olhos d´água. MCP 33748, 5, 33.1 – 37.1 mm, rio Peru-Açu. MCP 27807, 2, 19.1 – 52.3 mm, rio Pirapitinga. MCP 44767 (1, 82.3 mm), Ribeirão Neco. Bahia sate: MCP 16863, 18, 43.4 – 56.6 mm, rio Tatu. MCP 16924, 8 (2, 68.3 – 72.6 mm), Riacho Santana. MCP 17098, 21 (1, 47.0 mm), rio da Olaria. Pernambuco state: MCP 31014, 75 (4, 55.5 – 56.0 mm), rio Pageu. MCP 31192, 714 (1, 60.0 mm), stream on the road BR- 316. Alagoas state: MCP 31471, 105, 37.5 – 62.7 mm, tributary of rio Capiá.	en	De Lucena, Carlos Alberto S., Soares, Helena Gouvea (2016): Review of species of the Astyanax bimaculatus “ caudal peduncle spot ” subgroup sensu Garutti & Langeani (Characiformes, Characidae) from the rio La Plata and rio São Francisco drainages and coastal systems of southern Brazil and Uruguay. Zootaxa 4072 (1): 101-125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4072.1.5
BA6B87DFFF9A0E6DFF56FE79A72EF81D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Astyanaxabramis is distinguished from other species of the genus Astyanax by presenting a horizontally oval black humeral spot and two vertical brown bars situated in the humeral region, characteristics that include it in the Astyanax bimaculatus group. It is distinguished from A. argyromarginatus, A. clavitaeniatus, A. goyacensis, A. incaicus, A. novae, A. rupununi, A. saltor, A. siapae, A. unitaeniatus, and A. utiariti by the absence of a conspicuous midlateral black stripe, extending above the lateral line from the humeral spot or just behind it (from the second vertical bar) tothe caudal peduncle, continuing along the median rays of the caudal fin; the midlateral stripe continually narrows forward (vs. midlateral black stripe present). It is also distinguished by the presence of one black spot on the caudal peduncle (vs. spot absent). From the other species of the same group, A. abramis is distinguished by an elevated number of scales on the lateral line, 42 – 48 vs. 30 – 39 (rarely 40 or 41 in A. lacustris). Furthermore, it differs from A. validus by the absence of horizontal lines forming a zigzag (vs. presence). It differs from A. bimaculatus due to the presence of horizontal stripes that begin from spots at center of the scales (vs. horizontal stripes absent), and because of a markedly concave external surface of the second tooth of the internal series of the pre-maxilla with misaligned cusps (vs. tooth with slightly concave surface and cusps aligned in one single plane). See “ Note on other species of the Astyanax bimaculatus subgroup caudal peduncle spot ” for A. maculisquamis, A. borealis, and A. vittatus, and “ Remarks ” on Astyanax lacustris for A. orbignyanus.	en	De Lucena, Carlos Alberto S., Soares, Helena Gouvea (2016): Review of species of the Astyanax bimaculatus “ caudal peduncle spot ” subgroup sensu Garutti & Langeani (Characiformes, Characidae) from the rio La Plata and rio São Francisco drainages and coastal systems of southern Brazil and Uruguay. Zootaxa 4072 (1): 101-125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4072.1.5
BA6B87DFFF9A0E6DFF56FE79A72EF81D.taxon	description	Description. Morphometric data summarized in Table 2. Body compressed and high, with greatest body depth in around origin of pelvic fins. Dorsal profile of head straight or slightly concave from region above eye to supraoccipital spine. Dorsal body profile convex from tip of supraoccipital spine to dorsal-fin origin; straight from that point to adipose fin origin. Ventral profile of body convex from mandibular symphysis to anal fin origin and posterodorsally slanted along anal-fin base. Caudal peduncle deep, nearly straight on dorsal and ventral margins. Snout rounded from margin of upper lip to vertical through anterior nostrils. Head somewhat pointed anteriorly in lateral profile. Mouth terminal, jaw isognathous. Maxilla extending posteriorly to vertical through anterior margin of orbit. Maxilla widened anteroposteriorly. Two tooth rows in premaxilla; outer row with 4 (44) or 5 (2) tricuspid teeth, central cusp longer; inner row with five teeth, gradually decreasing in length from first to fifth; usually with five or six cusps on first tooth, six or seven cusps on second to fourth teeth and four or five cusps on fifth tooth; central cusp twice as long and broad as other cusps. Maxilla without teeth, rarely one tricuspidate present (MCP 11592, 2 specimens) Four anteriormost dentary large teeth four, five and sixcuspid; remaining six teeth smaller (1 c & s), uni- to tritracuspid (Fig. 9 B). Dorsal-fin rays iii (1 c & s) (first very small), 9 (46); second unbranched ray approximately half length of thirth ray. Distal margin of dorsal fin nearly straight to slightly convex. Dorsal fin origin slightly behind middle of SL. Origin of adipose fin at vertical through sixth, seventh or eighth