taxonID	type	description	language	source
BF618784FFE9FFC7FF33AE38406DF97B.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Siphonostomum cariboum Grube & Ørsted in Grube, 1859, by original designation. Gender: Feminine.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFE9FFC7FF33AE38406DF97B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (emended): Body anteriorly swollen, with a posterior cylindrical cauda. Cephalic cage well developed. Dorsal shield rarely missing, extending over chaetigers 1 – 4 and often with an articulated anterior plate, rarely continued ventrally as a thinner coat. Body papillae small, capitate or clavate, in distinct belts, at least in anterior chaetigers. Anterior neuropodia with pseudocompound or with long transition hooks. Posterior neurohooks anchylosed, falcate, simple, sometimes flanged. Branchiae in two rows; distal row with four larger filaments, proximal row separated in two lateral groups, each with two or more filaments, often spirally arranged. Nephridial lobes between branchial rows. Posterior end with few neurohooks. Boring in hard or compact substrates.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFE9FFC7FF33AE38406DF97B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Semiodera Chamberlin, 1919 has been regarded as a junior synonym of either Pherusa Oken, 1807 (Fauchald 1972) or Piromis Kinberg, 1867 (Hartman 1965, Day 1973 a, Fauchald 1977). However, Semiodera differs from Pherusa in three essential features: 1) Semiodera has an oval dorsal shield, made of cemented sediment particles, on the first few anterior chaetigers, but there is no shield in Pherusa; 2) their branchial filaments are multiple, not just eight as in Pherusa, arranged in double or multiple rows; and 3) the body papillae in Semiodera are small, not large as in Pherusa. Day (1973 a: 108) redefined Piromis Kinberg, 1867 and regarded Semiodera Chamberlin, 1919 as a junior synonym for it. In fact, he should have written Balanochaeta Chamberlin, 1919 since that genus had, as type species, what we now call Piromis eruca (Claparède, 1869). This synonymy was followed by Fauchald (1977: 117) and recently by Wehe & Fiege (2002: 51). Additional information about this issue can be seen elsewhere (Salazar-Vallejo 2011 a); it must be emphasized that Semiodera differs from Piromis in three essential features: 1) Semiodera has the sediment particles cemented and often restricted to a small, anterior, dorsal region including few chaetigers, whereas in Piromis the sediment particles, if restricted, are present along the dorsal surface; 2) Semiodera has branchial filaments sessile on a depressed branchial plate, whereas in Piromis the branchial plate is tongue-shaped and carries abundant filaments; and 3) Neurochaetae in Semiodera are small and anchylosed, whereas in Piromis neurochaetae are large and multiarticulate. Consequently with this redefinition, several species previously included in Pherusa are transferred to Semiodera: this modification follows one of Fauchald’s (1972) species groups, although the included species differ slightly. Semiodera glabra Treadwell, 1928, and Semiodera roberti Hartman, 1951, pointed to the Chamberlin’s concept for the genus. However, the first species belongs in Trophoniella Hartman, 1959 (cit. Trophoniella Caullery, 1944), whereas the second species falls within Piromis, as shown elsewhere (Salazar-Vallejo 2011 a, 2012). Semiodera includes species which bore into consolidated or calcareous substrates and build some inner layers with aragonite. Their bodies taper into distinct caudas with the anterior end depressed, often carrying a dorsal shield made of cemented sediment grains, and the body surface is covered by small, usually few body papillae which are often arranged in transverse rows. However, there are two distinct morphological patterns involved. The first pattern corresponds with Semiodera. The dorsal shields are variously developed, anterior chaetigers have pseudocompound or transitional hooks, and the posterior region is cylindrical with one to several neurohooks per bundle. The second pattern includes species with dorsal shields, anterior chaetigers with multiarticulate, aristate capillaries, and the posterior region is often depressed with many neurohooks per bundle. For the latter pattern, Daylithos, n. gen., is being proposed below. Because of these features, these genera were separated in a phylogenetic analysis of the Flabelligeridae (Salazar-Vallejo et al. 2008), and both formed a clade which was the sister group for what is now called Stylarioides delle Chiaje, 1831 and Treadwellia Salazar-Vallejo, 2011 (Salazar-Vallejo 2011 b). The species included in Semiodera are, besides the type species S. caribea (Grube & Ørsted in Grube, 1859) new spelling, S. blakei n. sp., S. curviseta (Caullery, 1944) n. comb., S. dubia (Treadwell, 1929) n. comb., S. glynni n. sp., S. inflata (Treadwell, 1914) n. comb., S. laevis (Stimpson, 1856) n. comb., S. mezianei n. sp., S. nishii n. sp., S. salazarae n. sp., S. tenera (Grube, 1868) n. comb., S. tovarae n. sp., S. treadwelli n. sp. and S. villalobosi n. sp. As stated above, there is a group of species provided with multiarticulate capillaries in chaetigers 3 – 5 (6), with the posterior region depressed, often with many neurohooks, and the branchiae are usually abundant. For these species, Daylithos n. gen. is being proposed, with Stylarioides parmatus Grube, 1878, as the type species; besides this species, the other species being transferred to this genus are D. amorae n. sp., D. cinctus (Haswell, 1892) n. comb., D. dieteri n. sp., D. iris (Michaelsen, 1892) n. comb., and D. nudus (Caullery, 1944) n. comb. Morphology. Body shape Semiodera and Daylithos have bodies separable into two regions: an anterior trunk, markedly thicker than the rest of the body, extending for nearly half of the total length of the body, and a posterior cauda, which is always thinner than the trunk, although sometimes it might be subdistally swollen. The cauda is often found bending over the back in living or preserved specimens. There are two distinctive patterns in the cauda; in Semiodera it is cylindrical and the neuropodia are usually provided with 1 – 4 neurohooks per bundle, whereas in Daylithos the cauda is depressed and there are 4 - 9 neurohooks per bundle, which are aligned along transverse rows. Tunic The tunic is thin and delicate throughout the body and slightly thicker along the first few chaetigers; it is probably easily damaged by formalin, since it is hardly visible in preserved or roughly handled specimens, where even the external muscle layers may be lifted off the remaining body wall. Although the tunic is easily detached from the body, its presence is revealed because of the eroded portions along it, because of the remaining parts especially over neurochaetal bases or along the cauda, or because it may carry minute, dark particles. Body papillae Semiodera and Daylithos have, in comparison to other members of the family living within sediments, fewer and smaller body papillae, giving their bodies a rather smooth surface. The body papillae are usually arranged in transverse rows per segment, which could be close to each other or not, with one running along the anterior segment margin and the other placed about the median segmental region. The species differ, however, depending on the relative number of rows, which are better defined dorsally along few anterior chaetigers, although papillae become larger in posterior chaetigers, and the relative number of papillae increases per row. Some species have two transverse rows and the papillae of the anterior row can be of the same size, larger, or smaller than the posterior row of papillae. This feature is conservative and is used below to separate similar species. At the same time, when the specimens are fixed inside their tubes, the papillae are more difficult to detect than in specimens fixed outside their tubes, since body contraction results in an apparent enlargement of body papillae. Further, although the body papillae tend to appear larger along the anterior chaetigers, because posterior chaetigers are usually smaller the papillae become relatively larger. The interramal papillae, in turn, might be longer in posterior chaetigers. Dorsal shield The dorsal or nuchal shield is made of cemented sediment particles and is only found in boring flabelligerids; it might vary among different species regarding their relative thickness, especially towards the posterior margin, and about their roughness because in some species the particles are completely embedded by the integument giving a smooth surface, whereas in others the particles are less perfectly fit and result in a rough surface. Another useful feature, although it may depend on the sediment particles available, is the relative color of the shield. Although it is frequently well-defined along its margins, in some Semiodera species it is reduced to a thin layer which also has poorly defined margins, being represented by a few cemented particles. However, this dorsally poorly defined shield may extend laterally reaching the base of the neuropodia and even tending to approach the midventral line. Another variation is the sediment particles are missing from the dorsal shield; one species found in floating objects has almost no sediment particles at all, whereas others found in boring rocks, might likewise have no particles on the dorsal shield, but the depressed anterior end gives a clear indication of its function to fit the tube opening. Under these conditions, these species are retained within Semiodera because of the anterior end modifications and the chaetal pattern along the body. It must be emphasized that sometimes the dorsal shield is removed from the specimens by an excessive peeling of foreign particles. In the latter case, there are some indications of its former presence which include an oblique, often smooth body wall portion and an ovoid ridge that used to fit along the shield margins, or some scars in the integument. A short-term staining with an oversaturated methyl-green ethanol solution may help in deciding this, because it reveals the surface micro-relief due to the former presence of the shield. It would be interesting to evaluate if the apparent lack of dorsal shield is independent of the treatment given to the specimens, since the shield may be confused with foreign particles, and some people working with the samples may completely remove it. However to eliminate this potential problem, those species lacking a well-developed dorsal shield have been included together with those with a poorly defined shield. Branchiae The branchial filaments are separated into two lateral groups, although in some species the caruncle may not completely divide the branchial filaments and there may be two filaments present beyond the caruncle tip, such that branchiae are apparently arranged in a single continuous row, which becomes laterally spiraled. The filaments have different length and thickness along the branchial plate; the distal or more dorsal and upper lateral filaments are usually larger than the more ventral or inner filaments and their relative thickness may be useful to separate similar species, but because they are rarely exposed, this feature has not been utilised. Neurochaetae The neurochaetae provide the most useful diagnostic features to separate similar species. The anterior chaetigers have multiarticulate neurochaetae, although they may be anchylosed and are very long in the first three chaetigers. From chaetigers 3, 4 or 5, chaetae become shorter and modified. There may be 1 – 2 pseudocompound neurohooks, 1 – 4 shorter transition chaetae without any pseudoarticulation, or 1 – 2 multiarticulate neurohooks; either way, these neurochaetae usually point backwards and become progressively shorter in subsequent chaetigers. Most body neurochaetae point forward and are arranged in a transverse or slightly oblique row. Pseudocompound hooks have a long handle, with medium-sized to long anchylosed articles (articulations transverse); the handle is distally widened and the pseudoarticulation is an oblique, pale line. The blade is a homogeneous continuation of the handle, tapering to a blunt, often falcate tip. Transition chaetae are also falcate but rarely pseudocompound; they progressively decrease in size and the overall shape progresses towards the typical neurohooks, showing a gradual transformation and hence the name, transition chaetae. Some species have progressively smaller neurochaetae but they are straight; they may be cylindrical, multiarticulate spines, often with a hyaline terminal article, or they may be aristate or mucronate, when the cylindrical handle terminates in a narrow, tapering distal part. Either type of neurochaetae is completely or gradually replaced by the stouter, non-annulate, or transparent and often falcate neurohooks, which are usually pointing forward, at least along anterior and median chaetigers. The detection of the first chaetiger where these neurohooks appear can be done by using the stereoscope, although small specimens may need to be examined under high magnification. The first chaetiger provided with only a single type of falcate or curved neurohooks can separate similar species, although there might be some slight size-related differences, this feature is conservative. Further, the nearby posterior chaetigers often show a marked change in relative size, increasing in size a few chaetigers before the start of the cauda. The number of neurohooks per bundle is also useful, although they are easily broken. Some median chaetigers should be scanned in order to detect their relative number. The trend includes one or a few chaetigers with 2 – 3 hooks, increasing in number up to 5 – 6 by around chaetiger 10 and then decreasing progressively towards the body constriction or cauda. From then onwards, as indicated above, there may be a progressive reduction of neurohooks per bundle along a cylindrical cauda, or remain high or actually increase in number on a depressed cauda.