identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
B85F8784FFAA100DFBB1B179FB6E0778.text	B85F8784FFAA100DFBB1B179FB6E0778.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Malihkaia Maurice Kottelat 2017	<div><p>Malihkaia, new genus</p><p>Type species. Malihkaia aligera, new species (Figs. 1–2).</p><p>Diagnosis. Malihkaia is distinguished from all other genera of nemacheilids by the unique morphology of the lips and the unique pectoral fn sexual dimorphism. Lips thick, with numerous, closely set, deep furrows (Fig. 3). Upper lip with a small median notch, with transverse furrows on its whole length, edge crenulated. Lower lip with a median interruption; with transverse furrows on its whole length, edge crenulated.</p><p>In the male, the pectoral fn is strongly falcate (Fig. 2). The unbranched ray is fexible and shaped as in other species of Nemacheilidae . The frst branched ray is rigid, arched and curled upwards (Fig. 4). It is about 5 times wider than the other branched rays. It is fattened dorso-ventrally and very elongate, reaching beyond pelvic-fn base. It is frst branched at about midlength. The posterior main branch is thicker than the anterior main branch; it is branched again twice, the third branching about at distal one-sixth of the ray. The anterior branch is branched again only once, in a position intermediate to that of branching points 2 and 3 of posterior main branch. There is no membrane between all the branches and sub-branches, but there is a membrane around the tip of the ray.</p><p>The second and third branched rays are very slender, branched only at their distal third, the anterior branch is thicker than the posterior one and it is branched again once; the posterior branch has no sub-branches. The membrane between the branches is very narrow. The spaces and relative ‘depth’ of the branching increase regularly in the following rays. The fourth and following branched rays have two branches that are each branched once. There is some variation in the branching apparently related to size and small injuries; the above is based on intact fns.</p><p>The lower surface of the unbranched ray and the unbranched part of frst branched ray and the membrane between the three frst rays are covered by an unculiferous pad (Conway et al., 2012), thickest under the frst branched ray. There are also pads under the membranes between the other rays, but less developed. There also are granulations (unculi?) on the dorsal surface of the rays and thickened tissue on the membranes.</p><p>In females, the pectoral fn is rounded; there are unculiferous pads under the rays, thickest under the unbranched and frst branched ones, decreasing in extant and thickness posteriorly. The unbranched ray is thicker than the following rays and rigid; dorsally, the membrane between the frst two rays is thickened. The frst branched ray is thickened but fexible, round in cross-section, thicker than the following rays; the anterior branch is unbranched. The posterior branch is branched once, the anterior sub-branch is unbranched and the posterior one branched again. In the second branched ray, the anterior branch is unbranched and the posterior branch is branched again. The remaining rays are all branched twice as in other nemacheilids. There is some little variation in the branching, related with small injuries and regrowth; the above is based on one intact fn on each female.</p><p>In both sexes, in both pelvic and pectoral fns, the anterior edge of the unbranched ray has a thick tissue cover. In both sexes, the pelvic fn has thickened tissue on membranes between the unbranched ray and branched rays 1–3, dorsally and ventrally, also covering part of these rays ventrally.</p><p>Additional characters useful to distinguish the genus are: processus dentiformis present; suborbital fap present in males; 8½ branched dorsal-fn rays; 9+8 branched caudal-fn rays; axillary pelvic lobe present; anus situated about 1.5–2 eye diameter in front of anal fn; body entirely scaled; lateral line complete; air bladder without posterior chamber; body with 9–12 bars extending from dorsal midline to level of pectoral fn, bars of quite regular width and shape in front of dorsal fin, less regular posteriorly, much wider than interspaces; and black mark at caudal-fn base made of a more or less squarish blotch in middle of base, a more or less triangular blotch over dorsal procurrent rays, fainter pigments over base of uppermost and lowermost 4–6 principal rays of caudal fn.</p><p>Etymology. Named for Mali Hka River, where the type species was discovered. Gender feminine.