taxonID	type	description	language	source
B9494D69BE2FAB6E0ACB7661FCADF875.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Owstonia differs from all other cepolids in having the dorsal and anal fins not connected to the caudal peduncle by a membrane. It also has fewer dorsal- and anal-fin ray counts, dorsal fin III-IV, 1 9 ‒ 26 (vs. 0 - III; 54 ‒ 89), anal fin I-II, 11 ‒ 19 (vs. 0 ‒ I, 50 ‒ 101); and fewer caudal and total vertebrae 16 ‒ 18 and 27 ‒ 33 (vs. 40 ‒ 67 and 48 ‒ 79).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE2FAB6E0ACB7661FCADF875.taxon	description	Description. Cepolids ranging in size as adults from about 70 (O. sarmiento) to 408 mm SL (O. kamoharai) with dorsal and anal fins not connected to caudal peduncle by a membrane; dorsal fin III-IV (2 supernumerary), 19 ‒ 26; anal fin I-II (typically 1 supernumerary (Fig. 16 A), except 2 in O. sarmiento (Fig. 16 B); dorsal- and anal-fin spines and soft rays relatively thin and flexible and in some species difficult to distinguish; pectoral-fin rays 17 ‒ 23; caudal fin unforked with middle rays longest and notably elongate in most species, 1.3 ‒ 3.6 times in SL; principal caudal-fin rays 17 (9 + 8 = branched rays plus one dorsal and ventral unbranched ray); procurrent caudal-fin rays (Johnson, 1980) 2 – 4 + 2 – 3; procurrent spur absent (Johnson, 1975); vertebrae 11 ‒ 15 precaudal, 16 ‒ 18 caudal, total 27 ‒ 33; supraneurals absent; first dorsal-fin pterygiophore inserted between first and second neural spines; a single postcleithrum on each side; pelvic fin I, 5 without an axillary scale and the first (outermost) soft ray unbranched or only weakly branched distally; scales cycloid, variously crenulate or scalloped (Fig. 11); dorsal and anal fins without scales; cheeks naked or scaly (most species); oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series 27 ‒ 108; mouth large, oblique and terminal; maxilla exposed, without a supramaxilla, and usually with a darkly pigmented premaxillary stripe or “ moustache ” (absent in O. hawaiiensis and O. ignota and in most specimens of O. psilos); adults with 30 ‒ 60 total gill rakers; branchiostegals six, branchiostegal membranes separated from each other, free from isthmus; lower limb of preopercle smooth or with weak to strong spines (Fig. 8); palatine and vomer without teeth; infraorbitals 5, including dermosphenotic, with moderate to well-developed suborbital shelf; swim bladder well developed. Larvae. (Figs. 17 – 20) The eggs of the cepolid subfamily Cepolinae were first described and illustrated by Holt (1891, pl. XLVIII, fig. 2) based on a female Cepola macrophthalma (= C. rubescens) found in the stomach of a skate. Fage (1918, fig. 26), described and illustrated a 6 mm preflexion larva of this species from specimens collected from the Western Mediterranean and the Sea of Marmara. Clark (1920, fig. 8) described and illustrated a 7 mm preflexion specimen from off Plymouth, England, and Russell (1976, fig. 48) illustrated three early preflexion specimens, also from off Plymouth, and noted the gradual diminution of head spination in larger specimens. The most complete developmental series of cepolines, again based on C. macrophthalma, is the classic Italian monograph of Montalenti (1956), which was published in four parts between 1931 and 1956 (see Ahlstrom 1962). Montalenti on plate XXXIII included 14 figures, most of which were hand-colored. Cepoline larvae are characterized by distinctive features that appear early in postflexion and persist, though gradually diminishing, through transformation (Leis & Carson-Ewart 2000, fig. 67). All cepoline larvae have a prominent, median, serrate supraoccipital ridge that extends posteriorly as an elongate spine and bears a smaller spine anterior to the divergence of the former, an elongate, median, serrate spine at the angle of the preopercle with several smaller serrate spines on either side, a variously developed supracleithral spine, serrate supraocular and dentary ridges, and rugose frontals and opercles (Figs. 17 ‒ 20). These features are reminiscent, to varying extents, of those seen in priacanthid and holocentrid larvae, among others (see Leis & Carson-Ewart 2000: 191). Larvae of the Owstoniinae (= Owstonia) are much less common in collections and were not recognized until Fourmanoir (1976) described and illustrated (Fig. 90) a 13.2 mm transforming postflexion specimen. Postflexion Owstonia bear no resemblance to pre- or postflexion cepolines and actually more closely resemble the larvae of uranoscopids (see Leis & Carson-Ewart 2000, fig. 156), as first noted by Mundy (1990) or chaetodontids (see Micklich et al. 2009, fig. 7), because of the plate-like expansion of several of the head bones. On the other hand preflexion / flexion Owstonia are strikingly similar to larval cepolines, and exhibit all the features described above for the latter (Figs. 17, 18). The serrate spine at the angle of the preopercle is longer than the other peopercular spines, but not as distinctly elongate as it is in cepolines. The similarity to cepoline larvae begins to diminish at flexion, as the supraoccipital, preopercular and supracleithral spines recede and several head bones begin to expand to form plate-like structures. This distinctive transformation appears to occur over a very short size range (Fig. 19). We have seen very few preflexion Owstonia larvae, but all of those, illustrated here for the first time (Fig. 17), have the well developed, pungent supraoccipital and preopercular spines that characterize cepoline larvae at all stages. On the other hand all postflexion Owstonia larvae (Fig. 20) lack the pungent spines of preflexion cepoline larvae and exhibit instead the extensive plate-like expansions of the posttemporal and preopercle that characterize these larvae until transformation. Thus, larval cepolids are very similar in early ontogeny, but the morphological trajectory of owstoniines changes drastically postflexion. The largest untransformed Owstonia specimen we have seen is 57.6 mm (O. lepiota), the next largest, only 17 mm. The smallest fully transformed specimen we have seen is 26 mm (O. taeniosoma), so we presume that transformation typically occurs between 17 ‒ 26 mm.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE2FAB6E0ACB7661FCADF875.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The genus Owstonia was named for Alan Owston (1853 ‒ 1915), amateur naturalist, yachtsman (Fig. 21), and collector of Asian wildlife, notably fishes from Japan and China; see Wikipedia for more details of Owston's extraordinary life. A collection of 1364 of Owston’s Asian fishes was donated to the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh (transferred to the FMNH in 1952).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE2FAB6E0ACB7661FCADF875.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Most species of Owstonia have been collected only from relatively deep water (155 – 550 m) on hard bottom substrata, where many localities have not been sampled with appropriate trawl gear, and are therefore poorly represented in natural history collections. Accordingly, our knowledge of the distributions of the 36 species we recognize is partly a reflection of collection effort, and we are certain that more undescribed species remain to be discovered. However, a few generalizations about Owstonia distributions can be made from examination of the maps (Figs. 22 ‒ 27). Five species, O. lepiota, O. raredonae, O. similis, O. simotera and O. weberi, appear to be restricted to the western Indian Ocean from South Africa to Kenya and Madagascar (Fig. 27) (not counting one apparently undescribed species based on a small individual from Madagascar), and O. whiteheadi known only from near the southern tip of India. No species occurs on both sides of the Indian Ocean, and no species has been collected from both the western and eastern sides of Australia. Two species, O. psilos and O. scottensis, are restricted to Western Australia (Owstonia sp 1, based on two small individuals, probably is a third such species); two others, O. kamoharai and O. tosaensis, have ranges that extend from Japan to Western Australia, but there are no collections of them from between these two localities, and they are also absent from eastern Australia. Four species are known only from eastern Australia, O. ainonaka, O. hastata, O. maccullochii, and O. merensis from Torres Strait; two others, O. fallax and O. taeniosoma, also occur in eastern Australia but are more widely distributed. Ten species occur in the Philippine Archipelago, including Owstonia sp. (based on two specimens, not treated by us, that are being described elsewhere by Y. - C. Liao), with four of these species, O. doryptera, O. macrophthalma, O. melanoptera, O. nigromarginata, known only from their original type localities. As the result of collecting effort during multiple French expeditions, six species have been collected off New Caledonia, although none of them is restricted to the immediate vicinity of that island. The absence of any Owstonia species from off New Guinea is most likely a collecting artifact.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE17AB560ACB75FCFBC4FA9D.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. AMS I. 33437 ‒ 002, 213 mm SL, Australia, NSW, off Coffs Harbour, 30 ° 18 ' S, 153 ° 26 ' E, 183 m, Tony Nyssen, 2 Sep. 1992.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE17AB560ACB75FCFBC4FA9D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1; lower limb margin of preopercle without spines; all cheek scales abutting adjacent scales; dorsal fin III, 21; premaxillary stripe consisting of several, irregular, dark blotches; caudal fin lanceolate.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE17AB560ACB75FCFBC4FA9D.taxon	description	Description. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1, consisting of a simple lateral line that originates from posttemporal canal near anterodorsal margin of gill opening, curves upward and backward then continues posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base to soft ray 18. Dorsal fin III, 21; anal fin I, 13; pectoral fin 22; gill rakers 15 + 26 or 27 = 41 – 42. Vertebrae: precaudal 11, caudal 17, total 28; anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 2. Oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 46 / 50 in addition to 4 scales on base of caudal fin; nape scaly and cheek scale rows 6 ‒ 7, with adjacent scales abutting each other (Fig. 12 A). Lower limb margin of preopercle without spines. Papillae in slight depression behind tip of premaxillary ascending processes 4, arranged in 2 almost equally spaced pairs. When mouth closed upper jaw extends only to vertical from posterior margin of pupil. Teeth in outer row of premaxilla 19 / 22; 2 / 3 inner teeth anteriorly. Teeth in lateral row of each dentary 8 / 9, including at anterior end a row (left side) or irregular group (right side) of 4 blunt conical teeth as large as adjacent symphyseal teeth; symphyseal teeth 4 or 5, short and spike-like (Fig. 9 A), and with 3 smaller inner teeth behind the anterior row or group of lateral teeth. Pelvic fin short, depressed fin does not extend to anus. Caudal fin lanceolate. Caudal fin 1.8 times in SL; head 3.3 times in SL; body depth at anal-fin origin 3.6 times in SL. Color pattern in alcohol: Adults with dorsal fin uniformly pale; membrane connecting maxilla and premaxilla with irregular shaped, large, dark brown blotches (Fig. 15 D), and inner membrane covering posterior part of dentary black. Life coloration unknown. Proportional measurements of 213 mm SL holotype as percentages of SL: predorsal length 59.6; preanal length 28.5; dorsal-fin base 58.5; anal-fin base 63.4; pelvic-fin length 27.7; caudal-fin length 54.5; body depth at anal-fin origin 28.1; head length 30.7; upper jaw length 16.5; jaw depth 8.4; orbit diameter 11.4. As percentages of head length: upper jaw length 53.9; orbit diameter 38.3. Comparisons. The allopatric O. kamoharai and O. crassa are the only two species that might be confused with this new species but differ (characters of O. ainonaka in parentheses) as follows: O. kamoharai has a caudal fin that is rounded posteriorly (vs. lanceolate) and shorter, 33.7 ‒ 40.0 % SL (vs. 54.5 %), smaller cheek scales many of which are slightly separated from adjacent scales (vs. larger scales that abut adjacent scales), and when mouth completely closed upper jaw usually extending to or slightly beyond vertical from posterior margin of orbit (vs. upper jaw extends only to vertical from posterior margin of pupil). Owstonia crassa has a continuous premaxillary stripe (vs. irregular dark blotches) and an upper jaw extending to or slightly beyond vertical from posterior margin of orbit (vs. upper jaw that extends only to vertical from posterior margin of pupil). Owstonia psilos resembles O. ainonaka in having a short pelvic fin that does not extend behind anus but differs in having the premaxillary stripe absent or pale and incomplete (vs. irregular dark blotches) and anal fin I, 14 (vs. I, 12 ‒ 13). Owstonia maccullochi superficially resembles O. ainonaka but differs most obviously in having LL pattern type 3 (vs. LL pattern type 1), lower limb margin of preopercle with spines (vs. preopercle without spines), anal fin I, 14 ‒ 16 (vs. I, 13), and continuous premaxillary stripe (vs. irregular dark blotches).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE17AB560ACB75FCFBC4FA9D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. (Fig. 22) Known only from southeastern Australia where trawled in 183 m.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE17AB560ACB75FCFBC4FA9D.taxon	etymology	Etymology. A combination of the first (Ai) and last name (Nonaka) of the second author’s wife in appreciation for her valuable assistance with this study. The name is treated as a noun in apposition.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE12AB580ACB764EFEABFE64.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. PNM 15193 (ex USNM 438011), 165 mm SL, female, Philippines, Iloilo Prov., Panay Island, found in Iloilo City " super " fish market, exact locality and depth of capture unknown (vendor stated that he received the shipment containing these fresh fish from Palawan); Exped. Philippines 2015 FDA Survey, PHIL- 2015 ‒ 15; tissue voucher number PHI- 401; 23 Jul. 2015; J. T. Williams, K. Carpenter, M. Mendiola, M. Flores and D. Carpenter. Paratypes. 7 specimens, 146 ‒ 303 mm SL, all from the Philippines: MNHN 2002 – 2971 (1, 146), Philippines, Leyte Island, 11 ° 42 ' 3.6 " N, 121 ° 45 ' 10.8 " E, beam trawl in 205 – 214 m, Exped. MUSORSTOM 3, sta. 143, Jun. 1985; USNM 438013 (1, 162), same collection data as holotype; USNM 437757 (1, 303), USNM 437759 (1, 260), USNM 437761 (1, 240), USNM 437766 (1, 262), USNM 437775 (1, 193), same collection data as holotype except PHIL- 2015 ‒ 07, 17 Jul. 2015.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE12AB580ACB764EFEABFE64.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1; dorsal-fin spines IV, 21 ‒ 23; anal-fin spines II, 16; oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series 47 ‒ 53; preopercle lower limb margin with about 8 − 11 spines; dark premaxillary stripe.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE12AB580ACB764EFEABFE64.taxon	description	Description. (When counts vary, those of the paratypes are given in parentheses.) A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1, consisting of a simple lateral line that originates from posttemporal sensory canal near anterodorsal margin of gill opening, curves upward and backward then continues posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base to soft rays 21 (20 − 23). Dorsal fin IV, 23; anal fin II, 16; pectoral fin 20 (20 − 21); gill rakers 17 (16 - 18) + 33 (32 − 35) = 50 (48 − 53). Vertebrae: precaudal 11, caudal 18, total 29; anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 3. Oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 47 / 51 (48 − 53); nape scaly and cheek scale rows 4 − 5. Preopercle lower limb margin with about 8 − 11 spines (Fig. 8 A). Pattern of papillae in slight depression behind tip of premaxillary ascending processes not clearly discernible, although small papillae can be seen in some specimens. Teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 27 / 30 (29 − 33), no inner teeth. Teeth in lateral row of each dentary teeth 20 / 23 (18 − 25) including a few at anterior end that continue behind symphyseal teeth; symphyseal teeth 4 − 6, relatively short and peg-like, and with 2 − 4 inner teeth anteriorly. Pelvic fin long, depressed fin extending to anal-fin soft rays 4 ‒ 7, except to behind last ray in largest 303 mm SL (male). Caudal fin lanceolate. Caudal fin 1.4 ‒ 2.1 times in SL; head 3.7 ‒ 5.4 times in SL; body depth at anal-fin origin 4.2 ‒ 5.1 times in SL. Color pattern in alcohol: Adults with dorsal fin uniformly pale; membrane connecting maxilla and premaxilla with prominent black stripe extending to near anterior end of premaxilla, and inner membrane covering posterior part of dentary also black. In fresh specimens, upper part of head and body reddish orange becoming grayish purple to white below; dorsal, anal and caudal fins orange-red; pectoral fin pink to orange- red and pelvic fins pink or gray with elongate outermost ray paler; iris reddish orange. Proportions of 165 mm SL holotype are given first, followed by those of 7 paratypes, 145 – 303 mm SL (in parentheses), as percentages of SL: predorsal length 30.0 (18.5 − 25.8); preanal length 46.0 (23.6 − 52.0); dorsal-fin base 60.9 (66.7 − 71.0); anal-fin base 39.1 (36.3 − 41.6); pelvic-fin length 39.0, in 6 presumed females 145 − 262 mm SL (34.9 ‒ 46.0) and in 1 male 303 mm SL (84.8); caudal-fin length 66.1 (46.6 − 71.0); body depth at anal-fin origin 23.9 (19.4 − 23.6); head length 25.8 (18.7 − 26.8); upper jaw length 12.2 (9.8 − 12.4); upper jaw depth 5.7 (4.4 − 6.2); orbit diameter 9.3 (6.6 − 10.3). As percentages of head length: upper jaw length 47.2 (46.2 − 52.7); orbit diameter 36.2 (34.9 − 38.5). Comparisons. The following three species with LL pattern type 1 have and the same number of dorsal- and anal-fin spines as those of O. contodon but differ (with characters for O. contodon given in parentheses) as follows: all three have fewer oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series, 27 ‒ 38 (vs. 47 − 53); Owstonia hastata further differs in having anal fin II, 14 (vs. II, 16) and more precaudal vertebrae and pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 13 and 5 respectively (vs. 11 and 3); O. sibogae has cheek scale rows 3 (vs. 4 − 5) and a shorter premaxillay stripe, extending only about 2 / 3 length of premaxilla (vs. long premaxillary stripe, extending entire length of premaxilla); O. elongata usually has anal-fin spines I (exceptionally II, see Table 4) (vs. II), cheek scale rows 3 (vs. 4) and more precaudal vertebrae and pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 16 and 8 respectively (vs. 11 and 3).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE12AB580ACB764EFEABFE64.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is a combination of the Greek kontos (short) and odon (tooth), in reference to the peg-like symphyseal dentary teeth (Fig. 10 A).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE12AB580ACB764EFEABFE64.taxon	distribution	Distribution. (Fig. 23) Known only from the Philippines. Collected from Leyte Island, where trawled in 205 – 214 m; holotype and other paratypes reportedly caught off Negros Oriental. Photographs seen by us of other specimens (not retained) taken by Abner Bucol at Dumaguete fish market were reportedly collected from the local area.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE1CAB5B0ACB7126FEBDF88C.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. MNHN 2002 − 3164, 157 mm SL, New Caledonia, 22 ° 6 ' S, 167 ° 10 ' 1.2 " E, beam trawl in 500 – 550 m, Exped. MUSORSTOM 4, sta. 242, 3 Oct. 1985. Paratypes. 6 specimens, 54 − 190 mm SL: New Caledonia MNHN 2014 − 2932, (1, 81), 21 ° 13 ' 58.8 " S, 165 ° 55 ' 12 " E, beam trawl in 490 – 530 m, Exped. Bathus 1 sta. 657; MNHN 2002 − 3190 (1, 78), 22 ° 9 ' S, 167 ° 12 ' 18 " E, beam trawl in 470 – 480 m, Exped. MUSORSTOM 4, sta. 124, 3 Oct. 1985; MNHN 2014 − 142 (1, 86), no precise New Caledonia locality. Solomon Islands MNHN 2014 − 1366 (1, 190), 10 ° 26 ' S, 161 ° 22 ' E, Salomon Boa 3 cruise, R / V Alis sta. 2837, beam trawl in 381 – 422 m, 22 Sep. 2007; MNHN 2006 − 298 (2, 54 − 81), 8 ° 32 ' 13.2 " S, 157 ° 48 ' 14.4 " E, beam trawl in 380 – 537 m, Exped. Solomon 2, sta. 2272, 5 Nov. 2004.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE1CAB5B0ACB7126FEBDF88C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1; dorsal fin III, 19 – 21; anal fin I, 12 – 13; lower limb margin of preopercle without spines; prominent dark premaxillary stripe; adults with 15 – 22 teeth in outer row of each premaxilla.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE1CAB5B0ACB7126FEBDF88C.taxon	description	Description. (Where counts vary, those of the paratypes are given in parentheses.) A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1, consisting of a simple lateral line that originates from posttemporal sensory canal near anterodorsal margin of gill opening, curves upward and backward then continues posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base to soft rays 14 (15 – 17). Dorsal fin III, 20 (19 – 21); anal fin I, 13 (12 – 13); pectoral fin 20 (20 – 21); gill rakers 14 + 26 / 27 (13 – 15) + (24 – 27) = 40 / 41 (37 – 42). Vertebrae: precaudal 11, caudal 17, total 28; anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 2. Oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 45 – 47; nape scaly and cheek scale rows 4 – 7. Lower margin of preopercle without spines. Papillae in slight depression behind tip of premaxillary ascending processes 4, arranged in 2 closely spaced pairs with the posterior pair elongate in several specimens (Fig. 14 A); two of the paratypes (MNHN 2014 – 142 and MNHN 2014 – 2932) also have small flaps on the anterior pair of papillae. When mouth completely closed upper jaw extending to or slightly beyond vertical from posterior margin of orbit. Teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 18 / 22 (15 – 21), with anterior teeth relatively short and middle ones longest; 2 smaller inner teeth usually present. Teeth in lateral row of each dentary 9 / 11 (8 ‒ 12), including 3 − 5 at anterior end that continue in a row behind symphyseal teeth in larger specimens; symphyseal teeth 3 / 5 (3 ‒ 4), short and spike-like, and with 1 – 2 smaller inner teeth anteriorly. Pelvic fin short, depressed fin extends only to anal-fin origin. Caudal fin lanceolate. In six specimens 83 ‒ 169 mm SL, caudal fin 1.9 ‒ 2.8 times in SL; head 4.7 ‒ 6.0 times in SL; body depth at anal-fin origin 4.6 ‒ 6.9 times in SL. Color pattern in alcohol: Proximal half of interradial membranes of dorsal-fin soft rays 1 – 4 or 5 black in five paratypes (54 ‒ 86 mm SL), persisting as dusky smudges smaller than pupil diameter in holotype and absent in largest paratype (190 mm SL); membrane connecting maxilla and premaxilla with prominent black stripe extending to near anterior end of premaxilla, and inner membrane covering posterior part of dentary also black, at least in adults. Life coloration unknown. Proportions of 157 mm SL holotype are given first, followed by those of 5 paratypes, 78 – 190 mm SL (in parentheses), as percentages of SL: predorsal length 28.7 (28.8 ‒ 31.3); preanal length 56.2 (56.7 ‒ 62.3); dorsal-fin base 62.2 (53.7 ‒ 65.6); anal-fin base 28.3 (26.7 ‒ 31.9); pelvic-fin length 25.4 (24.5 ‒ 28.0); caudal-fin length 53.0 (36.2 ‒ 51.0); body depth at anal-fin origin 27.4 (26.5 ‒ 30.5); head length 31.5 (29.8 ‒ 32.8); upper jaw length 18.5 (16.4 ‒ 18.1); upper jaw depth 9.3 (7.6 ‒ 9.0); orbit diameter 14.0 (12.9 ‒ 15.9). As percentages of head length: upper jaw length 58.6 (51.0 ‒ 59.5); orbit diameter 44.5 (43.0 ‒ 48.3). Comparisons. Three other species, Owstonia grammodon, O. hawaiiensis and O. ignota, have the same first four diagnostic characters of O. crassa but differ (characters for O. crassa given in parentheses) as follows: all three species have more outer premaxillary teeth, 33 – 39 (vs. 15 – 22) and adults and small individuals have pale dorsal fins (vs. smaller paratypes, 54 – 86 mm SL, of O. crassa with a prominent dark blotch between dorsal-fin soft rays 1 – 4 or 5, persisting as faint dusky smudges in holotype but absent in largest paratype); Owstonia hawaiiensis and O. ignota also differ in lacking a premaxillary stripe (vs. prominent premaxillary stripe). Owstonia psilos is superficially similar but consistently has anal fin I, 14 (vs. I, 12 – 13) and premaxillary stripe absent, incomplete or very faint (vs. prominent dark stripe).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE1CAB5B0ACB7126FEBDF88C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is from the Latin crassus (thick, fat or stout), in reference to the general appearance of the holotype.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE1CAB5B0ACB7126FEBDF88C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. (Fig. 23) Known only from New Caledonia and the Solomon Islands where trawled between 380 – 550 m.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE1EAB5A0ACB738CFAC7F82A.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. MNHN 2002 − 3720, 82 mm SL, Solomon Islands, 10 ° 12 ' 7.2 " S, 161 ° 28 ' 1.2 " E, beam trawl in 381 – 383 m, Exped. Solomon 1, sta. 1837, 5 Oct. 2001.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE1EAB5A0ACB738CFAC7F82A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1; dorsal fin III, 21; anal fin I, 14; lower limb margin of preopercle with about about 8 ‒ 9 spines; depressed pelvic fin extending to slightly behind anus; cheek scale rows 3.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE1EAB5A0ACB738CFAC7F82A.taxon	description	Description. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1, consisting of a simple lateral line that originates from posttemporal sensory canal near anterodorsal margin of gill opening, curves upward and backward then continues posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base to soft ray 17 (both sides). Dorsal fin III, 21; anal fin I, 14; pectoral fin 23 / 22; gill rakers 15 + 30 / 28 = 43 – 45. Vertebrae: precaudal 11, caudal 17, total 28; anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 2. Oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 44 – 46; nape scaly and cheek scale rows 3. Lower limb margin of preopercle with about 8 – 9 spines. Papillae in slight depression behind tip of premaxillary ascending processes 4, the anterior 2 papillae partially embedded on each end of a slightly raised ridge of skin that closely abuts the posterior 2 papillae, which are widely spaced and more obvious because they are not associated with a ridge of skin (Fig. 14 B). Teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 14, 0 / 1 inner tooth anteriorly. Teeth in lateral row of each dentary 10 / 12; symphyseal teeth 3, spike-like, and with 1 inner tooth anteriorly. Pelvic fin short, depressed fin extending to slightly behind anus (distinctly short of anal-fin origin). Caudal fin lanceolate. Caudal fin 2.1 times in SL; head 3.3 times in SL; body depth at anal-fin origin 3.8 times in SL. Color pattern in alcohol: Dorsal fin uniformly pale; membrane connecting maxilla and premaxilla with prominent black stripe extending to near anterior end of premaxilla, and inner membrane covering posterior part of dentary also black. Life coloration unknown. Proportions of 82 mm SL holotype as percentages of SL: predorsal length 29.2; preanal length 63.0; dorsal-fin base 63.4; anal-fin base 31.4; pelvic-fin length 24.9; caudal-fin length 46.6; body depth at anal-fin origin 26.3; head length 30.6; upper jaw length 16.1; upper jaw depth 7.9; orbit diameter 13.7. As percentages of head length: upper jaw length 52.7; orbit diameter 44.7. Comparisons. The allopatric Owstonia scottensis and O. japonica share most of the diagnostic characters of O. dispar but differ (characters of O. dispar in parentheses) as follows: O. scottensis has more cheek scales 4 ‒ 5 (vs. 3), larger orbit diameter 15.3 ‒ 17.5 % SL (vs. 13.7 %), depressed pelvic fin extending to or slightly beyond anal-fin origin (vs. pelvic fin extending to slightly behind anus), and in fresh specimens the median fins are uniformly red (life color of O. dispar unknown); O. japonica differs by having more cheek scale rows, 5 – 7 (vs. 3), shorter upper jaw at similar sizes, 14.4 % SL (vs. 16 %), depressed pelvic fin extending to anal-fin origin (vs. pelvic fin extending to slightly behind anus), and each dentary with 4 ‒ 6 blunt, conical symphyseal teeth (vs. 3 spike-like symphyseal teeth).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE1EAB5A0ACB738CFAC7F82A.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Latin dispar (different) in reference to the discovery of yet another new species of Owstonia.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE1EAB5A0ACB738CFAC7F82A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. (Fig. 24) Known only from the Solomon Islands type locality where trawled in 381 – 383 m.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE19AB5C0ACB738CFC15FE65.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 2 specimens, 56 ‒ 65 mm SL: USNM 93166 (64.8), here designated as lectotype of Loxopseudochromis dorypterus, Philippines, off northern Mindanao, Point Tagolo Light, 8 ° 46 ' N, 123 ° 32 ' 30 " E, 320 m, R / V Albatross sta. D. 5516, 9 Aug. 1909; USNM 410302 (56), paralectotype, same data as lectotype.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE19AB5C0ACB738CFC15FE65.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 3; cheek scale rows 5 ‒ 6; oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 45; dorsal fin with interradial membranes between 2 nd spine and 1 st soft ray black distally.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE19AB5C0ACB738CFC15FE65.taxon	description	Description. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 3, consisting of a lateral line that does not contact posttemporal sensory canal near anterodorsal margin of gill opening, but instead continues posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base and anteriorly beyond the dorsal-fin origin and makes a complete loop across nape; lateral line ends below dorsal-fin soft rays 15 (17), on right side only of lectotype and paralectotype respectively. Dorsal fin III, 21; anal fin I, 14; pectoral fin 21 ‒ 22; gill rakers 16 + 26 ‒ 28 = 42 – 44. Vertebrae: precaudal 11, caudal 17, total 28; analfin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 2. Oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 45; nape scaly and cheek scale rows 5 ‒ 6 (Fig. 12 B). Lower limb margin of preopercle with about 12 − 14 very small, mostly skin-covered spines. Papillae in slight depression behind tip of premaxillary ascending processes 4, arranged in 2 almost equally spaced pairs, the posterior pair slightly larger (Fig. 13). Dentition of lectotype in poor condition, description applies only to paralectotype. Teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 16 / 18, with 6 ‒ 9 anterior teeth spike-like; no inner teeth anteriorly. Teeth in lateral row of each dentary 9; symphyseal teeth 5 or 6, spike-like, and with 1 inner tooth anteriorly. Depressed pelvic fin extending to anal-fin origin in the lectotype. Caudal fin lanceolate. Caudal fin 2.4 ‒ 2.5 times in SL; head 2.8 ‒ 2.9 times in SL; body depth at anal-fin origin 3.6 times in SL Color pattern in alcohol: Dorsal fin of lectotype with interradial membranes between 2 nd spine and 1 st soft ray black distally; this dark fin pigmentation is also shown in Flower’s (1943 a, fig. 106) drawing of the specimen. Membrane connecting maxilla and premaxilla with prominent black stripe extending to near anterior end of premaxilla, and inner membrane covering posterior part of dentary also black. Life coloration unknown. Proportions of 65 mm SL lectotype are given first, followed (in parentheses) by those of 56 mm paralectotype, as percentages of SL: predorsal length 30.7 (34.6); preanal length 59.4 (58.6); dorsal-fin base 62.3 (65.2); anal-fin base 30.4 (31.1); pelvic-fin length 25.7 (25.4); caudal-fin length 40.6 (42.5); body depth at anal-fin origin 27.6 (27.5); head length 34.9 (35.3); upper jaw length 19.3 (19.2); upper jaw depth 7.7 (8.2); orbit diameter 16.0 (17.3). As percentages of head length: upper jaw length 55.3 (54.3); orbit diameter 45.8 (48.9). Comparisons. Owstonia rhamma and O. maccullochi are the only other species with LL pattern type 3 and scaly cheeks, but both have pale dorsal fins (at least in adults). Owstonia rhamma also agrees with O. doryptera in having very reduced preopercular spines but differs in having a lateral line with an incomplete nape loop (vs. nape loop complete in O. doryptera), fewer cheek scale rows 3 (vs. 5 – 6) and several of the mid-lateral dentary teeth noticeably enlarged (Fig. 69). Owstonia maccullochi typically has more dorsal- and anal-fin soft rays (see Table 4), 22 and 15 respectively (vs. 21 and 14 in O. doryptera) and more oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series 53 ‒ 54 (vs. 45).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE19AB5C0ACB738CFC15FE65.taxon	etymology	Etymology. A combination of the Greek dory (spear) and pteron (fin), which according to Fowler (1934 a) is " with reference to the long pointed soft vertical fins. "	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE19AB5C0ACB738CFC15FE65.taxon	distribution	Distribution. (Fig. 22) Known only from northern Mindanao, Philippines where trawled in 320 m. The two type specimens, both collected during the Albatross Expedition, are in poor condition. See Smith and Williams (1999) for history of the Albatross Philippine Expedition and its fishes.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE18AB5F0ACB715CFA39FE3C.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. MNHN 2014 – 2934, 111, Vanuatu, 15 ° 7 ' 58.8 " S, 166 ° 52 ' 58.8 " E, beam trawl in 191 – 248 m, Exped. MUSORSTOM 8, sta. 118, 9 Oct. 1994. Paratypes. 10 specimens, 63 – 117 mm SL: Vanuatu MNHM 2008 – 1350, (3, 80 – 117) and USNM 432454 (2, 110 ‒ 111), taken with the holotype. New Caledonia MNHN 2001 – 3368 (4, 48 – 88) 20 ° 57 ' S, 165 ° 34 ' 58.8 " E, beam trawl in 205 – 212 m, Exped. BATHUS 1, sta. 667, 14 Mar. 1993; MNHN 2004 – 2445 (1, 63), 21 ° 52 ' 12 " S, 166 ° 49 ' 58.8 " E, beam trawl in 255 – 360 m, Exped. BATHUS 1, sta. 646, 10 Mar. 1993.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE18AB5F0ACB715CFA39FE3C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1; dorsal fin IV, 24 – 26; oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series 30 – 33; total gill rakers 36 – 40; body depth at anal-fin origin 10.8 – 14.0 % SL; precaudal vertebrae and pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 16 and 8 respectively.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE18AB5F0ACB715CFA39FE3C.taxon	description	Description. (Where counts vary, those of the paratypes are given in parentheses.) A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1, consisting of a simple lateral line that originates from posttemporal sensory canal near anterodorsal margin of gill opening, curves upward and backward then continues posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base to soft rays 20 (22). Dorsal fin IV, 25 (24 – 26); anal fin I, 19 (I, 18 – 19, except 1 specimen with II, 17); pectoral fin 17 (17 – 19); gill rakers 16 (15 – 16) + 28 (26 – 30) = 43 (41 – 46). Vertebrae: precaudal 16, caudal 16, total 32; analfin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 8 (Fig. 7 E). Oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 30 – 33; nape scaly and cheek scale rows 3 or 4, Fig. 12 C. Lower limb margin of preopercle with 5 – 8 spines (Fig. 8 B). Papillae in slight depression behind tip of premaxillary ascending processes 4, arranged in 2 closely spaced but distinct pairs. Teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 22 / 27 (18 – 23); no inner teeth anteriorly. Teeth in lateral row of each dentary 18 / 20 (12 – 17), including 1 − 3 at anterior end that continue in a row behind symphyseal teeth; symphyseal teeth 4 − 5, short and conical, and with 3 – 4 smaller inner teeth anteriorly. Pelvic fin possibly sexually dimorphic, depressed fin length extending to posterior margin of anus or to anal-fin soft ray 2. Caudal fin lanceolate. In 6 specimens, 87.5 ‒ 117.5 mm SL, caudal fin 1.7 ‒ 2.9 times in SL; head 5.1 ‒ 6.3 times in SL; body depth at anal-fin origin 7.1 ‒ 9.1 times in SL. Color pattern in alcohol: Adults with dorsal fin uniformly pale; membrane connecting maxilla and premaxilla with prominent black stripe extending to near anterior end of premaxilla, and inner membrane covering posterior part of dentary also black. Life coloration unknown. Proportions of 110 mm SL holotype are given first, followed by those of 4 paratypes, 88 – 117 mm SL (in parentheses), as percentages of SL: predorsal length 16.6 (15.6 ‒ 18.8); preanal length 38.1 (36.0 ‒ 42.2); dorsal-fin base 73.0 (69.3 ‒ 74.5); anal-fin base 50.7 (47.7 ‒ 54.0); pelvic-fin length 22.5 (15.9 ‒ 22.5); caudal-fin length 50.4 (34.1 ‒ 50.4); body depth at anal-fin origin 11.4 (10.8 ‒ 14.0); head length 18.9 (15.8 ‒ 19.7); upper jaw length 8.5 (7.6 ‒ 8.8); upper jaw depth 3.7 (3.6 ‒ 4.4); orbit diameter 7.1 (6.5 ‒ 7.6). As percentages of head length: upper jaw length 45.1 (44.0 ‒ 47.9); orbit diameter 37.6 (38.6 ‒ 40.9). Comparisons. Owstonia elongata is superficially most similar to O. taeniosoma in having a relatively small head and low numbers of oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series and cheek scales, but differs (characters of O. elongata in parentheses) as follows: dorsal-fin spines III (vs. IV), deeper body with depth at anal-fin origin 14.5 – 18.4 % SL (vs. 10.8 – 14.0 %), more total gill rakers 41 – 46 (vs. 36 – 40), and fewer precaudal vertebrae and pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine, 15 and 6 – 7 respectively (vs. 16 and 8). Owstonia fallax, O. hastata and O. sibogae are also superficially similar in having IV dorsal-fin spines and relatively few oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series but differ in having fewer precaudal vertebrae 12 – 13 (vs. 16) and pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 4 – 5 (vs. 8), and a deeper body depth at anal-fin origin 17.5 – 25.8 % SL (vs. 10.8 – 14.0 %). Etymology. From the Latin elongatus (prolonged), in reference to the elongate body of this species. Distribution. (Fig. 25) Known only from New Caledonia and Vanuatu where trawled in depths of 191 ‒ 248, 205 ‒ 212 and 255 ‒ 360 m.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE18AB5F0ACB715CFA39FE3C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. One 87 - mm SL specimen (MNHN 2001 − 3368) is exceptional in having two anal-fin spines. This is the only case of a species of Owstonia exhibiting intraspecific variation in number of anal-fin spines (see Table 4).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE1BAB5E0ACB70B1FDDFFAEB.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. CSIRO H. 763 ‒ 06, 110 mm SL male, Queensland, Australia, NE Hinchinbrook Island, 17 ° 49 ' S, 146 ° 51 ' E, 170 m, sta. SOO 685 / 55, 1 Dec. 1985. Other material. 1 specimen, 96 mm SL: New Caledonia USNM 276516 (1, 96), Noumea, off barrier reef taken from stomach of tilefish, Branchiostegus wardi, 250 m, P. Fourmanoir, 2 Apr. 1974.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE1BAB5E0ACB70B1FDDFFAEB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1; dorsal fin IV, 22 ‒ 23; anal fin I, 16; oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series 40 ‒ 42; precaudal vertebra and anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 13 and 5 respectively.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE1BAB5E0ACB70B1FDDFFAEB.taxon	description	Description. (When counts vary, those of the holotype are given first, followed in parentheses by those of the New Caledonia specimen.) A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1, consisting of a simple lateral line that originates from the posttemporal sensory canal near the anterodorsal margin of gill opening, curves upward and backward then continues posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base to soft rays 20 (22). Dorsal fin IV, 22 (23); anal fin I, 16; pectoral fin 20; gill rakers 16 (15 / 16) + 29 = 45 (44 / 45). Vertebrae: precaudal 13, caudal 17, total 30; anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 5. Oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 42 (ca. 40); nape scaly and cheek scale rows 3 – 4. Lower limb margin of preopercle with small spines. Papillae in slight depression behind tip of premaxillary ascending processes 4, arranged in 2 closely spaced but distinct pairs. Teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 32 / 31 (34 / 34); no inner teeth anteriorly. Teeth in lateral row of each dentary 17 (16 / 19), including 3 at anterior end that continue in a row behind symphyseal teeth and with mid-lateral teeth longer and hooked backward (Fig. 10 B), like those of O. geminata; symphyseal teeth 6 (6), short and conical, larger than lateral teeth, and with cluster of 4 inner teeth anteriorly. Pelvic fin length possibly sexually dimorphic in length, depressed fin extending to anterior margin of anus in holotype and almost to anal-fin origin in paratype. Caudal fin lanceolate. In holotype followed by paratype, caudal fin 1.8, 2.6 times in SL; head 4.5, 4.6 times in SL; body depth at anal-fin origin 5.0, 5.7 times in SL. Color pattern in alcohol: dorsal fin uniformly pale; membrane connecting maxilla and premaxilla with prominent black stripe extending to near anterior end of premaxilla, and inner membrane covering posterior part of dentary pale in holotype and dark in other specimen. In a note with the New Caledonia specimen, Fourmanoir recorded the life coloration as “ body pink, eyes yellow, supraorbital rim blue. ” Proportions of 110 mm SL holotype are given first, followed (in parentheses) by those of the 96 mm specimen, as percentages of SL: predorsal length 20.8 (19.7); preanal length 45.1 (41.7); dorsal-fin base 68.2 (70.5); anal-fin base 44.0 (42.6); pelvic-fin length 17.6 (18.5); caudal-fin length 54.4 (38.6); body depth at anal-fin origin 20.2 (17.5); head length 22.4 (21.9); upper jaw length 10.8 (10.3); upper jaw depth 4.3 (4.8); orbit diameter 8.3 (9.0). As percentages of head length: upper jaw length 48.3 (47.1); orbit diameter 36.8 (41.0). Comparisons. Owstonia fallax has most of the diagnostic characters of O. geminata but differs in having fewer oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series 29 − 32 (vs. 40 ‒ 42), pectoral-fin rays 17 or 18 (vs. 20), and a shorter premaxillary stripe extending about 2 / 3 length of premaxilla (vs. entire length of premaxilla). Owstonia hastata is superficially most similar to O. fallax but differs (with characters for O. fallax given in parentheses) as follows: anal fin II, 14 (vs. I, 16), pelvic fin 34.4 ‒ 42 % SL (vs. 17.6 ‒ 18.5 %), and lower limb margin of preopercle with about 11 or 12 well-developed spines (vs. small weak spines). Owstonia sibogae is also superficially similar to O. fallax but differs as follows: anal fin II, 15 − 17 (vs. I, 16), precaudal vertebrae 12 (vs. 11), anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 4 (vs. 5), and lower limb margin of preopercle with about 8 − 10 welldeveloped spines (vs. 10 ‒ 15 small spines). Other species with LL pattern type 1 and IV dorsal-fin spines differ in having anal fin II, 14 – 17 or I, 17 – 19 (vs. I, 16), except anal fin I, 15 – 16 in the Indian Ocean O. whiteheadi which has more total gill rakers 52 ‒ 54 (vs. 40 – 45), teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 39 – 45 (vs. 31 – 34), and fewer precaudal vertebrae and anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 11 and 2 respectively (vs. 13 and 5).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE1BAB5E0ACB70B1FDDFFAEB.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is from the Latin fallax (deceitful, false), in reference to its superficial resemblance to Owstonia hastata.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE1BAB5E0ACB70B1FDDFFAEB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. (Fig. 26) Known from Queensland, Australia and New Caledonia in depths of 170 and 250 m.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE1BAB5E0ACB70B1FDDFFAEB.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The New Caledonia specimen has a much shorter caudal fin than the holotype and also differs in having the inner membrane covering the posterior part of the dentary very dark (pale in holotype); with only single specimens from each locality, we are not certain that both specimens are conspecific and therefore do not designate the New Caledonia specimen as a paratype.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE1AAB410ACB76D5FDE6F837.taxon	description	Owstonia sibogae. Endo et al., 2015: [7] and 2016: 37 (misidentification of ASIZP 68128; comparative material, Philippines).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE1AAB410ACB76D5FDE6F837.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. MNHN- 2016 ‒ 0021, 55 mm SL, Vanuatu, 15 ° 7 ' 58.8 " S, 166 ° 52 ' 58.8 " E, beam trawl in 191 – 248 m, Exped. MUSORSTOM 8, sta. 1118, 9 Oct. 1994. Paratypes. 2 specimens, 68 ‒ 79 mm SL. MNHN 2001 − 3369, (1, 68), same data as holotype; ASIZP 68128, (1, 79), Philippines, Luzon, Lamon Bay, 14 ° 27 ' N, 121 ° 48 ' E, beam trawl in 155 ‒ 160 m, Aurora sta. cp 2719, Y. C. Liao and K. T. Shao, 29 May 2007.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE1AAB410ACB76D5FDE6F837.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1; dorsal fin IV, 23 ‒ 24; anal fin I, 16 − 17; oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series 29 ‒ 32; precaudal vertebra and anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 13 and 5 respectively.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE1AAB410ACB76D5FDE6F837.taxon	description	Description. (When counts vary, those of the holotype are given first, followed in parentheses by those of the two paratypes.) A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1, consisting of a simple lateral line that originates from the posttemporal sensory canal near anterodorsal margin of gill opening, curves upward and backward then continues posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base to soft rays 19 (19 − 22). Dorsal fin IV, 24 (23 − 24); anal fin I, 16 (I, 16 ‒ 17); pectoral fin 17 / 18 (17); gill rakers 14 (14 ‒ 16) + 27 (26 − 29) = 41 (40 − 44). Vertebrae: precaudal 13, caudal 17, total 30; anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 5. Oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 29 / 30 (ca. 31 − 32); nape scaly and cheek scale rows 3 – 4. Lower limb margin of preopercle with 10 ‒ 15 relatively large spines (Fig. 8 C). Papillae in slight depression behind tip of premaxillary ascending processes 4, arranged in 2 closely spaced but distinct pairs. Teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 23 (22 − 31); no inner teeth anteriorly. Teeth in lateral row of each dentary 14 (14 ‒ 19), with mid-lateral teeth higher and slightly hooked backward, like those of O. fallax; symphyseal teeth 2 − 3, bluntly conical (slightly larger than lateral teeth), and with 1 inner tooth anteriorly. Depressed pelvic fin short, extending only to anus. Caudal fin lanceolate. Caudal fin 2.2 ‒ 2.6 times in SL; head 3.3 ‒ 4.4 times in SL; body depth at anal-fin origin 4.5 ‒ 4.8 times in SL. Color pattern in alcohol: dorsal fin uniformly pale; membrane connecting maxilla and premaxilla with prominent black stripe that extends about 2 / 3 rd length of premaxilla, and inner membrane covering posterior part of dentary pale. Life coloration unknown. Proportions of 55 mm SL holotype are given first, followed (in parentheses) by those of the 68 and 79 mm paratypes, as percentages of SL: predorsal length 27.0 (25.0 − 22.2); preanal length 50.4 (49.4 − 47.7); dorsal-fin base 66.2 (63.8 − 56.6); anal-fin base 40.2 (38.8 − 40.6); pelvic-fin length 22.2 (19.2 − 20.2); caudal-fin length 41.5 (38.5 − 46.1); body depth at anal-fin origin 22.2 (20.9 − 21.2); head length 30.4 (24.5 − 22.5); upper jaw length 13.1 (12.4 − 10.8); upper jaw depth 13.1 (5.4 − 5.0); orbit diameter 13.6 (11.0 − 10.0). As percentages of head length: upper jaw length 43.1 (50.6 − 47.9); orbit diameter 44.9 (44.9 − 44.6). Comparisons. Owstonia geminata has most of the diagnostic characters of O. fallax but differs in having more oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series 40 ‒ 42 (vs. 29 − 32) and pectoral-fin rays 20 (vs. 17 or 18), and a longer premaxillary stripe that extends entire length of premaxilla (vs. about 2 / 3 length of premaxilla). Owstonia hastata is the only other species that shares with O. geminata the same number of dorsal-fin spines, precaudal and caudal vertebrae, and anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine, but differs in having anal fin II, 14 (vs. I, 16 − 17), fin pelvic fin 34.4 ‒ 42 % SL (vs. 19.2 ‒ 22.2 % SL), and lower margin of preopercle with about 10 − 12 welldeveloped spines (vs. 10 ‒ 15 small spines). Owstonia sibogae is superficially similar to O. geminata but differs (with characters for O. geminata given in parentheses) as follows: anal fin II, 15 − 17 (vs. I, 16 − 17), precaudal vertebrae 12 (vs. 11), anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 4 (vs. 5), and lower limb margin of preopercle with about 8 − 10 well-developed spines (vs. 10 ‒ 15 small spines). The Indian Ocean O. whiteheadi has a longer premaxillary stripe extending entire length of premaxilla (vs. only about 2 / 3 length of maxilla), more total gill rakers 52 ‒ 54 (vs. 40 – 44) and teeth on outer row of each premaxilla 39 – 45 (vs. 22 – 31), and fewer precaudal vertebrae and anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 11 and 2 respectively (vs. 13 and 5).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE1AAB410ACB76D5FDE6F837.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Latin geminatus (twin), in allusion to the obviously close phylogenetic relationship and superficial resemblance of this species to Owstonia fallax.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE1AAB410ACB76D5FDE6F837.taxon	distribution	Distribution. (Fig. 26) Known from Vanuatu and the Philippines from two trawl collections in depths of 191 − 248 and 155 − 160 m respectively.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE04AB430ACB738CFD3DFB78.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 5 specimens, 51 ‒ 127 mm SL. Sulawesi: USNM 93167 (67), holotype of Opispseudochromis grammodon, Sulawesi, Doworra Islands, 0 ° 50 ' S, 128 ° 12 ' E, 375 m, R / V Albatross sta. D. 5629, 2 Dec. 1909; USNM 149321 (1, 127) and USNM 151389 (1, 51), same data as holotype. Taiwan: ASIZP 59004 (1, 102) Nanfang-ao Yilan, 24.5818 ° N, 121.8668 ° E, B. H. Gao, 1 Jul. 1993; ASIZP 64630 (1,115.6), Da-xi, Yilan, 24.94 ° N, 121.9 ° E, fish market, K. - T. Shao, 27 Jun. 2004.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE04AB430ACB738CFD3DFB78.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1; lower limb margin of preopercle without spines; dorsal fin III, 2 0 – 22; anal fin I, 13; dorsal fin without black blotch anteriorly in adults; black premaxillary stripe; adults with 33 – 39 teeth in outer row of each premaxilla.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE04AB430ACB738CFD3DFB78.taxon	description	Description. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1, conisting of a simple lateral line that originates from posttemporal sensory canal near anterodorsal margin of gill opening, curves upward and backward then continues posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base to soft rays 19 ‒ 22. Dorsal fin III, 20 – 22; anal fin I, 13; pectoral fin 19; gill rakers 11 + 25 (in 67 SL holotype), 13 / 14 + 26 / 27 = 40 (in largest 127 SL specimen) and 13 + 22 – 23 = 35 ‒ 36 (in 102 – 116 SL Taiwan specimens). Vertebrae (values for Taiwan specimens in parentheses): precaudal 11 (12), caudal 17 (16), total 28; anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 3 (4). Oblique body scale rows in midlateral series 40 ‒ 45; nape scaly and cheek scale rows 5 ‒ 6 (Fig. 12 D). Lower limb margin of preopercle without spines. Papillae in slight depression behind tip of premaxillary ascending processes 4, arranged in 2 almost equallyspaced pairs. Teeth in outer row of each premaxilla of holotype ca. 38 (33 ‒ 39); 1 or 2 inner teeth anteriorly. Teeth in lateral row of each dentary in holotype ca. 17 (15 ‒ 18), the mid-lateral teeth relatively large and slightly hooked backward; symphyseal teeth 3 or 4, relatively large and conical (Fig. 10 C), and with 2 (2 ‒ 4) inner teeth anteriorly. Depressed pelvic fin extending to anal-fin origin in largest (unsexed) Philippine specimen and in Taiwan specimens. Caudal fin lanceolate. Color pattern in alcohol: Dorsal fin uniformly pale; membrane connecting maxilla and premaxilla with evidence of dark stripe extending to near anterior end of premaxilla, and inner membrane covering posterior part of dentary pigmented. Proportions of 67 mm SL holotype are given first, followed (in parentheses) by those of the 127 mm SL specimen and then the 102 – 116 mm SL Taiwan specimens, as percentages of SL: predorsal length 29.4 ‒ (26.5, 27.3, 29.6); preanal length 55.6 ‒ (57.4, 55.4, 53.8); dorsal-fin base 59.6 ‒ (59.2, 61.9, 64.0); anal-fin base 32.9 ‒ (32.9, 31.6, 32.5); pelvic-fin length [tip broken off] – (23.8, 25.5, 26.5); caudal-fin length 38.7 ‒ (31.0, 46.1, 56.5); body depth at anal-fin origin 29.2 ‒ (26.5, 21.3, 24.0); head length 32.3 ‒ (28.2, 26.1, 28.5); upper jaw length 17.0 ‒ (16.0, 14.5, 14.9); upper jaw depth 7.9 ‒ (7.0, 6.8, 6.9); orbit diameter 16.0 ‒ (12.9, 11.2, 11.7). As percentages of head length: upper jaw length 52.8 ‒ (56.6, 55.5, 52.2); orbit diameter 49.4 ‒ (45.7, 42.7, 41.2). Life coloration unknown. Comparisons. Owstonia hawaiiensis and O. ignota, the only other species with most of the diagnostic characters of O. grammodon, differ in lacking a premaxillary stripe (vs. prominent black stripe in O. grammodon). These two species, together with Owstonia grammodon, also differ from most congeners with LL pattern 1 in having relatively small and numerous teeth (33 ‒ 39) in outer row of each premaxilla (see Table 3).