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFE4FFCBFF33AB1A4639FF48.taxon	description	Figure 1	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFE4FFCBFF33AB1A4639FF48.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Caribbean Sea. Holotype of Siphonostomum cariboum (ZMUC- 331), off St. Croix (17 º 44 ' 23 " N, 64 º 44 ' 20 " W), 11 m, 18 Sep. 1845, A. S. Ørsted, coll. Additional material. Gulf of Mexico, Florida. One specimen (USNM 55985), RV Columbus Iselin, Transect 6, Stat. 2640 (29 ° 34 ' 29.3 " N, 87 ° 54 ' 30.3 " W), 35 m, Jul. 1976 (dorsal shield removed, body wall macerated; 16 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 11 mm long, 65 chaetigers). Yucatán Peninsula, México. Campeche. Seven specimens (ECOSUR 1729), two complete, Champotón (19 º 21 ' 20 " N, 90 º 43 ' 24 " W), coralline rock, 2 m depth, 16 Feb. 1999, J. R. Bastida & SISV, coll. (complete 13.0 – 18.5 mm long, 1.3 – 2.0 mm wide, cephalic cage 6 mm long, 57 – 72 chaetigers; no gonopodial slits in chaetiger 5). Two specimens (ECOSUR 1730), one complete, damaged, El Hueso, Champotón, 2 m depth, 5 May 2005, L. F. Carrera & SISV, coll. (complete 15 mm long, 2 mm wide, cephalic cage 5 mm long, 62 chaetigers; gonopodial slits in chaetiger 5). Yucatán. One specimen (ECOSUR 1732), anterior fragment, Río Lagartos, coralline rock, 3 m depth, 18 Feb. 1999, J. R. Bastida & SISV, coll. Four specimens (ECOSUR 1731), two complete, Ría Lagartos (21 ° 37 ' 16.7 " N, 88 ° 10 ' 32.6 " W), coralline rock, 3 m, 30 May 2005, L. F. Carrera, coll. (complete 10 – 19 mm long, 1.5 – 2.0 mm wide, cephalic cage 4.5 – 6.0 mm long, 60 – 68 chaetigers; gonopodial slits in chaetiger 5). Quintana Roo. One specimen (ECOSUR 1734), complete, DIF Aventuras (20 ° 21 ' 47 " N, 87 ° 19 ' 53 " W), 21 Mar. 1992, SISV & Eunice Salazar, coll. (16 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 6.5 mm long, 85 chaetigers; no gonopodial slits in chaetiger 5). One specimen (ECOSUR 1735), breaking into two pieces, DIF Aventuras (20 ° 21 ' 47 " N, 87 ° 19 ' 53 " W), 23 Mar. 1992, L. F. Carrera & SISV, coll. (13 mm long, 2 mm wide, cephalic cage 6 mm long, 65 chaetigers; gonopodial slits in chaetiger 5). One specimen (ECOSUR 1736), complete, Buenavista, Xahuayxol (18 ° 30 ' 42 " N, 87 ° 45 ' 30 " W), 27 Sep. 1996, SISV & L. F. Carrera-Parra, coll. (14 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 5 mm long, 68 chaetigers; gonopodial slits in chaetiger 5; some oocytes between cephalic cage chaetae, each about 200 µm). Thirteen specimens (ECOSUR 1737), five complete, Punta Nizuc (21 ° 01 ' 23 " N, 86 ° 46 ' 52 " W), coralline rock, 3 m depth, 1 Sep. 1997, SISV et al. coll. (complete 21 – 22 mm long, 1.8 – 2.0 mm wide, cephalic cage 7 mm long, 65 – 78 chaetigers; gonopodial slits in chaetiger 5). Five specimens (ECOSUR 1738), four complete, Punta Herradura (18 ° 32 ' 26 " N, 87 ° 44 ' 30 " W), coralline rock, 3 m depth, 28 Oct. 1997, L. F. Carrera & SISV, coll. (6 – 12 mm long, 1 mm wide, cephalic cage 4 – 5 mm long, 44 – 60 chaetigers; largest specimen with gonopodial slits in chaetiger 5). Two specimens (ECOSUR 1739), one complete, Buenavista, Xahuayxol (18 ° 30 ' 42 " N, 87 ° 45 ' 30 " W), coralline rock, 3 m depth, 4 Jun. 1998, L. F. Carrera & SISV, coll. (complete 17 mm long, 2 mm wide, cephalic cage 6.5 mm long, 46 chaetigers; gonopodial slits in chaetiger 5). One specimen (ECOSUR 1740), complete, mature female, DIF-Aventuras (20 ° 21 ' 47 " N, 87 ° 19 ' 53 " W), coralline rock, 1.5 m depth, 28 Feb. 1999, J. R. Bastida & SISV, coll. (16.5 mm long, 2 mm wide, cephalic cage 6.5 mm long, 66 chaetigers; gonopodial slits in chaetiger 5; oocytes 200 µm in diameter). One specimen (ECOSUR 1741), complete, Majagual (18 ° 43 ' 01 " N, 87 ° 42 ' 23 " W), coralline rock, 1.5 m depth, 22 Mar. 2000, L. F. Carrera & SISV, coll. (13 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 6 mm long, 61 chaetigers; gonopodial slits in chaetiger 5). One specimen (ECOSUR 1742), mature female, breaking into two pieces, Majagual (18 ° 43 ' 01 " N, 87 ° 42 ' 23 " W), coralline rock, 1.5 m depth, 22 Mar. 2000, L. F. Carrera & SISV, coll. (14 mm long, 2 mm wide, cephalic cage 5 mm long, 76 chaetigers; gonopodial slits in chaetiger 5; oocytes 150 – 200 µm in diameter). Two specimens (ECOSUR 1743), complete, Punta Nizuc (21 ° 01 ' 23 " N, 86 ° 46 ' 52 " W), coralline rock, 2 m depth, 8 Feb. 2001, J. R. Bastida, coll. (10 – 15 mm long, 1 – 2 mm wide, cephalic cage 4.0 – 7.5 mm long, 49 – 59 chaetigers; gonopodial slits in chaetiger 5). One specimen (ECOSUR 1744), complete, Henequén, Contoy Island (21 ° 29 ' 20 " N, 86 ° 47 ' 44 " W), 1 Mar. 2001, J. R. Bastida, coll. (9 mm long, 1 mm wide, cephalic cage 4.5 mm long, 58 chaetigers; gonopodial slits in chaetiger 5). One specimen (ECOSUR 1745), complete, Boca Laguna Puerto Viejo, Contoy Island (21 ° 29 ' 20 " N, 86 ° 47 ' 44 " W), 1 Mar. 2001, J. R. Bastida, coll. (6.5 mm long, 1 mm wide, cephalic cage 4 mm long, 52 chaetigers; gonopodial slits in chaetiger 5 not seen). Four specimens (ECOSUR 1746), two complete, an anterior fragment of a mature female, coralline rock, 2 m depth, Río Indio, 17 Mar. 2001, L. F. Carrera, coll. (complete 12 – 14 mm long, 1.5 – 2.0 mm wide, cephalic cage 5.5 – 7.0 mm long, 60 – 44 (regenerating the posterior region); gonopodial slits in chaetiger 5; oocytes 150 – 200 µm in diameter). One specimen (ECOSUR 1747), without posterior end, some chaetae broken, Sedena Beach, Cozumel (20 º 25 ' N, 86 º 55 ' W), 24 Mar. 2001, SISV, coll. (16 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 5 mm long, 32 chaetigers; gonopodial slits in chaetiger 5). Nine specimens (ECOSUR 1748), seven complete, Xcacelito, coralline rock, 1 m depth, 26 Oct. 2002, L. F. Carrera, coll. (complete 12 – 17 mm long, 1 – 2 mm wide, cephalic cage 5.0 – 6.5 mm long, 63 – 66 chaetigers; gonopodial slits in chaetiger 5). One specimen (ECOSUR 1749), complete, in calcareous tube, Punta Sur, Contoy Island (21 ° 27 ' 34.86 " N, 86 ° 47 ' 07.98 " W), 0.5 m, coralline rocks, 2 Mar. 2005, J. R. Bastida, coll. (9 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 4 mm long, 40 chaetigers; gonopodial slits in chaetiger 5). One specimen (ECOSUR 1750), Ixlaché, Contoy Island, Q. Roo, México, 2 m, boring in coral rock, 25 Feb. 2008 (complete, 10.5 mm long, 1.3 mm wide, cephalic cage 2 mm long, 58 chaetigers, gonopodial slits in chaetiger 5).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFE4FFCBFF33AB1A4639FF48.taxon	description	Description. Holotype (ZMUC- 331) dark gray, integument scaly (Fig. 1 A), apparently dried-out formerly, previously dissected, now almost broken about the widest part, fracture continued posteriorly (Fig. 1 C), and distal region separated. Body cylindrical, posteriorly tapering; 12 mm long (in three pieces), 1.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 3.5 mm long, 47 chaetigers (37 + 10). Tunic thin, integument regularly corrugated (looking scaly), free from sediment cover; body papillae short rounded, two rows per chaetiger, body in cross-section oval. Anterior end observed in additional specimens. Cephalic hood exposed, short. Prostomium low cone, four black eyes, anterior ones fused, posterior ones not coalescent (Fig. 1 G). Caruncle poorly developed. Palps pale, longer than longest branchiae; palp keels rounded, low. Lips fused, not separable in lateral, dorsal or ventral, ventral pharyngeal organ exposed. Branchiae cirriform, sessile on branchial plate, arranged in a single, curved row, about 10 filaments, decreasing in size ventrally, largest about half as long as palps. Nephridial lobes pale, double, visible above the eyes, placed about the internal margin of larger, lateral branchiae. Cephalic cage chaetae as long as 1 / 3 body length, or slightly longer than twice body width. Chaetigers 1 – 2 involved in the cephalic cage, others with broken chaetae. Cephalic cage chaetae arranged in short rows, notopodial lateral, neuropodial ventral. Chaetiger 1 with 8 noto- and 6 neurochaetae, chaetiger 2 with 6 noto- and six neurochaetae per bundle. Anterior dorsal margin of first chaetiger with a low projection, with two long papillae. Anterior chaetigers without especially long papillae. Chaetigers 1 – 3 increasing in size posteriorly. Sand cemented anterior shield over chaetigers 1 – 5, posterior margin fading (Fig. 1 B). Chaetal transition from cephalic cage to body chaetae gradual; first falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 7 (Fig. 1 B, insert). Gonopodial slits not seen in holotype (other specimens with short, low, dark, ventral papillated lobes in chaetiger 5). Parapodial development obscured by dehydration; parapodia poorly developed, lateral; neuropodia short low lobes, ventrolateral. Notopodia with a single, inferior digitate papilla, slightly longer than surrounding ones. Neuropodia without longer papillae. Noto- and neuropodia very close to each other. Median notochaetae arranged in transverse tufts, collapsed; most notochaetae broken, blackish, about ¼ – 1 / 5 body width, about 2 per fascicle. Neurochaetae multiarticulate capillaries in chaetigers 1 – 3 (Fig. 1 D); chaetigers 4 – 6 with 1 – 2 pseudocompound hooks (Fig. 1 E). Falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 7, arranged in transverse rows, 2 per fascicle in chaetigers 7 – 12, 3 throughout the rest of the body, final caudal chaetigers with only one neurohook per fascicle. Posterior region tapering to a blunt cone, pygidium a muscular ring, without cirri. Variation. There is some variation on the pigmentation of the anterior end. Many specimens are dark-grayish or even blackish along the first 3 – 10 chaetigers, being darkest on anteriormost chaetigers, whereas others are less pigmented. In fact, the pigmentation is concentrated in the external body wall and is independent of sexual maturity. Since the anterior end is exposed during feeding or during fecal pellets removal, this pigmentation may be a response to exposure to light, but no such field observations or details exist about the relative position in the bored calcareous rocks. Further, the specimens collected in more turbid waters, along the Gulf of Mexico shores, are paler with almost no trace of pigmentation, and this would reinforce the hypothesis that pigmentation depends on light levels. Unless the specimens are turgid or swollen, the tunic will look areolate, and this makes identification easier, even with a single fragment, because other similar species have a smooth tunic even if the body segments are contracted (see Remarks below). The holotype shows only two large, falcate neurohooks in median chaetigers. Other specimens have two additional ones per ramus, often smaller and less curved; these were probably broken in the holotype. In a better preserved specimen, there are two neurohooks in chaetigers having transitional neurohooks and up to chaetiger 6, then 3 – 5 in chaetigers 7 – 14 (20 in larger specimens), becoming reduced to 3 – 4 in a few chaetigers and then 1 – 2 per ramus in far posterior chaetigers.