</p><p>Remarks. The deeply furrowed lower lip of Malihkaia aligera is unique in South and Southeast Asian Nemacheilidae . Acanthocobitis (including Paracanthocobitis, see Kottelat, 2012b: 74, 2013: 198) has papillated lips (Kottelat, 1990, 2012a). On the upper lip, the papillae are organised in several rows; on the lower lip there is a broad median interruption and, on each side, a widened, strongly papillated pad, covered by papillae. Species of Acanthocobitis also have a very different colour pattern, made of obliquely organised bars, usually of irregular shape and organisation. All species of Acanthocobitis have a small black spot (sometime ocellated) at the upper extremity of the base of the caudal fn. Finally, species of Acanthocobitis have a longer dorsal fn, with 9–18½ branched rays.</p><p>In Nemacheilidae, the deeply furrowed lips are otherwise known only in some species of Labiatophysa, Triplophysa and Tarimichthys, all endemic to the Tibetan plateau, the Tarim and adjacent endorheic basins in China, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, and adjacent waters. These genera are distinguished, among others, by the absence of scales (most species), males with densely set unculi on the side of the head below the eye and on the dorsal surface of anterior pectoral-fn rays (Prokofev, 2004, 2010).</p><p>Cobitiforms have developed a great variety of sexual dimorphism, but most of it associated with the pectoral fns and involving thickening and modifcation of rays (see, e.g., Šlechtová et al., 2008 for sexual dimorphism in Cobitis and related genera; Kottelat &amp; Lim, 1992 for Lepidocephalichthys; Kottelat &amp; Tan, 2008 for Kottelatlimia and Acantopsis; Kottelat, 1990 for Indochinese Nemacheilidae; Bohlen &amp; Šlechtová, 2011 for Pteronemacheilus); sexual dimorphism may also involve, for example, thickening of parts of the body (e.g., in Sabanejewia, Kottelat &amp; Freyhof, 2007) or vertical torsion of the caudal peduncle (in Microcobitis; pers. obs., unpubl.). The modifed pectoral fn of male M. aligera seems unique in Nemacheilidae but is very reminiscent of what is observed in some Cobitidae, especially species of Acantopsis . In Acantopsis, the branches of the frst branched ray are in contact and there is no membrane between them and the ray is covered by a dense layer of unculi (pers. obs.; Kottelat &amp; Tan, 2008). In Kottelatlimia, the frst branched ray is branched only at the tip and may appear as an unbranched ray (Kottelat &amp; Tan, 2008). A curled pectoral fn in males is observed in Cobitidae in Acantopsis and Pangio (e.g., Kottelat &amp; Tan, 2008; Kottelat &amp; Lim, 1993) but has not been reported in Nemacheilidae before.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B85F8784FFAA100DFBB1B179FB6E0778	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Maurice Kottelat	Maurice Kottelat (2017): A new genus and three new species of nemacheilid loaches from northern Irrawaddy drainage, Myanmar (Teleostei: Cypriniformes). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 65: 80-99, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.886217
B85F8784FFAE1001FEAEB096FD510E2E.text	B85F8784FFAE1001FEAEB096FD510E2E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Malihkaia aligera Maurice Kottelat 2017	<div><p>Malihkaia aligera, new species</p><p>(Figs. 1, 2)</p><p>Holotype. MHNG 2766.051, male, 65.7 mm SL; Myanmar: Kachin State: Mali Hka River, about 9 km upstream of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=97.46555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.431665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 97.46555/lat 27.431665)">Kang Mu Lon</a>; 402 masl; 27°25′54″N 97°27′56″E; M. Kottelat, Nyein Chan et al., 26 November 2014.</p><p>Paratypes. CMK 25508, 2 males, 64.9–73.0, 2 females, 73.1–77.2 mm SL; ZRC 55630, 1 male, 65.9 mm SL; same data as holotype.</p><p>Diagnosis. See generic diagnosis for characters distinguishing the species from all other nemacheilids.</p><p>Description. See Figs. 1 &amp; 2 for general appearance and Table 1 for morphometric data of holotype and paratypes. An elongate nemacheilid with body depth increasing until somewhat in front of dorsal-fn origin, then decreasing until posterior extremity of dorsal-fn base. Behind dorsal fn, body depth almost uniform until caudal-fn base. Dorsal profle with a marked hump behind head. Head strongly arched in lateral view, slightly depressed; body slightly compressed anteriorly to very compressed on caudal peduncle. Interorbital area arched. Eye below dorsal profle of head. Head deep, with high cheek. Cheeks not swollen (in both sexes). Snout rounded in dorsal and lateral view. Caudal peduncle 1.3–1.5 times longer than deep, of uniform depth. Low dorsal keel on posterior half of post-dorsal area. Low ventral keel on posterior half of caudal peduncle. Dorsal keel continuous with upper margin of caudal fn. Largest recorded size 77.2 mm SL.