last anal-fin rays. Anal-fin rays iv (1 c & s), 26 (2), 27 (5), 28 (11), 29 (16), 30 (8) or 31 (3). Anal fin profile smoothly concave. Anal fin origin posterior to vertical through base of last dorsal-fin ray. Pectoral-fin rays i, 11 (7), 12 (29) or 13 (20). Pectoral-fin tip reaching or slightly surpassing pelvic-fin insertion. Pelvic-fin rays i, 7. Pelvic fin originslightly anterior to vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Pelvic-fin tip does not reach or barely reaches anal-fin origin. Caudal fin forked, lobes similar in size, i + 17 + i principal rays, no scales in the lobes. Procurrent rays, dorsal 11 and ventral 9 (1 c & s). Lateral line complete with 42 (9), 43 (14), 44 (12), 45 (6), 46 (3) or 48 (1) scales. Scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 8 (16), 9 (30) or 10 (1); scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 6 (6), 7 (37) or 8 (6); scale rows between lateral line and anal-fin origin 7 (5), 8 (23) or 9 (21). Scale rows around caudal peduncle 15 (1), 16 (14), 17 (13), 18 (3) or 19 (2). Precaudal vertebrae 14; caudal vertebrae 21; total vertebrae 35. Supraneurals 5 (1 c & s). Gill-rakers upper branch 9 (18), 10 (27) or 11 (4); lower branch 13 (2), 14 (14), 15 (23), 16 (9) or 17 (1); total number 22 (1), 23 (8), 24 (13), 25 (16), 26 (8) or 27 (1). Color in alcohol. Dorsal and dorsolateral portions of head and body dark brown. A dark humeral spot, horizontally oval, followed by two vertical bars tenuously dark; one exceeds the oval spot and the other is two or three scales from it. Dark spot on the caudal peduncle, conspicuous, extending on the median rays of the dorsal fin; in front it can reach the vertical that passes by the origin of the adipose fin. Lateral side of body with dark spots in the posterior region of scales, forming from 2 to 5 horizontal stripes above the lateral line and 2 to 5 below. Intensity of spots can vary; in some specimens a silver coloration dominates the middle-bottom portion of the body and stripes are reduced to few chromatophores. Sexual dimorphism. Males with hooks on pelvic and anal fins. Hooks are distributed in one pair per segment and occur from the last non-ramified ray (absent in two specimens) until the second, sixth, or ninth ramified rays. On the pelvic fin, hooks are present on the fourth, fifth, or sixth ramified rays. Of the three male specimens examined, only one presented hooks on the pelvic fin. Gill fusion glands were not found macroscopically on the first gill arch. Téran et al. (2014) did not find any glandular cells in the gill filaments of mature males or females.	en	De Lucena, Carlos Alberto S., Soares, Helena Gouvea (2016): Review of species of the Astyanax bimaculatus “ caudal peduncle spot ” subgroup sensu Garutti & Langeani (Characiformes, Characidae) from the rio La Plata and rio São Francisco drainages and coastal systems of southern Brazil and Uruguay. Zootaxa 4072 (1): 101-125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4072.1.5
BA6B87DFFF9A0E6DFF56FE79A72EF81D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Middle and lower rio Paraná drainage, rio Paraguai drainage, and lower rio Uruguai drainage (Fig. 7 B).	en	De Lucena, Carlos Alberto S., Soares, Helena Gouvea (2016): Review of species of the Astyanax bimaculatus “ caudal peduncle spot ” subgroup sensu Garutti & Langeani (Characiformes, Characidae) from the rio La Plata and rio São Francisco drainages and coastal systems of southern Brazil and Uruguay. Zootaxa 4072 (1): 101-125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4072.1.5
BA6B87DFFF9A0E6DFF56FE79A72EF81D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Examination of the holotype of Bertoniolus paraguayensis showed that this name belongs to a species of the Astyanax bimaculatus subgroup with a spot on the caudal peduncle, and has meristic and morphometric characters similar to A. abramis (data from Jenyns, 1842; type not found). Of greater relevance, however, is the fact that both have an elevated number of perforated scales on the lateral line (46 in the holotype of B. paraguayensis), which does not occur in any other species of the subgroup. In the absence of diagnostic characters between Bertoniolus paraguayensis and A. abramis, the former name is considered junior synonym of the second (ICNZ, 1999: art. 23).	en	De Lucena, Carlos Alberto S., Soares, Helena Gouvea (2016): Review of species of the Astyanax bimaculatus “ caudal peduncle spot ” subgroup sensu Garutti & Langeani (Characiformes, Characidae) from the rio La Plata and rio São Francisco drainages and coastal systems of southern Brazil and Uruguay. Zootaxa 4072 (1): 101-125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4072.1.5