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFE4FFCBFF33AB1A4639FF48.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Semiodera caribea (Grube & Ørsted in Grube, 1859), new combination, differs from S. inflata (Treadwell, 1914) n. comb., which has been erroneously recorded in the Grand Caribbean region, by having two irregular rows of dorsal papillae instead of a single one. There are three other species with a dorsal shield restricted to the dorsal surface and with 2 – 3 transverse series of papillae: S. dubia (Treadwell, 1929) n. comb., S. blakei n. sp. and S. tovarae n. sp. However, S. caribea is unique by having a scaly integument instead of a smooth one. The original name should be changed to caribea, which is the correct noun in the genitive case. This epithet has been widely employed in different taxa. The holotype of S. caribea has been dried out but most of the external morphology can be recognised. The dorsal shield is not extended beyond notopodial bases; the integument has not lost the scaly appearance due to the presence of abundant rounded low papillae. This feature is not related to the preservation fluid since other specimens collected in the same locality and preserved in 95 % ethanol, do not become scaly.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFE4FFCBFF33AB1A4639FF48.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Grand Caribbean Sea, from the Northwestern region (Isla Contoy) to the US Virgin Islands (Lesser Antilles), boring calcareous substrates in shallow water.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFE7FFCCFF33ABA547F7F847.taxon	description	Figure 2	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFE7FFCCFF33ABA547F7F847.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Eastern Central Atlantic, Western Africa. Holotype (ZMUC- 1784) and four paratypes (ZMUC- 1785, 2), off Ilha das Rolas, Gabon, RV Galathea, Stat. 49 (00 ° 00 ' N, 06 ° 32 ' E), 42 m, 29 Nov. 1950. (Paratypes two complete specimens and two anterior fragments (one previously dissected); complete ones 12.5 – 20 mm long, 1 mm wide, cephalic cage (damaged) 4 – 5 mm long, 52 – 70 chaetigers; first falcate neurohooks from chaetigers 6 – 7; neurohooks per chaetigers 10: 4, 30: 4, 50: 1).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFE7FFCCFF33ABA547F7F847.taxon	description	Description. Holotype (ZMUC- 1784) pale, tapering posteriorly into a cylindrical, thin cauda (Fig. 2 A); 19.5 mm long, 1 mm wide, cephalic cage 6 mm long, 62 chaetigers. Tunic thin, free from sediment cover, integument rugose, finely multiannulated; body papillae short, globose, 2 – 3 irregular transverse bands per segment, each with abundant papillae, alternating larger and smaller (Fig. 2 B). Anterior end observed in one paratype. Cephalic hood not exposed. Prostomium low cone, four black eyes, not coalescent. Caruncle poorly developed, not separating the dorsalmost branchiae. Palps long, pale; palp keels rounded, low. Lips fused, not separable laterally, dorsally or ventrally. Branchiae cirriform, sessile on branchial plate, arranged in a single, curved row, about 10 filaments, decreasing in size ventrally, largest about half as long as palps. Nephridial lobes not seen. Cephalic cage chaetae as long as 1 / 3 body length, or six times longer than body width. Chaetigers 1 – 2 involved in the cephalic cage; chaetiger 3 with chaetae longer than those present in following chaetigers, but not contributing to the cage. Chaetae arranged in short ventrolateral rows; chaetiger 1 with 8 noto- and 4 neurochaetae, chaetiger 2 with 4 noto- and 3 neurochaetae per bundle. Anterior dorsal margin of first chaetiger papillated, with a 4 – 5 lobed plate projected anteriorly. Anterior chaetigers with long papillae, close to chaetal lobes. Chaetigers 1 – 3 progressively longer; chaetiger 3 the longest, especially on its dorsal side. Sand cemented anterior shield dorsal, rugose (damaged in all specimens), extended over chaetigers 1 – 4, posterior margin well-developed, ridged (Fig. 2 B). Chaetal transition from cephalic cage to body chaetae gradual; chaetigers 4 – 5 with pseudocompound hooks; falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 6. Gonopodial slits indicated by a small tubercle in chaetiger 5. Parapodia poorly-developed (Fig. 2 D, E), chaetae emerge from the body wall. Parapodia lateral, median neuropodia ventrolateral. Noto- and neuropodia low lobes, with long bottle-shaped interramal papillae in anterior and median chaetigers; posterior chaetigers with papillae similar, capitate. Noto- and neuropodia distant to each other. Median notochaetae arranged in short, transverse rows; all notochaetae multiarticulate capillaries, about 1 / 3 as long as body width, 1 – 2 per fascicle, articles long, continue to chaetal tip. Neurochaetae multiarticulate capillaries in chaetigers 1 – 3; chaetigers 4 – 5 with two pseudocompound hooks (Fig. 2 C). Falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 6, arranged in transverse rows, 4 – 5 per bundle in median chaetigers (Fig. 2 D, E), decreasing to 1 – 2 towards the posterior end. Each hook moderately falcate, medially widened in median chaetigers, becoming thinner in posterior ones. Posterior end tapering to a rounded lobe; pygidium with anus terminal, without anal cirri.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFE7FFCCFF33ABA547F7F847.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named after Dr. James Blake, in recognition of his many contributions to polychaete taxonomy, which have been concentrated on the spionids, cirratulids and orbiniids, and especially for his contribution to the Californian intertidal fauna in the Light’s Manual, which has been very useful for the Northwestern Mexican fauna as well. The epithet is a noun in apposition.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFE7FFCCFF33ABA547F7F847.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Ilha das Rolhas, Gabon, in 40 m depth.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFE7FFCCFF33ABA547F7F847.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Semiodera blakei n. sp. belongs to the group of species provided with 2 – 3 rows of papillae, and four neurohooks per bundle in median chaetigers, which also includes S. dubia (Treadwell, 1929) n. comb. and S. tovarae n. sp. However, S. blakei differs from the two other species because it has neurohooks from chaetiger 6 (as opposed to chaetiger 7), and because it has large papillae over anterior chaetigers, each with a lanceolate shape (as opposed to being smaller and round). Kirkegaard (1959) studied the same specimens and used them to reject the previous proposals by both Monro (1933) and Day (1955), indicating that S. kinsemboanus Augener, 1918, was a junior synonym of Piromis arenosus Kinberg, 1867. I have seen several specimens from Western Africa deposited in Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, and found the same chaetae that Augener described from his only specimen; however, as Augener stated (Augener 1918: 441 – 442), his specimen was very close to P. arenosus, although he employed a junior name to indicate this (Trophonia capensis McIntosh, 1885). The distal tooth can be easily eroded, so insofar as there are no contradicting evidences, the synonymy is currently accepted (Salazar-Vallejo 2011 a: 8). Kirkegaard (1959) specimens belong to this new species, Semiodera blakei.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFE7FFCCFF33ABA547F7F847.taxon	distribution	Distribution. There were several specimens collected off Gabon in 42 m depth. The records by Day are from Natal, in Eastern South Africa, and these specimens were collected from Gabon. No material from South Africa was available for study, and because of the different oceanographic conditions between these two localities, perhaps they do not belong to the same species.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFE1FFCFFF33A87447AAFEFF.taxon	description	Figure 3	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFE1FFCFFF33A87447AAFEFF.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Mediterranean Sea, Levantine Sea. Holotype (ESFM 2005 - 631) and paratype (ESFM 2005 - 632), Stat. K 11, 0.1 – 3 m depth, stones, M. E. Çinar, coll. (paratype 4.5 mm long, 1 mm wide, cephalic cage 4 mm long, 36 chaetigers; further data in Çinar 2009).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFE1FFCFFF33A87447AAFEFF.taxon	description	Description. Holotype (ESFM 5 - 631), complete, broken into two pieces (Fig. 3 A); 23 (12 + 11) mm long, 2.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 6.5 mm long, 70 (26 + 44) chaetigers. Tunic thin, broken irregularly, without sediment; body papillae short digitate, in single transverse rows per segment, better defined along anterior chaetigers (Fig. 3 B, C); dorsal papille larger, bottle-shaped, ventral papillae smaller, bottle-shaped to digitate. Anterior end not dissected to avoid further damage. Cephalic cage chaetae 2.5 times longer than body width. Chaetigers 1 – 3 involved in the cephalic cage; chaetae arranged in transverse rows in chaetiger 1, become more lateral in chaetigers 2 – 3. Chaetigers 1 – 2 with 8 – 10 chaetae per bundle; chaetiger 3 with 3 – 5 noto- and 2 neurochaetae. Anterior dorsal margin of first chaetiger not visible dorsally, with a projected, bifid lappet, without accessory papillae. Chaetiger 3 slightly longer than previous ones. Sand cemented anterior shield dorsal, over chaetigers 1 – 5, anteriorly extended into a bifid lobe, not visible dorsally, irregularly projected dorsally (Fig. 3 B, C). Chaetal transition from cephalic cage chaetae to body chaetae gradual; notochaetae of chaetiger 2 about half as long as those in chaetiger 1; those from chaetiger 3 broken, some remaining chaetae about 1 / 3 as long as those of chaetiger 2. Notochaetae of chaetiger 4 about as long as those present in following chaetigers. Neurochaetae multiarticulate capillaries in chaetigers 1 – 3, replaced by pseudocompound hooks from chaetiger 4, decreasing in size in chaetigers 5 – 6. Sligthly falcate anchylosed neurohooks from chaetiger 7. Gonopodial slits in chaetiger 5, sligthly darker than surrounding areas. Parapodia better developed on chaetigers 1 – 3; thereafter barely noticeable, chaetal lobes, with a single bottleshaped interramal papillae and one small papillae (or none at all) in chaetal lobes (Fig. 3 D). Noto- and neuropodia lateral, close to each other. Median notochaetae arranged in short transverse rows; all multiarticulate capillaries, articles long throughout the chaeta, but shorter basally, increasing medially and distally, 2 – 3 per fascicle in median (Fig. 3 E), and 2 per fascicle in posterior chaetigers. Median neuropodia lateral, close to notopodia. Neurochaetae multiarticulate capillaries in chaetigers 1 – 3, replaced by pseudocompound hooks in chaetigers 4 – 6. Falcate anchylosed neurohooks from chaetiger 7, becoming more falcate in median and posterior chaetigers; two per bundle in anterior chaetigers, up to 4 per bundle in median chaetigers (Fig. 3 F), and reduced to 2 per bundle in posterior chaetigers. Posterior end tapering; pygidium with anus terminal, without anal cirri.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFE1FFCFFF33A87447AAFEFF.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This new species is being named after Dr. Melih E. Çinar in recognition of his publications on Mediterranean polychaetes, and to acknowledge his support of my research activities. The epithet is a noun in apposition.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFE1FFCFFF33A87447AAFEFF.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Turkey Levantine Sea, boring rocks in shallow water.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFE1FFCFFF33A87447AAFEFF.