</p><p>Dorsal fn with 4 unbranched and 8½ branched rays; distal margin straight to slightly concave. Second branched ray longest. In frst branched ray, anterior branch not branched a second time, shorter than posterior branch. Pectoral fn with 1 unbranched and 10 branched rays, falcate in males, reaching beyond pelvic-fin base, rounded in females, reaching about two thirds of distance to pelvic-fn base (see diagnosis of genus for more detailed description of pectoral fn; Fig. 4). Pelvic fn with 1 unbranched and 6 (1) or 7 (5*) branched rays, reaching about three-ffths of distance to anal-fn origin (not reaching anus); rounded; posterior margin straight; origin below base of branched dorsal-fn rays 1 to 2. Axillary pelvic lobe present, entirely free. Anus situated about 1.5–2 eye diameter in front of anal fn. Anal fn with 3 unbranched and 5½ branched rays; distal margin straight. Caudal fn with 9+8 branched rays; forked, lobes rounded, lower lobe slightly longer than upper one; upper lobe 1.3–1.5 times longer than median rays.</p><p>Body entirely scaled except on anterior half of predorsal area and belly in front of pelvic fns. Lateral line complete, with 89–99 pores. Cephalic lateral line system with 6 supraorbital, 4+10–11 infraorbital, 8–9 preoperculo-mandibular and 3 supratemporal pores.</p><p>Anterior nostril pierced in front side of a pointed fap-like tube. Posterior nostril adjacent to anterior one. Mouth U-shaped, gape about 1.5 times wider than long (Fig. 3). Lips thick, with numerous, closely set, deep furrows. Upper lip with a small median notch, with furrows on its whole length, edge crenulated. Processus dentiformis present. Lower lip with a median interruption; with furrows on its whole length, edge crenulated. Tip of lower jaw not exposed. No median concavity in lower jaw. Inner rostral barbel reaching beyond corner of mouth; outer one reaching vertical of middle of eye. Maxillary barbel reaching beyond posterior margin of eye. Intestine with a loop posterior to stomach (Fig. 5). Air bladder without visible posterior chamber.</p><p>Sexual dimorphism. Males with suborbital fap; females with neither suborbital fap nor suborbital slit. Pectoral fn rounded in females, strongly falcate in males. In males, unbranched and frst branched rays rigid, arched and curled upwards. First branched ray about 5 times wider than other branched rays, fattened dorso-ventrally, reaching beyond pelvic-fn base; without membrane between the branches and all sub-branches. Second branched ray slender, branched only at tip, membrane between branches very narrow. See diagnosis of genus for more detailed description of pectoral fn of both sexes.</p><p>Coloration. In formalin, shortly after fixation. Body background colour pale yellowish brown, throat and belly whitish; except otherwise stated, all markings blackish brown to black. Head black, cheek marmorated, lower side whitish. Irregularly set and shaped patches of black pigments on lips, but always a patch on posterior edge of lower lip and on adjacent part of throat. Body with 9–12 bars (3–4 predorsal, 3 subdorsal, 3–5 postdorsal), extending from dorsal midline to level of pectoral fn (or ventral midline on caudal peduncle), mostly continuous over back with contralaterals; bars of quite regular width and shape in front of dorsal fn, less regular posteriorly; much wider than interspaces.</p><p>A conspicuous more or less squarish black blotch at middle of caudal-fn base, depth about ⅓–¼ of depth of base of fn. A more or less triangular black blotch over dorsal procurrent rays, including dorsal midline. Fainter pigments over base of uppermost and lowermost 4–6 principal rays of caudal fin, making a slightly elongated, arched mark, variably contrasted, and variably connected with other two blotches. Space between upper triangular blotch and last bar on body somewhat reddish. Axial stripe faint, or not distinct except on caudal peduncle where darker and wider, combining with blotch at middle of caudal-fn base to make a larger and more conspicuous blotch.</p><p>Dorsal fn hyaline, no pigments on membranes, with a small black spot at base of unbranched rays and middle and distal parts of last unbranched ray black; pigments on rays at branching points and on middle of unbranched part of frst branched rays (and branched rays 2–4 in largest specimens). Caudal fn hyaline, with pigments between segments of branched rays and near branching points. Anal fn hyaline, with pigments near branching points of branched rays.</p><p>Pelvic fin hyaline, with pigments along rays and near branching points of branched rays. Pectoral fin with membranes hyalines, pigments on rays, darker along posterior edge of branched rays 2–10. In males, unbranched and frst branched rays more or less completely covered by pigments, on dorsal side, on whole length; identical in females, but pigments less densely set.</p><p>Notes on biology. The two females did not have ripe ovaries. The stomach contained unidentifable insect remains.