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE04AB430ACB738CFD3DFB78.taxon	etymology	Etymology. A combination of the Greek gramme (line, or row) and odon (tooth), presumably in reference to the mostly single rows of teeth in the jaws.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE04AB430ACB738CFD3DFB78.taxon	distribution	Distribution. (Fig. 23) Known from the type locality in Sulawesi, Indonesia based on three specimens, all in relatively poor condition, taken together in the same trawl haul in 375 m, and two fish market specimens from Taiwan.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE04AB430ACB738CFD3DFB78.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Fowler's (1934 a) original description of this species was based on a single Albatross specimen but we found two others with identical collection data. The type locality given in the original description " between Gillolo and Kayoa Islands " is erroneous for Albatross station D. 5629 but correct as recorded for the holotype USNM 93167 in material examined. See Smith and Williams (1999) for history of the Albatross Philippine Expedition and its fishes. Fowler's counts of anal-fin rays and gill rakers (I, 17 and 8 + 21 respectively) for the holotype are also inaccurate; our counts for the same elements are I, 13 and 11 + 24. The largest Sulawesi specimen has the highest gill raker counts. The Sulawesi specimens differ from the two Taiwan specimens in having 11 + 17 (vs. 12 + 16) vertebrae and anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 3 (vs. 4), but are otherwise very similar, especially in having relative high numbers of teeth in the outer row of each premaxilla (33 – 34 in Taiwan specimens vs. 36 − 39 in those from Sulawesi). When more specimens from both localities become available, the taxonomic status of fish from Taiwan should be re-evaluated. Records of O. grammodon from Japan by various Japanese authors are probably all based on misidentifications of O. japonica (see synonymy for that species), because they did not list that species in their accounts and reported I, 14 anal-fin rays (versus our count of I, 13 for O. grammodon, see Table 4). In addition to having a different number of anal-fin soft rays, Owstonia japonica has fewer teeth in the outer row of each premaxilla (14 − 23, vs. 33 − 39), more total gill rakers (41 − 46, vs. 35 − 40, see Table 7), and lower limb margin of preopercle with spines (vs. preopercular spines absent in O. grammodon).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE07AB420ACB7627FB49FA26.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. NTM S. 11779 ‒ 002, 124 mm SL, Queensland, Australia, E. of Dunk Island, 18 ° 0 ' S, 147 ° 4 ' E, 260 m, Jan. 1986. Paratype. AMS I. 25812 ‒ 010 (1, 133), Queensland, N. of Townsville, 18 ° 0 ' S, 147 ° 01 ' E, trawled in 222 ‒ 228 m, R / V Soela, sta. SO 1 / 86 / 24, 12 Jan. 1986	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE07AB420ACB7627FB49FA26.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1; dorsal fin IV, 22; and anal fin II, 14; oblique body scales 38; lower margin of preopercle with about 11 or 12 well-developed spines; pelvic fin 34.4 ‒ 42.1 % SL.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE07AB420ACB7627FB49FA26.taxon	description	Description. (Where counts vary, those of the paratype are given in parentheses.) A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1, consisting of a simple lateral line that originates from posttemporal sensory canal near anterodorsal margin of gill opening, curves upward and backward then continues posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base to soft ray 18. Dorsal fin IV, 22; anal fin II, 14; pectoral fin 19 ‒ (20); gill rakers 16 + 29 (30) = 45 (46). Vertebrae: precaudal 13, caudal 17, total 30; anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 5. Oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 38; nape scaly and cheek scale rows 3 – 4. Lower limb margin of preopercle with about 8 − 12 well-developed spines. Papillae in slight depression behind tip of premaxillary ascending processes 4, arranged in 2 rows with posterior pair of papillae larger than the others. Teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 20 (21); no inner teeth anteriorly. Teeth in lateral row of each dentary 10 / 14 (10), with anterior ones moderately hooked and spaced apart; symphyseal teeth 4 / 5 (4), short and conical, and with 2 / 3 (2 − 3) inner teeth anteriorly. Pelvic fin possibly sexually dimorphic, depressed fin extending to anal-fin soft rays 4 (holotype) or 7 (paratype). Caudal fin lanceolate. Caudal fin 1.3 ‒ 2.3 times in SL; head 4.5 ‒ 4.6 times in SL; body depth at anal-fin origin 5.1 ‒ 5.2 times in SL. In 4 specimens 67 ‒ 127 mm SL, caudal fin 1.8 ‒ 3.2 times in SL; head 3.1 ‒ 3.8 times in SL; body depth at anal-fin origin 3.4 ‒ 4.7 times in SL. Color pattern in alcohol: Dorsal fin uniformly pale; membrane connecting maxilla and premaxilla with prominent black stripe extending to near anterior end of premaxilla (Fig. 15 A), and inner membrane covering posterior part of dentary also black. Life coloration unknown. Proportions of 124 mm SL holotype are given first, followed by those of the 133 mm SL paratype (in parentheses) as percentages of SL: predorsal length 19.9 (20.7); preanal length 48.0 (46.0); dorsal-fin base 69.2 (69.2); anal-fin base 40.1 (37.3); pelvic-fin length 34.4 (42.1); caudal-fin length 54.4 (38.7); body depth at anal-fin origin 20.2 (17.5); head length 22.4 (21.7); upper jaw length 10.8 (10.3); upper jaw depth 4.3 (4.8); orbit diameter 8.2 (9.0). As percentages of head length: upper jaw length 48.3 (47.6); orbit diameter 36.8 (41.3). Comparisons. Owstonia fallax is superficially most similar to O. hastata but differs (with characters for O. hastata given in parentheses) as follows: anal fin I, 16 ‒ 17 (vs. II, 14), pelvic fin 17.6 ‒ 19.3 % SL (vs. 34.4 ‒ 42 %), and lower margin of preopercle with small weak spines (vs. about 11 or 12 well-developed spines). Other species with LL pattern type 1 and IV dorsal-fin spines differ in having anal fin I, 15 – 19 or II, 15 ‒ 17 (vs. II, 14). Owstonia contodon further differs in having more oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series, 47 ‒ 53 (vs. 38) and precaudal vertebrae and anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 11 and 3 respectively (vs. 13 and 5). Owstonia sibogae has a short premaxillary stripe extending about 1 / 2 length of premaxilla (vs. long stripe extending entire length of premaxilla), fewer oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series 27 ‒ 30 (vs. 38), and fewer precaudal vertebrae and anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 12 and 4 respectively (vs. 13 and 5).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE07AB420ACB7627FB49FA26.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Latin hastatus (spear-shaped), in allusion to the lanceolate caudal fin.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE07AB420ACB7627FB49FA26.taxon	distribution	Distribution. (Fig. 26) Known only from Queensland, Australia where trawled in 228 ‒ 260 m.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE06AB440ACB751FFC15FA74.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. (Only known specimen) BPBM 29660, 124 mm SL, female, Hawaiian Islands, Mauno Kea Ledge, 19 ° 54 ' N, 154 ° 57.7 ' W, 366 m (1200 ft), collected with suction device by E. H. Chave and B. Bartko (pilot of submersible Makalii), HURL dive 218, 9 Feb. 1984. Other material. (See also Remarks) Six larvae 10.9 ‒ 17.2 mm SL, all from off Oahu, Hawaii, 13 km off leeward side, Jul. 1978, T. A. Clarke: LACM 45959 ‒ 9 (1, 12.6); LACM 45962 ‒ 11 (1, 10.9); LACM 45965 ‒ 7 (1, 14.6); LACM 45966 ‒ 10 (1, 17.2); LACM 45967 ‒ 10 (1, 13.2); LACM 45990 ‒ 10 (1, 13.4).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE06AB440ACB751FFC15FA74.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1; lower limb margin of preopercle without spines; dorsal fin III, 19; no dark premaxillary stripe; adults with 34 – 35 teeth in outer row of each premaxilla; papillae in slight depression behind tip of ascending process of premaxillae with a cluster of about 5 minute papillae present between the posterior pair of relatively large papillae.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE06AB440ACB751FFC15FA74.taxon	description	Description. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1, consisting of a simple lateral line that originates from posttemporal sensory canal near anterodorsal margin of gill opening, curves upward and backward then continues posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base to soft rays 19 ‒ 20. Dorsal fin III, 19; anal fin I, 13; pectoral fin 19; gill rakers 15 + 28 = 43. Vertebrae: precaudal 11, caudal 17, total 28; anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 3. Oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 37 or 38; nape scaly and cheek scale rows about 4, left side only. Lower limb margin of preopercle without spines. Papillae in slight depression behind tip of premaxillary ascending processes 4, relatively large and arranged in 2 almost equally spaced pairs, with a cluster of about 5 minute papillae between the posterior pair of papillae. Teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 34 / 35, the anterior ones larger and slightly hooked; 2 ‒ 3 inner teeth anteriorly. Teeth in lateral row of each dentary 15, the anterior 6 or 7 moderately slender and slightly hooked (Fig. 10 D); symphyseal teeth 3 ‒ 4, all conical, and with 3 similar-sized inner teeth anteriorly. Pelvic fin sexually dimorphic, depressed pelvic fin extending to 1 st anal-fin soft ray in female holotype, and an individual observed in video recordings off Hawai'i Island (Fig. 41) has very long pelvic fins extending to near rear of anal fin. Caudal fin lanceolate. Holotype with caudal fin 2.4 times in SL; head 3.2 times in SL; body depth at anal-fin origin 3.6 times in SL. Color pattern in alcohol: Adults with dorsal fin pale, membrane connecting maxilla and premaxilla, and inner membrane covering posterior part of dentary unpigmented. In life, head and body red, paler below, distal margin of dorsal fin and elongate anal-fin soft ray of males white. Caudal and anal fins pale with narrow red margins, and dorsal fin with narrow submarginal red stripe, wider posteriorly. Based on submersible videos, fish from Kingman Reef, presumed to be Owstonia mundyi, have virtually identical life coloration. Proportions of 124 mm SL female holotype as percentages of SL: predorsal length 29.6; preanal length 58.8; dorsal-fin base 61.4; anal-fin base 30.9; pelvic-fin length 32.4; caudal-fin length 41.9; body depth at anal-fin origin 28.1; head length 31.1; upper jaw length 16.1; upper jaw depth 7.0; orbit diameter 13.7. As percentages of head length: upper jaw length 51.8; orbit diameter 44.0. Comparisons. Owstonia hawaiiensis is very similar to the allopatric O. ignota but differs in several subtle characters (refer to Remarks in following species account) including relatively smaller and only slightly hooked mid-lateral dentary teeth (Fig. 10 D), and papillae in slight depression behind tip of ascending process of premaxillae with a cluster of about 5 minute papillae present between the posterior pair of relatively large papillae (vs. no cluster of minute papillae present in O. ignota). The only other congener from the central Pacific Ocean known from adults is the very distinctive O. mundyi, which differs from O. hawaiiensis in having nape and cheeks without scales (vs. nape and cheeks scaly), oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series 97 – 108 (vs. 37 ‒ 38) and a black premaxillary stripe (vs. premaxillary stripe absent). Owstonia grammodon also agrees with O. hawaiiensis in having most of these characters, including a low number of dorsal- and anal-fin soft rays and adults with relatively high numbers (33 – 39) of teeth in the outer row of each premaxilla, but differs in having a prominent black premaxillary stripe (vs. premaxillary stripe absent in O. hawaiiensis).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE06AB440ACB751FFC15FA74.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is a combination of Hawaii, the type locality where it is presumably endemic, and the Latin suffix ensis (meaning belonging to).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE06AB440ACB751FFC15FA74.taxon	distribution	Distribution. (Fig. 24) Known only from the Hawaiian Archipelago. In addition to the holotype, fish we assume to be O. hawaiiensis have been observed from submersibles in 342 – 420 m in Hawaiian waters (Chave and Mundy, 1994), in 300 – 600 m at Cross Seamount, 18 ° 40 ' N, 158 ° 17 ' W (Grigg et al., 1987), and at 19 ° 53 ' N, 156 ° 6 ' W in 408 m (see Fig. 41).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE06AB440ACB751FFC15FA74.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Six larvae from Oahu (see above) have a combination of dorsal- and anal-fin soft rays and caudal vertebral counts that match only those of O. hawaiiensis, O. ignota or Owstonia sp. 2 from Tarasoc seamounts, but the strong modal difference (4 vs. 3) in numbers of pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine does not agree with this triad of species or with O. mundyi (see Table 5). We tentatively identify these larvae as O. hawaiiensis but do not designate them as paratypes. The very distinctive O. mundyi, the only other described congener known from the eastern part of the central Pacific Ocean, differs from O. hawaiiensis, the Hawaiian larvae and Owstonia sp. 2 in having no overlap in number of dorsal- and anal-fin soft rays (Table 4).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE00AB460ACB7536FE28FD37.taxon	description	Owstonia n. sp. Myers & Donaldson, 2003: 631 (listed, Saipan).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE00AB460ACB7536FE28FD37.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. USNM 344400, 118 mm SL, male, Mariana Islands, near Saipan, 15 ° 36 ' N, 145 ° 34 ' E, in vicinity of active submarine volcano (Ruby Volcano), found floating on surface over depth of 186 m, Division of Fish & Wildlife personnel, 25 Oct. 1995.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE00AB460ACB7536FE28FD37.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1; lower limb margin of preopercle without spines; dorsal fin III, 19; no dark premaxillary stripe; adults with about 38 – 39 teeth in outer row premaxilla; papillae in slight depression behind tip of ascending process of premaxillae without a cluster of about 5 minute papillae present between the posterior pair of relatively large papillae.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE00AB460ACB7536FE28FD37.taxon	description	Description. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1, consisting of a simple lateral line that originates from posttemporal sensory canal near anterodorsal margin of gill opening, curves upward and backward then continues posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base to soft ray 19. Dorsal fin III, 20; anal fin I, 13; pectoral fin 20; gill rakers 14 + 27 = 43. Vertebrae: precaudal 11, caudal 17, total 28; anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 3. Oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 37 or 38; nape scaly and cheek scale rows about 3 or 4. Lower limb margin of preopercle without spines. Papillae in slight depression behind tip of premaxillary ascending processes 4, relatively large and arranged in 2 almost equally spaced pairs. Teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 38 / 39, anterior ones larger and more strongly hooked; 2 ‒ 3 inner teeth anteriorly. Teeth in lateral row of each dentary 15 / 16, with 6 or 7 of the anterior ones robust and strongly hooked (Fig. 10 E); symphyseal teeth 3 ‒ 4, relatively large, conical, and with 2 similar-sized inner teeth anteriorly. Pelvic fin presumably sexually dimorphic, depressed pelvic fin extending beyond last anal-fin ray in male holotype. Other Owstonia species with individuals that have very long pelvic fins (e. g., O. contodon and O. whiteheadi) for which a reasonable number of adults are available also include individuals with relatively short fins, strong evidence of sexual dimorphism. Caudal fin lanceolate. Holotype with caudal fin 2.5 times in SL; head 4.2 times in SL; body depth at anal-fin origin 3.7 times in SL. Color pattern in alcohol: Adults with dorsal fin pale, membrane connecting maxilla and premaxilla, and inner membrane covering posterior part of dentary unpigmented. In fresh specimen, fins and body pink or red, paler below, and elongate pelvic-fin soft ray mostly white. Proportions of 118 mm SL male as percentages of SL: predorsal length 28.6; preanal length 52.8; dorsal-fin base 60.8; anal-fin base 33.1; pelvic-fin length 64.2; caudal-fin length 40.1; body depth at anal-fin origin 27.2; head length 29.9; upper jaw length 16.1; upper jaw depth 7.4; orbit diameter 12.3. As percentages of head length: upper jaw length 54.0; orbit diameter 41.2. Comparisons. Owstonia ignota is very similar to the allopatric O. hawaiiensis but differs in having larger and more strongly hooked mid-lateral dentary teeth (compare Figs. 10 D, 10 E) and papillae in slight depression behind tip of ascending process of premaxillae without a cluster of about 5 minute papillae present between the posterior pair of relatively large papillae (vs. cluster of minute papillae present between the posterior pair of relatively large papillae in O. hawaiiensis). The allopatric O. grammodon also shares many characters with O. ignota, including adults with relatively high numbers (33 – 39) of teeth in outer row of each premaxilla but differs in having a prominent black premaxillary stripe (vs. premaxillary stripe absent in O. ignota). The only other congener from the central Pacific Ocean known from adults is the very distinctive O. mundyi, which differs in having nape and cheeks without scales (vs. nape and cheeks scaly), oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series 97 – 108 (vs. 37 ‒ 38) and a black premaxillary stripe (vs. premaxillary stripe absent).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE00AB460ACB7536FE28FD37.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet, from the Latin ignotus (unknown), is in allusion to our initial uncertainty about how to taxonomically treat this specimen considering the minor characters that distinguish it from the holotype of Owstonia hawaiiensis. Furthermore, with only a single specimen of this species available, sexual dimorphism of the pelvic fin can be reasonably hypothesized but still remains unknown.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE00AB460ACB7536FE28FD37.taxon	distribution	Distribution. (Fig. 24) Known only from the Mariana Islands (Ruby Volcano vicinity) type locality. It is possible that O. ignota is a Pacific Plate endemic (Springer, 1982), but because very few hard-bottom fishes that occur on the Pacific Plate in depths ≥ 200 m have been adequately sampled, their distributions are poorly known.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE00AB460ACB7536FE28FD37.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Our decision to recognize Owstonia ignota and O. hawaiiensis as different species has the advantage of calling attention to both of them (despite their minor but presumably consistent distinguishing characters). With opposite sexes only and single specimens available for each of these species, we cannot dismiss the possibility that dentition differences (Figs. 10 D, 10 E) are due to sexual dimorphism. However, we have also been influenced by the fact that about 25 % of the shore fishes of the Hawaiian Islands, including species to 200 m, are apparently endemic (Randall, 2007). The Marianas Islands are located along the western margin of the Pacific Plate near the eastern edge of the Philippine Plate. Although the geological history of the region is very complex (Springer, 1982), it is doubtful that a benthic deep water species whose ecology appears to be closely associated with sea-floor spreading would have a distribution that extends from near the western margin of the Pacific Plate to the Hawaiian Islands. Further discussion of the possible zoogeographic affinities of Owstonia ignota is unjustified in view of the limited sampling of seamounts in the central Pacific region at depths where species of Owstonia might possibly occur.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE02AB480ACB71E7FCE3FE18.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 13 specimens, 88 ‒ 174 mm SL, all from Japan: ANSP 151948 (2, 136 ‒ 143), Kochi Pref., Mimase fish market, 31 Oct. 1980; ASIZ P. 71559 (3, 160 – 169), Kochi City, Japan, 25 ° 3 " N, 121 ° 56 ' W, H. Endo; BSKU 92331 (1, 142), off Kochi; CAS 133927 (1, 141), CAS 133931 (1, 141), CAS 133935 (1, 174) and CAS 133937 (1, 148), all Kochi Pref., Kochi, T. Kamohara, 1937; NSMT-P 32720 (2, 88 ‒ 137), Shikoku, Kochi Pref., Tosa Bay; NSMT-P 46724 (1, 156), Shikoku, Tosa Bay, K. Matsuura, Feb. 1984.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE02AB480ACB71E7FCE3FE18.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1 (one specimen, discussed below, is exceptional in having a lateral line with a nape loop); dorsal fin III, 21; anal fin I, 13 ‒ 14 (typically 14); lower limb margin of preopercle with 5 – 8 spines varying from embedded under skin and difficult to see to partially exposed and moderately large; teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 14 ‒ 23; in fresh specimens median fins with white margins and dorsal and caudal fins with narrow, red, submarginal stripe.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE02AB480ACB71E7FCE3FE18.taxon	description	Description. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1 (Fig. 6 A) that typically originates from posttemporal sensory canal near anterodorsal margin of gill opening, curves upward and backward then continues posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base to soft rays 19 – 21. (CAS 133935, 1 of 13 specimens, is exceptional in having a lateral line with a complete nape loop but otherwise agrees perfectly with O. japonica). Dorsal fin III, 21; anal fin I, 13 ‒ 14 (rarely 13); pectoral fin 20 ‒ 22; gill rakers 13 ‒ 16 + 26 ‒ 31 = 41 ‒ 47. Vertebrae: precaudal 11, caudal 17, total 28; anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 2. Oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 45 ‒ 52; nape scaly and cheek scale rows 5 ‒ 7. Lower limb margin of preopercle with 5 – 8 spines varying from embedded under skin and difficult to see to partially exposed and moderately large. (Okada and Suzuki, 1956, fig. 1, include a good drawing of the preopercular spines of O. japonica, which they misidentified as O. grammodon.) Papillae in slight depression behind tip of premaxillary ascending processes 4, arranged in 2 almost equally spaced pairs. Teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 14 ‒ 23; 1 or 2 inner teeth anteriorly. Teeth in lateral row of each dentary 8 ‒ 12, including 1 − 4 teeth at anterior end that continue behind symphyseal teeth in larger specimens; symphyseal teeth 4 ‒ 6, blunt and conical, and with 1 – 3 very small inner teeth anteriorly. Depressed pelvic fin extending posteriorly only to anal-fin origin. Caudal fin lanceolate. In 10 specimens, 88 ‒ 174 mm SL, caudal fin 1.6 ‒ 2.2 times in SL; head 3.5 ‒ 4.0 times in SL; body depth at anal-fin origin 3.7 ‒ 4.4 times in SL. Color pattern in alcohol: Adults with anterior part of dorsal fin uniformly pale; membrane connecting maxilla and premaxilla with prominent black stripe extending to near anterior end of premaxilla, and inner membrane covering posterior part of dentary also black. In fresh specimens, interradial membranes of dorsal fin with dark reticulations, median fins with white margins and dorsal and caudal fins with narrow, dark red submarginal stripe. Kamohara (1934) noted that in life Owstonia japonica is uniformly reddish and the " vertical fins finely adorned with many small white vermiculate markings, the margin being whitish. " Proportions of 13 specimens 88 ‒ 174 mm SL mm SL, as percentages of SL: predorsal length 24.3 ‒ 28.7; preanal length 51.2 ‒ 66.2; dorsal-fin base 60.5 ‒ 77.6; anal-fin base 24.4 ‒ 41.3; pelvic-fin length 25.2 ‒ 32.6; caudalfin length 43.8 ‒ 70.3; body depth at anal-fin origin 22.6 ‒ 36.0; head length 24.9 ‒ 29.5; upper jaw length 13.0 ‒ 16.0; upper jaw depth 5.7 ‒ 7.3; orbit diameter 10.4 ‒ 13.9. As percentages of head length: upper jaw length 47.7 ‒ 63.3; orbit diameter 38.7 ‒ 52.1. Comparisons. Owstonia scottensis and O. dispar, the only species with most of the diagonostic characters of O. japonica, differ (characters of O. japonica in parentheses) as follows: O. scottensis has a larger orbit diameter 15 – 17.5 % SL (vs. 10.4 – 13.9 %), and in fresh specimens median fins uniformly red (vs. median fins with white margins and dorsal and caudal fins with narrow, red submarginal stripe); O. dispar has fewer cheek scale rows, 3 (vs. 5 – 7), longer upper jaw at similar sizes, 16 % SL (vs. 14.4 % SL), and each dentary with 3 spike-like symphyseal teeth (vs. 4 ‒ 6 blunt, conical, symphyseal teeth).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE02AB480ACB71E7FCE3FE18.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is the Latinized version of Japan, the type locality of the species.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE02AB480ACB71E7FCE3FE18.taxon	distribution	Distribution. (Fig. 23) Known only from vicinity of Shikoku Island, Japan where trawled in at least 146 m.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE02AB480ACB71E7FCE3FE18.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The original description includes data for three specimens (145 – 225 mm TL), with no particular individual specified as the holotype other than the statement " the type is deposited at the Biological Laboratory, Kôchi College. " Subsequently, Kamohara (1961: 1) stated that the holotype (BSKU) was lost. One specimen of Owstonia japonica (Fig. 45) is atypical in having a type 3 lateral-line pattern with a complete nape loop but all its other characters agree well with typical specimens of O. japonica. This is one of several reasons why we do not use lateral-line patterns as the basis for generic groupings of owstoniine fishes. Owstonia totomiensis, the only other species known from Japan with a complete lateral-line nape loop, differs most obviously in lacking cheek scale rows. Records of O. grammodon from Japan appear to have been based on misidentifications of O. japonica (see above synonymies and Remarks in O. grammodon account.).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE0CAB4A0ACB775DFAEEF916.