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Semiodera cinari n. sp. differs from Daylithos parmatus (Grube, 1877) n. comb., especially because the posterior region, or cauda, is cylindrical with few neurohooks per bundle, whereas in D. parmatus the cauda is depressed and has abundant neurohooks per bundle. Semiodera cinari belongs in the group of species provided with a single series of dorsal papillae and falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 7, which also includes S. inflata (Treadwell, 1914) n. comb. and S. mezianei n. sp. However, S. cinari differs from the other two species because its chaetal lobes have a single papilla, or it may be absent (as opposed to having three papillae per lobe), and its median chaetigers have papillae which can be ¼ – ⅓ the corresponding segment length.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFE1FFCFFF33A87447AAFEFF.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Only known from the type locality.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFE3FFD1FF33ACB94074FF6C.taxon	description	Figure 4	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFE3FFD1FF33ACB94074FF6C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Western Pacific Ocean. Lectotype (ZMA- 1517), off North Ubian, Southwestern Philippine Islands, RV Siboga, Stat. 99 (06 ° 07.5 ' N, 120 ° 26.0 ' E), 16 – 23 m, dredge and tow-net, lithothamnion bottom, 28 – 30 Jun, 1899. Paralectotype (ZMA- 1518), Badjo Bay, Flores Island, Lesser Sunda Islands, RV Siboga, Stat. 50, reef, 40 m, trawl and shore-expl., muddy bottom, sand and shells, 16 Apr. 1899 (complete 11 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 8 mm long, 41 chaetigers; most chaetae broken; ventral dissection and some parapodia removed). Additional material: Western Pacific Ocean. One specimen (CAS- 168306), Little Santa Cruz Island, Zamboanga, Mindanao, Philippines, in coral reef, 12 Apr. 1973, F. B. Steiner, coll. (16 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 8 mm long, 62 chaetigers). One specimen (MNHN- 884 b), off Central Western Philippine Islands, Musorstom 2, 1980, Stat. DR 33 (13 ° 32 ' N, 121 ° 07 ' E), 130 – 137 m (complete, 8.5 mm long, 1.8 mm wide, cephalic cage 5.5 mm long, 52 chaetigers). One specimen (MCZ- 55666), dehydrated, Singapore, Malaysia, 1909 – 1910, Bryant & Palmer, coll. (18 mm long, 3 mm wide, cephalic cage 10 mm long, 63 chaetigers). One specimen (NTM- 18922), Stat. DW 45 A (12 ° 25.93 ' S, 130 ° 46.93 ' E), Darwin Harbor, Australia, 30 m, 16 Mar. 1994, Marine Ecology Unit, coll. (6 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 4.5 mm long, 49 chaetigers). One specimen (SMF- 15349), Chinese-German Expedition to Hainan Island, Yezhu Island, dive, 5 – 10 m, 24 Mar. 1992, D. Fiege, coll. (11 mm long, 2 mm wide, cephalic cage 7.3 mm long, 60 chaetigers). One specimen (SMF- 15351), without posterior end, Chinese-German Expedition to Hainan Island, Sanya Bay, Stat. 6 dredge, 37 m, 22 Mar. 1992, D. Fiege & R. Sun, coll. (30 mm long, 3 mm wide, cephalic cage 11 mm long, 55 chaetigers; first falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 8; 3 neurohooks in median chaetigers). Two specimens (SMF- 15394), Chinese-German Expedition to Hainan Island, Stat. AbMAT 2 cs, no further data, D. Fiege & R. Sun, coll. (15 mm long, 2.0 – 3.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 7.5 – 9.0 mm long, 50 – 53 chaetigers; first falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 8; 4 neurohooks in median chaetigers). Two specimens (SMF- 15399), juveniles, Chinese-German Expedition to Hainan Island, Yalong Bay, Xizhu Island, 6 – 11 m, 20 Nov. 1990, D. Fiege & R. Sun, coll. (9 – 10 mm long, 1 mm wide, cephalic cage 3 – 4 mm long, 42 – 46 chaetigers; first falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 8; 2 – 3 neurohooks in median chaetigers).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFE3FFD1FF33ACB94074FF6C.taxon	description	Description. Lectotype (ZMA- 1517) complete, dark gray, slightly bent backwards (Fig. 4 A), some parapodia previously removed. Body cylindrical, tapering posteriorly into a cauda; 8 mm long, 2.3 mm wide, cephalic cage 8 mm long, 60 chaetigers. Tunic thin, without sediment; body papillae large, globose, arranged in two rows per segment (Fig. 4 B, C), both with abundant papillae (except chaetigers 2 – 3, which have one row each). Cephalic hood not exposed, short, margin smooth. Prostomium low cone; four dark, large eyes. Caruncle low, wide fold, extended to the margin of the branchial plate. Palps pale, large; palp keels triangular, elevated. Dorsal lip projected, small conical lobe. Lateral lips well-developed, rounded. Ventral lip reduced. Branchiae cirriform, sessile on branchial plate, arranged in a continuous row, basally incurved, separated into two lateral groups, each with 8 – 9 filaments, 5 larger on the distal or external row, and remaining smaller filaments ventrolaterally (Fig. 4 D); larger filaments about as long as palps (CAS 168306 with 4 larger posterior filaments and lateral groups with 4 – 5 filaments each). Nephridial lobes in branchial plate thin, pale filaments. Cephalic cage chaetae about as long as body length, or over three times longer than body width. Chaetigers 1 – 2 involved in the cephalic cage; chaetae arranged in short rows, about the body corners; chaetiger 1 with 6 chaetae per ramus, chaetiger 2 displaced dorsally (without right neuropodium), with 4 chaetae per ramus. Anterior dorsal margin of first chaetiger projected ventrally, papillated, four long papillae distally and two other dorsal ones. Anterior chaetigers without especially long papillae (present in small specimens NTM- 18922); chaetal lobes with digitate papillae, slightly longer than body ones. Chaetigers 1 – 3 with slightly different lengths, chaetiger 2 longest. Sand cemented anterior shield absent. Chaetal transition from cephalic cage to body chaetae gradual; pseudocompound hooks in chaetigers 3 – 7. Falcate simple neurohooks from chaetiger 8. Gonopodial lobes not seen (non-type specimens with transverse slits in chaetiger 5). Parapodia poorly-developed, chaetae emerge from the body wall. Parapodia lateral, median neuropodia ventrolateral. Noto- and neuropodia without projections, lobes, or longer papillae. Noto- and neuropodia distant to each other. Median notochaetae arranged in a tuft; all notochaetae multiarticulate capillaries, as long as about ¼ body width, 2 – 3 per bundle, articles irregularly sized (Fig. 4 E). Neurochaetae thick multiarticulate capillaries in chaetigers 1 – 2; neuropodia 3 – 7 with pseudocompound hooks, 2 per ramus (Fig. 4 F), decreasing in size posteriorly; falcate yellow neurohooks from chaetiger 8 (Fig. 4 G), arranged in transverse rows, 2 – 3 per ramus up to the start of the cauda (Fig. 4 H); caudal chaetigers with 1 – 2 neurohooks per ramus. Each neurohook with exposed region pale, without darker area. Posterior end tapering to a hemispheric lobe; pygidium with anus ventral; no anal cirri (Fig. 4 A, insert).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFE3FFD1FF33ACB94074FF6C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Semiodera curviseta (Caullery, 1944) n. comb. belongs in the group of species with a reduced dorsal shield and having more than two neurohooks per ramus such as S. glynni n. sp. and S. villalobosi n. sp. However, S. curviseta differs from the latter two species because its neurohooks start in chaetiger 8, as opposed to having them from chaetigers 6 or 7. The best preserved syntype is herein designated as lectotype; the other one was partially dried out, and its body wall is eroded and somewhat brittle. Further, a middorsal anterior depression seen in the paralectotype is taken as dorsal shield’s scar. The species is regarded as having a reduced dorsal shield because the lectotype does not have one; however, it may be present but reduced, reaching chaetiger 3, especially in small specimens (NTM- 18922). One specimen coming from deeper water (MNHN 884 b) has longer flask-shaped papillae; is regarded as belonging to this species in spite of this difference because the body is much contracted and damaged. The record by Kirkegaard (1996: 64, Fig. 4) may belong to different species; it has long, abundant papillae, but those present in the type material are globose, arranged in two discrete rows per segment.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFE3FFD1FF33ACB94074FF6C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. From the Philippine Islands to Indonesia and Northeastern Australia, in shallow water.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFFDFFD3FF33AC4246EAF82B.taxon	description	Figure 5	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFFDFFD3FF33AC4246EAF82B.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Gulf of Mexico. Three syntypes of Stylarioides dubius (AMNH- 1990), Dry Tortugas (24 ° 39 ' 52 " N, 82 ° 51 ' 20 " W), Florida, Jun. 1929 (dorsal shield removed; one without posterior end, complete one 30 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 5 mm long, 45 chaetigers; anterior fragment previously dissected, damaged, 7 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 4 mm long, 24 chaetigers, tail 9 mm long, 0.7 mm wide, 37 chaetigers; other syntype features used for description below). Additional material: Gulf of Mexico. One specimen (LACM-AHF- 2526), Lemon Bay, Florida (26 º 56 ' 11 " N, 82 º 20 ' 38 " W), trawled near pass, from shell aggregate, 25 Jan. 1938 (specimen is partly dehydrated; most chaetae broken; 12 mm long, cephalic cage 7 mm long, 2 mm wide, 60 chaetigers. Dorsal shield on chaetigers 1 – 4, with a posterior rounded projection). Four small specimens (USNM- 129698), SOFLA, Stat. 52 (25 ° 17 ' 48 " N, 81 ° 39 ' 48 " W), 14 m, 10 Dec. 1982. Yucatán Península, México. Campeche. Two specimens (ECOSUR 1728), complete, Campamento Tortuguero, Punta Chen (19 ° 10 ' 53 " N, 90 ° 54 ' 10 " W), calcareous rock, 1.5 m depth, 24 May 2005, L. Carrera & SISV, coll. (10.0 – 16.5 mm long, 1.0 – 1.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 4 mm long, 53 – 54 chaetigers; gonopodial slits in chaetiger 5). Quintana Roo. Three specimens (ECOSUR 1723), complete, DIF-Aventuras (20 ° 21 ' 47 " N, 87 ° 19 ' 53 " W), coralline rock, 1.5 m depth, 21 Mar. 1992, Eunice Salazar & SISV, coll. (11 – 21 mm long, 1 – 2 mm wide, cephalic cage 5.0 – 7.5 mm long, 52 – 73 chaetigers; gonopodial slits present in chaetiger 5). One specimen (ECOSUR 1724), splendid, DIF-Aventuras (20 ° 21 ' 47 " N, 87 ° 19 ' 53 " W), coralline rock, 1.5 m depth, 22 Mar. 1992, Eunice Salazar & SISV, coll. (20 mm long, 2 mm wide, cephalic cage 6 mm long, 58 chaetigers; gonopodial slits present in chaetiger 5). One specimen (ECOSUR 1725), cephalic cage with some broken chaetae, Chankanaab (20 ° 26 ' 34 " N, 86 ° 59 ' 43 " W), coralline rock, 3 m depth, 2 Apr. 1992, SISV, coll. (19 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 4.5 mm long, 59 chaetigers; gonopodial slits in chaetiger 5). One specimen (ECOSUR 1726), anterior fragment, Xcacel (20 ° 20 ' 20 " N, 87 ° 30 ' 43 " W), coralline rock, 1.5 m depth, 5 Jun. 1995, SISV, coll. Six specimens (ECOSUR 1722), three complete, Buenavista, Xahuayxol (18 ° 30 ' 42 " N, 87 ° 45 ' 30 " W), coralline rock, 2 m depth, 27 Sep. 1996, L. Carrera & SISV, coll. (complete 14.5 – 15.0 mm long, 1 mm wide, cephalic cage 5 – 6 mm long, 57 – 58 chaetigers; gonopodial slits in chaetiger 5). Four specimens (ECOSUR 1717), two complete, damaged, Punta Nizuc (21 ° 01 ' 23 " N, 86 ° 46 ' 52 " W), coralline rock, 2 m depth, 31 Oct. 1997, L. Carrera & SISV, coll. (complete 13 – 19 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 6 mm long, 66 – 71 chaetigers; gonopodial slits present in chaetiger 5; mature female with oocytes 150 – 200 µm in diameter). Ten specimens (ECOSUR 1719), two complete, Punta Nizuc, coralline rock, 2 m depth, 1 Sep. 1997, L. Carrera & SISV, coll. (complete 13 – 17 mm long, 1 – 2 mm wide, cephalic cage 5 – 6 mm long, 60 – 65 chaetigers; gonopodial slits present in chaetiger 5). Five specimens (ECOSUR), one complete, Punta Nizuc (21 ° 01 ' 23 " N, 86 ° 46 ' 52 " W), coralline rock, 4 m depth, 1 Sep. 1997, L. Carrera & SISV, coll. (complete 13.