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. Malihkaia aligera has been observed only once, in the Mali Hka River near Putao. It was collected over gravel and cobble, in fast riffes, in about 60 cm depth (Fig. 6). Other species collected in the same microhabitat at this locality include Bangana sp., Garra sp. ( Cyprinidae), Psilorhynchus brachyrhynchus (Psilorhynchidae), Homalopteroides rupicola (Balitoridae), Acanthocobitis sp., Schistura malaisei, S. nubigena, S. sikmaiensis (Nemacheilidae), Batasio procerus (Bagridae), Amblyceps murraystuarti (Amblycipitidae), Pseudecheneis brachyurus (Sisoridae) and Mastacembelus armatus (Mastacembelidae) . Schistura malaisei and Homalopteroides rupicola were the most abundant species.</p><p>Etymology. From the Latin aliger ( aligera, aligerum), winged. An adjective.</p><p>Remarks. The colour pattern of the six available specimens of M. aligera is made of very regular bars on body, with very well marked edges, on a pale background. This general pattern is rare among Southeast Asian nemacheilids. Interestingly, one of the species collected together with M. aligera is Schistura sikmaiensis, which also has a regular and contrasted colour pattern (Fig. 7). A third species collected at the same locality is S. nubigena (described below), which has a sharply contrasted colour pattern of 4 bold black bars on a whitish background. Finally, S. wanlainensis, also described below, from the same area but at higher altitude and habitat with higher gradient, also has a very contrasted colour pattern of very regular bars on a pale background.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B85F8784FFAE1001FEAEB096FD510E2E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Maurice Kottelat	Maurice Kottelat (2017): A new genus and three new species of nemacheilid loaches from northern Irrawaddy drainage, Myanmar (Teleostei: Cypriniformes). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 65: 80-99, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.886217
B85F8784FFA31005FF4DB438FD440977.text	B85F8784FFA31005FF4DB438FD440977.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Schistura nubigena Maurice Kottelat 2017	<div><p>Schistura nubigena, new species</p><p>(Figs. 8–10)</p><p>Holotype. MHNG 2766.052, 33.6 mm SL; Myanmar: Kachin state: Mali Hka River, about 9 km upstream of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=97.46555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.431665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 97.46555/lat 27.431665)">Kang Mu Lon</a>; 402 masl; 27°25′54″N 97°27′56″E; M. Kottelat, Nyein Chan et al., 26 November 2014.</p><p>Paratypes. CMK 25509, 11, 19.5–38.7 mm SL; same data as holotype.</p><p>Diagnosis. Schistura nubigena is distinguished from all other species of the genus by its unique colour pattern made of 4 black bars in juveniles that evolve into 8 bars, more or less fused on the fank and the back to leave only 2 series of pale yellowish spots in the predorsal area and 4 narrow transverse bands in subdorsal and postdorsal areas. Although not unique, the following characters help to identify the species: incomplete lateral line, reaching at most to above pelvic-fn base; two vertically elongated blotches on proximal extremity of all rays of caudal fn (one blotch per lobe); no observed sexual dimorphism; 8½ branched dorsal rays.</p><p>Description. See Figs. 8–10 for general appearance and Table 2 for morphometric data of holotype and three largest paratypes. A moderately elongate nemacheilid with body depth slowly increasing up to about above tip of pectoral fn. Behind dorsal fn, body depth decreasing slowly to caudal-fn base. Dorsal profle with a small concavity between head and body. Head slightly compressed; body slightly compressed anteriorly to compressed posteriorly. Interorbital area slightly convex. In lateral view, eye below or fushed with dorsal profle of head. Cheeks not swollen. Snout rounded in dorsal and lateral view. Caudal peduncle depth 1.6–2.0 times in its length, of uniform depth. Low dorsal crest on posterior half of post-dorsal area. Low ventral crest on entire length of caudal peduncle. Dorsal crest continuous with upper margin of caudal fn. Largest recorded size 38.7 mm SL.</p><p>Dorsal fn with 4 unbranched and 8½ branched rays; distal margin straight to slightly concave. Second branched ray longest. Pectoral fn with 1 unbranched or 8 (3*) and 9 (1) branched rays (including small last rays, usually unbranched), rounded, reaching about two thirds of distance to pelvic-fn base. No axillary pectoral lobe. Pelvic fn with 1 unbranched and 6 branched rays; reaching to anus; falcate, posterior margin rounded; origin below base of fourth unbranched or frst branched dorsal-fn ray. Axillary pelvic lobe present, entirely free. Anus situated about 1 eye diameter in front of anal fn. Anal fn with 3 unbranched and 5½ branched rays; distal margin straight. Caudal fn with 9+8 branched rays; forked, lobes rounded, lower lobe slightly longer than upper one.