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 10 specimens, 122 ‒ 408 mm SL: Japan BSKU 74538 (1, 147), Suruga Bay, off Heta, Numazu City, Shizuoka, 300 – 350 m, 20 Feb. 1992; BSKU 98751 (1, 263, x-ray only), off Nachi-katsuura, Wakayama, Kii Peninsula, 260 m. Arafura Sea NTM S. 12450 ‒ 005 (1, 338), N. of Bathurst Island, 9 ° 42 ' S, 130 ° 22 ' E, 210 m, M. Sachse, Jul. 1988; NTM S. 12567 ‒ 004 (1, 212), S. of Tanimbar Island, 9 ° 20 ' S, 131 ° 8 ' E, 298 m, Jul. 1988. Western Australia CSIRO 3596 (1, 282), SW of Imperieue Reef, 17 ° 56 ' S, 118 ° 21 ' E, 420 m, 5 Feb. 1983; CSIRO H 2075 ‒ 001 (1, 407), NNW of Port Hedland, 18 ° 00 ' S, 118 ° 13 ' E, 375 m, 11 Feb. 1989; CSIRO H 2099 ‒ 007 (1, 408), E. of Rowley Shoals, 16 ° 58 ' S, 120 ° 13 ' E, 413 m, 2 Apr. 1989; CSIRO H 7136 ‒ 02 (1, 408), S. of Scott Reefs, 14 ° 16 ' S, 122 ° 16 ' E, 358 m, R / V Heron sta. 6 ‒ 6 ‒ 2004 shot 2, 6 Jun. 2004; NTM S. 12631 ‒ 017 (2, 122 ‒ 206), Western Australia, off Rowley Shoals, NW Shelf, 17 ° 37 ' S, 118 ° 40 ' E, 400 m, Nov. 1985.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE0CAB4A0ACB775DFAEEF916.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1; cheek scale rows 7 – 10, with scales relatively small and usually slightly separated from adjacent scales (Figs. 12 E, 12 F); caudal fin of adults rounded posteriorly; lower limb margin of preopercle without spines; dorsal fin III, 21 ‒ 22 without black blotch anteriorly in adults (except smallest, 147 mm SL, paratype from Japan has four dark blotches along base of fin on interradial membranes between spine 3 and ray 4).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE0CAB4A0ACB775DFAEEF916.taxon	description	Description. (Includes data for 5 type specimens, including the holotype, 263 – 402 mm SL, from Japan based solely on original description.) A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1, consisting of a simple lateral line that originates from posttemporal sensory canal near anterodorsal margin of gill opening, curves upward and backward then continues posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base to soft rays 14 – 18. Dorsal fin III, 21 – 22 (rarely 22); anal fin I, 13 – 14 (rarely 13); pectoral fin 21 ‒ 23; gill rakers 13 ‒ 15 + 24 ‒ 26 = 37 ‒ 40. Vertebrae: precaudal 11, caudal 17 (rarely 18), total 28 (29); anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 2. Oblique body scale rows in midlateral series about 53 – 56; nape scaly and cheek scale rows usually 7 ‒ 10 (Figs. 12 E, 12 F); some cheek scales usually slightly separated from adjacent scales (Fig. 12 F). Lower limb margin of preopercle without spines. Papillae in slight depression behind tip of premaxillary ascending processes all very small and difficult to discern, essentially a few larger papilla around which are smaller papillae in no regular pattern. Upper jaw when tightly closed usually extending to or slightly beyond vertical from posterior margin of orbit. Teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 15 ‒ 24; 0 – 3 inner teeth anteriorly. Teeth in lateral row of each dentary 8 ‒ 14 including 1 − 4 teeth at anterior end that continue behind symphyseal teeth in larger specimens; symphyseal teeth 4 ‒ 7, short and spike-like (Fig. 9 B), and with 1 ‒ 2 inner teeth anteriorly. Pelvic fin short, depressed fin not extending to anus. Caudal fin of adults rounded posteriorly. In 7 specimens, 122 ‒ 408 mm SL, caudal fin 2.6 ‒ 3.0 times in SL; head 3.0 ‒ 3.6 times in SL; body depth at anal-fin origin 3.9 ‒ 4.2 times in SL. Color pattern in alcohol: Adults with dorsal fin usually uniformly pale, but smallest (147 mm SL) paratype with dark blotches on interradial membranes along base between spine 3 and soft ray 4; membrane connecting maxilla and premaxilla usually with prominent black stripe extending to near anterior end of premaxilla, but mottled in three western Australia specimens (CSIRO 3596, NTM S. 12450 – 005 and NTM S. 12567 – 004), and inner membrane covering posterior part of dentary also black. Color of fresh specimens according to Endo et al (2016): “ head, body, and fins reddish, ventral side whitish … margin of vertical fins and branched rays of caudal fin slightly whitish …; black blotches on posterior part of dorsal fin in holotype; two black spots on middle part of dorsal fin in FAKU 98751. ” Unpreserved fresh specimens from off Rowley Shoals (Fig. 48) also have dorsal, anal, and caudal fins with narrow white margins. Proportions, as percentages of SL, for 8 non-Japan specimens 122 ‒ 408 mm SL listed above, and for 6 types from Japan 147 – 402 SL (given in parentheses), based on data given in the original description: predorsal length 27.7 ‒ 32.2 (25.1 – 29.0); preanal length 55.1 ‒ 61.5 (55.0 – 58.5); dorsal-fin base 59.8 ‒ 66.0 (58.5 – 63.5); anal-fin base 27.3 ‒ 31.2 (27.6 ‒ 30.9); pelvic-fin length 16.6 ‒ 20.1 (17.2 – 18.6); caudal-fin length 33.7 ‒ 39.2 (36.7 – 40.1); body depth at anal-fin origin 23.1 ‒ 25.3; head length 27.6 ‒ 34.7 (27.2 – 30.6); upper jaw length 15.8 ‒ 20.0 (16.3 – 18.1); upper jaw depth 6.9 ‒ 9.3 (7.1 – 8.2); orbit diameter 8.2 ‒ 15.7 (8.5 – 11.5). As percentages of head length: upper jaw length 56.6 ‒ 69.8 (56.4 – 61.9); orbit diameter 30.4 ‒ 45.0 (29.0 – 37.6). Comparisons. Two other species, the allopatric Owstonia ainonaka and O. simotera, have most of the diagnostic characters listed above but differ (characters of O. kamoharai in parentheses) as follows: O. ainonaka has caudal fin lanceolate and relatively long, 54.5 % SL (vs. rounded posteriorly and shorter, 33.7 ‒ 40.0 % SL), larger cheek scales that contact adjacent scales (vs. smaller cheek scales some of which are usually slightly separated from adjacent scales), and when mouth completely closed upper jaw extends only to vertical from posterior margin of pupil (vs. closed mouth with upper jaw usually extending to or slightly beyond vertical from posterior margin of orbit); adults of O. simotera have caudal fin lanceolate and shorter, 27.9 % SL (vs. rounded posteriorly and longer, 33.7 ‒ 40.1 % SL) and large curved dentary canines (vs. no large curved dentary canines). All three are large robust species with relatively high numbers of pectoral fin rays 21 ‒ 23, and short pelvic fins that do not extend to anus.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE0CAB4A0ACB775DFAEEF916.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for Toshiji Kamohara (1901 – 1972) (see Okamura, 1972), who described three new species of cepolids from Japan that are still recognized as valid.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE0CAB4A0ACB775DFAEEF916.taxon	distribution	Distribution. (Fig. 27) Known from southern Japan (Shikoku and Honshu islands) in depths of about 200 – 350 m and from off Western Australia and the Arafura Sea, where trawled in about 200 ‒ 410 m.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE0CAB4A0ACB775DFAEEF916.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The original description of O. kamoharai and one of the paratypes from Japan that we subsequently examined agree very well with our material from off Western Australia. Owstonia kamoharai is the largest species of the genus, attaining at least 408 mm SL (560 mm TL), with four of 14 specimens exceeding 400 mm SL.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE0EAB4C0ACB75C2FDB9FD15.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. USNM 344575, 58 mm SL, Tanzania, 6 ° 52 ' 12 " S, 39 ° 54 '' E, trawled in 200 m, R / V Anton Bruun cruise 9, sta. 423, 20 Nov. 1964.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE0EAB4C0ACB75C2FDB9FD15.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1; about 95 oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series (fewer than 60 oblique scale rows in other species, except O. mundyi); nape naked and cheek scale rows 5 ‒ 6..	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE0EAB4C0ACB75C2FDB9FD15.taxon	description	Description. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1, consisting of a simple lateral line that originates from posttemporal sensory canal near anterodorsal margin of gill opening, curves upward and backward then continues posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base to soft ray 21. Dorsal fin III, 23; anal fin II, 15; pectoral fin 19; gill rakers 12 + 20. Vertebrae: precaudal 11, caudal 18, total 29; anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 3. Oblique longitudinal body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 95; nape naked and cheek scale rows 5 ‒ 6. Lower limb margin of preopercle without spines. Papillae in slight depression behind tip of premaxillary ascending processes 4, arranged in 2 almost equally spaced pairs. Teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 15 / 17, no inner teeth anteriorly. Teeth in lateral row of each dentary 8; symphyseal teeth 3, conical, and with 1 inner tooth anteriorly. Depressed pelvic fin extending to anal-fin origin. Caudal fin lanceolate. Caudal fin 2.7 times in SL; head 3.6 times in SL; body depth at anal-fin origin 4.6 times in SL. Color pattern in alcohol: Dorsal fin uniformly pale; membrane connecting premaxilla and dentary with brown stripe extending to near anterior end of premaxilla, and inner membrane covering posterior part of dentary also brown (brown rather than black coloration probably due to preservation history). Life coloration unknown. Proportions of 58 mm SL holotype as percentages of SL: predorsal length 28.1; preanal length 57.3; dorsal-fin base 61.6; anal-fin base 39.1; pelvic-fin length 24.3; caudal-fin length 37.0; body depth at anal-fin origin 21.9; head length 27.8; upper jaw length 13.7; upper jaw depth 4.8; orbit diameter 10.4. As percentages of head length: upper jaw length 49.1; orbit diameter 37.5. Comparisons. The allopatric O. mundyi is superficially similar to O. lepiota in having a high number of oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series, 97 ‒ 108 (vs. 95) and a naked nape but differs in lacking cheek scales (vs. 5 – 6 cheek scale rows) and having anal-fin rays I, 15 – 16 (vs. II, 15).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE0EAB4C0ACB75C2FDB9FD15.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Greek lepis (scale) and iota (anything small) and, in reference to the relatively small body scales. The name is treated as a noun in apposition.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE0EAB4C0ACB75C2FDB9FD15.taxon	distribution	Distribution. (Fig. 27) Known only from off Tanzania where trawled in 200 m.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE0EAB4C0ACB75C2FDB9FD15.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Although the holotype is relatively large, it has a distinctly enlarged posttemporal and preopercle (Fig. 50). These features have otherwise been observed only in Owstonia larvae, suggesting that this individual remained in the water column for an extended period of time, presumably due to its failure to find or detect suitable benthic habitat prior to settlement.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE08AB4E0ACB71CCFAEFFD60.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 24 specimens, 84 ‒ 214 mm SL, all from eastern Australia: AMS IA. 5815 (156), holotype of Owstonia maccullochi, Australia, NSW, 30 mi E. of Sydney, ca. 33 ° 51 ' 30 " S, 152 ° 3 ' E, 238 m, K. Moller; AMS I. 25802 ‒ 014 (1, 84), Queensland, just N. of Townsville, 17 ° 58 ' S, 146 ° 59 ' E, 228 m, 1986; AMS I. 25804 ‒ 012 (1, 109), Queensland, just N. of Townsville, 17 ° 59 ' S, 147 ° 3 ' E, 260 m, 9 Jan. 1986; AMS I. 25806 ‒ 012 (1, 141), N. of Townsville, 17 ° 59 ' S, 147 ° 4 ' E – 17 ° 57 ' S, 147 ° 1 ' E, 264 m, 10 Jan. 1986; AMS I. 25807 ‒ 004 (1, 101), N. of Townsville, 17 ° 58 ' S, 147 ° 4 ' E, 300 m, 10 Jan. 1986; AMS I. 25812 ‒ 004 (1, 95), N. of Townsville, 18 ° 0 ' S, 147 ° 1 ' E, 222 ‒ 228 m, R / V Soela sta. S 01 / 86 / 24, 12 Jan. 1986; AMS I. 25821 ‒ 003 (1, 213), N. of Townsville, 17 ° 59 ' S, 147 ° 1 ' E, 220 m, R / V Soela sta. S 01 / 86 / 42, 15 Jan. 1986; AMS I. 37598 ‒ 007 (1, 214), Queensland, E. of Swain Reefs, 21 ° 48 ' 26 " S, 152 ° 59 ' 56 " E, L. Lowry and K. Dempsey, 13 Sep. 1995; CSIRO H 594 ‒ 20 (1, 95), NE of Townsville, 18 ° 10 ' S, 147 ° 13 ' E, 240 m, 8 Dec. 1985; CSIRO H 649 ‒ 11 (1, 114), N. of Townsville, 17 ° 54 ' S, 147 ° 4 ' E, 348 m, 29 Nov. 1985; NTM S. 11747 ‒ 011 (1, 96), Queensland, E. of Dunk Is., 17 ° 58 ' S, 146 ° 59 ' E, 224 ‒ 228 m, Jan. 1986; NTM S. 11756 ‒ 003 (1, 178), E. of Dunk Is., 300 m; NTM S. 11758 ‒ 002 (96), E. of Dunk Is., 220 m; NTM S. 11760 ‒ 002 (1, 84), E. of Dunk Is., 260 m; NTM S. 11765 ‒ 001 (146), E. of Dunk Is., 300 m; NTM S. 11769 ‒ 007 (2, 100 ‒ 145), E. Dunk Is., 264 m; NTM S. 11772 ‒ 001 (2, 101 ‒ 156), E. Dunk Is., 300 m; NTM S. 11781 ‒ 001 (2, 95 ‒ 106), E. of Dunk Is., 18 ° 0 ' S, 147 ° 5 ' E, 300 m; NTM S. 12722 ‒ 003 (1, 178), E. of Dunk Is., 300 m; AMS I. 37598 ‒ 007 (1, 214),), Swain Reefs, E. of 21 ° 48 ' S, 26 " S, 152 ° 59 ' 56 " E, 13 Sep. 1995; QM I. 22039 (1, 75), Swain Reefs, E. of 21 ° 57 ' S, 153 ° 25 ' E, 330 m; CSIRO H 1113 ‒ 10 (1, 178), Queensland, S. of Saumarez Reef, 22 ° 6 ' S, 153 ° 18 ' E, 246 m.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE08AB4E0ACB71CCFAEFFD60.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 3; dorsal fin III, 21 ‒ 22; anal fin I, 14 ‒ 16 (usually 15); cheek scale rows 4 ‒ 6; oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series 53 ‒ 54.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE08AB4E0ACB71CCFAEFFD60.taxon	description	Description. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 3 (Figs. 6 C, 6 G) consisting of a lateral line that does not contact posttemporal sensory canal near anterodorsal margin of gill opening (although a diagonal row of 2 or 3 scales is typically present on its anterodorsal margin), but instead continues posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base and anteriorly where it makes a complete loop across nape; lateral line ends below dorsal-fin soft rays 17 - 20. Dorsal fin III, 2 1 ‒ 22; anal fin I, 14 ‒ 16 (usually 15); pectoral fin 19 ‒ 22 (usually 20 – 21); gill rakers 15 ‒ 19 + 31 ‒ 35 = 46 ‒ 53. Vertebrae: precaudal 11 (exceptionally 12), caudal 17 (exceptionally 16), total 28; anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 2 ‒ 3 (usually 2). Oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 53 ‒ 54; nape scaly and cheek scale rows 4 ‒ 6 (Fig. 12 G). Lower limb margin of preopercle with 13 / 15 weak serrations in holotype (Fig. 8 D) or 7 ‒ 12 moderate to strong spines (Fig. 8 E) in other specimens. Papillae in slight depression behind tip of premaxillary ascending processes 4, arranged in 2 rows, those in posterior row much larger than those in anterior row (Fig. 14 C). Teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 12 ‒ 18, including some elongate spike-like teeth anteriorly; 0 ‒ 2 inner teeth anteriorly. Teeth in lateral row of each dentary 7 ‒ 11, some moderately hooked; symphyseal teeth 3 ‒ 4, spike-like, and with 0 ‒ 2 inner teeth anteriorly. Pelvic fin rays apparently sexually dimorphic, depressed fin extending posteriorly to anal-fin soft rays 3 ‒ 5 (presumed females) and soft rays 6 ‒ 10 (presumed males). Largest presumed male (AMS I. 37598 ‒ 007) has tips of the terminal dorsal- and anal-fin soft rays extending beyond base of caudal fin. Caudal fin lanceolate. In 18 specimens, 84 ‒ 213 mm SL, caudal fin 1.4 ‒ 2.2 times in SL; head 3.0 ‒ 4.5 times in SL; body depth at anal-fin origin 3.5 ‒ 4.4 times in SL. Color pattern in alcohol: Adults with dorsal fin uniformly pale; membrane connecting maxilla and premaxilla with prominent black stripe extending to near anterior end of ascending process, and inner membrane covering posterior part of dentary also black. Life coloration unknown. Proportions of 156 mm SL holotype are given first, followed by those of 12 specimens, 95 – 214 SL (in parentheses), as percentages of SL: predorsal length 24.8 (21.9 ‒ 33.0); preanal length 57.3 (50.5 ‒ 55.1); dorsal-fin base 65.2 (59.9 ‒ 71.2); anal-fin base 34.0 (34.4 ‒ 46.6); pelvic-fin length 39.5 (34.6 ‒ 51.4); caudal-fin length 56.0 (46.0 ‒ 72.0); body depth at anal-fin origin 28.9 (22.7 ‒ 28.8); head length 27.8 (22.4 ‒ 33.3); upper jaw length 15.7 (12.4 ‒ 18.6); upper jaw depth 6.8 (5.5 ‒ 8.9); orbit diameter 11.3 (8.3 ‒ 16.1). As percentages of head length: upper jaw length 56.4 (51.4 ‒ 69.9); orbit diameter 40.8 (36.9 ‒ 51.1). Comparisons. Owstonia doryptera and O. rhamma, the only other species with LL pattern 3 (although the LL of O. rhamma apparently differs in not making a complete nape loop, see species account) and scaly cheeks, differ (characters of O. maccullochi in parentheses) as follows: both of these allopatric species have fewer dorsal- and anal-fin soft rays (see Table 4), 21 and 14 respectively (vs. typically 22 and 15); O. doryptera has interradial membranes black between 2 nd spine and 1 st soft ray (vs. interradial membranes of spinous dorsal fin pale) and fewer oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 44 ‒ 46 (vs. 53 – 54); and O. rhamma has 3 rows of cheek scales (vs. 4 – 6), preopercle spines very reduced (vs. usually moderate to strong spines), lateral line with incomplete nape loop (vs. complete nape loop) and pectoral fin rays 19 (vs. 19 ‒ 21, usually 20 or 21).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE08AB4E0ACB71CCFAEFFD60.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for Australian ichthyologist Allen R. McCulloch (1885 – 1925); see Paxton and McGrouther (1997: 193 – 195) for a brief review of McCulloch's ichthyological contributions and Saunders (2012) for a more detailed account.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE08AB4E0ACB71CCFAEFFD60.taxon	distribution	Distribution. (Fig. 22) Known only from eastern Australia between latitudes of approximately 18 ° - 34 ° S where trawled in about 220 ‒ 348 m.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE08AB4E0ACB71CCFAEFFD60.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Whitley (1940, fig. 31) illustrated the holotype. The approximate coordinates for the type locality are 33 ° 51 ' 30 " S, 152 ° 3 ' E, assuming Port Jackson as starting point and 30 miles (= nautical miles) east of Sydney Harbour. This locality is about 11 degrees south of our next closest record (22 ° 6 ' S) of O. maccullochi, with 21 of 24 specimens from Dunk Island vicinity at ca 18 ° S latitude. Preopercular spines are somewhat variable and difficult to quantify in this species; in the holotype they are very weak, essentially serrations, weak in the larger of two specimens from Swain Reefs vicinity, and moderate to strong in all other specimens. Contary to Liao et al. (2009: 524), Smith-Vaniz (2001) did not synonymize O. maccullochi with O. totomiensis, and only stated that O. maccullochi " may [boldface emphasis ours] be a junior synonym of O. totomiensis. "	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE0AAB310ACB705FFA3DF9D8.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 2 specimens, 49 ‒ 67 mm SL: MNHN 1982 ‒ 0557 (67), holotype of Sphenanthias macrophthalmus, Philippines, 14 ° 0.1 ' N, 120 ° 17.1 ' E – 13 ° 59.9 ' N, 120 ° 17.5 ' E, trawled in 184 – 186 m, MUSORSTOM II, sta. 2, 20 Nov. 1980; MNHN 1983 – 0558 (1, 49), paratype, Philippines, 14 ° 1 ' N, 120 ° 18.5 ' E – 14 ° 1.2 ' N, 120 ° 17.9 ' E, trawled in 188 – 195 m, MUSORSTOM II, sta. 10, 21 Nov. 1980.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE0AAB310ACB705FFA3DF9D8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1; dorsal fin IV, 22 ‒ 23; anal fin I, 17 ‒ 18; lower limb of preopercle with 9 ‒ 10 small spines; gill rakers 16 + 33 ‒ 34.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE0AAB310ACB705FFA3DF9D8.taxon	description	Description. (Where counts vary those of paratype are given in parentheses.) A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1, consisting of a simple lateral line that originates from posttemporal sensory canal near anterodorsal margin of gill opening, curves upward and backward then continues posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base to 23 rd or (22 nd) ray. Dorsal fin IV, 23 (22); anal fin I, 18 (17); pectoral fin 21 (20); gill rakers 16 + 33 / 34 in both specimens. Vertebrae: precaudal 11, caudal 18, total 29; anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 3. Oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 54; nape scaly and cheek scale rows 4 or 5. Lower limb margin of preopercle with 9 ‒ 10 small spines. Papillae in slight depression behind tip premaxillary ascending processes 4, arranged in 2 almost equally spaced pairs. Teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 37 / 33 (28 / 32); 0 or (1) inner teeth anteriorly. Teeth in lateral row of each dentary ca. 19 – 23; symphyseal teeth 2 ‒ 3, spike-like, and with 1 / 2 (0) smaller inner teeth anteriorly. Depressed pelvic fin of holotype extending to anal-fin soft ray 2. Caudal fin lanceolate. Holotype with caudal fin 2.3 ‒ 2.6 times in SL; head 3.1 times in SL; body depth at anal-fin origin 3.6 times in SL. Color pattern in alcohol: Dorsal fin uniformly pale; membrane connecting maxilla and premaxilla with prominent black stripe extending to near anterior end of ascending process, and inner membrane covering posterior part of dentary also black. Fourmanoir (1985) recorded the dominant life coloration as yellow, including the dorsal fin, with the top of head, outline of upper jaw, dorsum, base of caudal, anal and pelvic fins dark pink. Proportions of 67 mm SL holotype are given first, followed by those of the 49 mm SL paratype (in parentheses) as percentages of SL: predorsal length 30.9 (33.6); preanal length 57.7 (53.6); dorsal-fin base 63.8 (63.1); anal-fin base 38.2 (36.2); pelvic-fin length 31.6 (27.5); caudal-fin length 43.4 (38.3); body depth at anal-fin origin 28.0 (26.1); head length 32.0 (33.8); upper jaw length 15.9 (16.2); upper jaw depth 7.7 (7.2); orbit diameter 16.4 (16.2). As percentages of head length: upper jaw length 49.8 (47.9); orbit diameter 51.2 (47.9). Comparisons. Six other superficially similar species differ (with characters for O. macrophthalma given in parentheses) as follows: O. geminata and O. hastata have anal fin I, 16 or II, 14 (vs. I, 17 – 18), fewer lower gill rakers 26 ‒ 30 (vs. 33 ‒ 34) and more precaudal vertebrae and anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 13 and 5 respectively (vs. 11 and 3); O. sibogae has a shorter premaxillary stripe, extending about 1 / 2 length of premaxilla (vs. long stripe, extending entire length of premaxilla), fewer oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series 27 ‒ 30 (vs. 54), larger cheek scales, in 3 rows (vs. 4 ‒ 5) and anal fin II, 15 ‒ 17 (vs. I, 17 – 18); O. contodon differs in having anal fin II, 16 (vs. I, 17 – 18) and lower limb of preopercle with 7 – 16 moderate spines (vs. 9 – 11 weak spines); O. elongata has fewer oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series 30 – 33 (vs. about 54), shallower body depth 10.8 – 14.0 % SL (vs. 26 – 28 %) and more precaudal vertebrae and pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine, 16 and 8 respectively (vs. 11 and 3); the Indian Ocean O. whiteheadi has fewer anal-fin soft rays 15 ‒ 16 (vs. 17 – 18), more total gill rakers 50 ‒ 60 (vs. 49 ‒ 50) and teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 39 – 45 (vs. 28 – 37).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE0AAB310ACB705FFA3DF9D8.taxon	etymology	Etymology. A combination of the Greek makros (long, but used in original description to mean large) and the Greek ophthalmos (eye).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE0AAB310ACB705FFA3DF9D8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. (Fig. 26) Known only from the Philippine type localities where trawled in 184 – 195 m.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE0AAB310ACB705FFA3DF9D8.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In the original description, the number of dorsal-fin spines was erroneously reported to be III, 23 – 24 (actually IV, 22 – 23). Fourmanoir (1985) gave measurements of the holotype and smaller paratype as 68 and 52 mm SL respectively, in contrast to our measurements made with needle-point calipers of 67.2 and 49.4 mm; these discrepancies could partially be the result of specimen shrinkage. Another paratype (reportedly 70 mm SL), also from MUSORSTOM II, sta. 10, is apparently missing. Bauchot and Desoutter (1989: 25) reported that the holotype was lost (subsequently found) and designated one of the original paratypes as the " neotype " (= lectotype); with discovery of the " lost " type, the original catalog numbers are used here. The above description of the holotype is based on our examination of it, including a radiograph, and supplemented by recent observations of Nalani Schnell.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE75AB300ACB758BFB5BF849.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. AMS I. 36454 ‒ 005, 116 mm SL, Philippines, Albay Gulf, 13 ° 8.98 ' N, 124 ° 4.73 ' E – 13 ° 9.84 ' N, 124 ° 0.01 ' E, trawled in 363 ‒ 385 m, J. Paxton, 3 Sep. 1995.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE75AB300ACB758BFB5BF849.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1; dorsal fin III, 21; anal fin I, 14; LL ends below dorsal-fin soft rays 7 ‒ 8; oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 48 – 53; total gill rakers 38 ‒ 39; dark premaxillary stripe; dorsal fin anteriorly with a black blotch.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE75AB300ACB758BFB5BF849.taxon	description	Description. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1, consisting of a simple lateral line that originates from posttemporal sensory canal near anterodorsal margin of gill opening, curves upward and backward then continues posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base to 8 or 7 th soft ray. Dorsal fin III, 21; anal fin I, 14; pectoral fin 22; gill rakers 13 / 14 + 25. Vertebrae: precaudal 11, caudal 17, total 28; anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 2. Oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 48 – 53 (many scales missing on left side); nape scaly and cheek scale rows 7. Lower limb margin of preopercle without spines. Papillae in slight depression behind tip of premaxillary ascending processes 5, arranged in 2 rows with outer papillae in each row approximately same size and equally spaced, and the additional middle papilla in posterior row smaller than adjacent papillae. Teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 18 / 19; 0 / 1 inner teeth anteriorly. Dentary lateral row teeth 14 / 15; symphyseal teeth 3 ‒ 4, spike-like, and with 1 inner tooth anteriorly. Pelvic fin short, depressed fin extending only to anus. Caudal fin lanceolate. Caudal fin 2.5 times in SL; head 3.1 times in SL; body depth at anal-fin origin 4.2 times in SL. Color pattern in alcohol: Dorsal fin interradial membranes between 2 nd spine to 5 th soft ray black, melanophores faint between spines 2 – 3 but intense between spine 3 and 2 nd soft ray (but with narrow clear area immediately anterior to 1 st soft ray), with dark pigment extending from near base of fin to at least 2 / 3 length of spines and soft rays; heavy concentration of melanophores on interradial membranes of posterior 5 anal-fin soft rays, membrane connecting maxilla and premaxilla with prominent dark stripe extending to near anterior end of premaxilla, and inner membrane covering posterior part of dentary unpigmented. Life coloration unknown. Proportions of 116 mm SL holotype as percentages of SL: predorsal length 30.9; preanal length 58.9; dorsalfin base 59.0; anal-fin base 28.2; pelvic-fin length 20.0; caudal-fin length 40.7; body depth at anal-fin origin 23.7; head length 32.4; upper jaw length 18.9; upper jaw depth 8.4; orbit diameter 13.7. As percentages of head length: upper jaw length 58.2; orbit diameter 42.3. Comparisons. Only two other species, Owstonia similis and O. psilos, have most of the diagonostic characters of O. melanoptera, at least as small individuals, but differ (with characters of O. melanoptera given in parentheses) as follows: O. similis has lateral-line ending below dorsal-fin soft ray 17 (vs. 7 – 8), fewer gill rakers 10 + 22 ‒ 23 (vs. 13 ‒ 14 + 25, see also Remarks in O. similis account), posterior anal-fin soft rays with heavy concentration of melanophores on interradial membranes (vs. posterior anal-fin soft rays with pale interradial membranes) and dorsal fin with interradial membranes between 2 nd spine to 3 rd soft ray with heavy concentration of melanophores (vs. melanophores faint between spines 2 – 3 but intense between spine 3 and 2 nd soft ray and with narrow clear area immediately anterior to 1 st soft ray); O. psilos has fewer oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 32 (vs. about 48 – 53), and premaxillary stripe absent, with a few scattered melanophores or pale and incomplete (vs. premaxillary stripe well-developed).