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 4.5 mm long, 62 chaetigers; gonopodial slits present in chaetiger 5). One specimen (ECOSUR), complete, slightly damaged, Isla Contoy, Camping, 1 m depth, in Ircinia sponge, 10 Jun. 1999, L. Carrera & SISV, coll. (21 mm long, 2 mm wide, cephalic cage 6.5 mm long, 63 chaetigers; gonopodial slits present in chaetiger 5). Caribbean Sea. Panama. One specimen (LACM-AHF- 2523), broken in two parts, Bocas del Toro Archipelago, Bahia Almirante, Isla Bastimentos, east side, Cayo Coral (9.229 ° N, 82.142 ° W), coral rubble, SCUBA, 3 Aug. 2003, J. Norenburg, M. Schwartz, L. Harris, coll. (15 mm long, 1 mm wide, cephalic cage 3 mm long, 58 chaetigers). One specimen (LACM-AHF- 2524), Bocas del Toro Archipelago, Laguna de Chiriqui, Isla Aqua (9.178 ° N, 82.054 ° W), northwest side, from chunks of Teredo-bored wood, among coral rubble and silty sand, 20 – 25 ft, SCUBA, 8 Aug. 2003, W. Keel & L. Harris, coll. (anterior end exposed, 18 mm long, 2 mm wide, cephalic cage 6 mm long, 60 chaetigers). One specimen and one anterior fragment (LACM-AHF- 2525), Bocas del Toro Archipelago, Bahía Almirante, Cayo Swan (9 ° 27.2 ’ N, 82 ° 17.9 ’ W), Stat. 28, coral rubble, 12 Aug. 2003, K. Fitzhugh & L. H. Harris, coll. Three specimens (USNM 66049), Galeta Reef, 17 Feb. 1971, A. A. Reimer, coll. (7.5 – 13.8 mm long, 1.0 – 1.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 2.0 – 5.5 mm long, 48 – 56 chaetigers). Fourteen complete small specimens, and two anterior fragments (USNM- 66367), partially dried-out, Galeta Reef, 5 Oct. 1970, A. A. Reimer coll. Brazil. Two specimens (MNHN- 884), one complete and an anterior fragment, RV Calypso, Stat. 6, Rocas Island, 7 m, 17 Nov. 1961 (complete without dorsal shield, 13.5 mm long, 1 mm wide, cephalic cage 6.5 mm long, 44 chaetigers).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFFDFFD3FF33AC4246EAF82B.taxon	description	Description. Syntype (AMNH- 1990) complete, partially dehydrated, most chaetae broken (Fig. 5 A); body cylindrical, swollen anteriorly (up to chaetiger 17), tapering posteriorly into a cylindrical thin tail; 17 mm long, 1.2 mm wide, cephalic cage 4 mm long, 48 chaetigers. Tunic thin, no sediment particles adherent to papillae; body papillae short, rounded, arranged in two irregular rows per chaetiger dorsally (Fig. 5 B), becoming one single row ventrally; posterior chaetigers with long interramal papillae. Cephalic hood not exposed. Anterior end features based on other specimens (LACM-AHF- 2524, USNM- 66367). Cephalic hood partially exposed in one syntype, short, margin papillated. Prostomium low; eyes large, coalescent, dark brown. Caruncle short, not dividing the branchial plate; median keel low, lateral ridges elevated, slightly darker than the median keel. Palps longer than branchiae; palp keels low, rounded (Fig. 5 F). Branchiae cirriform, sessile on a branchial plate, arranged in a single row separated by the nephridial lobes; distal row with four larger filaments, decreasing in size laterally; two other smaller branchial filaments, arranged as a marginal row. Sometimes an additional pair of short, thin branchial filaments in the ventral corners. Nephridial lobes as thick as medium-sized branchiae. Syntype with cephalic cage as long as ¼ body length. Chaetigers 1 – 2 involved in the cephalic cage; chaetae arranged in a short ventrolateral line, 2 – 3 noto-, 4 – 5 neurochaetae per bundle. Anterior dorsal margin of first chaetiger with a trilobed low projection; chaetigers 1 – 2 with longer papillae. Chaetigers 1 – 2 short, chaetiger 3 longer. Sand cemented shield damaged in syntypes; dorsal, apparently poorly defined, reaches chaetiger 4 – 5 (Fig. 5 E), better defined in non-type specimens. Chaetal transition from cephalic cage to body chaetae abrupt; transition hooks in chaetigers 3 – 6. Falcate simple hooks present from chaetiger 7. Gonopodial slits in chaetiger 5, short, oval, non-papillated, marginally darker lobes or spots (Fig. 5 D) (in one syntype, and in some mature females from Panama). Median notochaetae arranged in a tuft, about 1 / 6 as long as body width, 1 – 2 per ramus, few remaining multiarticulate capillaries, articles long. Neurochaetae multiarticulate capillaries in chaetigers 1 – 2, chaetigers 3 – 6 with pseudocompound transition hooks (Fig. 5 H, I), falcate simple hooks from chaetiger 7, 2 – 3 anteriorly, subdistally swollen, mostly 4 along median chaetigers (Fig. 5 J), 2 – 3 in posterior chaetigers, arranged in transverse rows. Posterior end tapering to a rounded lobe; pygidium with anus terminal, without anal cirri. Variation. As indicated for S. caribea, there is some darker, ventral pigmentation along the first few chaetigers in the Caribbean specimens; however, in S. dubia the pigmentation extends along a shorter region than in S. caribea, being up to three chaetigers and most frequently restricted to the ventral side of the ‘ lebenshole’ or body opening for the extension of the anterior end.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFFDFFD3FF33AC4246EAF82B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Semiodera dubia (Treadwell, 1929) n. comb., belongs in a group defined by having 2 – 3 rows of papillae, smooth integument and four neurohooks per bundle in median chaetigers, which also includes S. blakei n. sp. and S. tovarae n. sp. As stated above, S. blakei differs from the two other species because it has neurohooks from chaetiger 6 (as opposed to chaetiger 7), and because it has large papillae over anterior chaetigers, each with a lanceolate shape (as opposed to being smaller and round). Then, S. dubia is more closely allied to S. tovarae n. sp. They differ because in S. dubia the dorsal shield is not projected laterally, and the neurochaetae in median chaetigers are subdistally swollen, whereas in S. tovarae the shield is laterally projected and its neurochaetae are tapered. Treadwell (1929: 9) stated that his materials were deposited as paratypes, which should be referred to as syntypes, since a holotype was not designated. There seems to be a discrepancy on the branchial filaments of S. dubia; Treadwell illustrated 6 marginal branchiae, and Hartman found 10, at least basally arranged in two rows. Branchial size diminishes laterally and the smallest ones may have been overlooked by Treadwell, since there are 8 filaments in the dorsal row. The ventral row has a single pair of branchiae, which together with the two large nephridial lobes would make the 10 filaments that Hartman found. The specimens from Panama were contracted; one of them was dissected to study the anterior end, and in another specimen, some median and posterior chaetigers were cut to observe the interramal papillae.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFFDFFD3FF33AC4246EAF82B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Florida to Panama, in shallow water mixed bottoms.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFF8FFD6FF33AD9940C6FE1C.taxon	description	Figure 6	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFF8FFD6FF33AD9940C6FE1C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Eastern Tropical Pacific, Gulf of Panama. Holotype (USNM- 1191186) and seven paratypes (USNM- 1191187), Isla Señorita, Islas de las Perlas (08 º 20 ' N, 79 º 07 ' W), Panama, Stat. 68, dead basal portions of corals, 19 Jun. 1971, P. Glynn & M. E. Rice, coll. Paratypes three complete specimens and three anterior fragments (+ 1 post. fragm.). Size: trunk + cephalic cage, and (first chaetiger) with first (entire?) neurohooks: 8 + 2 (6), 12 + 3.5 (7), 13 + 3 (7), 13 + 3 (7), 15 + 4 (5), 17 + 3 (6), 17 + 4 (7), 21 + 5 (7). Additional material: Eastern Tropical Pacific. México. Baja California Sur. One specimen (ECOSUR 2032), mature female, ovary extruded, Presidente, El Caimancito, La Paz Bay (24 º 08 ' 32 " N, 110 º 18 ' 39 " W), 1.5 m depth, 28 Nov. 1986, SISV, coll. (16 complete mm long, 2 mm wide, cephalic cage 7 mm long, 62 chaetigers; oocytes 125 – 150 µm). Seven specimens (ECOSUR 1764), five complete, El Caimancito, La Paz Bay, 2 m depth, 8 Oct. 1987, J. A de León & SISV, coll. (7 – 14 complete mm long, 1 – 2 mm wide, cephalic cage 6 – 8 mm long, 43 – 44 chaetigers; largest without dorsal shield particles). Four specimens (ECOSUR), three complete, with rusty or dark orange spots, Loreto Harbor (26 º 00 ' 46 " N, 111 º 20 ' 36 " W), 1 m, 3 Mar. 2004, P. Salazar, coll. (17.5 – 20.0 mm long, 2 mm wide, cephalic cage 9.5 – 10.0 mm long, 60 – 67 chaetigers). One specimen (ECOSUR), La Paz, 2 Mar. 2004, P. Salazar, coll. (9.5 mm long, 1.8 mm wide, cephalic cage 6 mm long, 51 chaetigers). One specimen (ECOSUR), nuchal shield without sediment particles, Marina La Paz, M. A. Tovar, 14 Aug. 2011 (mature male; 11 mm long, 2 mm wide, cephalic cage 7 mm long, 52 chaetigers). Sinaloa. Three specimens (ECOSUR 1766), one complete, two others incomplete, Eastern shore, Isla Venados, Mazatlán (23 º 14 ' 29 " N, 106 º 24 ' 35 " W), 2 m depth, 26 Feb. 2004, P. Salazar, coll. (11 mm long, 1.8 mm wide, cephalic cage 5 mm long, 50 chaetigers). Two specimens (ECOSUR 1767), one complete, both extruding their enteron, Playa Pinitos, Mazatlán, 4 m depth, on rock oyster, 27 Feb. 2004, P. Salazar, coll. (complete 22 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 4.5 mm long, 86 chaetigers). Nayarit. Six specimens (ECOSUR 1768), juveniles, three complete, Aticoma, 1 m depth, 25 Nov. 2004, P. Salazar, coll. (complete 3 – 9 mm long, 0.5 – 1.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 2.5 – 4.0 mm long, 22 – 39 chaetigers). One specimen (ECOSUR), anterior fragment, anterior end exposed, Sayulita (20 º 52 ' 08 " N, 105 º 26 ' 27 " W), 28 Nov. 2004, B. Yáñez & P. Salazar, coll. Two specimens (ECOSUR), one complete, Playa La Manzanilla, 1 m depth, 29 Nov. 2004, P. Salazar, coll. (8 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, cephalic cage 4 mm long, 42 chaetigers). Jalisco. Seven specimens (ECOSUR), four complete, Melaque (19 º 13 ' 31 " N, 104 º 42 ' 04 " W), Andador, 1 m depth, 2 Dec. 2004, P. Salazar, coll. (complete 5.5 – 15 mm long, 1.0 – 1.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 5.0 – 5.5 mm long, 51 – 63 chaetigers; mature females with oocytes 100 – 125 µm). One specimen (ECOSUR), Barra de Navidad, 1 m depth, 3 Dec. 2004, P. Salazar, coll. (9.5 mm long, 1 mm wide, cephalic cage 3 mm long, 83 chaetigers). Guerrero. One specimen (ECOSUR), mature female, Manzanillo, Acapulco (16 º 51 ' 42 " N, 99 º 53 ' 11 " W), 2 m, 4 Aug. 1988, N. E. González & SISV, coll. (27 mm long, 2 mm wide, cephalic cage 5 mm long, 100 chaetigers; oocytes 100 µm). One specimen (ECOSUR), Cantiles, La Quebrada, Acapulco, 2 m, 26 May 2000, A. Medina, coll. (complete 9 mm long, 1 mm wide, cephalic cage broken, 3 mm long, 70 chaetigers; neurohooks dark, rarely three per bundle). Oaxaca. One specimen (ECOSUR), without posterior end, Puerto de Abrigo, Huatulco (15 º 50 ' 03 " N, 96 º 19 ' 20 " W), 1 m, 22 May 2000, SISV, coll. Gulf of Panama. Fifteen specimens (USNM 1177520), eight complete, others partially dried-out, Paitilla Beach, 28 Oct. 1970, A. A. Reimer, coll. (complete 9.0 – 15.5 mm long, 1.0 – 3.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 3.5 – 6.0 mm long, 56 – 66 chaetigers; mature females with a darker background). Throughout this please give lats and longs – so people could go back and recollect.