</p><p>Body entirely covered by scales, except nape and predorsal area, and belly in front of anal fn. Scales deeply embedded. Lateral line incomplete, reaching between tip of pectoral fn and pelvic-fn origin, with 19–31 pores (number apparently increasing with increasing size). Cephalic lateral line system with 6 supraorbital, 4+11 infraorbital, 9 preoperculomandibular and 3 supratemporal pores.</p><p>Anterior nostril pierced in front side of a pointed fap-like tube. Posterior nostril adjacent to anterior one. Mouth U-shaped, gape about 2 times wider than long (Fig. 11). Lips thin but feshy. Upper lip without median notch, with numerous shallow furrows on whole length, edge fnely crenulated. Processus dentiformis present. Lower lip with wide median notch; median part with 2–4 sulci, lateral parts smooth. Tip of lower jaw exposed. No median notch or concavity in lower jaw. Inner rostral barbel reaching slightly beyond base of outer one; outer one reaching slightly beyond base of maxillary barbel. Maxillary barbel reaching almost vertical of posterior margin of eye. Intestine straight behind stomach (Fig. 12). Air bladder without free posterior chamber.</p><p>Sexual dimorphism. None of the characters associated with sexual dimorphism in other nemacheilids have been observed in S. nubigena .</p><p>Coloration. After fixation in formalin. Head and body background colour pale yellowish grey; throat, belly and lower part of caudal peduncle whitish; except otherwise stated, all markings dark brown to black. Top of head and opercle dark brown. A white squarish patch between tip of snout and nostrils; a few smaller, less sharply marked pale spots on top of head.</p><p>Body with 4 bars (behind head, below dorsal-fn origin, below end of dorsal-fn base and on caudal peduncle). Bars continuous across back with contralaterals, not reaching down to level of pectoral fin. Bars slightly wider than interspaces in small specimens (less than about 22 mm SL; Fig. 9 b), becoming wider with increasing size. Bars wider on dorsal midline and at lower extremity. In many specimens bars appearing divided vertically with a paler median area (Fig. 9 e). Some or all bars maybe in contact at lower and upper extremities. In largest specimen, all bars appearing as vertically split in two (total 8 bars; Fig. 10), and all fused along fank in a broad milateral stripe, predorsal bars also merged on back, leaving only two longitudinal rows of 3 yellowish spots. Interspace between subdorsal and postdorsal bars persisting as 4 narrow transverse band; an additional one between head and frst fank bar. In most specimens, posteriormost bar more irregular than others, with lower posterior corner projecting towards ventral midline and caudal-fn base (Fig. 9 b–e), and in two specimens appearing as a separate blotch.</p><p>Black marks at caudal-fn base appearing as two vertically elongated deep black blotches, one covering proximal extremity of all branched rays of lower lobe, and one on all those of upper lobe (best seen on Fig. 9 c). Two posterior dorsal procurrent rays black. Overimposed on upper extremity of lower black blotch, a small patch of less dense pigments, oriented diagonally upwards forwards. In larger specimens, this last patch may be connected to lower posterior extension of posterior bar, leaving a pair of large roundish white blotches (paler than rest of yellowish background colour; Figs. 9 d, e, 10f). A faint inner axial stripe visible in few specimens.</p><p>Dorsal fn with hyaline membranes and a dark patch along anterior half of base, above subdorsal bar; an elongate patch of black pigments at midlength of last unbranched ray and near frst branching of branched rays. Caudal fn with hyaline membranes, and pigments along all rays and between all segments. Anal and pelvic fn membranes and rays hyaline. Pectoral fin membranes and rays hyaline; in largest specimens (33.6, 38.7 mm SL; Figs. 8, 10), an elongate patch of pigment near branching of branched rays 1–4, on dorsal side only.</p><p>Distribution. Schistura nubigena has been observed only once, in the Mali Hka River near Putao. It was collected over gravel and cobble, in fast riffles (Fig. 6) together with Malihkaia aligera; see under that species for more information.</p><p>Diagnosis. Schistura wanlainensis is distinguished from all other species placed in Schistura in Southeast Asia by its unique colour pattern of a pale yellowish to pale grey background with 18–32 narrow, regularly shaped black bars, extending from dorsal midline and reaching downwards to below level of pectoral fn, continuous over back with contralaterals in most specimens, wider than interspaces anteriorly, narrower than interspaces on caudal peduncle; some of anterior bars fused at their dorsal extremity.