BA6B87DFFF9A0E6DFF56FE79A72EF81D.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens of four lots from the drainages of rio Pari and rio Cuiabá (rio Paraguay drainage) showed differences in body height when compared to the others (33.0 – 38.6 % SL, m = 36.4 % vs. 39.5 – 50.8 % SL, m = 44.3 %). Analysis of other morphometric and meristic characters, as well as coloration pattern, did not show additional differences. Until a greater number of specimens can be analyzed, these lots are identified as Astyanax cf. abramis (see comparative material examined). Material examined. Type. Paraguay: Bertoniolus paraguayensis, Puerto Bertoni, holotype, ANSP 47686, 71.8 mm pict. Non-types. Brasil: Mato Grosso state: Rio Paraguai drainage: CPUFMT 2733 (2, 79.8 mm) rio Itiquira. MCP 47858 (7, 49.1 – 67.1 mm), ribeirão Figueira. MCP 15631 (14, 58.6 – 75.4 mm) stream on the road Barra dos Bugres – Cáceres. MCP 37706, 2, 82.1 – 89.0 mm SL, rio Pari. MCP 39750,3 (1, 57.0 mm c & s) rio Sangradouro. MCP 47857, 7, 48.3 – 72.6 mm, ribeirão Figueira. MCP 44429, 2, 67.2 – 72.6 mm, stream ca 1 km from Diamantino. MCP 47856, 2, 58.4 – 64.7 mm SL, arroio on the road BR- 070. MCP 15600 (2, 48.3 – 53.0 mm SL), rio Bugres. MCP 48462, 74.0 mm SL, stream tributary of rio Caeté, drainage of rio Jauru. Mato Grosso do Sul state: MCP 45960, 3, 66.3 – 77.0 mm, tributary of rio Miranda. MCP 45960 (3, 67.1 – 77.7 mm SL), stream tributary of rio Miranda. Argentina: Lower Rio Paraná drainage: MCP 11592 (3, 76.1 – 86.9 mm, 1) Arroyo dona Flora. Rio Uruguai drainage: MCP 48431 (1, 63.9 mm) arroio Chimiray.	en	De Lucena, Carlos Alberto S., Soares, Helena Gouvea (2016): Review of species of the Astyanax bimaculatus “ caudal peduncle spot ” subgroup sensu Garutti & Langeani (Characiformes, Characidae) from the rio La Plata and rio São Francisco drainages and coastal systems of southern Brazil and Uruguay. Zootaxa 4072 (1): 101-125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4072.1.5
BA6B87DFFF860E6FFF56FBADA500F876.taxon	description	Eigenmann (1921), without examining the syntypes, but considering the area from where the species was described (Bahia, but precise locality is imprecise), places Tetragonopterus bahiensis Steindachner, 1877 as a junior synonym of Astyanax bimaculatus vittatus. Recently, Lima et al. (2003) provisionally considered A. bahiensis in the synonymy of Astyanax bimaculatus Linnaeus. Considering that there is little knowledge on the species, and judging from its taxonomic history, it is plausible to suppose that it can be treated as a species of the Astyanax bimaculatus group. It is for this reason that we include this note. Examination of photographs, radiographs and data obtained from syntypes showed that A. bahiensis is a valid species. The following facts have led us to this conclusion: (1) Steindachner (1877), upon describing the species, mentions the presence of an oval humeral spot, as well as the resemblance of his specimens with Tetragonopterus maculatus Muller & Troschel, 1845 (= Astyanax bimaculatus). Among the three specimens examined that are part of the syntypic series — NWM 57251 (2 specs.) and NWM 57252 (1 spec.) — in two of them (NWM 57251) the humeral spots are higher than long and not horizontally elongated (vs. the horizontally oval shape characteristically present in the A. bimaculatus group). The humeral region of specimen NWM 57252 is damaged, impeding observation of the shape, or even whether one was present; (2) specimens NWM 57251 - 1 and NWM 57252 have five cusps on teeth of the external series of the premaxilla (F. Carvalho pers. comm.) (vs. presence of teeth with three cusps in species of the A. bimaculatus group). Garutti & Britski (2000) mentioned that the posteriormost tooth could have four or five cusps in Astyanax altiparanae; (3) all of the syntypes present two teeth on the maxilla (F. Carvalho pers. comm.) (vs. species of the Astyanax bimaculatus group that have either one tooth on the maxilla, especially those occurring in the Amazon basin and to the north, or teeth absent from this bone, especially those species occurring in drainages of the east and northeast of South America; see Discussion); and (4) the specimens do not present a continuous dark lateral band (present in the Astyanax bimaculatus black lateral stripe subgroup). Due to the facts exposed, we suggest the removal of A. bahiensis from the synonymy of A. bimaculatus and, in consequence, of any subgroup of the species related to this name.	en	De Lucena, Carlos Alberto S., Soares, Helena Gouvea (2016): Review of species of the Astyanax bimaculatus “ caudal peduncle spot ” subgroup sensu Garutti & Langeani (Characiformes, Characidae) from the rio La Plata and rio São Francisco drainages and coastal systems of southern Brazil and Uruguay. Zootaxa 4072 (1): 101-125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4072.1.5