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFF8FFD6FF33AD9940C6FE1C.taxon	description	Description. Holotype (USNM- 1191186) white, with anterior end everted, cylindrical, tapering posteriorly (Fig. 6 A); 14 mm long, 1 mm wide, cephalic cage 3 mm long, 51 chaetigers. Tunic thin, without sediment particles; body papillae small, digitate, arranged in 3 irregular rows per segment. Cephalic hood very short, barely exposed, margin papillated. Prostomium low cone with four medium-sized, dark-brown eyes, not coalescent (larger, coalescent in mature non-type specimens). Caruncle not projected dorsally. Palps lost in holotype (in some paratypes as long as branchiae, slightly thicker than thickest branchiae, Fig. 6 C); palp keels rounded, elevated. Lateral lips rounded, well developed. Branchiae cirriform, sessile on branchial plate, decreasing in size laterally; 6 larger, distal filaments, 3 – 4 proximal smaller filaments per side. Nephridial lobes as long as and as wide as thinner branchiae, arise internally below distal larger branchiae. Cephalic cage chaetae 1 / 5 as long as body or three times longer than body width. Chaetigers 1 – 2 forming the cephalic cage. Cephalic cage chaetal arranged in short lateral and ventral rows on each chaetiger; four chaetae per bundle in chaetiger 1, three in chaetiger 2. Anterior dorsal margin of first chaetiger slightly damaged in holotype, with a median trifid (or multifid) lobe. Anterior chaetigers with long papillae restricted to chaetal lobes. Chaetigers 1 – 2 of about the same length, chaetiger 3 longer. Sand cemented anterior shield thin, oval, flat, dorsal; particles small, embedded, extending over chaetigers 1 – 4 in holotype (Fig. 6 B), thicker, extending up to chaetiger 5 in paratypes. Chaetal transition from cephalic cage to body chaetae gradual; pseudocompound hooks in chaetigers 4 – 6 (Fig. 6 E – F) (3 – 5 in the smallest paratype). Simple falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 7. Gonopodial slits present in chaetiger 5, transverse fusiform low cushions; one paratype with a slightly everted, dark lobe (Fig. 6 D). Parapodia poorly developed; only chaetigers 1 – 2 with projected lobes and long papillae; others with chaetae emerging from the body wall. Parapodia lateral, neuropodia ventrolateral. Notopodia with a long digitate papilla (Fig. 6 G, H). Neuropodia without long papillae. Noto- and neuropodia close to each other. Median notochaetae arranged in transverse tufts. Notochaetae of median chaetigers multiarticulate capillaries, articles long; about as long as ¼ or 1 / 5 body width, two per fascicle. Neurochaetae multiarticulate capillaries in chaetigers 1 – 3, pseudocompound hooks in chaetigers 4 – 6, simple falcate hooks from chaetiger 7. Falcate neurohooks arranged in a J-pattern, mostly 3 per fascicle (Fig. 6 G, H); up to four by chaetiger 12, decreasing afterwards. Posterior end tapering; pygidium conical, blunt, without anal cirri.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFF8FFD6FF33AD9940C6FE1C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named after Dr. Peter Glynn, who has devoted most of his research activities to coral environments in the Gulf of Panama, and also because he collected the specimens.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFF8FFD6FF33AD9940C6FE1C.taxon	description	Variation: The four complete paratypes included two mature females (12.5 – 13 mm long); they were 12.5 – 17.0 mm long, 1.0 – 1.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 3 – 4 mm long, 53 – 62 chaetigers. Some anterior fragments belonged to larger specimens, two of them were mature females; they were 1.0 – 2.5 mm wide with cephalic cage 3.5 – 5.5 mm long.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFF8FFD6FF33AD9940C6FE1C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Semiodera glynni n. sp. groups with S. curviseta (Caullery, 1944) and S. villalobosi n. sp. because they have reduced dorsal shield and carry 3 – 4 neurohooks per ramus. As stated above, S. curviseta differs from the two other species because the neurohooks start in chaetiger 8, instead of chaetigers 6 or 7. Thus, S. glynni is more closely allied to S. villalobosi; they differ, in that S. glynni has the dorsal shield restricted to the dorsal surface and has three transverse rows of papillae per segment, whereas in S. villalobosi the shield extends laterally and ventrally and there is only one row of papillae present per segment.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFF8FFD6FF33AD9940C6FE1C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Only known from the type locality, boring coral substrates in shallow waters of the Gulf of Panama.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFFAFFDAFF33AA4B44ADFA24.taxon	description	Figures 7, 8	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFFAFFDAFF33AA4B44ADFA24.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Eastern Pacific: California. Holotype of Trophonia inflata Treadwell, 1914 (LACM-AHF- 524), Catalina Island, 23 – 30 Jun. 1893. Paratype of Trophonia inflata Treadwell, 1914 (AMNH 774), off San Diego, 17 Jul. 1901, R. V. Elsie, haul L- 1 (32 ° 36.9 ' N, 117 ° 14.7 ' W), 39 – 51 m, rocks (15 mm long, 4 mm wide, cephalic cage 12 mm long). Holotype of Trophonia minuta Treadwell, 1914 (LACM-AHF- 522), damaged, La Jolla, 27 Jun. 1906, R. V. Loma, haul 1147 (32 ° 52 ' N, 117 ° 15.9 ' W), 18 m, sand (data from Michael & McEwen 1915: 196, 199) (complete, 13 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 5 mm long, 54 chaetigers). Paratypes of Trophonia minuta Treadwell, 1914 (AMNH 773, one; LACM-AHF- 523, 4 damaged and tube pieces), same data as holotype. Additional material: Eastern Pacific: California. Fifty specimens (LACM-AHF- 4861), Velero IV Stat. 2217 (33 º 42 ' 00 " N, 118 º 14 ' 02 " W), 1.6 km from Los Angeles Light, 22 – 0.6 m, mud grab, 27 Feb. 1953; rocks and grey sand, brittle stars dominant, many worms (used to evaluate variation). Seven specimens (LACM-AHF- 4862), five complete, R. V. E. W. Scripps, off Point Loma, California, 71 – 77 m, 19 Apr. 1938. One specimen (LACM-AHF- 4863), Palos Verdes Peninsula, San Pedro, R / V VELERO IV Sta. 3051 - 55, 2.4 miles off Point Fermin Light (288.5 ° T, 33 ° 43 ’ 01 ” N, 118 ° 20 ’ 14 ” W 33 ° 43 ’ 00 ” N, 118 ° 20 ’ 28 ” W), 11 - 12.5 fm, mud, biological dredge, 21 May 1955. Two specimens (USNM 23264), off Del Monte, Monterey Bay, 9 m, 12 Aug. 1932, G. E. MacGinitie, coll. (21.5 – 30 mm long, 3.5 – 4.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 4.5 (broken) – 9.0 mm long, 64 – 66 chaetigers; dorsal shield mostly removed). Two specimens (USNM- 1191190), dried out, Pacific Grove, Jul. 1895, G. O. Snyder coll. (dorsal shield over chaetigers 1 – 4). One anterior fragment (USNM- 43822), driedout, 11.2 km south of Cape Arago, 59 – 64 m, shale and coral, 21 Jul. 1939, D. Henry, coll. (anterior margin of chaetiger 1 with two lateral, large sediment tubercles). Two specimens (USNM- 1191191), Point White, San Pedro, 18 May 1919, E. P. Chace, coll. One specimen (USNM- 1191192), San Pedro, shore, Dec. 1924, E. P. Chace, coll. (nephridial lobes in the anterior margin of chaetiger 5); one specimen among serpulid tubes (USNM- 1191193), Smuggler’s Cove, Santa Cruz Island, dredged, 30 – 33 m, 30 Jun. 1951, sand-rock bottom, Feder-Roberts coll. (within a tube different from serpulids). Northwestern Mexico. Eighty specimens (UANL), 42 complete, some without tunic, dorsals shields and chaetae broken in several specimens, Cruise BIP II, Stat. 25 (N, W), m, sandstone, 6 Oct. 1998, E. Balart & E. Amador, coll. (12.5 – 25.0 mm long, 2.0 – 3.0 mm wide, cephalic cage 8 – 10 mm, 52 – 67 chaetigers). Four specimens (ECOSUR 1772), three complete, one without posterior end, Punta Las Rosas, Bahía Todos Santos, Ensenada (31 º 51 ' 28 " N, 116 º 36 ' 21 " W), 1 m depth, in Phyllospadix root-mass, 5 Mar. 2004, S. A. Salazar & SISV, coll. (10.5 – 17.0 mm long, 1.8 – 2.0 mm wide, cephalic cage 5 mm, 46 – 57 chaetigers).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFFAFFDAFF33AA4B44ADFA24.taxon	description	Description. Holotype of T. inflata (LACM-AHF- 524), complete, dehydrated (Fig. 7 A); paratype incomplete posteriorly (Fig. 7 D). Body cylindrical, swollen anteriorly, tapering posteriorly; holotype 13 mm long, 4 mm wide, cephalic cage 13 mm long, 59 chaetigers; one paratype (AMNH 773) 10 mm long, 2 mm wide, cephalic cage 5 mm long, 40 chaetigers; another paratype (AMNH 774) 12 mm long, 3 mm wide, cephalic cage 12 mm long, 37 chaetigers. Tunic thin, with fine particles. Body papillae arranged in single rows with some additional, sparse larger ones; dorsal papillae larger, bottle-shaped, ventral papillae smaller, bottle-shaped or digitate. Holotype with two palps (Fig. 7 C, only left palp remaining in AMNH 774). Other features observed in nontype specimens (Fig. 8 D). Cephalic hood short. Prostomium low cone, four large black eyes, anterior ones coalescent, posterior ones not fused. Caruncle not separating the branchiae into two lateral groups. Palps large, pale; palp keels rounded, low. Dorsal lip reduced, lateral lips larger, ventral lip reduced. Branchiae cirriform, decreasing in size ventrally, about 16 per side, arranged in a continuous marginal row and two inner rows with smaller filaments. Nephridial lobes pale, resembling median-sized branchiae, placed below the marginal branchial row. Cephalic cage chaetae 2.5 – 4.0 times as long as body width. Chaetigers 1 – 3 involved in the cephalic cage; chaetae arranged in transverse rows in chaetiger 1, become more lateral in chaetigers 2 – 3. Each chaetiger with 8 – 10 chaetae per bundle. Anterior dorsal margin of first chaetiger with a projected dorsal lappet, papillated, with six cirriform papillae, two other long interramal ones; chaetiger 2 with a transverse row of larger triangular papillae, becoming very long close to notochaetal lobes. Chaetigers 1 – 2 of about the same size, chaetiger 3 slightly longer. Sand cemented anterior shield dorsal, mostly lost (Fig. 7 B, D, E), over chaetigers 1 – 5 (anteriorly projected in well preserved specimens, Fig. 8 B, C). Posterior projection narrow in some specimens. Chaetal transition from cephalic cage to body chaetae gradual; notochaetae of chaetiger 2 about 2 / 3 as long as those in chaetiger 1; those from chaetiger 3 half as long as those in chaetiger 2 (removed in holotype and in one paratype). Notochaetae in chaetiger 4 about one-third as long as those in chaetiger 3. Thereafter, mostly short. Neurochaetae multiarticulate capillaries in chaetigers 1 – 3, replaced by pseudocompound hooks from chaetiger 4, decreasing in size in chaetigers 5 – 6 (Fig. 8 E). Slightly falcate anchylosed neurohooks from chaetiger 7 (Fig. 8 F). Gonopodial slits in chaetiger 5 (in one paratype). Parapodia best developed on chaetigers 1 – 3; subsequent ones with low chaetal lobes, with long bottle-shaped interramal papillae posteriorly. Notochaetal lobes with three small postchaetal papillae. Neuropodial lobes with three small postchaetal papillae. Median notochaetae arranged in short transverse rows; all multiarticulate capillaries, articles long; as long as one third body width, up to 3 per fascicle in first few chaetigers and subsequent ones mainly with two per fascicle. Median neuropodia lateral, close to notopodia. Neurochaetae multiarticulate capillaries in chaetigers 1 – 3; in chaetigers 4 – 6, 1 – 2 pseudocompound hooks in oblique series. Falcate anchylosed neurohooks from chaetiger 7, becoming markedly falcate in median and posterior chaetigers (Fig. 8 G). Posterior end tapering; pygidium with anus terminal, slightly projected ventrally, without anal cirri. Variation: California. Fifty five specimens (LACM-AHF- 4861 and LACM-AHF- 4862) were employed to evaluate the variation. Data are based on different numbers of specimens and specified with (n =), then expressed as means with observed ranges following parenthesis. For stating the length of the dorsal shield, the transverse line of papillae was regarded as the limit between each chaetiger, so if the shield was projected beyond the line, it would imply the coverage of the following chaetiger. In counting the chaetigers in the swollen anterior region, a ventral or a lateral view was used because the difference is more marked in lateral view. LACM-AHF- 4861. Trunk length (n = 35) was 14.7 mm (5 – 28 mm). Cephalic cage length (n = 49) was 4.8 mm (3 – 7 mm). Body width at chaetiger 10 (n = 50) was 2.1 mm (1.0 – 3.5 mm). The proportion between cephalic cage length and body width (n = 50) was 2.4 (1.7 – 4.0), becoming larger for smaller organisms. Cephalic hood appearing to be made of a single ring, anterior margin papillated. The size of median notochaetae in relation to body width (n = 50) was 19 % (14 – 33 %), and results were related to amount of body contraction and chaetal wear. Mean number of chaetigers (n = 33) was 53 (31 – 64). The body was tapering in 11 specimens and swollen anteriorly in 39; and in these the swollen portion consisted of 27 chaetigers (16 – 32). Dorsal shield extended over 5 chaetigers (4 – 7 chaetigers), increasing with body size; anterior horns often eroded. The dorsal surface of the dorsal shield was rugose but without any longitudinal depression. The anterior margin of the dorsal shield is projected in an articulated plate resting on chaetiger one, which is papillated over its anterior margin. The posterior margin of the dorsal shield was rounded in 22 specimens and projected towards the following chaetigers as a semicircular low plate in another 28 specimens. Neurohooks (n = 50) start in chaetiger 4 (3 – 4) but smaller specimens (n = 7; 5 – 9 mm trunk length) had them from chaetiger 3, there are 2 pseudocompound or anchylosed