</p><p>Additional characters useful to identify the species (but not unique) are: black pattern at base of caudal fn made of a vertically elongated blotch at middle of base, and a smaller blotch at its dorsal and ventral extremities (blotches contiguous in one specimen); 8½ branched dorsal-fn rays; caudal fn forked; caudal peduncle depth 1.2–1.5 times in its length; very low dorsal and ventral crests on caudal peduncle; lips thick, feshy; upper lip with median notch; lower lip with narrow median interruption, with numerous furrows; processus dentiformis present, feebly marked, very wide (more than half of mouth gape); largest recorded size 91.8 mm SL; and females with a suborbital slit (males unknown but expected to have a suborbital fap).</p><p>Etymology. From the Latin adjective nubigenus, -a, -um, who engenders clouds, a reference to the white spots on the back resulting from the partial fusion of the bars ( nubigena is also a noun meaning cloud-born, but this is not the meaning used here).</p><p>Remarks. Schistura nubigena has a colour pattern made of 4 black bars in juveniles that evolve into 8 bars, more or less fused on the fank and the back to leave only 2 series of pale yellowish spots in the predorsal area and 4 narrow transverse bands in subdorsal and postdorsal areas. This colour pattern, and its ontogeny, has not been reported for any named species of nemacheilid in Southeast and South Asia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B85F8784FFA31005FF4DB438FD440977	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Maurice Kottelat	Maurice Kottelat (2017): A new genus and three new species of nemacheilid loaches from northern Irrawaddy drainage, Myanmar (Teleostei: Cypriniformes). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 65: 80-99, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.886217
B85F8784FFA71018FF51B371FB970CC7.text	B85F8784FFA71018FF51B371FB970CC7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Schistura wanlainensis Maurice Kottelat 2017	<div><p>Schistura wanlainensis, new species</p><p>(Figs. 13, 14)</p><p>Holotype. MHNG 2766.053, female, 84.4 mm SL; Myanmar: Kachin State: Phunganrazi Wildlife Sanctuary: area of Wa Sar Dam: Mon Lan Chaung (stream) near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=97.17472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.48611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 97.17472/lat 27.48611)">Wan Lain Dam village</a>); 27°29′10″N 97°10′29″E, 850 masl; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=97.17472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.48611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 97.17472/lat 27.48611)">Nyein Chan</a>, 25 July 2015.</p><p>Paratypes. CMK 26417, 5, 79.6–91.8 mm SL; same data as holotype. — CMK 26584, 1, 81.2 mm SL; CMK 26377, 3, 71.2–78.2 mm SL; ZRC 55631, 1, 74.8 mm SL; Myanmar: Phunganrazi Wildlife Sanctuary: area of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=97.176384&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.480833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 97.176384/lat 27.480833)">Wa Sar Dam</a>: Mon Lan Chaung (stream); 27°28′51″N 97°10′35″E, 843 masl; Nyein Chan, 22 July 2015.</p><p>Description. See Figs. 13 &amp; 14 for general appearance and Table 3 for morphometric data of holotype and paratypes. A moderately elongate nemacheiline with a massive appearance. Body depth increasing up to dorsal-fn origin. Behind dorsal fn, body depth decreasing slowly until above base of anal fn, then uniform until caudal-fn base.</p><p>Dorsal profle continuous between head and body. Head slightly depressed; body slightly compressed anteriorly, very compressed posteriorly. Interorbital area arched. Eye below dorsal profle of head. Cheeks not swollen. Snout rounded in lateral and dorsal views. Caudal peduncle 1.2–1.5 times longer than deep, of uniform depth. Very low dorsal crest on posterior half of post-dorsal area. Very low ventral crest along entire length of caudal peduncle. Dorsal crest continuous with upper margin of caudal fn. Largest recorded size 91.8 mm SL.</p><p>Dorsal fn with 4 unbranched and 8½ branched rays; distal margin straight to slightly concave. Second branched ray longest. Pectoral fn with 1 unbranched and 11 branched rays (two specimens with an additional small, unbranched ray), rounded, reaching about halfway of distance to pelvic-fn base; rays without flamentous extensions. No proper axillary pectoral lobe, but swelling dorsally at base of fn. Pelvic fn with 1 unbranched and 7 branched rays; reaching about two thirds of distance to anus; posterior edge rounded, second or third ray longest; origin below base of branched dorsal-fn rays 2–3. Axillary pelvic lobe present, free, conspicuous. Anus situated about 2 eye diameters in front of anal fn, hidden under a protuberant, massive genital papilla (at least in females before spawning). Anal fn with 3 unbranched and 5½ branched rays; distal margin slightly concave. Caudal fn with 9+8 branched rays; dorsal and ventral procurrent rays cannot be counted; forked, upper lobe 1.4–1.8 times longer than median rays, lobes rounded, of equal length.