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE75AB300ACB758BFB5BF849.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Greek melanos (black) and pteron (wing or fin), in reference to the large black blotch on the dorsal fin of the adult holotype. The name is treated as a noun in apposition.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE75AB300ACB758BFB5BF849.taxon	distribution	Distribution. (Fig. 24) Known only from Albay Gulf, Philippines where trawled in 363 – 385 m.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE77AB320ACB738CFC7BFE8D.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. QM I. 20664, 57 mm SL, E. of Murray Isles, 9 ° 51 ' S, 144 ° 26 ' E – 9 ° 53 ' S, 144 ° 23 ' E, trawled in 480 m, C. Jones, Queensland Fisheries Service, 28 May 1983.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE77AB320ACB738CFC7BFE8D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1; anal fin II, 11; dorsal fin between 2 nd spine and 3 rd soft ray conspicuously black and with melanophores extending from base of fin to distal margin, and with interradial membrane between 3 rd and 4 th soft rays clear.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE77AB320ACB738CFC7BFE8D.taxon	description	Description. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1, consisting of a simple lateral line that originates from posttemporal sensory canal near anterodorsal margin of gill opening, curves upward and backward then continues posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base to soft rays 12 or 14. Dorsal fin III, 20; anal fin II, 11 (one spine lost during examination but clearly seen on digital radiograph); pectoral fin 20; gill rakers 13 + 24. Vertebrae: precaudal 11, caudal 17, total 28; anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 2. Oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 45; nape scaly and cheek scale rows 6. Lower limb margin of preopercle without spines. Papillae in slight depression behind tip of premaxillary ascending processes 4, arranged in 2 almost equally spaced pairs. Teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 9 / 14, with several of the anterior ones relatively elongate; no inner teeth anteriorly. Teeth in lateral row of each dentary 9 / 8; symphyseal teeth 3 − 4, spike-like, and with 1 inner tooth anteriorly. Depressed pelvic fin extending to anal-fin origin. Caudal fin lanceolate. Caudal fin (broken off); head 3.0 times in SL; body depth at anal-fin origin 3.7 times in SL. Color pattern in alcohol: Dorsal fin between 2 nd spine and 3 rd soft ray conspicuously black and with melanophores extending from base of fin to distal margin, and with interradial membrane between 3 rd and 4 th soft rays clear; membrane connecting maxilla and premaxilla with weak dark stripe (perhaps due to fading), and inner membrane covering posterior part of dentary unpigmented. Life coloration unknown. Proportions of 57 mm SL holotype as percentages of SL: predorsal length 32.4; preanal length 57.0; dorsal-fin base 59.1; anal-fin base 29.2; pelvic-fin length 24.1; caudal-fin length (broken off); body depth at anal-fin origin 26.7; head length 33.6; upper jaw length 19.1; upper jaw depth 9.0; orbit diameter 14.5. As percentages of head length: upper jaw length 56.8; orbit diameter 43.2. Comparisons. No other species of Owstonia has the same combination of anal-fin rays as O. merensis (see Table 4); other species with II anal-fin spines have at least 14 soft rays (vs. 11 soft rays) and do not have small individuals with dorsal-fin pigmentation identical to that of the holotype (see above description).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE77AB320ACB738CFC7BFE8D.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is a combination of " mer " the name used by Torres Strait islanders for Murray Island, the nearest island to the type locality, and the Latin suffix ensis (meaning belonging to).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE77AB320ACB738CFC7BFE8D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. (Fig. 24) Known only from the type locality east of Murray Island, Australia in Torres Strait where trawled in 480 m.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE77AB320ACB738CFC7BFE8D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The small first spine of the anal fin became detached and lost while examining the holotype but two anal-fin spines can be clearly seen on a digital radiograph of the specimen.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE76AB340ACB7274FAECFCCD.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. USNM 427880, 128 mm SL, gravid female, Kiribati (Line Islands), off southwest point of Christmas Island, shrimp trawl in 150 fms [= 274 m], Townsend Cromwell Cruise 60, sta. 53, R. Barkley et al., 22 Aug. 1972. Paratypes. USNM 427319 (2, 121 − 125 mm SL), both gravid females, same data as holotype.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE76AB340ACB7274FAECFCCD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1; nape and cheeks without scales; oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series 97 – 108.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE76AB340ACB7274FAECFCCD.taxon	description	Description. (When counts vary those of paratypes are given in parentheses.) A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1, consisting of a simple lateral line that originates from posttemporal sensory canal near anterodorsal margin of gill opening, curves upward and backward then continues posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base to soft rays 20 – 23. Dorsal fin III, 23; anal fin I, 15 – 16; pectoral fin 17 – 18; gill rakers 13 + 22 / 23 (12 + 23 – 24). Vertebrae: precaudal 11, caudal 18, total 29; anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 3. Oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 106 / 108 (97 – 105); nape and cheeks naked. Lower margin of preopercle without spines. Papillae in slight depression behind tip of premaxillary ascending processes 4, arranged in 2 almost equally spaced pairs; each papilla is slightly tapered vertically and capped with a small flap, which condition is more apparent in the holotype (Fig. 14 D). Teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 20 / 22 (19 – 24); 2 – 3 inner teeth anteriorly. Teeth in lateral row of each dentary 9 ‒ 15; symphyseal teeth 2 / 3 (2 − 3), small and conical, and with 2 – 3 small inner teeth anteriorly. Pelvic fin apparently sexually dimorphic, depressed fin short and extending only to anal-fin origin in the three gravid type specimens but much longer in a male tentatively identified as O. mundyi (see Distribution and Remarks). Caudal fin lanceolate. Caudal fin 2.1 ‒ 2.4 times in SL; head 3.4 ‒ 3.9 times in SL; body depth at anal-fin origin 5.0 ‒ 5.2 times in SL. Color pattern in alcohol: Dorsal fin uniformly pale; membrane connecting maxilla and premaxilla with prominent black stripe that extends nearly to end of ascending process, and inner membrane covering posterior part of dentary also black. Based on videos of individuals at Kingman Reef tentatively identified as O. mundyi (Figs. 57, 58), upper part of head and body red, becoming paler below; and presumed male (see " Distribution ") with distal margin of dorsal fin and elongate pelvic-fin soft ray white. Caudal and anal fins pale with narrow red margins and dorsal fin with narrow submarginal red stripe, wider posteriorly. Owstonia mundyi and O. hawaiiensis appear to have virtually identical life coloration. Proportions of 128 mm SL holotype are given first, followed by those of the 121 – 125 SL paratypes (in parentheses), as percentages of SL: predorsal length 25.1 (22.9 – 26.0); preanal length 50.7 (50.6 – 52.2); dorsal-fin base 64.6 (64.4 – 64.6); anal-fin base 36.0 (37.0 – 40.0); pelvic-fin length 21.9 (21.9 – 24.0); caudal-fin length 42.0 (42.0 – 47.0); body depth at anal-fin origin 19.4 (19.3 – 19.6); head length 28.4 (25.5 – 27.5); upper jaw length 12.3 (12.2 – 12.3); upper jaw depth 5.3 (4.9 – 5.5); orbit diameter 10.4 (9.4 – 11.6). As percentages of head length: upper jaw length 43.4 (40.2 – 43.7); orbit diameter 36.5 (37.0 – 42.3). Comparisons. The western Indian Ocean O. lepiota also lacks nape scales and has a high number (95) of oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series but differs in having 5 – 6 cheek scale rows (vs. naked cheek) and analfin rays II, 15 (vs. I, 15 ‒ 16 in O. mundyi). Owstonia nudibucca and O. totomiensis, the only other congeners that lack cheek scales, differ from O. mundyi most obviously in having LL pattern type 3 and fewer oblique scale rows in mid-lateral series, 38 ‒ 60 (vs. 97 ‒ 108).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE76AB340ACB7274FAECFCCD.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for Bruce C. Mundy, NOAA National Marine Fishery Service, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, who arranged for us to receive the type specimens of this species and called our attention to important video frame grabs in support of his important submersible observations on Owstonia spp.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE76AB340ACB7274FAECFCCD.taxon	distribution	Distribution. (Fig. 24) Specimens came only from the Christmas Island type locality, and presumably the same species has also been observed and filmed (Figs. 57, 58) at Kingman Reef, 6 ° 25.702 ' N, 162 ° 26.338 ' W. Specimens were trawled in about 274 m at the type locality and observed in 342 m at Kingman Reef. We tentatively identify the Kingman Reef species as O. mundyi because Kingman Reef and Kiribati are both in the Line Island Group. However, we note that the life colors of the presumed female (Fig. 57) are remarkably similar to that of O. hawaiiensis; it also agrees in having a relatively short caudal fin, in contrast to the presumed male O. mundyi (Fig. 58) which appears to have a much longer caudal fin than that of a male O. hawaiiensis (Fig. 41); calculated caudal-fin lengths of the two fish, based on the video images (Figs. 41 and 58), are approximately 39 % SL and 47 % respectively.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE76AB340ACB7274FAECFCCD.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Bruce Mundy (in litt, July 2009) observed a pair of Owstonia at Kingman Reef (Figs. 57, 58), one with short pelvic fins and the other with long fins, alternately swimming in and out of holes on a vertical rock face. Sexually dimorphic pelvic fins occur in several other species of Owstonia, so a reasonable hypothesis is that a single species with sexually dimorphic fins was observed. Apparent color differences of the two photographed fish are an artifact of the different distances of the camera from each fish, affecting the intensity of illumination.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE70AB370ACB70BEFA3DFCE2.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. MNHN 2002 − 3362, 54 mm SL, New Caledonia, 21 ° 13 ' 58.8 " S, 165 ° 55 ' 12 " E, beam trawl in 490 – 530 m, Exped. BATHUS 1, sta. 657, 12 Mar. 1993. Paratypes. MNHN 2013 − 0158 (2, 45 – 49 mm SL), Vanuatu, Santo, NE Tutuba Island, 15 ° 33 ' S, 167 ° 19 ' 19.3 " E, 364 – 390 m, Exped. Santo 6, sta. at 58, 3 Oct. 2006.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE70AB370ACB70BEFA3DFCE2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1; dorsal fin III, 22; anal fin II, 14; oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series 25 – 26; cheek scale rows about 3; total gill rakers 30; precaudal vertebrae and pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 11 and 3 respectively.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE70AB370ACB70BEFA3DFCE2.taxon	description	Description. (When counts vary, those of the paratypes are given in parentheses.) A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1, consisting of a simple lateral line that originates from posttemporal sensory canal near anterodorsal margin of gill opening, curves upward and backward then continues posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base to at least soft ray 17 (left side smaller paratype only; scales immediately below posterior end of dorsal fin missing in all specimens). Dorsal fin III, 22; anal fin II, 14; pectoral fin 18 / 19 (19); gill rakers 11 + 19 (right side of holotype). Vertebrae: precaudal 11, caudal 18, total 29; anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 3. Oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 25 – 26 (smaller paratype only); nape scaly and cheek scale rows about 3. Lower limb margin of preopercle with about 6 – 9 weak spines that could easily be overlooked. Papillae in slight depression behind tip of premaxillary ascending processes 4 arranged in 2 almost equally spaced pairs; papillae difficult to clearly observe except in the larger paratype. Teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 20 / 24 (19 – 25); no inner teeth anteriorly. Teeth in lateral row of each dentary 16 (10 – 13); symphyseal teeth 4, spike-like (all other dentary teeth smaller with pointed tips), and with 0 ‒ 2 much smaller inner teeth anteriorly. Depressed pelvic fin extending to anal-fin origin. Caudal fin lanceolate. Holotype with Caudal fin 1.9 times in SL; head 3.7 times in SL; body depth at anal-fin origin 5.1 times in SL. Color pattern in alcohol: Dorsal fin uniformly pale; membrane connecting maxilla and premaxilla with prominent black stripe extending to near anterior end of premaxilla, and inner membrane covering posterior part of dentary also black. Life coloration unknown. Proportions of 54 mm SL holotype as percentages of SL: predorsal length 23.9; preanal length 50.4; dorsal-fin base 65.3; anal-fin base 32.8; pelvic-fin length 21.0; caudal-fin length 53.0; body depth at anal-fin origin 19.6; head length 27.0; upper jaw length 14.6; upper jaw depth 6.9; orbit diameter 13.4. As percentages of head length: upper jaw length 53.8; orbit diameter 49.7. Comparisons. No other species of Owstonia has most of the above diagnostic characters of O. nalani. The eastern Australian Owstonia hastata is superficially similar but differs (characters of O. nalani in parentheses) in having more oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 38 (vs. 25 – 26), total gill rakers 45 ‒ 46 (vs. 30), and more precaudal vertebrae and pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 13 and 5 respectively (vs. 11 and 3). Etymology. Named for Nalani Schell, MNHN curator of fishes, in appreciation for her outstanding assistance facilitating loans and examining type specimens of Owstonia in Paris.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE70AB370ACB70BEFA3DFCE2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. (Fig. 26) New Caledonia and Vanuatu where trawled in 490 – 530 m and 364 – 390 m respectively.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE73AB360ACB70DEFD9AFD38.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 2 specimens 65 – 68 mm SL as follows: MNHN 1982 ‒ 1251 (68), holotype, Philippines, 14 ° 0.1 ' N, 120 ° 17.1 ' E, 184 ‒ 186 m, MUSORSTOM II, sta. 2, 20 Nov. 1980; MNHN 1982 ‒ 1252 (1, 65), paratype, same data as holotype.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE73AB360ACB70DEFD9AFD38.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1; unique in having a black stripe anteriorly on dorsal fin that tapers posteriorly and extends from distal third of 1 st spine to the tip of 4 th soft ray.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE73AB360ACB70DEFD9AFD38.taxon	description	Description. (When counts vary, those of the paratypes are given in parentheses.) A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1, consisting of a simple lateral line that originates from posttemporal sensory canal near anterodorsal margin of gill opening, curves upward and backward then continues posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base to soft ray 16. Dorsal fin III, 21; anal fin I, 13; pectoral 19 ‒ 20; gill rakers 16 + 28 = 44 (14 + 26 = 40). Vertebrae: precaudal 11, caudal 17, total 28; anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 2. Oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 35 – 37; nape scaly and cheek scale rows 3. Lower limb margin of preopercle with about 8 – 10 small spines. Papillae in slight depression behind tip of premaxillary ascending processes 4, all papillae nearly equally sized with lateral pairs more closely spaced together, except the paratype with one anterior papilla missing on one side. Teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 15 / 18 (17 / 18); 1 or 2 inner teeth anteriorly. Teeth in lateral row of each dentary 9; symphyseal teeth 3 – 4, spike-like, and with 1 – 2 inner teeth anteriorly. Pelvic fin probably sexually dimorphic, extending posteriorly to anal-fin soft ray 8 in unsexed holotype (between rays 3 – 4 in slightly smaller, but unsexed paratype). Caudal fin lanceolate. Caudal fin 1.8 ‒ (broken) times in SL; head 3.4 ‒ 3.6 times in SL; body depth at anal-fin origin 3.7 ‒ 4.4 times in SL. Color pattern in alcohol: Anterior part of dorsal fin with narrow, black, distal stripe extending from spine 1 to soft ray 4; membrane connecting maxilla and premaxilla with prominent black stripe extending to near anterior end of premaxilla, and nner membrane covering posterior part of dentary also black. Fourmanoir (1985) recorded the dominant color of O. nigromarginata as pink, including the dorsal fin. Proportions of 68 mm SL holotype are given first, followed by those of the 65 mm specimen (in parentheses) as percentages of SL: predorsal length 26.7 (--); preanal length 59.9 (55.9); dorsal-fin base 63.5 (62.0); anal-fin base 31.8 (30.5); pelvic-fin length 53.7 (41.2); caudal-fin length 55.4 (broken off); body depth at anal-fin origin 21.8 (22.8); head length 27.9 (29.2); upper jaw length 15.3 (15.5); upper jaw depth 7.8 (6.7); orbit diameter 12.6 (11.9). As percentages of head length: upper jaw length 54.7 (53.2); orbit diameter 45.3 (40.8). Comparisons. Other species with LL pattern type 1 and black pigment on the dorsal fin anteriorly differ in having melanophores extending to base of fin. The holotype of Owstonia doryptera possibly has dorsal-fin pigmentation similar to that of O. nigromarginata but differs in having LL pattern type 3 and a short pelvic fin extending only to anal-fin origin (vs. pelvic fin extending to anal-fin soft ray 8 in holotype and between rays 3 ‒ 4 in paratype).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE73AB360ACB70DEFD9AFD38.taxon	etymology	Etymology. A combination of the Latin nigro (black) and marginatus (margin) in reference to the black stripe anteriorly on the distal margin of the dorsal fin.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE73AB360ACB70DEFD9AFD38.taxon	distribution	Distribution. (Fig. 23) Known only from the Philippine type locality where trawled in 184 ‒ 186 m.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE73AB360ACB70DEFD9AFD38.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Fourmanoir (1985) listed only two specimens of Sphenanthias nigromarginatus, which he recorded as 67 and 68 mm SL, and designated the larger specimen as the holotype. He recorded the number of anal-fin rays as I, 14 but examination of a radiograph of the holotype and our count of the paratype reveals that both specimens actually have only I, 13 anal-fin rays.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE72AB380ACB7674FAB3FD60.taxon	description	Owstonia totomiensis. Gloerfelt-Tarp and Kailola, 1984: 229, unnumbered color photo (misidentification; brief description; ANSP catalog number of photographed fish [holotype] listed on p. 347).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE72AB380ACB7674FAB3FD60.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. ANSP 151993, 224 mm SL, Andaman Sea, Mentawai Islands, off east coast of Siberut Island, 1 ° 22 ' S, 98 ° 37 ' E, depth not recorded, M / V Jurong, via P. J. P. Whitehead, 1980. Paratypes. 2 specimens, 93 ‒ 288 mm SL. SAIAB 201332 (1, 288) and SAIAB 201333 (1, 93), Andaman Sea, off Gulf of Mottama (Martaban), 14 ° 31 ' 12 " N, 93 ° 44 ' 24 " E, 268.5 m, R / V " Dr. Fridtjof Nansen " sta. 58, Peter N. Psomadakis, 9 May 2012.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE72AB380ACB7674FAB3FD60.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Owstonia with naked nape and cheeks; LL pattern type 3, including a short vertical side branch slightly anterior to dorsal-fin origin (Fig. 6 D); oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series 38 ‒ 42; caudal peduncle depth 2.3 ‒ 1.7 times in its length.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE72AB380ACB7674FAB3FD60.taxon	description	Description. (Where counts vary, those of the paratypes are given in parentheses.) A species of Owstonia with LL type 3, in which lateral line does not contact posttemporal sensory canal near anterodorsal margin of gill opening, continues posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base and anteriorly where it makes a complete loop across nape and also has the horizontal section of lateral line with a short ventral side branch slightly anterior to dorsal-fin origin; lateral line ends below dorsal-fin soft rays 16 - 17. Dorsal fin III, 21; anal fin II, 14; pectoral fin 22 (21 ‒ 22); gill rakers 18 + 29 / 31 = 47 or 49 (16 ‒ 18 + 27 ‒ 32 = 45 ‒ 50. Vertebrae: precaudal 11, caudal 17, total 28; anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 2. Oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 38 / 44 (ca. 50); nape and cheeks naked. Papillae in slight depression behind tip of premaxillary ascending processes 4, arranged in 2 almost equally spaced pairs. Lower limb margin of preopercle with about 7 or 8 (6 ‒ 7) spines. Teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 17 / 18 (18 ‒ 23), anterior 8 − 11 teeth moderately elongate with blunt tips; no inner teeth anteriorly. Teeth in lateral row of each dentary 14 / 15 (12 – 17); symphyseal teeth 3 / 4 (4 ‒ 5), moderately short, spike-like (all other dentary teeth smaller with pointed tips), and with 1 or 2 (1) much smaller inner teeth anteriorly. Depressed pelvic fin extending to anal-fin origin (to soft ray 3 in larger paratype). Caudal fin lanceolate. In smallest to largest types, Caudal fin 1.6 ‒ 2.0 times in SL; head 3.2, 3.8, 4.0 times in SL; body depth at anal-fin origin 4.4, 5.1, 5.8 times in SL. Caudal peduncle depth 2.3 (2.4 and 1.6 in larger and smaller paratypes respectively) times in its length. Proportions of 224 mm SL holotype are given first, followed (in parentheses) first by those of the 93 mm SL and then the 288 mm SL paratypes, as percentages of SL: predorsal length 22.7 (29.4 ‒ 22.3); preanal length 54.2 (54.1 ‒ 48.4); dorsal-fin base 61.4 (65.4 ‒ 63.4); anal-fin base 32.1 (29.7 ‒ 27.6); caudal peduncle length 17.4 (13.2 ‒ 20.0); caudal peduncle depth 7.5 (9.7 ‒ 8.2); pelvic-fin length 31.0 (23.7 ‒ 28.1); caudal-fin length 62.9 (50.5 ‒ 63.9); body depth at anal-fin origin 19.5 (22.9 ‒ 17.3); head length 26.3 (31.6 – 24.8); upper jaw length 13.4 (16.7 ‒ 14.0); upper jaw depth 6.2 (7.6 ‒ 5.0); orbit diameter 11.0 (15.4 ‒ 9.3). As percentages of head length: upper jaw length 50.8 (52.7 ‒ 56.5); orbit diameter 42.0 (48.9 ‒ 37.3). Color pattern in alcohol: Dorsal fin of holotype with three faint traces of small dusky blotches between membranes of last spine and soft ray 4 (these blotches absent in largest paratype) and smaller paratype with interradial membranes between dorsal-fin spine 3 and soft ray 5 black; membrane connecting maxilla and premaxilla with prominent black stripe extending to near anterior end of premaxilla (Fig. 15 B, 62 ‒ 63), and inner membrane covering posterior part of dentary also black. In fresh specimens body and fins range from pink to red, paler below, with iris red; the largest paratype has at least the anterior half of the dorsal fin with a narrow, dark, red distal margin (Fig. 61). Gloerfelt-Tarp and Kailola (1984) recorded the life coloration of the holotype as: " body and fins plain dark red; usually 3 dark brown patches over anterior dorsal fin membrane; black premaxillary groove. " Comparisons. Owstonia totomiensis, the only other species with naked nape and cheeks and LL pattern type 3, differs (characters of O. nudibucca in parentheses) in having horizontal section of the lateral line without a short ventral side branch slightly anterior to dorsal-fin origin (vs. short side branch present), more oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series 50 – 60 (vs. 38 – 42), and caudal peduncle depth 1.3 − 1.7 (vs. 2.3 ‒ 3.0) times in its length.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE72AB380ACB7674FAB3FD60.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Latin nudus (bare, naked) and bucca (cheek), in reference to the naked cheeks.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE72AB380ACB7674FAB3FD60.taxon	distribution	Distribution. (Fig. 22) Known from the Mentawai Islands off the east coast of Siberut Island, Indonesia and the Andaman Sea off Myanmar where trawled in 262 ‒ 269 m.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE72AB380ACB7674FAB3FD60.taxon	discussion	Remarks. A 55 - cm TL (ca. 342 mm SL) specimen (Fig. 62), photographed by Oddgeir Alvheim but not preserved, was collected from the Andaman Sea, off southern Myanmar (12 ° 22 ' N, 96 ° 51 ' E), trawled in 262 m, Dec. 2013. This specimen is notable for its narrow and elongate caudal peduncle (CP), depth of CP about 3.0 times in its length; measurements calculated from the photograph: CP depth 6.7 % and CP length 19.9 % SL.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE7CAB3A0ACB764FFAEDFA2D.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. NMV A. 29673 ‒ 004, 82 mm SL, Western Australia, 17 ° 21 ' 30 " S, 118 ° 57 ' 19 " E – 17 ° 20 ' 53 " S, 118 ° 56 ' 48 " E, trawled in 437 – 446 m, R / V Southern Surveyor, Imperieuse L 23 transect, 15 Jun. 2007. Paratypes. 