hooks; however, simple neurohooks started always in chaetiger 7. The number of neurohooks per parapodia in chaetiger 10 (n = 50) was 3 (3 – 4) while in chaetiger 20 was 4 (3 – 4), in general they tend to increase by one hook in chaetigers 15 – 19, and their numbers increase with body size. Pygidium had one achaetigerous segment, anus terminal or dorsoterminal; no anal cirri but sometimes anal margins were swollen. Tube calcareous, dull, inner surface rough, not polished, in sponges, calcareous rocks or consolidated sediments. LACM-AHF- 4862 (n = 7). Trunk length 27 mm (19 – 35 mm). Cephalic cage length 12 mm (11 – 15 mm). Body width at chaetiger 10 4 mm (3.0 – 4.5 mm). The proportion between cephalic cage length and body width was 3.4 (3 – 4). The size of median notochaetae in relation to body width 17 %. Mean number of chaetigers 63 (57 – 66). The anterior swollen region includes 32 chaetigers (30 – 34). The dorsal shield extends over 5 chaetigers (4 – 5 chaetigers) being rounded in one specimen and projected posteriorly in 4 others. Pseudocompound neurohooks start in chaetiger 4 (invariable), and first simple neurohook starts in chaetiger 7 (invariable). The number of hooks per neuropodia in chaetiger 10 is 3 (3 – 4) and in chaetiger 20 is 5 (4 – 5). Thus, the dorsal shield extension expressed in number of chaetigers as well as the first start of pseudocompound or simple hooks are stable features that could be employed to separate similar species. Other features. Anterior end observed by dissection. Branchiae sessile cirriform filaments arranged in two series dorsally, rolling laterally in two rolls; dorsal branchiae longer, becoming smaller laterally. Up to 20 branchiae per side. Prostomium with four equal-sized eyes, anterior eyes often more pigmented than posterior ones. Palp keels present, rounded. Some specimens were still in tubes; they were heterogeneous with partially broken, compacted or hard particles (Fig. 8 A) and the specimen apparently moved in it after sampling, so the inner calcareous lining was not confirmed in all cases. The tube in another specimen (LACNHM-AHF- 4863) was not calcareous, but similar to Lanice, in the sense that it incorporated foraminiferans, small shell fragments and stones, but it was rather brittle instead of flexible, and with a thin inner layer, which was strong and apparently proteinaceous. Other details can be found in McHuron (1976).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFFAFFDAFF33AA4B44ADFA24.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The name Trophonia minuta Treadwell, 1914, has priority over its junior synonym T. inflata Treadwell, 1914, by half a page. Hartman (1936: 31) regarded both species as members of Stylarioides, and consequently the first species would become a junior homonym to “ Pherusa minuta de Quatrefages, 1865 ” implying that both belong in the same genus. However, de Quatrefages (1866: 480 – 481) listed Pherusa minuta but unlike some other species, he gave no reference for this particular species, giving the impression that it was newly described but no illustrations were provided. The species had been described as Siphostoma minutum Blanchard in Gay, 1849: 36, and it has been transferred to Trophoniella Hartman, 1959 (Salazar-Vallejo 2012 b). Therefore, there is no real homonymy and Trophonia minuta Treadwell, 1914 would have priority over the more commonly employed T. inflata Treadwell, 1914. Further, the relationships between Trophonia and Stylarioides are treated in some detail in a review of Stylaroides (Salazar-Vallejo 2011 b). S iphostoma and its spelling variants have been regarded as junior synonyms of Flabelligera Sars, 1829 and not of Stylarioides by Salazar-Vallejo (2012 a). Therefore, the replacement name Stylarioides dimissus Hartman, 1936, anticipated a formal revision of the genera, and is incorrect. Berkeley & Berkeley (1941: 46) regarded that Trophonia inflata should belong in Stylarioides, and Hartman (1951, 1952) agreed on this generic placement, overlooking that Støp-Bowitz (1948: 13) had stated that both Stylarioides and Trophonia should be regarded as junior synonyms of Pherusa. This was later corrected by Hartman herself by introducing the combination (Hartman 1963: 56) that has been employed since. Even though it would be correct to reinstate the name P. minuta, because it has simple precedence, it would be inappropriate because that name has not been used during the last 50 years, and even if the replaced name is not so frequently employed in ecological papers, it should be conserved. On the other hand, S. inflata (Treadwell, 1914) n. comb., S. cinari n. sp. and S. mezianei n. sp. belong in the group of species characterised by a single series of dorsal papillae and falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 7. As stated above, S. cinari differs from the other two species because its chaetal lobes have a single papilla, or it may be absent (as opposed to having three papillae per lobe), and its median chaetigers have papillae which can be as long as ¼ – ⅓ the corresponding segment length. Thus, S. inflata and S. mezianei are closely allied; however, they differ because in S. inflata the papillae are shorter (¼ – ⅓ as long as segment length) and its chaetal lobes papillae are smaller, whereas in S. mezianei the body papillae are larger (as long as ½ – ⅔ segment length), and chaetal lobes have larger papillae.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFFAFFDAFF33AA4B44ADFA24.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western coast of North America, from California to northwestern Mexico, in shallow depths, boring in compact or calcareous substrates. The records from Atlantic Ocean localities require confirmation (cf. Hartman 1951, Milligan 1984).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFF6FFDCFF33AB1A41E2FAAB.taxon	description	Figure 9	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFF6FFDCFF33AB1A41E2FAAB.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. South Africa. Two syntypes of Stylarioides monroi (BMNH- 1961.16.71 – 72), Natal (29 º S, 31 º E), shore, Stat. 190 C (Imboyte, 27.2 km N of Port St. Johns in Day 1957), J. H. Day, coll. Additional material: South Africa. Three specimens (LACM-AHF- 4864), University of Cape Town Ecological Survey, Port Nolluth (20.5 – 23.0 mm long, 1.8 – 3.0 mm wide, cephalic cage 4.5 – 7.0 mm long, 61 – 68 chaetigers; one with anterior end everted shows 17 branchial scars per side, spirally arranged). Two specimens (USNM- 1191184), RV Mering Meude, Stat. SM 185 (33 ° 39.3 ' S, 27 ° 11.6 ' E), 90 m, in dead dendrophyllid coral, 31 May 1978, H. Zibrowius, coll. (13 – 22 mm long, 2 mm wide, cephalic cage 5.5 – 7.0 mm long, 58 – 69 chaetigers).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFF6FFDCFF33AB1A41E2FAAB.taxon	description	Description. Syntypes (BMNH- 1961.16.71 – 72), complete, pale, one breaking into two pieces, the other a mature female, bent backwards, both dissected and some parapodia previously removed (Fig. 9 A). Body anteriorly swollen, tapering posteriorly into a cauda; 12 – 13 mm long, 3 mm wide, cephalic cage 5 – 6 mm long, 53 – 54 chaetigers. Tunic thin, free from sediment cover; body papillae small, globose, arranged in two rows per segment, both with abundant papillae (except chaetigers 2 – 3, which have one row each). Anterior end not exposed; one syntype dissected. Prostomium low cone; four dark large eyes. Caruncle low, wide, not reaching the branchial plate margin. Palps pale, large; palp keels not seen. Dorsal lip projected as a small conical lobe. Lateral lips well-developed, rounded. Ventral lip reduced (Fig. 9 E). Branchiae cirriform, sessile on branchial plate, filaments arranged in one posterior continuous row, and two proximal lateral, small groups; each proximal group with 16 filaments (18 filaments per side); larger filaments about as long as palps. Nephridial lobes in branchial plate placed between the distal branchial row and the convoluted proximal branchial filaments (Fig. 9 E, F). Cephalic cage chaetae about half as long as body length or about twice as long as body width. Chaetigers 1 – 2 involved in the cephalic cage (Fig. 9 D); chaetae arranged in short rows about the body corners; chaetiger 1 with about 10 chaetae per ramus, chaetiger 2 not displaced dorsally, 6 chaetae per ramus. Anterior dorsal margin of first chaetiger truncate (Fig. 9 B), projected ventrally, with two large digitate papillae (Fig. 9 C). Anterior chaetigers without especially long papillae; chaetal lobes with digitate papillae, slightly longer than body papillae. Chaetigers 1 – 2 of about the same length, shorter than chaetiger 3. Sand cemented anterior shield extended ventrally, mostly eroded. Chaetal transition from cephalic cage to body chaetae abrupt; one long pseudocompound hook in chaetiger 3. Falcate simple neurohooks from chaetiger 4. Gonopodial lobes present in chaetiger 5, transverse ovoid slits. Parapodia poorly-developed, chaetae emerge from body wall. Parapodia lateral, median neuropodia ventrolateral. Noto- and neuropodia without any projection, lobe, or longer papillae (Fig. 9 G). Noto- and neuropodia distant to each other, with two tiny interramal papillae. Median notochaetae restricted to a single capillary, multiarticulate, as long as ¼ – 1 / 6 body width, articles medium sized basal- and medially, distally not defined. Neurochaetae thick multiarticulate capillaries in chaetigers 1 – 2; neuropodia 3 with a long pseudocompound hook; falcate yellow neurohooks from chaetiger 4, one per ramus throughout the body, decreasing in size posteriorly. Each neurohook with a dark ovoid spot about the limit between the internal and external or exposed portions (Fig. 9 H). Posterior end tapering to a hemispheric lobe; pygidium with terminal anus; no anal cirri. Oocytes about 150 µm.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFF6FFDCFF33AB1A41E2FAAB.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The type material of Siphonostomum laeve Stimpson, 1856 was destroyed during the great 1871 Chicago fire because Stimpson had brought his collections from Washington to his new job as director of the local Academy of Sciences in 1866. (http: // www. si. edu / oahp / ScientificIllustrators / WStimpson. html). Semiodera laevis (Stimpson, 1856) n. comb., belongs in the group of species with a poorly developed dorsal shield. It resembles S. tenera (Grube, 1868) n. comb., by having a single hook per neuropodia; they differ because S. laevis has up to 40 branchial filaments, whereas S. tenera has only about 20 branchial filaments. However, an easier character to observe is that S. laevis has two tiny interramal papillae whereas in S. tenera there is a single large one. Day (1955: 421) regarded S. laevis as a senior synonym for S. xanthotrichus Ehlers, and he recognized some differences to Monro’s record, which he later named as S. monroi. Day (1957: 103 – 104) noticed that his Stylarioides monroi was very close to S. laevis. He regarded the presence of a long neurohook in chaetiger 3 of S. monroi and the number of “ anterior antennae ” as distinguishing features. He was following Monro’s (1937) account of S. xanthotrichus collected from Southern Arabia, but that record belongs in S. tenera (see below). In fact, the three known species with a poorly developed dorsal shield (S. curviseta, S. laevis, S. tenera) have a long neurohook in chaetiger 3, but as shown below, this is not a consistent feature because it may be broken and there may even be some capillary chaetae instead. The “ anterior antennae ” are the projections on the dorsal margin of chaetiger 1; they are often covered by cemented sand grains, their removal may break them apart, and they may also regenerate, rendering their number unsuitable to separate similar species. Therefore, the number of branchial filaments remains as the only useful feature, and while it may be size dependent, the difference in their number is so high that it may be employed until additional characters are found.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFF6FFDCFF33AB1A41E2FAAB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Restricted to South Africa in shallow water, boring in calcareous substrates.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFF0FFDEFF33A8774659FB5F.taxon	description	Figure 10	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFF0FFDEFF33A8774659FB5F.