</p><p>Body entirely scaled, except around lateral line pores 1–5 and belly between pectoral fns. Scales deeply embedded and not densely set in anterior half of body. Lateral line complete, with 90–106 pores (diffcult to count with accuracy). Many lateral line scales with 2 auxillary pores, above and below main pore. Cephalic lateral line system with 6 supraorbital, 4+11 infraorbital, 8–10 preoperculo-mandibular and 3 supratemporal pores.</p><p>Anterior nostril pierced in front side of a pointed fap-like tube. Posterior nostril adjacent to anterior one. Mouth arched, gape about two times wider than long (Fig. 15). Lips thick, feshy. Upper lip with median notch, with furrows along whole length, edge crenulated. Lower lip with narrow median interruption; median part without sulci, lateral part with numerous furrows on whole length. Processus dentiformis present, feebly marked, very wide (more than half of mouth gape); no sharp edge on upper jaw. Tip of lower jaw exposed. A median concavity in lower jaw. Inner rostral barbel not reaching corner of mouth; outer one reaching base of maxillary barbel. Maxillary barbel reaching vertical of posterior margin of eye. In single dissected specimen, intestine with a large loop behind stomach (Fig. 16). No apparent posterior chamber of air bladder.</p><p>Sexual dimorphism. All specimens apparently females; presence of eggs, about 0.6 mm diameter observed in four specimens 78.2–91.8 mm SL; most slender specimen (85.6 mm SL) indeterminate, remaining specimens not checked but all with distended belly. All specimens have a short slit in a position that would correspond to posterior edge of suborbital fap in species in which males have a suborbital fap (compare Figs. 17 &amp; 18); in species in which such a slit is present in females, the males usually have a suborbital fap. No tubercles or unculi observed.</p><p>Coloration. After two months in formalin. Head and body background colour pale yellowish to pale grey; throat and</p><p>belly whitish to pale yellowish; darker on back; head darker grey in most specimens. Except otherwise stated, markings blackish brown to black. Head with vermiculated pattern on top, snout, suborbital area and opercle. Body with 18–32 bars, extending from dorsal midline and reaching downwards to below level of pectoral fn (on belly in largest specimens but not reaching ventral midline); continuous over back with contralaterals in most specimens; bars of regular shape, wider than interspaces anteriorly, narrower than interspaces on caudal peduncle; some of anterior bars fused at their upper extremity.</p><p>Black pattern at base of caudal fn made of a vertically elongated blotch at middle of base, and a smaller blotch at its dorsal and ventral extremities; blotches contiguous in one specimen. Median blotch occupying about median half of fn base; with a median constriction. Upper blotch elongated, slanted forwards upwards, at base of principal unbranched ray and upper branched rays 1–3; in some specimens continued posteriorly by a band of black and red pigments on upper branched ray. Lower blotch elongated, slanted towards lower edge of caudal fn, on base of principal unbranched ray and lower branched rays 1–3, continued posteriorly by a band of black and red pigments on lower branched ray. No visible inner axial stripe.</p><p>Dorsal fin with hyaline membranes. All branched rays black except distal extremity; proximal third paler in some specimens, greyish in one (holotype). Last unbranched ray black on posterior half, orange on anterior half. Other unbranched rays black. Membrane between last unbranched and frst branched ray orange in distal area; membranes between branches of frst branched ray orange; distalmost part of membrane between frst two branched rays yellowish.</p><p>Caudal fn with hyaline membranes in most specimens, pale orange in some. Rays blackish brown. One or two irregular and incomplete vertical rows of spots corresponding to accumulation of pigments at primary and secondary branching points. Black stripes along principal unbranched ray of each lobe (see above, black pattern at caudal-fn base), surrounded by pale-orange to reddish area.</p><p>Anal fn with hyaline membranes. Branched rays with one or two rows of black spots corresponding to accumulation of black pigments at primary and secondary branching points. Last unbranched ray orange, as well (in some specimens) as distal extremity of membrane between last unbranched and frst branched rays. Blackish areas adjacent to lower extremity of fank bars.</p><p>Pelvic fn with hyaline membranes. Branched rays with one or two rows of black spots corresponding to accumulation of black pigments at primary and secondary branching points. Unbranched ray orange (and in one specimen, also distal extremity of frst branched ray), as well (in some specimens) as distal extremity of membrane between unbranched and frst branched rays.