9 specimens, 47 ‒ 180 mm SL, all from off Western Australia: NMV A. 29664 ‒ 004 (1, 64), 18 ° 46 ' 27 " S, 116 ° 54 ' 45 " E – 18 ° 46 ' 32 S, 116 ° 55 ' 28 " E, 400 – 404 m, R / V Southern Surveyor, Karratha L 21 transect, 13 Jun. 2007; CSIRO H 7136 ‒ 24 (1, 132, S. of Scott Reefs, 14 ° 16 ' S, 122 ° 16 ' E, 358 m, 6 Jun. 2004; NMV A. 29664 – 0 15 (1, 47), 17 ° 21 ' 30 " S, 118 ° 57 ' 19 " E – 18 ° 57 ' 19 S, 17 ° 20 ' 53 " E, 437 ‒ 446 m, R / V Southern Surveyor, Karratha L 23 transect, 15 Jun. 2007; NMV A. 29733 ‒ 007 (1, 125) 12 ° 36 ' 07 " S, 123 ° 25 ' 23 " E – 12 ° 36 ' 57 " S, 123 ° 26 ' 12 " E, 403 ‒ 419 m, R / V Southern Surveyor, Ashmore L 30 transect, 8 Jun. 2007; NTM S. 12608 – 002 (1, 75), SW of Rowley Shoals, 17 ° 51 ' S, 118 ° 29 ' E, 415 m, 7 Nov. 1985; NTM S. 12611 ‒ 001 (1, 82), SW of Rowley Shoals, 17 ° 28 ' S, 118 ° 53 ' E, 405 m, 8 Nov. 1985; NTM S. 12727 ‒ 004 (2, 150 ‒ 180), SW of Rowley Shoals, 17 ° 52 ' S, 118 ° 28 ' E, 410 m, Feb. 1990; NTM S. 12728 ‒ 018 (1, 149), SW of Rowley Shoals, 18 ° 01 ' S, 118 ° 23 ' E, 420 m, Feb. 1990.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE7CAB3A0ACB764FFAEDFA2D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1; dorsal fin III, 21; anal fin I, 14; LL ends below dorsal-fin soft rays 14 ‒ 20; oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 32; total gill rakers 36 ‒ 40; premaxillary stripe absent, with a few scattered melanophores or with an incomplete brown stripe; dorsal fin anteriorly with interradial membranes of spine 3 to soft rays 4 ‒ 5 black at least distally.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE7CAB3A0ACB764FFAEDFA2D.taxon	description	Description. (Where counts vary, those of the paratypes are given in parentheses.). A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1, consisting of a simple lateral line that originates from the posttemporal sensory canal near the anterodorsal margin of gill opening, curves upward and backward then continues posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base to at least soft ray 14 ‒ 20. Dorsal fin III, 21; anal fin I, 14; pectoral fin 22 (20 ‒ 23); gill rakers 14 + 25 = 39 (12 ‒ 14 + 24 ‒ 27 = 36 – 40). Vertebrae: precaudal 11, caudal 17, total 28; anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 2. Oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 32 (in most specimens too many of these scales are missing to accurately count them); nape scaly and cheek scale rows about 5 ‒ 6. Lower limb margin of preopercle without spines. Papillae in slight depression behind tip of premaxillary ascending processes 4, arranged in 2 almost equally spaced pairs. Teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 15 - 17 (15 - 24), 21 / 24 in largest specimen, with some anterior teeth moderately elongate with blunt tips; 0 ‒ 1 inner teeth anteriorly. Teeth in lateral row of each dentary 8 (7 ‒ 12 and 11 / 12 in largest specimen); symphyseal teeth 5 (3 ‒ 5), spike-like (Fig. 9 C), and with 1 ‒ 2 inner teeth anteriorly. Pelvic fin short, depressed fin not extending behind anus (not reaching anus in three largest specimens, 125 ‒ 180 mm SL). Caudal fin lanceolate. In 9 specimens, 64 ‒ 180 mm SL, caudal fin 2.5 ‒ 2.8 times in SL; head 2.7 ‒ 3.2 times in SL; body depth at anal-fin origin 3.8 ‒ 4.5 times in SL. Color pattern in alcohol: Dorsal fin with interradial membranes of spine 3 to soft rays 4 ‒ 5 with dark pigment at least distally; membrane connecting maxilla and premaxilla usually uniformly pale, occasionally (including holotype) with a few scattered melanophores or with an incomplete brown stripe, and inner membrane covering posterior part of dentary pale. A freshly collected 64 mm SL specimen (Fig. 64) has dorsal fin with prominent black blotch anteriorly extending to base of fin; remainder of dorsal, anal, caudal and pectoral fins reddish proximally with white distal margins; pelvic fin mostly white; maxilla, cheek, belly, shoulder girdle and chest ivory; opercle, throat and dorsum of head dark red; iris golden-orange; body posterior to anal-fin origin mostly pale probably due to missing scales. Proportions of 82 mm SL holotype are given first, followed by those of 8, 64 ‒ 180 mm SL, paratypes (in parentheses), as percentages of SL: predorsal length 33.3 (29.3 ‒ 36.2); preanal length 61.2 (56.9 ‒ 66.1); dorsal-fin base 57.4 (52.9 – 68.1); anal-fin base 26.7 (27.5 ‒ 31.2); pelvic-fin length 23.3 (17.1 ‒ 24.5); caudal-fin length 39.4 (35.0 – 39.0); body depth at anal-fin origin 24.7 (22.4 ‒ 26.0); head length 35.5 (31.0 ‒ 35.8); upper jaw length 20.7 (18.2 ‒ 20.8); upper jaw depth 9.3 (8.4 – 9.6); orbit diameter 16.2 (12.3 ‒ 16.8). As percentages of head length: upper jaw length 58.3 (53.7 ‒ 61.4); orbit diameter 45.5 (37.6 ‒ 48.1). Comparisons. Species of Owstonia with many of the diagnostic characters of O. psilos all have more oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series 45 – 56 (vs. about 32), and further differ (characters of O. psilos in parentheses) as follows: O. crassa has anal fin I, 12 – 13 (vs. I, 14); O. melanoptera and O. merensis both have dorsal-fin interradial membranes of spine 2 to soft ray 5 black (vs. membranes of spine 3 to soft rays 4 ‒ 5 black); O. melanoptera also differs in having the lateral-line terminus below dorsal-fin soft rays 7 – 8 (vs. 14 – 20) and O. merensis has anal fin II, 11 (vs. I, 14); O. similis has premaxillary stripe continuous and black (vs. stripe absent or incomplete) and total gill rakers 32 – 33 (vs. 36 – 40).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE7CAB3A0ACB764FFAEDFA2D.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet, from the Greek psilos (bare, smooth, naked), is in reference to the smooth lower margin of the preopercle, and the numerous missing scales of the holotype due to trawl abrasion.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE7CAB3A0ACB764FFAEDFA2D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. (Fig. 24) Western Australia between about 19 ° - 14 ° S, where trawled in about 360 ‒ 440 m.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE7EAB3D0ACB750AFACCF927.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. SAIAB 82406, 97 mm SL, off Mozambique, 18 ° 50.7 ' S, 37 ° 13.5 ' E, 311 ‒ 314 m; P. C. Heemstra; 29 Oct. 2007.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE7EAB3D0ACB750AFACCF927.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1; dorsal-fin rays III, 19; anal-fin rays I, 12; lower margin of preopercle smooth; oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 31 – 32.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE7EAB3D0ACB750AFACCF927.taxon	description	Description. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1, consisting of a simple lateral line that originates from the posttemporal sensory canal near the anterodorsal margin of gill opening, curves upward and backward then continues posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base to soft rays 17 / 18. Dorsal fin III, 19; anal fin I, 12; pectoral fin 18; gill rakers 14 + 24 or 25. Vertebrae: precaudal 11, caudal 16, total 27; anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 3. Oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 31 – 32; nape scaly and cheek scale rows 3 – 4 (Fig. 12 H). Preopercle lower limb margin without spines. Papillae in slight depression behind tip of premaxillary ascending processes 4, arranged in 2 pairs, with the posterior pair bluntly rounded and the other two smaller and tapered. Teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 35; 2 slightly larger, hooked, inner teeth anteriorly. Teeth in lateral row of each dentary 19 / 20; symphyseal teeth 4, relatively short and bluntly conical, and with 1 inner tooth anteriorly. Depressed pelvic fin extending to slightly behind anal-fin origin. Caudal fin lanceolate. Caudal fin 2.5 times in SL; head 3.1 times in SL; body depth at anal-fin origin 3.5 times in SL. Color pattern in alcohol: Adults with dorsal fin uniformly pale; membrane connecting maxilla and premaxilla with prominent black stripe extending to near end premaxilla, and inner membrane covering posterior part of dentary also black. In life, dorsal, caudal and pectoral fins mostly red; distal half of anal fin reddish, the rest of fin colorless, as is most of pelvic fin; head and body reddish becoming paler below with belly and chest mostly white. Proportions of 97 mm SL holotype as percentages of SL: predorsal length 32.3; preanal length 56.8; dorsal-fin base 61.7; anal-fin base 30.9; pelvic-fin length 25.7; caudal-fin length 40.5; body depth at anal-fin origin 28.4; head length 32.6; upper jaw length 17.2; upper jaw depth 8.6; orbit diameter 15.4. As percentages of head length: upper jaw length 53.0; orbit diameter 47.3. Comparisons. Other species with LL pattern type 1 differ (characters of O. raredonae in parentheses) in having dorsal-fin rays III, 20 – 26 or IV, 21 – 26 (vs. III, 19) and anal-fin rays either I, 13 – 18 (except I, 11 in O. merensis and I, 12 in 1 of 6 Hawaiian small individuals tentatively identified as O. hawaiiensis) or II, 11 – 16 (vs. I, 12). Owstonia raredonae further differs from other western Indian Ocean species as follows: O. weberi and O. whiteheadi both have lower limb margin of preopercle with moderate to strong spines (vs. smooth preopercle margin), O. similis has oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series 52 – 56 (vs. 31 – 32) and total gill rakers 32 – 33 (vs. 36 – 40); O. simotera has more cheek scale rows, 11 – 12 (vs. 3 – 4) and O. lepiota has more oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series, 95 (vs. 31 – 32) and nape naked (vs. nape scaly).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE7EAB3D0ACB750AFACCF927.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for Sandra J. Raredon, Smithsonian Institution, in appreciation of her expertise with digital radiographs and photographs, which has contributed significantly to this monograph.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE7EAB3D0ACB750AFACCF927.taxon	distribution	Distribution. (Fig. 27) Known only from the type locality off Mozambique, where trawled in 311 ‒ 314 m.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE79AB3F0ACB741BFF4BF998.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. MNHN 1995 – 0005, 102 mm SL, Vanuatu, 20 ° 19 ' 58.8 " S, 169 ° 49 ' 1.2 " E, MUSORSTOM 8, sta. 963, beam trawl in 400 – 440 m, 20 Sep. 1994. Other material. MNHN 2013 – 0354, (1, 50), Vanuatu, W. of Malo Island, 15 ° 41 ' 16.8 " S, 167 ° 2 ' 34.8 " E, 321 – 336 m, Exped. Santo 6, sta. at 18, 21 Sep. 2006.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE79AB3F0ACB741BFF4BF998.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 3; Dorsal fin III, 21; anal fin I, 14; nape scaly and cheek scale rows 2 - 3; dentary with 4 or 5 mid-lateral teeth noticeably enlarged and hooked backwards (Fig. 69).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE79AB3F0ACB741BFF4BF998.taxon	description	Description. (Characters of the 50 mm SL specimen that are observable are given in parentheses when they differ from the holotype; also see below Remarks.) A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 3, consisting of a lateral line that does not contact posttemporal sensory canal near anterodorsal margin of gill opening, but instead continues posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base to soft rays 19 / 20 (16) and anteriorly for about 5 scale rows beyond dorsal-fin origin (on left side) and on right side slightly beyond dorsal-fin origin but too many scales missing on nape to determine if the lateral line makes a complete loop across nape (nape loop definitely incomplete in the small specimen). Dorsal fin III, 21; anal fin I, 14; pectoral fin 19 (21 / 23); gill rakers 16 + 29 (15 + 30) (left gill arch of holotype missing). Vertebrae: precaudal 11, caudal 17, total 28; anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 2. Oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 50; nape scaly and cheek scale rows 2 or 3. Lower limb margin of preopercle with 5 − 6 very small blunt spines which could easily be overlooked (Fig. 8 F). Papillae in slight depression behind tip of premaxillary ascending processes 4, arranged in 2 approximately equally spaced pairs. Teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 16 / 22 (14); 2 (0) inner teeth anteriorly. Teeth in lateral row of each dentary 11 / 12 (11), 4 or 5 mid-lateral teeth noticeably enlarged and hooked backwards (Fig. 69); symphyseal teeth 4 (3) moderately large, conical, and with 2 / 1 (1) inner teeth anteriorly. Depressed pelvic fin extending to base of anal-fin soft ray 4 (2). Caudal fin lanceolate. Holotype with caudal fin 2.3 times in SL; head 3.0 times in SL; body depth at anal-fin origin 3.5 times in SL. Color pattern in alcohol: Holotype with dorsal fin uniformly pale (small specimen with traces of melanophores distally in spinous dorsal fin); membrane connecting maxilla and premaxilla with prominent black stripe extending to near end premaxilla, but inner membrane covering posterior part of dentary pale with no trace of melanophores. Life coloration unknown. Proportions of 102 mm SL holotype, with those of the 50 mm specimen (in parentheses), as percentages of SL: predorsal length 27.2 (27.9); preanal length 56.7 (55); dorsal-fin base 63.5 (63.6); anal-fin base 35.3 (32.9); pelvicfin length 27.9 (31.3); caudal-fin length 44.1 (27.6); body depth at anal-fin origin 28.7 (29.3); head length 33.0 (33.8); upper jaw length 16.3 (18.7); upper jaw depth 7.3 (8.6); orbit diameter 13.5 (16.4). As percentages of head length: upper jaw length 49.3 (55.4); orbit diameter 41.0 (48.5). Comparisons. Owstonia maccullochi and O. doryptera are the only other species with most of the diagnostic characters of O. rhamma but differ (characters of O. rhamma given in parentheses) as follows: O. maccullochi typically has more dorsal- and anal-fin soft rays 22 and 15 respectively (vs. 21 and 14, see Table 4) more pectoral fin rays, typically 20 or 21 (vs. 19), and more cheek scale rows 5 – 6 (vs. 2 – 3). Owstonia doryptera has a lateral line with a complete nape loop (vs. lateral line apparently not united as a complete loop across nape), more cheek scale rows, 5 – 6 (vs. 2 or 3) and no enlarged lateral dentary canines (vs. several lateral canines noticeably enlarged, Fig. 69).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE79AB3F0ACB741BFF4BF998.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Greek rhamma (seam or suture) in allusion to the lateral line (Fig. 68), which is reminiscent of a surgeon’s suture. The name is treated as a noun in apposition.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE79AB3F0ACB741BFF4BF998.taxon	distribution	Distribution. (Fig. 22) Known only from the Vanuatu type locality and Malo Island vicinity, where trawled in 400 – 440 and 321 – 336 m.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE79AB3F0ACB741BFF4BF998.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The small individual from near Malo Island is tentatively identified as Owstonia rhamma based, in part, on the Vanuatu locality and similarity of its dentition to that of the holotype, but in the absence of body and cheek row scale counts we cannot make an unequivocal identification. The relatively larger orbit diameter 13.5 % SL (vs. 16.4 %) and traces of melanophores on the spinous dorsal fin of Malo Island specimen are presumably size related.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE7AAB210ACB738CFD3AFF44.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 24 specimens, 44 ‒ 84 mm SL: Philippines: ASIZP 67820 (1, 63), eastern Luzon, Aurora, 16.03 ° N, 121.88 ° E, 262 ‒ 278 m, 20 May 2007; ASIZP 68216 (1, 64), eastern Luzon, Aurora, 16.02 ° N, 121.85 ° E, 302 ‒ 309 m, 2 Jun. 2007; ASIZP 68380 (1, 63), eastern Luzon, Aurora, 16.03 ° N, 121.88 ° E, 262 ‒ 278 m, 20 May 2007; PNM 17006 (61, x-ray only), holotype, Philippines, eastern Luzon, Aurora, 15.93 ° N, 121.78 ° E, 307 ‒ 292 m, 21 May 2007; USNM 93458 (1, 52), Cebu, Chocolate Island, 11 ° 15 ' 30 " N, 124 ° 11 ' E, 271 m, Albatross sta. 5194, 3 Apr., 1908; USNM 93457 (1, 71), Capitancillo Lt., between Cebu and Leyte, 10 ° 40 ' 15 " N, 124 ° 15 ' E, 291 m, Albatross sta. D 5408, 18 Mar. 1909. Indonesia: MNHN 1988 – 2014 (1, 44), Sulawesi, 1 ° 57.8 ' S, 119 ° 15 ' E, 215 m, " Corindon " II, sta. 271. New Caledonia: MNHN 2002 – 3175 (1, 58), 22 ° 7 ' 12 " S, 167 ° 10 ' 58.8 " E, 415 – 435 m, MUSORSTOM 4 sta. cc 245, 415 – 435 m, 3 Oct. 1985. Australia: NTM S. 11772 ‒ 001 (3, 66 ‒ 78), Queensland, E. of Dunk Island, 17 ° 15 ' S, 147 ° 4 ' E, 300 m, Jan. 1986; AMS I. 25826 ‒ 007 (4, 76 ‒ 80), Queensland, N. of Townsville, 17 ° 59 ' S, 147 ° 06 ' E, 300 m, R / V Soela, sta. SO 1 / 86 / 53, 17 Jan. 1986; ANSP 165126 (2, 82 C & S ‒ 69) same data as preceding; NTM S. 11782 ‒ 001 (5, 80 ‒ 84), E. of Dunk Island, 18 ° 1 ' S, 147 ° 7 ' E, 300 m, Jan. 1986; NTM S. 12722 ‒ 005 (2, 45 ‒ 76), E. of Dunk Island, 18 ° 0 ' S, 147 ° 8 ' E, 300 m, Jan. 1986.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE7AAB210ACB738CFD3AFF44.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Owstonia with a LL pattern type 2 that typically forms a loop across nape; oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series 27 ‒ 30; in fresh specimens dorsal, anal and caudal-fins with a wide, white, distal margin and submarginal red stripe.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE7AAB210ACB738CFD3AFF44.taxon	description	Description. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 2, consisting of a lateral line that originates from posttemporal sensory canal near anterodorsal margin of gill opening, extends upward and forms a " T " connection with horizontal section of lateral line (Fig. 5 B) that extends posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base to soft rays 16 − 17, with the anterior section extending beyond dorsal-fin origin and forming a loop across nape (Fig. 6 E). Dorsal fin III, 22 – 24 (typically 22); anal fin II, 14; pectoral fin 17 – 20; gill rakers 12 – 15 + 24 – 27 = 36 – 41. Vertebrae: precaudal 11 – 12, caudal 17 ‒ 18, total 28 – 29 (exceptionally 28); anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 3 (Fig. 7 B). Oblique body scale rows about 27 – 30; nape scaly and cheek scale rows 2 – 3. Lower limb margin of preopercle with skin-covered spines so reduced as to be easily over-looked (Fig. 8 G). Papillae in slight depression behind tip of premaxillary ascending processes 4, each pair of papillae about equally spaced (Fig. 14 E). Teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 18 – 28, with some of anterior ones spike-like; no inner teeth. Teeth in lateral row of each dentary 10 – 12; symphyseal teeth 3 – 5, moderately short and spike-like, and with 0 − 1 inner teeth anteriorly. Pelvic fin probably sexually dimorphic, depressed fin ranging from extending only to anus to reaching anal-fin origin. Caudal fin lanceolate. In 10 specimens, 52 ‒ 84 mm SL, caudal fin 1.5 ‒ 2.0 times in SL; head 3.5 ‒ 4.3 times in SL; body depth at anal-fin origin 4.5 ‒ 6.4 times in SL. Color pattern in alcohol: Dorsal fin uniformly pale; membrane connecting maxilla and premaxilla with a prominent black stripe variable in length, extending only about 2 / 3 distance or to end of premaxilla, and inner membrane covering posterior part of dentary also black. In the fresh holotype, head and body were rosy pink, becoming mostly white ventrally; dorsal and anal fins rosy with a relatively wide, white distal margin and submarginal red stripe; outer margin of caudal fin also has a wide white border followed by a slightly wider, dark red submarginal stripe, remainder of fin rose colored. Proportions of 10 specimens 44 ‒ 84 mm SL mm SL, as percentages of SL: predorsal length 21.8 ‒ 27.4; preanal length 47.2 ‒ 56.2; dorsal-fin base 62.2 ‒ 68.2; anal-fin base 33.5 ‒ 39.6; pelvic-fin length 17.9 ‒ 28.0; caudal-fin length 47.7 ‒ 71.1; body depth at anal-fin origin 15.5 ‒ 21.0; head length 22.3 ‒ 30.2; upper jaw length 11.1 ‒ 17.2; upper jaw depth 5.2 ‒ 7.2; orbit diameter 10.6 ‒ 13.7. As percentages of head length: upper jaw length 49.5 ‒ 58.2; orbit diameter 42.3 ‒ 49.3. Comparisons. Owstonia tosaensis, the only other species with LL pattern type 2, differs (characters of O. sarmiento in parentheses) in having more oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series 44 – 54 (vs. 27 – 30) and cheek scale rows 4 – 5 (vs. 2 – 3), different number of anal fin rays I, 15 – 16 (vs. II, 14) and a very different color pattern. Owstonia sarmiento also is the only species in which the anal fin has 2 supernumerary spines.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE7AAB210ACB738CFD3AFF44.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for Malcolm Sarmiento, then director of the Philippine Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE7AAB210ACB738CFD3AFF44.taxon	distribution	Distribution. (Fig. 25) Known from off Luzon Island, Philippines, Sulawesi, New Caledonia, and Queensland, Australia, where trawled in about 215 – 415 m.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE65AB210ACB7206FF14F83C.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. CSIRO H. 7136 ‒ 03, 100 mm SL, Western Australia, south of Scott Reefs, 14 ° 16 ' S, 122 ° 16 ' E, trawled in 358 m, R / V Heron sta. 6 ‒ 6 ‒ 2004, shot 2, 6 Jun. 2004. Paratypes. 4 specimens, 70 ‒ 110 mm SL: CSIRO H. 7136 − 04 (2, 103 ‒ 103) and USNM 427156 (1, 110), same data as holotype; CSIRO B. 4011 (1, 70), SW of Scott Reefs, 14 ° 37 ' S, 121 ° 47 ' E, 304 m, sta. S 00184 / 82, 16 Feb. 1984.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE65AB210ACB7206FF14F83C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1; dorsal fin III, 21; anal fin I, 14 – 15; oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 40 – 45; lower limb margin of preopercle with 5 – 8 weak spines; cheek scale rows 4 ‒ 5; dorsal fin pale anteriorly and in fresh specimens median fins mostly red; each dentary with 3 ‒ 4 spikelike symphyseal teeth.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE65AB210ACB7206FF14F83C.taxon	description	Description. (Where counts vary, those of the paratypes are given in parentheses.). A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1, consisting of a simple lateral line that originates from posttemporal sensory canal near anterodorsal margin of gill opening, curves upward and backward then continues posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base to soft ray 19 (left side holotype). Dorsal fin III, 21; anal fin I, 14 or 15; pectoral fin 2 0 – 21; gill rakers 16 + 27 (15 – 16 + 25 – 27 = 40 – 43). Vertebrae: precaudal 11, caudal 17, total 28; anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 2 or 3 (3 in 1 of 5 specimens.). Oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 40 – 45 (some scales missing on sides of body in all specimens due to trawl abrasion); nape scaly and cheek scale rows about 4 – 5. Preopercle lower limb margin with 5 – 8 weak spines (Fig. 8 H). Papillae in slight depression behind tip of premaxillary ascending processes 4, arranged in 2 almost equally spaced pairs. Teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 15 / 18 (12 ‒ 20), with some anterior teeth spike-like; no inner teeth anteriorly. Teeth in lateral row of each dentary 11 / 12 (9 ‒ 15); symphyseal teeth 3 or 4, spike-like, and with 0 – 3 very small inner teeth anteriorly. Depressed pelvic fin extending to or slightly behind anal-fin origin. Caudal fin lanceolate. Caudal fin 1.9 ‒ 2.6 times in SL; head 3.3 ‒ 3.6 times in SL; body depth at anal-fin origin 4.1 ‒ 4.4 times in SL. Color pattern in alcohol: Adults with dorsal fin uniformly pale; membrane connecting maxilla and premaxilla with prominent black stripe extending to near anterior end of premaxilla, and inner membrane covering posterior part of dentary also black. In fresh specimens, median and pelvic fins mostly red, except anterior 1 / 3 of dorsal fin and 3 / 4 of anal fin whitish proximally; pectoral fin pale yellow and iris red; body red with paler chest and belly, but appearing mostly straw-colored in Fig. 71 due to missing scales. Proportions of 100 mm SL holotype are given first, followed by those of 4, 70 ‒ 110 mm SL, paratypes (in parentheses), as percentages of SL: predorsal length 28.8 (28.1 – 31.3); preanal length 52.6 (52.1 – 57.2); dorsal-fin base 66.4 (58.4 – 63.9); anal-fin base 30.6 (29.9 – 32.5); pelvic-fin length 25.8 (25.3 – 27.5); caudal-fin length 39.1 (45.4 – 55.4); body depth at anal-fin origin 24.3 (22.6 – 24.1); head length 29.2 (29.4 – 29.7); upper jaw length 16.0 (15.4 – 15.9); upper jaw depth 8.0 (7.8 – 8.1); orbit diameter 15.1 (15.3 – 17.4). As percentages of head length: upper jaw length 54.6 (51.8 – 53.6); orbit diameter 51.7 (51.5 – 59.3). Comparisons. Owstonia japonica and O. dispar have most of the diagnostic characters of O. scottensis but differ (characters of O. scottensis in parentheses) as follows: both species have smaller orbit diameters 10.4 – 13.9 % SL (vs. 15.3 – 17.5 %); O. dispar also has fewer cheek scale rows 3 (vs. 4 ‒ 5); O. japonica has a shorter upper jaw 13.0 – 16 % SL (vs. 15.4 – 16 %), each dentary with 4 ‒ 6 blunt, conical, symphyseal teeth (vs. 3 ‒ 4 spike-like symphyseal teeth), and in fresh specimens of O. japonica the median fins have white margins and a narrow, red submarginal stripe (vs. fins mostly red and without white margins); life coloration of O. dispar unknown.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE65AB210ACB7206FF14F83C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet in a combination of Scott Reefs, the nearest area from where all the known specimens have been collected and the Latin suffix ensis (meaning belonging to). The name is treated as a noun in apposition.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE65AB210ACB7206FF14F83C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. (Fig. 23) Known only from Scott Reefs vicinity, off Western Australia where trawled in 304 – 358 m.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE64AB220ACB7424FA9BF9E0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 19 specimens, 82 – 156 mm SL: Indonesia ZMA 119.382 (2, ca. 93 – 122), Timor Sea, 10 ° 27.9 ' S, 123 ° 28.7 ' E, 216 m, M. Weber, 2 Feb. 1900; ANSP 152035 (2, 113 C & S – 156) and ANSP 152642 (1, 100), Sumbawa, Saleh Bay, 8 ° 34 ' S, 117 ° 46 ' E, 150 – 280 m, T. Gloerfelt-Tarp, 16 Jul. 1981; NMNH 1985 – 363 (2, 97 – 98), Sulawesi, 1 ° 57.8 ' S, 119 ° 15 ' E, 215 m, P. Fourmanoir, R / V Corindon II, sta. 271; MNHN 1985 – 356 (1, 58), Sulawesi, 1 ° 57.8 ' S, 119 ° 15 ' E, 215 m, R / V Corindon II, sta. 271; BMNH 1986.10. 6.61 (1, 90), Indonesia, no other data. Philippines USNM 93455 (1, 138), holotype of Sphenanthias pectinifer Myers, Mindanao, Davao Bay, E. of Dumalag Island, 7 ° 3 ' N, 125 ° 39 ' E, 183 m, R / V Albatross, sta. D 5255, 18 May 1908; USNM 93456 (1, 104), Panalangan Point, Talajit Island, between Samar and Masbate, 11 ° 57 ' N, 124 ° 12 ' 24 " E, 250 m, R / V Albatross sta. D. 5396, 15 Mar. 1909; CAS 32914 (2, 78 – 96), Luzon Island, Ragay Gulf, Quezon, Pusago Point, 250 m, J. E. Norton, 11 Nov. 1966; CAS 33848 (5, 90 – 126 C & S), Marinduque Island, SE of Salomagee I., 287 – 312 m, J. E. Norton, 20 Oct. 1964. Vietnam USNM 357481 (1, 82), vicinity of Gulf of Tonkin, 15 ° 56 ' 48 " N, 109 ° 30 ' E, 260 – 315 m, 16 Sep. 1963.