</p><p>Pectoral fn with hyaline membranes. Rays black; in some specimens, unbranched ray orange as well as anterior half of frst branched ray. In all branched rays, posterior branch more densely pigmented than anterior branch. Membrane between unbranched and frst branched rays orange, at least distally.</p><p>Notes on biology. A dissected female (CMK 26584, 81.2 mm SL) with distended belly had ovaries flled with a large number (probably&gt; 1000) of eggs 0.6 mm in diameter. Its stomach contained unidentifed green vegetal material.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. Schistura wanlainensis is presently known only from the Mon Lan Chaung in the area of Wa Sar Dam, in Phunganrazi Wildlife Sanctuary (Fig. 19). The Mon Lan Chaung becomes known as Mula Chaung on Putao Plain and is a tributary of the Mali Hka, which it enters from the west on Putao Plain.</p><p>At the places of sampling, the Mon Lan Chaung is a large river about 50 m wide, with very fast water fowing over a stone and boulders bottom. Other species collected in the same microhabitat at these localities include Garra cf. dulongensis, Garra sp., Neolissochilus compressus, Oreinus meridionalis, Semiplotus cirrhosus (Cyprinidae), Acanthocobitis sp., Schistura malaisei (Nemacheilidae), Amblyceps murraystuarti (Amblycipitidae), Glyptothorax sp., Oreoglanis sp. ( Sisoridae) and Mastacembelus armatus (Mastacembelidae) . Schistura malaisei was the most abundant species.</p><p>Etymology. Named for Wan Lain Dam village where the fsh were collected, and whose inhabitants have established a fsh conservation zone. An adjective.</p><p>Remarks. Schistura sikmaiensis was diagnosed from all other species of Schistura in Southeast Asia by the absence of processus dentiformis (Rendahl, 1948: 27; Kottelat, 1990: 208). Examination of additional material suggests that the processus dentiformis could also be described as present but feebly marked and very wide, as in S. wanlainensis . Schistura sikmaiensis (of which S. putaoensis is a synonym) is recorded from a few localities in the upper Irrawaddy in Myanmar, China and India (Kottelat, 1990: 208) but it was not found in the Mon Lan Chaung and its tributaries in the hills. It was observed only on Putao Plain (see Fig. 7). The two species share a number of characters, including the pale background colour, the bars on the anterior part of the body narrower than those on the posterior part and often fused in pairs dorsally, a similar black pattern at the base of the caudal fn, and the presence in females of a slit in a position that corresponds to the posterior edge of suborbital fap of males.</p><p>Schistura wanlainensis is distinguished from S. sikmaiensis by its general appearance (compare Figs. 13, 14 &amp; 7). For example, the more slender caudal peduncle whose depth is 1.8–2.1 times in the depth of the body (vs. 1.3–1.6) and 1.2–1.5 times in its own length (vs. 1.3–1.7), a pointed snout (vs. rounded), a somewhat shorter head (lateral length 21.4–23.2 % SL vs. 22.3–24.6). Besides, S. wanlainensis has more (18–32 vs. 13–21) and narrower bars, the bars on the caudal peduncle narrower than the interspaces (vs. wider than the interspaces), and the bars on the anterior part of the body not much narrower than the posterior ones and not all regularly fused in pairs dorsally (vs. much narrower and regularly fused). In S. wanlainensis, the bars are of uniform intensity of black. In S. sikmaiensis, the edge of the bars is clearly darker than the inner and this is gradually more marked from the posterior to the anterior bars, with some bars becoming vertically split and the number of bars increasing with size.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B85F8784FFA71018FF51B371FB970CC7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Maurice Kottelat	Maurice Kottelat (2017): A new genus and three new species of nemacheilid loaches from northern Irrawaddy drainage, Myanmar (Teleostei: Cypriniformes). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 65: 80-99, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.886217
B85F8784FFBA1018FCF4B6A1FAC30B07.text	B85F8784FFBA1018FCF4B6A1FAC30B07.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Schistura sikmaiensis (Hora 1921)	<div><p>Comparison material. Schistura sikmaiensis:</p><p>CMK 25507, 1, 54.5 mm SL; Myanmar: Kachin state: Mali Hka River, about 9 km upstream of Kang Mu Lon. — CMK 25560, 10, 54.5–77.9 mm SL ; Myanmar: Kachin state: Mula River at Lika village, about 0.8 km downriver of Mulashidi.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B85F8784FFBA1018FCF4B6A1FAC30B07	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Maurice Kottelat	Maurice Kottelat (2017): A new genus and three new species of nemacheilid loaches from northern Irrawaddy drainage, Myanmar (Teleostei: Cypriniformes). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 65: 80-99, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.886217