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE64AB220ACB7424FA9BF9E0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1; dorsal-fin spines IV, 23 – 24 (rarely 24); anal fin II, 15 – 17 (typically 16); oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series 27 – 30; cheek scale rows 3; premaxillary stripe short, extending only about 2 / 3 length of premaxilla; inner membrane covering posterior part of dentary black.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE64AB220ACB7424FA9BF9E0.taxon	description	Description. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern consisting of type 1, a simple lateral line that originates from posttemporal sensory canal near anterodorsal margin of gill opening, curves upward and backward then continues posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base to soft rays 19 ‒ 23. Dorsal fin IV, 23 – 24 (rarely 24); anal fin II, 15 – 17 (typically 16); pectoral fin 18 – 20; gill rakers 14 – 18 + 27 – 32 = 41 – 48. Vertebrae: precaudal 12, caudal 17, total 29; anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 4. Oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 27 – 30; nape scaly and cheek scale rows 3 (Fig. 12 I). Lower limb margin of preopercle with 8 – 14 strong spines (Fig. 8 I). Papillae in slight depression behind tip of premaxillary ascending processes 4, arranged in 2 almost equally spaced pairs. Teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 29 ‒ 41; no inner teeth anteriorly. Teeth in lateral row of each dentary 15 ‒ 26; symphyseal teeth 5 ‒ 6 short and peg-like, and with 1 – 4 inner teeth anteriorly. Pelvic fin probably sexually dimorphic, depressed pelvic fin extending only to anus, to anal-fin origin (most specimens) or to soft ray 4. Caudal fin lanceolate. In 9 specimens, 90 ‒ 156 mm SL, caudal fin 1.5 ‒ 2.2 times in SL; head 3.8 ‒ 5.2 times in SL; body depth at anal-fin origin 3.9 ‒ 6.4 times in SL. Color pattern in alcohol: Adults with dorsal fin uniformly pale; membrane connecting maxilla and premaxilla with prominent dark stripe that extends only about 1 / 2 length of premaxilla (Fig. 15 C), and inner membrane covering posterior part of dentary also black. Gloerfelt-Tarp and Kailola (1984) recorded the life coloration as " body rosy with areas of pale yellow, maxilla, side of head and pectoral base iridescent; premaxillary groove black, fins greenish yellow, dorsal and anal fins iridescent violet. " Proportions of 10 specimens 82 ‒ 156 mm SL mm SL, as percentages of SL: predorsal length 19.7 ‒ 25.0; preanal length 45.4 ‒ 50.9; dorsal-fin base 63.3 – 72.9; anal-fin base 37.1 ‒ 46.5; pelvic-fin length 18.3 ‒ 39.3; caudalfin length 45.4 ‒ 67.4; body depth at anal-fin origin 19.5 ‒ 25.8; head length 19.3 ‒ 26.0; upper jaw length 9.9 ‒ 12.8; upper jaw depth 5.0 ‒ 6.4; orbit diameter 8.1 ‒ 11.9. As percentages of head length: upper jaw length 47.4 ‒ 53.4; orbit diameter 40.1 ‒ 49.8. Comparisons. Three species have many of the diagonistic characters of Owstonia sibogae but differ (characters of O. sibogae in parentheses) as follows: Owstonia hastata has anal fin II, 14 (vs. II, 15 – 17), oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series 38 (vs. 27 – 30) and more precaudal vertebrae and anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 13 and 5 respectively (vs. 12 and 4); O. elongata has more dorsal-fin soft rays 24 – 26 (vs. 23, rarely 24), typically with anal-fin spine I, exceptionally II, see Table 4 (vs. II) and more precaudal vertebrae and anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 16 and 8 respectively (vs. 12 and 4); O. contodon has more body scale rows in mid-lateral series ca. 48 – 53 (vs. 27 – 30) and premaxillary stripe extending entire length of premaxilla (vs. short stripe, extending only about 2 / 3 length of premaxilla). Four other species (O. fallax, geminata, macrophthalma and whiteheadi) agree with O. sibogae in having LL pattern type 1, dorsal-fin spines IV and spines on the lower limb of the preopercle but differ in having anal-fin spines I (vs. II). In addition, O. geminata has the inner membrane covering the posterior part of the dentary pale (vs. dark), and the other three species have more oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series 39 – 54 (vs. 27 – 30).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE64AB220ACB7424FA9BF9E0.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for the East Indies Siboga Expedition. The results of the " Siboga-Expeditie " (published in many parts from 1901 to 1986) were edited by Max Weber.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE64AB220ACB7424FA9BF9E0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. (Fig. 26) Vietnam, Philippines, and Indonesia where trawled in 183 – 315 m.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE64AB220ACB7424FA9BF9E0.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Weber's (1913) original description and drawing (Fig. 74) of Sphenanthias sibogae were very inaccurate, especially in reporting 9 instead of 4 dorsal-fin spines and only a single cheek scale. Myers' (1939) comparison of Sphenanthias pectinifer and S. sibogae was not based on his personal examination of any types of Sphenanthias sibogae. While questioning the accuracy of Weber's description, he seems to have relied primarily on the total gill raker counts (38 ‒ 39) reported in Weber and de Beaufort (1931) for the holotype and three paratypes of S. sibogae, versus 45 for the holotype of S. pectinifer as justification for his new species. Total gill rakers counts ranged from 41 – 48 in 13 specimens of O. sibogae (see Table 7) we examined, suggesting that some of the very small gill rakers near the ends of the gill arch were not counted by Weber and de Beaufort. As indicated in the above synonymies, Endo et al. (2016) designated ZMA 112.568 as the lectotype of Sphenanthias sibogae.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE66AB240ACB75A2FB10FE8C.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. MNHN 2014 – 1766, 89 mm SL, Madagascar, 14 ° 29 ' 25 " S, 47 ° 26 ' 4 " E, beam trawl in 347 – 448 m, R / V Miriky sta. 3291, 14 Jul. 2009.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE66AB240ACB75A2FB10FE8C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1; dorsal fin III, 21; anal fin I, 14; oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series 52 ‒ 56; lower limb margin of preopercle without spines; dorsal fin anteriorly with several of the interradial membranes mostly black.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE66AB240ACB75A2FB10FE8C.taxon	description	Description. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1, consisting of a simple lateral line that originates from posttemporal sensory canal near anterodorsal margin of gill opening, curves upward and backward then continues posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base to soft ray 16. Dorsal fin III, 21; anal fin I, 14; pectoral fin 22 / 21; gill rakers 10 + 22 / 23. Vertebrae: precaudal 11, caudal 17, total 28; anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 2. Oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series 52 – 56; nape scaly and cheek scale rows 6. Lower limb margin of preopercle without spines. Papillae in slight depression behind tip of premaxillary ascending processes difficult to discern with absolute certainty, but they appear to be in two closely spaced rows with 3 large, almosttouching papillae in anterior row and 2 smaller papillae on opposite ends of the posterior row. Teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 10 / 13; no inner teeth anteriorly. Teeth in lateral row of each dentary 10 / 8; symphyseal teeth 3, spike-like, and with 1 smaller inner tooth anteriorly. Pelvic fin short, depressed fin extending only to anus. Caudal fin lanceolate. Caudal fin 2.5 times in SL; head 2.9 times in SL; body depth at anal-fin origin 3.4 times in SL. Color pattern in alcohol: Dorsal fin interradial membranes between spine 2 and soft ray 3 with heavy concentration of melanophores and anal fin with interradial membranes between posterior 5 soft rays also with heavy concentration of melanophores; membrane connecting maxilla and premaxilla with prominent black stripe extending about 3 / 4 length of premaxilla, and inner membrane covering posterior part of dentary pale. Life coloration unknown. Proportions of 89 mm SL holotype as percentages of SL: predorsal length 31.4; preanal length 64.3; dorsal-fin base 60.0; anal-fin base 28.4; pelvic-fin length 23.5; caudal-fin length 39.6; body depth at anal-fin origin 29.4; head length 34.1; upper jaw length 19.1; upper jaw depth 9.7; orbit diameter 14.8. As percentages of head length: upper jaw length 56.0; orbit diameter 43.5. Head length 2.9 times in SL; body depth at anal-fin origin 3.4 times in SL. Comparisons. Owstonia melanoptera, O. psilos and O. scottensis have many of the diagnostic characters of O. similis but differ (characters of O. similis in parentheses) as follows: O. melanoptera is most similar to O. similis but has lateral line ending below dorsal-fin soft rays 7 or 8 (vs. 16), more gill rakers 13 ‒ 14 + 25 (vs. 10 + 22 ‒ 23) and interradial membranes of posterior anal-fin soft rays unpigmented (vs. interradial membranes of posterior analfin soft rays with heavy concentration of melanophores); O. psilos has fewer oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series, ca. 32 (vs. 52 – 56), more gill rakers 12 – 14 + 24 – 27 = 36 – 40 (vs. 10 + 22 – 23), membrane connecting maxilla and premaxilla typically pale with a few scattered melanophores or a pale incomplete stripe (vs. continuous black stripe present), and dorsal fin with interradial membranes between spine 3 and soft rays 4 or 5 mostly black (vs. black between spine 2 and soft ray 3); O. scottensis has fewer oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series, 40 ‒ 45 (vs. 52 ‒ 56), more total gill rakers, 40 ‒ 43 (vs. 32 ‒ 33), dorsal fin pale anteriorly (vs. mostly black between spine 2 and soft ray 3); and inner membrane covering posterior part of dentary dark (vs. pale).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE66AB240ACB75A2FB10FE8C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Latin similis (like), in reference to similarity of the holotype to other species with a black blotch anteriorly in the dorsal fin, especially to O. melanoptera. An adjective.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE66AB240ACB75A2FB10FE8C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. (Fig. 27) Known only from the Madagascar type locality, where trawled in 347 – 448 m.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE66AB240ACB75A2FB10FE8C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. We cannot entirely eliminate the possibility that the total number of gill rakers (32 – 33) in the 88.6 SL holotype of O. similis compared to those (37 – 38) in the much larger, 116.2 SL, holotype of O. melanoptera is correlated with body size. However, in Owstonia species with relatively low numbers of total gill rakers, gill rakers usually increase only slightly by the time specimens have obtained a size of about 80 mm SL.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE60AB270ACB7274FB83F874.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 2 specimens, 65 ‒ 298 mm SL: SAIAB 605 (298) holotype of Sphenanthias simotera, southern Mozambique, off Bazaruto, 475 – 549 m, [date not given]; USNM 276514 (1, 65), Mozambique Channel, off Delagoa Bay, 25 ° 31.0 ' S, 33 ° 26.5 ' E, 450 ‒ 455 m, R / V Anton Bruun cruise 8, sta. 396 B, 28 Sep. 1964.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE60AB270ACB7274FB83F874.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1; cheek scale rows 7 – 10; lanceolate caudal fin; adults with large curved dentary canines (Fig. 9 E).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE60AB270ACB7274FB83F874.taxon	description	Description. Data for holotype based on an x-ray, the original description, and observations of Ofer Gon and Phillip C. Heemstra; where counts differ, those of the smaller specimen are given in parentheses. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1, consisting of a simple lateral line that originates from posttemporal sensory canal near anterodorsal margin of gill opening, curves upward and backward then continues posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base to soft ray 17 / 18 (15). Dorsal fin III, 21; anal fin I, 14; pectoral fin 22 (21); gill rakers 13 + 25 = 38 (12 + 22 = 34). Vertebrae: precaudal 11, caudal 17, total 28; anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 2. Oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series approximately 50 − 60 (50), in contrast to " about 70 " given in original description; nape scaly and cheek scale rows 11 – 12. Preopercle lower limb margin without spines. Papillae in slight depression behind tip of premaxillary ascending processes 4, arranged in 2 almost equally spaced pairs. Teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 23 / 23 (14), smaller specimen with anterior 3 or 4 teeth spike-like and no inner teeth anteriorly. Teeth in lateral row of each dentary about 10 (8); smaller specimen with 3 symphyseal, spike-like teeth (Fig. 9 D), and 1 smaller inner tooth anteriorly. Smith’s (1968) description of the holotype states “ In the lower jaw [anteriorly] on each side is a widely spaced cluster of sharp curved teeth in about 3 rows, about 10 similar teeth uniserial on each side of jaw, shorter posteriorly. " Figure 9 E shows the large curved dentary canines and some broken-off premaxillary teeth on right side of holotype. Pelvic fin short in holotype, depressed fin extending posteriorly to slightly behind anus. Caudal fin of adults lanceolate. Holotype with caudal fin 3.6 times in SL; head 3.5 times in SL; body depth at anal-fin origin 3.3 times in SL. Color pattern in alcohol: Holotype with dark specks and scattered streaks on dorsal and anal fins; smaller specimen with dark blotch in dorsal fin on interradial membranes between spine 2 and soft ray 5. Membrane connecting maxilla and premaxilla with black stripe extending to near anterior end of premaxilla, and inner membrane covering posterior part of dentary pale. Smith (1968) recorded the life color as " body and fins clearly red or crimson, with dark spots on the body and specks and streaks up the membrane of the unpaired fins. There are signs of a darker red submarginal line along the dorsal. " Proportions of 298 mm SL holotype, with selected values for the 65 mm SL specimen given in parentheses, as percentages of SL: predorsal length 27.9; preanal length 53.8; dorsal-fin base 62.1; anal-fin base 30.8; pelvic-fin length 21.4 (22.6); caudal-fin length 27.9 (broken); body depth at anal-fin origin 30.1 (23.5); head length 28.2 (31.7); upper jaw length 16.5 (18.7); upper jaw depth 7.7 (8.3); orbit diameter 9.4 (13.9). As percentages of head length: upper jaw length 58.7 (59.1); orbit diameter 33.3 (43.8). Comparisons. The allopatric Owstonia kamoharai is similar to O. simotera in having a relatively large numbers of cheek scale rows (11 - 12 vs. 7 - 10), dorsal fin with red marginal or submarginal stripe in life, other nearly identical meristic characters, and a short pelvic fin that does not extend behind anus but differs (characters of O. simotera in parentheses) as follows: caudal fin of adults rounded posteriorly and longer, 33.7 - 40 % SL (vs. lanceolate and shorter, 27 % SL) and no caniniform dentary teeth (vs. with large, curved, dentary canines (Fig. 9 E). Other western Indian Ocean species with LL pattern type 1, in addition to having lanceolate caudal fins and fewer cheek scale rows 2 ‒ 7 (vs. cheek scale rows 7 ‒ 10), further differ (characters for O. simotera in parentheses) as follows: O. similis has fewer upper gill rakers 10 (vs. 12 – 13) and dorsal fin interradial membranes between spine 2 and soft ray 3 with heavy concentration of melanophores (vs. smaller specimen with membranes between spine 2 and soft ray 5 black, and holotype with dark specks and streaks on dorsal fin membranes); O. whiteheadi has lower limb margin of preopercle with moderate to strong spines (vs. preopercular margin without spines) and fewer oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series, 39 – 41 (vs. ca. 50 − 60); O. raredonae has fewer dorsal- and anal-fin soft rays, 19 and 12 respectively (vs. 21 and 14); O. lepiota has more oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series 95 (vs. ca. 50 – 60), nape naked (vs. nape scaly) and more dorsal- and anal-fin rays, III, 23 and II, 15 respectively (vs. III, 21 and I, 14).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE60AB270ACB7274FB83F874.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Latin simoter (snub-nosed).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE60AB270ACB7274FB83F874.taxon	distribution	Distribution. (Fig. 27) Known only from the western Indian Ocean off Mozambique where holotype reported from 475 – 549 m and the other specimen trawled in 450 – 455 m.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE60AB270ACB7274FB83F874.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Smith (1956) reported that O. simotera has a series of about 70 scales from head to caudal base, and he incorrectly recorded the vertebrae as 11 + 15 (actually 11 + 17). Many body scales on holotype are missing and arranged in irregular rows making it very difficult to accurately count the number of mid-lateral scale rows. At our request, Ofer Gon and Phil Heemstra independently attempted to count oblique horizontal scale rows of the holotype and concluded that a range of approximately 50 − 60 is more reasonable.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE62AB290ACB738CFD04FC09.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 9 specimens, 26 ‒ 169 mm SL: Japan CAS 133928 (1, 126), CAS 133932 (1, 89) and CAS 133933 (1, 149) all from, Kochi Pref.; Kochi, T. Kamohara, 1937; BSKU 57075 (1, 132), Kochi Pref., Kuroshio Town, Saga fish market, Shikoku Island, 10 Aug. 2001; BSKU 71222 (1, 142), Saga fish market, 17 Jun. 2004; BSKU 75249 (1, 169), Saga fish market, 4 Jul. 2005. Andaman Sea USNM 344576 (1, 48 C & S), NE of Similan Islands, 8 ° 77 ' N, 97 ° 77 ' E, beam trawl in 0 ‒ 82 m, Te Vega cruise 2, sta. 80, 4 Nov. 1963. New Caledonia MNHN 2004 – 2527 (1, 26), 20 ° 34 ' 58.8 " S, 164 ° 58 ' 58.8 " E, 227 – 250 m, Exped. BATHUS 1, sta. dw 691, 17 Mar. 1993. Australia AMS I. 33445 ‒ 002 (1, 83), New South Wales off Newcastle, 32 ° 53 ' S, 151 ° 56 ' E, trawled in 62 ‒ 77 m, FRV Kapala, 14 Apr. 1992.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE62AB290ACB738CFD04FC09.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1; dorsal fin III, 25 – 26; oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 28; total gill rakers 36 ‒ 40; body depth at anal-fin origin 14.5 – 21.9 % SL; precaudal vertebrae and pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 15 and 6 or 7 respectively.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE62AB290ACB738CFD04FC09.taxon	description	Description. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 1, consisting of a simple lateral line that originates from posttemporal sensory canal near anterodorsal margin of gill opening, curves upward and backward then continues posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base to soft rays 21 – 25. Dorsal fin III, 25 – 26 (rarely 25); anal fin I, 18 – 19 (rarely 19); pectoral fin 16 – 18; gill rakers 12 – 14 + 24 – 26 = 36 – 40. Vertebrae: precaudal 15, caudal 16 – 18 (rarely 18), total 31 – 33 (usually 31); anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 6 or 7 (Fig. 7 D). Oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 28; nape scaly and cheek scale rows 3. Lower limb margin of preopercle with about 5 − 6 small to moderate, partially skin-covered spines (Fig. 8 J). Papillae in slight depression behind tip of premaxillary ascending processes in a posterior row consisting of 3 papillae, middle papilla smallest, and with 1 or 2 smaller papillae anteriorly that do not appear to be arranged in any obvious pattern. Teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 22 – 38 (22 in 83 mm specimen); no inner teeth anteriorly. Teeth in lateral row of each dentary 14 ‒ 30 (14 in 83 mm specimen) and with mid-lateral teeth higher (Fig. 10 K), like O. fallax; symphyseal teeth 4 − 6, very short and peg-like, and with 1 ‒ 4 inner teeth anteriorly. Pelvic fin short, not extending posteriorly behind anus. Caudal fin lanceolate. In 6 specimens 83 ‒ 169 mm SL, caudal fin 2.5 ‒ 2.9 times in SL; head 4.7 ‒ 6.5 times in SL; body depth at anal-fin origin 4.6 ‒ 6.9 times in SL. Color pattern in alcohol: Adults with dorsal fin uniformly pale; dark premaxillary stripe variable in length, short and extending only about half of premaxilla to long and extending to near anterior end of premaxilla (in largest, well-preserved specimen [BSKU 75249] the stripe is definitely only half length of premaxilla), and inner membrane covering posterior part of dentary consistently with prominent black stripe. Kamohara (1934) described the life color of Owstonia taeniosoma as: " Dorsal and anal light reddish, with a broad longitudinal yellow band running along the middle of each fin, whitish in margin, anterior part of anal whitish. Pectoral light reddish, ventral pale. Caudal yellowish and bordered with whitish. " Unlike most species, iris is bright yellow. Proportions of 6 specimens 88 – 169 mm SL, as percentages of SL: predorsal length 15.4 – 20.1; preanal length 36.9 – 45.0; dorsal-fin base 70.7 – 75.4; anal-fin base 40.4 – 51.1; pelvic-fin length 14.6 – 16.1; caudal-fin length 34.6 – 40.4; body depth at anal-fin origin 14.5 – 21.9; head length 15.5 – 21.1; upper jaw length 7.1 – 9.1; upper jaw depth 4.3 – 4.5; orbit diameter 5.7 – 7.8). As percentages of head length: upper jaw length 43.2 – 51.1); orbit diameter 36.9 – 42.4). Comparisons. Owstonia taenisoma is most likely to be confused with O. elongata but differs (characters of O. taeniosoma in parentheses) in having fewer dorsal-fin spines IV (vs. III), deeper body depth at anal-fin origin 10.8 ‒ 14.0 % SL (vs. 14.5 – 21.9 %), fewer total gill rakers 41 – 46 (vs. 36 – 40), and fewer precaudal vertebrae and anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 16 and 8 respectively (vs. 15 and 6 ‒ 7). Owstonia taeniosoma also superficially resembles O. sibogae, O. geminata and O. hastata in having large cheek scales and relatively few oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series but differs in having fewer dorsal-fin spines, III (vs. IV); the latter two species further differ in having fewer anal-fin soft rays 14 or 16 ‒ 17 (vs. 18 ‒ 19), and O. hastata has more anal-fin spines II (vs. I).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE62AB290ACB738CFD04FC09.taxon	etymology	Etymology. A combination of the Greek taenia (band or ribbon) and soma (body), in reference to the elongate body.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE62AB290ACB738CFD04FC09.taxon	distribution	Distribution. (Fig. 25) Known from of Japan, Andaman Sea, and eastern Australia; a relatively shallow-water species trawled between 62 ‒ 250 m.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE62AB290ACB738CFD04FC09.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Kamohara's (1961) neotype designation was considered to be invalid by Eschmeyer et al. (2016) because it was not made in a revisionary work.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE6DAB2B0ACB70F7FDCDFDAC.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 12 specimens, 99 ‒ 228 mm SL: Japan CAS 133930 (1, 133) and CAS 133934 (1, 149), Kochi Pref., Kochi, T. Kamohara; NSMT-P 54428 (1, 228), Shikoku, Kochi Pref., Kochi, Mimase Market. Taiwan ANSP 153169 (2, 100 C & S ‒ 127), Tung-Kang, fish market, 22 ° 23 ' N, 120 ° 25 ' E, E. Chen, 1 Dec. 1983; ASIZP 66433 (1, 126), Nanfangao, Yilan, 24.5818 ° N, 121.8668 ° E, 2 Aug. 2005, Po-Feng Lee; ASIZP 60461 (1, 173), Hengchun, Pingtung, 22 ° N, 120.74 ° E, 6 Mar. 1992, K. T. Shao. Philippines MNHN 1984 ‒ 653 (1, 111), MUSORSTOM 2, P. Fourmanoir, no other data. Western Australia CSIRO H 6431 ‒ 02 (1, 148), CSIRO H 6431 ‒ 03 (2, 155 ‒ 190) and USNM 427947 (1, 99), N. of Monte Bello Islands, 19 ° 47 ' S, 115 ° 18 ' E, 209 m, 17 May 2006.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE6DAB2B0ACB70F7FDCDFDAC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 2 that converges toward toward mid-line of nape but rarely unites to form a complete loop across nape; oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series 44 ‒ 54; lower limb of preopercle with large, widely spaced spines (Fig. 8 K); dorsal- anal- and caudal-fins without wide white distal margins.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE6DAB2B0ACB70F7FDCDFDAC.taxon	description	Description. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern type 2, consisting of a lateral line that originates from posttemporal sensory canal near anterodorsal margin of gill opening, extends upward and forms a " T " connection with horizontal section of lateral line (Fig. 6 B) that extends posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base to last ray and with the anterior section extending beyond dorsal fin and converging toward mid-line of nape but usually not united across nape (Fig. 6 F) but rarely forming a complete loop across nape (complete loop in only 1 of 10 specimens). Dorsal fin III, 23 – 24 (usually 23); anal fin I, 15 – 16; pectoral fin 19 – 21; gill rakers 15 – 19 + 28 – 33 = 45 – 51. Vertebrae: precaudal 12 – 13, caudal 17 – 18; total 29 – 30; anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 4 – 5 (Fig. 7 C). Oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 44 – 54; nape scaly and cheek scale rows 4 – 5. Lower limb margin of preopercle with 5 – 7 widely spaced, strong spines (Fig. 8 K). Papillae in slight depression behind tip of premaxillary ascending processes 4, arranged in 2 almost equally spaced pairs, with anterior pair the most obvious. Teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 20 ‒ 28; 0 (usually) or 1 inner tooth anteriorly. Teeth in lateral row of each dentary 10 ‒ 18, including 2 − 5 at anterior end that continue behind symphyseal teeth; symphyseal teeth 3 ‒ 6, short and peg-like, and with 1 ‒ 2 smaller inner teeth anteriorly. Pelvic fin probably sexually dimorphic, depressed fin extending to anal-fin soft rays 1 ‒ 5. Caudal fin lanceolate. Caudal fin 1.9 ‒ 2.2 times in SL; head 3.5 ‒ 4.7 times in SL; body depth at anal-fin origin 3.6 ‒ 4.5 times in SL. Color pattern in alcohol: Adults with anterior part of dorsal fin uniformly pale; membrane connecting maxilla and premaxilla with prominent black stripe extending to near anterior end of premaxilla, and inner membrane covering posterior part of dentary also black. Kamohara (1934) described the life color of Owstonia tosaensis as " reddish, pale below. Anal yellowish, with two longitudinal red bands. Dorsal yellowish, with a longitudinal red band along the base. Upper half of caudal reddish, lower half yellowish. " See also Fig. 79. Proportions of 10 specimens 99 – 228 mm SL, as percentages of SL: predorsal length 20.7 – 27.1; preanal length 48.6 – 56.2; dorsal-fin base 60.0 – 71.4; anal-fin base 35.5 – 38.8; pelvic-fin length 28.9 – 41.6; caudal-fin length 45.8 – 64.7; body depth at anal-fin origin 22.2 – 28.0; head length 21.5 – 28.1; upper jaw length 10.9 – 13.9; upper jaw depth 4.5 – 7.0; orbit diameter 8.4 – 12.2. As percentages of head length: upper jaw length 48.2 – 54.2; orbit diameter 34.4 – 44.3. Comparisons. Owstonia sarmiento, the only other species with LL pattern type 2, differs (characters of O. tosaensis in parentheses) in having in having fewer oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series 27 – 30 (vs. 44 – 54) and cheek scale rows 2 – 3 (vs. 4 – 5), a different number of anal-fin rays II, 14 (vs. I, 15 – 16), and the anterior extension of lateral line forming a complete loop across nape (vs. typically not forming a complete loop). Excluding O. sarmiento, most species of Owstonia with III dorsal-fin spines also have fewer dorsal-fin soft rays, 19 – 22 (vs. 23 – 24).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE6DAB2B0ACB70F7FDCDFDAC.taxon	etymology	Etymology. A combination of Tosa (former province of Japan, now Kochi Prefecture) and the Latin suffix ensis (meaning belonging to).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE6DAB2B0ACB70F7FDCDFDAC.taxon	distribution	Distribution. (Fig. 25) Known from Japan, Taiwan, Philippines, and off Western Australia, in at least 209 m.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE6DAB2B0ACB70F7FDCDFDAC.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Kamohara (1935) redescribed and illustrated Owstonia tosaensis based on a 350 mm specimen from Mimase, Japan. This specimen (BSKU 4230) was designated as a " neotype " by Kamohara (1961: 8) but Eschmeyer et al (2016) consider the designation to be invalid. Large adults of Owstonia tosaensis are distinctive in having dorsal fins with very elongate anterior soft rays, some exceeding the head length (Fig. 80).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE6FAB2D0ACB7194FB96FE17.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 5 specimens, 134 ‒ 305 mm SL all from Japan: FMNH 55424 (306), holotype of Owstonia totomiensis, Totomi, Honda, D. S. Jordan, 10 Feb. 1906; CAS 133936 (1, 134), Kochi Pref., Kochi, T. Kamohara, 1937; MCZ 29852 (1, 305), Sagami Bay, Alan Owston purchase, 23 Sep. 1908; NSMT-P 7151 (1, 223), Honshu, Suruga Bay, Sep. 1968; NSMT-P 77978 (1, 285), Shikoku, Kochi Pref., Kochi, Mimase fishing port, Y. Yamanoue, 6 Sep. 1999.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE6FAB2D0ACB7194FB96FE17.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern 3; naked nape and cheeks; oblique body scale rows in midlateral series 50 ‒ 60; caudal peducle depth 2.3 ‒ 3.0 in its length.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE6FAB2D0ACB7194FB96FE17.taxon	description	Description. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern 3, consisting of a lateral line that does not contact posttemporal sensory canal near anterodorsal margin of gill opening (although a diagonal row of 2 – 4 scales is present at its margin), and instead continues posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base and anteriorly where it makes a complete loop across nape; lateral line ends below dorsal-fin soft rays 19 ‒ 20. Dorsal fin III, 20 – 21; anal fin I, 13 – 14; pectoral fin 20 – 21; gill rakers 14 – 18 + 27 – 28 = 42 – 46. Vertebrae: precaudal 11, caudal 17, total 28; anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 2. Oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 50 – 60; nape and cheeks naked (except 1 or 2 embedded scales below orbit in two specimens). Lower limb margin of preopercle with about 9 – 11 short nubby spines. Papillae in slight depression behind tip of premaxillary ascending processes in a nearly straight posterior row of about 8 − 10 small papillae flanked anteriorly by irregular cluster of 18 − 20 papillae that are difficult to clearly discern due to the rugose skin folds (Fig. 14 F). Teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 14 – 21 with short blunt tips; 0 – 2 much smaller inner teeth anteriorly. Teeth in lateral row of each dentary 7 − 15, including 1 − 4 at anterior end that continue behind symphyseal teeth; symphyseal teeth 4 – 7, short and spike-like, and with 1 − 2 small inner teeth anteriorly. Pelvic fin probably sexually dimorphic, depressed fin extends posteriorly slightly behind anus in the 223 mm SL gravid female and from anal-fin origin to 3 rd soft ray in three other unsexed specimens (134 ‒ 306 mm SL). Caudal fin lanceolate. Caudal fin 1.6 ‒ 2.2 times in SL; head 3.4 ‒ 3.9 times in SL; body depth at anal-fin origin 3.5 ‒ 4.2 times in SL. Caudal peduncle depth 1.3 − 1.7 times in its length. Color pattern in alcohol: Adults with anterior part of dorsal fin uniformly pale; membrane connecting maxilla and premaxilla with prominent black stripe extending to near anterior end of premaxilla, and inner membrane covering posterior part of dentary also black. In fresh specimens, dorsal fin with red distal stripe that is much wider on spinous part of fin and bordered by narrow white stripe; upper half of caudal fin with very narrow red margin; remainder of these two fins and all others pink; body and head red dorsally, gradually changing to pink and white ventrally; iris red. The prominent red spot on the maxilla of specimen BSKU 93693 (Fig. 81) is probably an atypical variation. Proportions of 4 specimens 134 ‒ 306 mm SL, as percentages of SL: predorsal length 21.5 – 28.0; preanal length 53.6 – 58.5; dorsal-fin base 60.0 – 65.5; anal-fin base 29.0 – 32.0; caudal peduncle length 15.7 – 18.9; caudal peduncle depth 10.6 – 11.8; pelvic-fin length 27.5 – 30.9; caudal-fin length 45.7 – 61.4; body depth at anal-fin origin 23.9 – 28.3; head length 25.8 – 29.3; upper jaw length 14.0 – 15.2; upper jaw depth 6.0 – 7.4; orbit diameter 10.1 – 11.1. As percentages of head length: upper jaw length 51.9 – 54.6); orbit diameter 38.0 – 41.1). Comparisons. Owstonia nudibucca, the only other species with LL pattern 3 and naked nape and cheeks, differs (characters of O. totomiensis in parentheses), in having horizontal section of lateral line with a short ventral side branch slightly before dorsal-fin origin (vs. no short side branch present), fewer oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series 38 – 44 (vs. 50 – 60), shallower body depth 17.3 ‒ 22.9 % SL (vs. 23.9 – 28.3 % SL), shallower caudal peduncle depth 2.3 ‒ 3.0 (vs. 1.3 − 1.7) in its length and more total gill rakers 47 ‒ 49 (vs. 42 – 46).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE6FAB2D0ACB7194FB96FE17.taxon	etymology	Etymology. A combination of Totomi (former province of Japan) and the Latin suffix ensis (meaning belonging to).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE6FAB2D0ACB7194FB96FE17.taxon	distribution	Distribution. (Fig. 22) Known only from Japan where taken in at least 230 m.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE69AB2F0ACB72C7FEBDFF44.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 39 specimens, 45 ‒ 317 mm SL: South Africa SAIAB 11073 (ca. 81 SL, x-ray only), syntype of Parasphenanthias weberi, KwaZulu-Natal coast; ANSP 54940 (187), holotype of Parasphenanthias microlepis, Durban, Kwazulu-Natal, 335 – 374 m, H. W. Bell-Marley, 1932. Tanzania BMNH 1939.5. 24.1223 (1, ca. 180 SL, xray only), Tanzania, John Murray Exped., 1933 – 1934. Madagascar AMS I. 28137 ‒ 003 (1, 139), LACM 44750 ‒ 10 (1, 128), USNM 308024 (2, 120 ‒ 180) and ZMUC P. 531552 (1, 127), NW of Tulear, 22 ° 19 ' 6 " S, 43 ° 6 ' 6 " E, 330 ‒ 335 m, R / V VITYAZ cruse 17 sta. 2644, 2 Dec. 1988; MNHN 1998 ‒ 845 (3, 72 ‒ 162), 17 ° 16 ' 58.8 " S, 43 ° 10 ' 58.8 " E, 540 m, sta. 73 / 108, FAO, 25 Sep., 1973; MNHN 2014 – 2933 (1, 45), 14 ° 49 ' 53 " S, 46 ° 59 ' 9 " E, trawled in 347 – 448 m, R / V Miriky sta. 3248, 7 Jul. 2009; MNHN 2014 – 1257 (1, 48.5), 15 ° 25 ' 4 " S, 46 ° 0 ' 16 " E, beam trawl in 274 – 313 m, R / V Miriky cruise, 3276, 12 Jul. 2009; MNHN 2014 ‒ 1286 (1, 112), 15 ° 33 " 37 " S, 45 ° 42 ' 5 " E, beam trawl in 350 – 580 m, R / V Miriky, sta. 3267, 11 Jul. 2009. Kenya ANSP 146627 (1, 317), 3 ° 4 ' S, 40 ° 25 ' E, 280 m, PCH 80 ‒ 35, P. C. Heemstra, 17 Dec. 1980; SAIAB 13856 (18 spec., x-rays only) and USNM 410299 (2, 88 ‒ 118), off Malindi, 3 ° 4 ' S, 40 ° 25 ' E. Mozambique USNM 276515 (2, 71 & 110 C & S), 25 ° 12 ' S, 34 ° 4 ' E, 230 ‒ 295 m, R / V Anton Bruun cruise. 8 sta. 397 A, 29 Sep. 1964; SAIAB 11074 (2, x-rays only), Mozambique, P. 1896.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE69AB2F0ACB72C7FEBDFF44.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Owstonia with a unique LL pattern 4; dorsal fin III, 20 – 22 (typically 21); anal fin I, 13 – 14; oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 33 – 38; adults with teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 15 ‒ 21; adults with depressed pelvic fin extending to anal-fin soft rays 4 ‒ 9, depending on sex of specimen.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE69AB2F0ACB72C7FEBDFF44.taxon	description	Description. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern 4, consisting of a lateral line that does not contact posttemporal sensory canal near anterodorsal margin of gill opening (although a diagonal row of 2 – 3 scales is typically present on its anterodorsal margin), continues posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base and anteriorly makes a complete loop across nape with a secondary loop on each side of primary loop (Fig. 6 H); lateral line ends below dorsal-fin soft rays 20 - 21. Dorsal fin III, 20 – 22 (typically 21); anal fin I, 13 – 14; pectoral fin 19 – 21; gill rakers 16 – 18 + 29 – 32 = 45 – 50. Vertebrae: precaudal 11, caudal 17 (exceptionally 16), total 28 (exceptionally 27); anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 2. Oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 33 – 38; nape scaly and cheek scale rows 2 – 3. Lower limb margin of preopercle with 6 – 12 moderate to strong spines (Fig. 8 L). Papillae in slight depression behind tip of premaxillary ascending processes 4, arranged in 2 almost equally spaced pairs. Teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 15 ‒ 21, anterior ones spike-like; no inner teeth anteriorly. Teeth in lateral row of each dentary 12 ‒ 19; symphyseal teeth 4 − 5, relatively elongate and spike-like (Figs. 9 F, 10 L), and with 1 ‒ 2 inner teeth anteriorly. Pelvic fin sexually dimorphic in adults; depressed pelvic fin extending to soft rays 4 ‒ 5 (females) and to at least soft rays 8 ‒ 9 (males). Caudal fin lanceolate. In 12 specimens, 88 ‒ 317 mm SL, caudal fin 1.3 ‒ 2.4 times in SL; head 3.2 ‒ 4.0 times in SL; body depth at anal-fin origin 3.6 ‒ 4.2 times in SL. Color pattern in alcohol: Adults and 48.5 mm specimen (MNHN 2014 – 1257) with anterior part of dorsal fin uniformly pale (except concentration of melanophores present distally between 2 nd spine to at least 2 nd soft ray in 45 mm specimen, MNHN 2014 − 2933), membrane connecting maxilla and premaxilla with prominent black stripe extending to near anterior end of premaxilla, and inner membrane covering posterior part of dentary also black. In life, upper part of head and body red, changing to white below; dorsal, anal, pectoral and caudal fins red and pelvic fin white; iris red. Proportions of 10 specimens 71 ‒ 317 mm SL mm SL, as percentages of SL: predorsal length 22.7 ‒ 27.8; preanal length 49.5 ‒ 57.9; dorsal-fin base 62.3 ‒ 66.6; anal-fin base 31.9 ‒ 34.0; pelvic-fin length 32.9 ‒ 54.4; caudalfin length 46.3 ‒ 78.0; body depth at anal-fin origin 18.7 ‒ 27.0; head length 25.2 ‒ 31.4; upper jaw length 13.6 ‒ 16.9; upper jaw depth 6.2 ‒ 10.9; orbit diameter 9.8 ‒ 16.9. As percentages of head length: upper jaw length 51.8 ‒ 57.5; orbit diameter 39.0 ‒ 54.9. Comparisons. Owstonia weberi superficially resembles O. whiteheadi, but in addition to having a different lateral-line pattern, O. whiteheadi has more dorsal-fin spines IV (vs. III), anal-fin soft rays 1 5 – 16 (vs. 13 – 14) and teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 39 – 45 (vs. 15 – 21). Owstonia weberi differs from all its congeners that have a complete nape loop, none of which occur in the western Indian Ocean (characters of O. weberi in parentheses) as follows: Owstonia doryptera has very weak preopercular spines (vs. moderate to strong spines), and the holotype has interradial membranes of dorsal fin black between spine 2 and soft ray 1 (vs. dorsal fin with pale interradial membranes); O. totomiensis and O. nudibucca both have naked cheeks (vs. scaly cheeks); and O. sarmiento has a lateral line with a vertical section connecting posttemporal sensory canal near anterodorsal margin of gill opening to horizontal section below dorsal fin (vs. no vertical section), dorsal fin III, 23 – 24 (vs. III, 2 0 – 22, usually 21), and anal fin II, 14 (vs. I, 13 – 14).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE69AB2F0ACB72C7FEBDFF44.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for Max Wilhelm Carl Weber (1852 ‒ 1937), who is best known for his work on Siboga Expedition fishes and mammals. He was educated in Germany, later became a Dutch citizen and one of the most influential Dutch zoologists of his time; see Adler (2012: 144 ‒ 145) for a brief biography with emphasis on Weber's herpetological contributions, and other biographical reference sources.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE69AB2F0ACB72C7FEBDFF44.taxon	distribution	Distribution. (Fig. 27) Western Indian Ocean from South Africa to Kenya and Madagascar where trawled in 274 ‒ 540 m.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE6BAB2E0ACB723CFCD7F916.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 2 specimens, 144 ‒ 158 mm SL: SAIAB 97707 (1, 157.5) and USNM 410300 (1, 144), India, SW coast near Quilon (Kerala), trawled in ca. 220 ‒ 350 m.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE6BAB2E0ACB723CFCD7F916.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Owstonia with LL pattern 3; dorsal fin IV, 21 ‒ 23; anal fin I, 15 – 16; oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series 39 ‒ 41; adults with teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 39 – 45; adults with depressed pelvic fin extending to anal-fin soft rays 4 ‒ 15, depending on sex of specimen.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE6BAB2E0ACB723CFCD7F916.taxon	description	Description. (Includes data of Talwar, 1972 and Bineesh et al., 2011.) A species of Owstonia with LL pattern 3, consisting of a simple lateral line that originates from posttemporal sensory canal near anterodorsal margin of gill opening, curves upward and backward then continues posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base to soft rays 18 – 23. Dorsal fin IV, 21 – 23; anal fin I, 15 – 16; pectoral fin 19 – 20; gill rakers 18 – 21 + 34 – 39 = 52 – 60. Vertebrae: precaudal 11, caudal 18, total 29; anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 2. Oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series about 39 – 41; nape scaly and cheek scale rows 3. Lower limb margin of preopercle with 7 – 11 moderate to strong spines. Papillae in slight depression behind tip of premaxillary ascending processes 4, arranged in 2 almost equally spaced pairs. Teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 39 ‒ 45, no inner teeth anteriorly. Teeth in lateral row of each dentary 21 – 26; symphyseal teeth 5 ‒ 6, relatively small, short, and spike-like, other dentary teeth conical with pointed tips, and with 0 ‒ 1 very small inner tooth anteriorly. Pelvic fin sexually dimorphic, depressed pelvic fin extending to anal-fin soft rays 4 ‒ 5 (females) and soft rays 14 ‒ 15 (males). Caudal fin lanceolate. In 7 specimens 140 ‒ 255 mm SL (including data from Bineesh et al., 2011), caudal fin 1.5 ‒ 2.0 times in SL; head 3.1 ‒ 3.8 times in SL; body depth at anal-fin origin 4.0 ‒ 5.0 times in SL. Color pattern in alcohol: Adults with dorsal fin uniformly pale; membrane connecting maxilla and premaxilla with prominent black stripe extending to near anterior end of premaxilla, and inner membrane covering posterior part of dentary also black. In life, body and fins mostly crimson (distal third to half of dorsal and anal fins of some females may be orange-yellow) except for black premaxillary stripe and white elongate outermost pelvic-fin ray in large males. Proportions of 2 specimens 144 ‒ 158 mm SL (also pelvic fin measurements of Talwar, 1972 and Bineesh et al., 2011 for 6 females 144 ‒ 240 mm SL and 5 males 140 – 255 mm SL), as percentages of SL: predorsal length 23.9 ‒ 24.8; preanal length 47.8 ‒ 53.8; dorsal-fin base 64.5 ‒ 68.7; anal-fin base 31.9 ‒ 36.2; pelvic-fin length 24.7 – 35.7 (females) and 39.8 ‒ 55.6 (males); caudal-fin length 48.8 ‒ 65.4; body depth at anal-fin origin 23.4 ‒ 24.8; head length 29.5 ‒ 30.1; upper jaw length 13.6 ‒ 14.7; upper jaw depth 6.5 ‒ 7.1; orbit diameter 10.0 ‒ 11.2. As percentages of head length: upper jaw length 45.0 ‒ 49.8; orbit diameter 33.3 ‒ 38.0. Comparisons. Owstonia whiteheadi is the only Indian Ocean species with IV dorsal-fin spines. Owstonia whiteheadi superficially resembles O. weberi but in addition to a different lateral-line pattern, O. weberi has fewer dorsal-fin spines III (vs. IV), anal-fin soft rays 13 – 14 (vs. 15 – 16) and adults with teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 15 – 21 (vs. 39 – 45). Other congeners with IV dorsal-fin spines differ (values for O. whiteheadi in parentheses) as follows: O. fallax and O. hastata have anal-fin ray counts of I, 16 ‒ 17 or II, 14 (vs. I, 15 – 16), fewer total gill rakers 40 – 46 (vs. 52 – 60) and precaudal vertebrae and anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 13 and 5 respectively (vs. 11 and 2); O. sibogae has fewer oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series 27 – 29 (vs. 39 – 41), larger cheek scales, in 3 rows (vs. 4 – 5), and more precaudal vertebrae and anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 12 and 4 respectively (vs. 11 and 2); O. macrophthalma has more anal-fin soft rays 17 – 18 (vs. 15 – 16), more anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 3 (vs. 2), and fewer total gill rakers 49 – 50 (vs. 52 – 60). Owstonia contodon differs in having more anal-fin rays II, 16 (vs. I, 15 – 16), oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series ca. 48 – 53 (vs. 39 – 41), and anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 3 (vs. 2).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE6BAB2E0ACB723CFCD7F916.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for the British ichthyologist Peter J. P. Whitehead (1930 ‒ 1992); see Howes (1997) for a particularly interesting obituary of this enigmatic and productive biologist.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE6BAB2E0ACB723CFCD7F916.taxon	distribution	Distribution. (Fig. 27) Known only from off the southern tip of India in the Gulf of Mannar where taken by shrimp trawlers in 220 ‒ 350 m.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE6BAB2E0ACB723CFCD7F916.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Talwar (1973) and Bineesh et al. (2011) both documented sexual dimorphism of pelvic fins in O. whiteheadi, with the depressed fins extending beyond anal-fin origin in both sexes and to anal-fin soft rays 14 or 15 in large males. According to Eschmeyer et al. (2016), the holotype of Sphenanthias whiteheadi (ZSI F 6276 / 2) is deposited in the Zoological Survey of India collection in Kolkata.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE55AB110ACB7618FA28F87B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. MNHN 2014 ‒ 163, 36 mm SL, French Polynesia, Tahiti Islands, Tarasoc seamounts, 18 ° 19 ' S, 148 ° 32 ' W, 380 m, R / V Alis, sta. DW 3297, 21 Sep. 2009.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE55AB110ACB7618FA28F87B.taxon	description	Description. Lateral line originates at posttemporal sensory canal near anterodorsal margin of gill opening, curves upward and backward then continues posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base. Dorsal fin III, 20; anal fin I, 13; pectoral fin 20 / 19; gill rakers 13 + 24. Vertebrae 11 + 17; anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 3. Teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 38 / 42; no inner teeth anteriorly. Teeth in lateral row of each dentary 21 / 22, and 1 inner tooth anteriorly. Comparisons. The lateral-line pattern and meristic values of the Tarasoc specimen agree with the holotype of Owstonia hawaiiensis (scale counts could not be obtained because many scales are missing), but it has fewer gill rakers 13 + 24 (vs. 15 + 28) which might be expected in such a small specimen. It has higher numbers of outer row premaxillary teeth 38 ‒ 42 (vs. 34 ‒ 35), although lower numbers of teeth might be expected in a smaller specimen. Owstonia mundyi, the only other species of Owstonia known from the region (Fig. 24), has different vertebral, dorsal- and anal-fin ray counts. The preserved color pattern of this specimen also differs from adult O. hawaiiensis in having the body and membrane connecting maxilla and premaxilla with numerous small freckles and most of the dorsal and anal fins darkly pigmented. The color pattern discrepancy does not exclude the possibility of conspecificity because the pigmentation of small specimens of several other species differ from their adults; however, the higher number of jaw teeth combined with the disjunct locality suggest that this specimen is probably another undescribed species.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE55AB110ACB738CFED0FD5B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. CSIRO H 6368 ‒ 10, 38 mm SL and CSIRO H 6368 ‒ 11, 34 mm SL, Western Australia, SW of Shark Bay, 27 ° 08 ' S, 112 ° 45 ' E, beam trawl in 405 ‒ 414 m, FRV Southern Surveyor, sta. 221005 / 105, 5 Dec. 2005.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE55AB110ACB738CFED0FD5B.taxon	description	Description. Lateral line originates at posttemporal sensory canal near anterodorsal margin of gill opening, curves upward and backward then continues posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base. Dorsal fin III, 19; anal fin II, 11. Vertebrae 11 + 17; anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 2. Dorsal, anal, pelvic and pectoral fins reddish orange. Comparisons. All other species of Owstonia known from western Australia (O. kamoharai, O. psilos, O. scottensis and O. tosaensis) have more dorsal- and anal-fin soft rays than this species 21 ‒ 24 and 13 ‒ 16 (vs. 19 and 11 respectively), and none of the 36 species we recognize have the same combination of meristic values (see Table 2). Except for having one fewer dorsal-fin soft ray, meristic values of this specimen agree with the holotype of the eastern Australian O. merensis, although their color patterns are very different. Furthermore, no species of Owstonia is known to occur on opposite sides of Australia. We defer formal description this species in the absence of adult specimens.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE54AB100ACB7035FE1CF826.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. USNM 307399, 13.2 mm SL, C & S, Lifou Island, 20 ° 20 ' S, 167 ° 21 ' E, 31 Mar. 1973.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE54AB100ACB7035FE1CF826.taxon	description	Description. Lateral line undeveloped at this small size. Dorsal fin IV, 21; anal fin II, 13; vertebrae 11 + 17; anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 3. Fourmanoir (1976: 54) erroneously recorded a count of X, 14 for the anal fin. This specimen has an enlarged, plate-like posttemporal and preopercle (Fig. 20 D), like all other known postflexion Owstonia larvae. Comparisons. Meristic values of this larval specimen do not match any other species (see Table 2). Fourmanoir's (1976) illustration of the specimen is here reproduced as Fig. 90. He questionably identified the specimen as the Indian Ocean Owstonia simotera (Smith), presumably because it shares with that species a relatively large number of cheek scale rows; prior to clearing and staining the specimen we independently confirmed that it has at least 8 rows of cheek scales. Cheek scale row counts of 8 or more are known to occur only in two other species, Owstonia kamoharai and O. simotera. In addition to the unlikely possibility of conspecificity given the known distributions (Fig. 27) of O. simotera and O. kamoharai, the Lifou larva differs from both of these species in having more dorsal-fin spines IV (vs. III), anal-fin spines II (vs. I) and anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 3 (vs. 2).	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE57AB130ACB738CFC17FCCB.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. MNHN 2014 – 1838, 67 mm SL, Madagascar, 14 ° 49 ' 53 " S, 46 ° 59 ' 9 " E, trawled in 347 – 448 m, R / V Miriky sta. 3248, 7 Jul. 2009.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
B9494D69BE57AB130ACB738CFC17FCCB.taxon	description	Description. Lateral line originates at posttemporal sensory canal near anterodorsal margin of gill opening, curves upward and backward then continues posteriorly just below dorsal-fin base. Dorsal fin III, 20; anal fin I, 13; pectoral fin 21 / 21; gill rakers 11 + 22; vertebrae 11 + 17; anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to 1 st haemal spine 2. Too many scales are missing to count oblique body scale rows in mid-lateral series or cheek scale rows (but the latter with at least 4 rows). Preopercle without spines. Papillae in slight depression behind tip of premaxillary ascending processes 4, arranged in 2 almost equally spaced pairs. Teeth in outer row of each premaxilla 12 / 12; no inner teeth anteriorly. Teeth in outer row of each dentary 9; 5 / 4 spike-like symphyseal teeth, and 1 small inner tooth anteriorly. Dorsal fin with prominent dark spot between spine 3 to soft ray 5 on proximal 2 / 3 of fin, and premaxillary stripe faded but evident. Tip of pelvic fin broken off, but depressed fin extends at least to anal-fin origin. Comparisons. The above combination of characters excludes all six western Indian Ocean species that we recognize. Characters of the Madagascar specimen agree best with small specimens of Owstonia crassa (confirmed records only from New Caledonia and Solomon Is.), but a Madagascar locality argues against that identification. In this specimen the dark dorsal-fin spot begins between spine 3 and soft ray 1 (vs. beginning between rays 1 - 2 in the smaller paratypes (54 ‒ 86 mm SL) of O. crassa. It also has four fewer gill rakers 11 + 22 (vs. 13 + 24) than does a similar size specimen (77.6 mm SL) of O. crassa from New Caledonia.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Johnson, David (2016): Hidden diversity in deep-water bandfishes: review of Owstonia with descriptions of twenty-one new species (Teleostei: Cepolidae: Owstoniinae). Zootaxa 4187 (1): 1-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4187.1.1