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Argentina. Holotype (MNHN- 1550), and paratype (MNHN- 889) complete, body wall slightly broken, apparently by compression, RV Calypso 1961 Expedition, Stat. 181, Golfo Nuevo, Punta Cracker, 18 m, 2 Jan. 1962 (paratype 17 mm long, 1.8 mm wide, cephalic cage 7 mm long, 58 chaetigers). Brazil. One paratype (MNHN- 889 a), mature female, partially dried-out, with a midventral, anterior dissection, dorsal shield lost, RV Calypso 1961 Expedition, Stat. 94 (20 ° 53 ' N, 40 ° 41 ' W), off Vila Velha, 13 m, 30 Nov. 1961 (14 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, cephalic cage broken, 4 mm long, 69 chaetigers). Additional materials: Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Brazil. Two specimens (MNHN- 889 b), anterior fragment and the other without posterior end, breaking in two pieces by dissection, dorsal shields removed, body wall eroded, RV Calypso 1961 Expedition, Stat. 129 (23 ° 40 ' S, 45 ° 01 ' W), E off Caraguatatuba, 37 m, 10 Dec. 1961. Five specimens (MNHN- 889 c), separated in two lots, anterior fragment and four complete including two mature females, body wall variously broken, RV Calypso 1961 Expedition, Stat. 136 (24 ° 06 ' S, 45 ° 29 ' W), off Ilha de São Sebastião, 48 m, 11 Dec. 1961 (13.5 – 20.0 mm long, 1.5 – 2.0 mm wide, cephalic cage 6 – 7 mm long, 51 – 70 chaetigers; oocytes 100 µm, pale dark with darker nuclei).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFF0FFDEFF33A8774659FB5F.taxon	description	Description. Holotype (MNHN- 1550) complete, slightly contracted, body wall broken medially, some parapodia removed (Fig. 10 A); paratype contracted, without pygidium. Body swollen anteriorly, tapering posteriorly; 15.5 mm long, 2 mm wide, cephalic cage 7 mm long, 60 chaetigers. Tunic thin, areolated, almost without sediment particles; body papillae large, arranged in single rows (Fig. 10 B, C), additional papillae appear by median chaetigers; dorsal papillae larger, bottle-shaped, ventral papillae smaller, bottle-shaped or digitate. Anterior end not exposed. Not dissected to avoid further damage. Cephalic cage chaetae 3.5 times longer than body width. Chaetigers 1 – 2 forming cephalic cage; chaetae arranged in transverse rows in chaetiger 1, become more lateral in chaetiger 2. Chaetiger 1 with 10 noto- and 12 neurochaetae; chaetiger 2 with 6 noto- and 8 neurochaetae per bundle. Anterior dorsal margin of first chaetiger with a projected, trifid dorsal lappet, each lobe with a distal papilla. Three other papillae by notochaetal insertion, other papillae not seen, probably eroded. Chaetigers 1 – 2 of about the same size, chaetiger 3 slightly longer. Sand cemented anterior shield dorsal, over chaetigers 1 – 4, slightly expanded over chaetiger 5 (in other paratypes, posteriorly elevated, with some anterior tapering papillae, Fig. 10 C). Chaetal transition from cephalic cage to body chaetae gradual; neurochaetae multiarticulate capillaries in chaetigers 1 – 2, pseudocompound hooks from chaetiger 3, decreasing in size progressively. Slightly falcate, anchylosed neurohooks from chaetiger 7. Gonopodial slits not seen. Parapodia better developed in chaetigers 1 – 3; thereafter low chaetal lobes, with two long bottle-shaped interramal papillae per parapodia. Notochaetal lobes with three postchaetal papillae. Neuropodial lobes with three postchaetal papillae. Large papillae in single transverse series in anterior and median chaetigers, anterior chaetigers with most papillae large, median chaetigers with alternating sizes. Posterior segments with fewer papillae, more or less forming transverse series. Noto- and neuropodia lateral, close to each other. Median notochaetae arranged in short transverse rows; all multiarticulate capillaries, articles very long (Fig. 10 E, F). Neurochaetae multiarticulate capillaries in chaetigers 1 – 2, pseudocompound hooks in chaetigers 3 – 6 (Fig. 10 D), progressively decreasing in size, anchylosed falcate hooks from chaetiger 7. First 2 – 3 per bundle, up to 6 in chaetigers 9 – 18 (Fig. 10 E), decreasing to 4 by chaetigers 19 – 28, then three per bundle up to chaetiger 40 (Fig. 10 F), thereafter two per bundle, decreasing to one in far posterior chaetigers. Posterior region tapering to a blunt cone, pygidium conical, anus terminal; no anal cirri.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFF0FFDEFF33A8774659FB5F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name is a modest homage to Dr. Tarik Meziane, curator of the polychaete collection in the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. While he is really an ecophysiologist rather than a taxonomist, he has found the means to support taxonomical studies of many people, including myself.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFF0FFDEFF33A8774659FB5F.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Punta Cracker, Golfo Nuevo, Argentina, 18 m depth.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFF0FFDEFF33A8774659FB5F.taxon	description	Variation: The specimens were 14 – 20 mm long, 1.5 – 2.0 mm wide, cephalic cage 6 – 7 mm long, and 51 – 70 chaetigers.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFF0FFDEFF33A8774659FB5F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Semiodera mezianei n. sp., is very similar to S. inflata; but differs by having papillae of almost the same size, larger than in S. inflata, and the papillae present under chaetal lobes are much larger too. There is another species described from Brazil. Grube (1877: 67, 71) included Stylarioides cingulatum Grube & Krøyer in Grube, 1877. The species was diagnosed as having “ Papillen auf Segment 3 – 11 einen Gürtel, auf den andern Segmenten blos eine Querreihe auf dem Rücken bildend “ (translation: Dorsal papillae on chaetigers 3 – 11 arranged in a belt, on the other segments only as a transverse row). The type material was not found in Copenhagen, Berlin or Wroclaw, and is presumed lost. The species is herein regarded as indeterminable.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFF0FFDEFF33A8774659FB5F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. There are some records for the Brazilian materials including from the Rocas island to Golfo Nuevo, Argentina, but there might be more than one species involved. The other specimens were collected in Southeastern Brazil, in mixed bottoms, 13 – 48 m depth.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFF2FFE0FF33A803441CFE1C.taxon	description	Figure 11	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFF2FFE0FF33A803441CFE1C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Northwestern Pacific Ocean. Japan. Holotype (CMNH- 550) and two paratypes (CMNH- 546, 549), Ubarajima Island, Katsuura (35 ° 08 ' N, 140 ° 20 ' E), Boso Peninsula, 10 – 15 m, coral rocks, 30 Oct. 1997, E. Nishi, coll. (paratypes 14 – 17 mm long, 2.5 – 3.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 5 – 8 mm long, 41 – 65 chaetigers). Additional material. South China Sea. One specimen (SMF- 15353), Chinese-German Expedition to Hainan Island, dive, Shalao, 12 m, 4 Apr. 1992, D. Fiege & R. Sun, coll. (17.5 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 6.5 mm long, 55 chaetigers).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFF2FFE0FF33A803441CFE1C.taxon	description	Description. Holotype pale (CMNH- 550), tapering posteriorly into cylindrical thin cauda (Fig. 11 A); 22.5 mm long, 3 mm wide, cephalic cage 8 mm long, 66 chaetigers. Tunic thin, without sediment, integument rugose, finely areolated; body papillae short, globose, arranged in 1 – 2 irregular transverse bands per segment in anterior and median chaetigers, each with numerous, similar sized papillae; posterior chaetigers with more numerous longer papillae, bottle-shaped. Cephalic hood not exposed; anterior end observed in one paratype. Prostomium low cone, colorless, four black eyes, not coalescent. Caruncle poorly developed. Palps thick, longer than branchiae; palp keels rounded, low. Dorsal lip reduced, lateral and ventral lips fused, projected anteriorly. Branchiae cirriform, sessile on branchial plate, arranged in a single continuous row, with four dorsal large filaments and 20 smaller filaments, arranged in two lateral loops (Fig. 11 D), each with 10 filaments, filaments decreasing in size inwardly. Nephridial lobes very thin, long, between the four dorsal larger branchiae and start of lateral loops. Cephalic cage chaetae as long as 1 / 3 body length, or about three times longer than body width. Chaetigers 1 – 2 involved in cephalic cage; chaetiger 3 with chaetae longer than those present in following chaetigers, but not contributing to cage. Cephalic cage chaetae arranged in short ventrolateral rows; chaetiger 1 with 8 – 9 noto- and 7 – 8 neurochaetae, chaetiger 2 with 4 – 5 noto- and 5 – 7 neurochaetae per bundle. Anterior dorsal margin of first chaetiger papillated, completely contracted lobe, number of papillae not determined. Anterior chaetigers with longer papillae, close to chaetal lobes. Chaetigers 1 – 3 increasing in length; chaetiger 3 longest, especially on its dorsal side. Sand cemented anterior shield dorsally extending to chaetiger 5 (Fig. 11 B), ventrally to chaetiger 4 (Fig. 11 C), reaching midventral line. Chaetal transition from cephalic cage to body chaetae gradual; chaetigers 3 – 7 with pseudocompound hooks, decreasing in size posteriorly (Fig. 11 E, F); falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 8. Gonopodial lobes in chaetiger 5, low transverse slits. Parapodia poorly-developed, chaetae emerge from body wall (Fig. 11 G). Parapodia lateral, median neuropodia ventrolateral. Noto- and neuropodia as low lobes, with ovoid papillae in anterior and median chaetigers, posterior chaetigers with long bottle-shaped papillae. Median notochaetae arranged in short rows, transverse to body axis; all notochaetae multiarticulate capillaries, about 1 / 5 as long as body width, 1 – 2 per fascicle, articles long, increasing in size distally. Neurochaetae multiarticulate capillaries in chaetigers 1 – 2; chaetigers 3 – 7 with 1 – 2 pseudocompound hooks. Falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 8, arranged in transverse rows, 2 per bundle in median chaetigers (Fig. 11 G), decreasing to 1 – 2 towards the posterior end. Each hook medially widened in median chaetigers, become thinner in posterior ones, with subdistal darker spot (Fig. 11 H). Posterior end tapering to rounded lobe; pygidium with anus terminal, slightly projected, without anal cirri.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFF2FFE0FF33A803441CFE1C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named after Eijiroh Nishi, a good friend and colleague, in recognition of his many publications on polychaetes, for his continued support of my research activities, and because he collected the specimens upon which this species is based.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFF2FFE0FF33A803441CFE1C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Semiodera nishii n. sp., belongs in a group defined by the presence of a poorly-developed dorsal shield, and two neurohooks in median chaetigers, which also includes S. salazarae n. sp. and S. treadwelli n. sp. However, S. nishii can be distinguished from the two other species, as it has neurohooks from chaetiger 8 (as opposed to chaetiger 9), and the lateral projections of the dorsal shield reach the midventral line, whereas in the two other species there is a midventral gap.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFF2FFE0FF33A803441CFE1C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western Pacific Ocean, from Japan to the South China Sea, found boring in coral substrate in subtidal waters.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFCCFFE0FF33ACC0441DF871.taxon	description	Figure 12	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFCCFFE0FF33ACC0441DF871.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Eastern Tropical Pacific, Mexico. Holotype (ECOSUR 138) and paratype (ECOSUR 139), Playa La Manzanilla (20 ° 44 ' 35 " N, 105 ° 23 ' 14.8 " W), Nayarit, mixed bottoms, 1 m depth, 29 Nov. 2004, P. Salazar, coll. (paratype mature female, anterior fragment, 7 mm long, 2 mm wide, cephalic cage broken, 2.5 mm long, 29 chaetigers; oocytes 120 – 150 µm).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFCCFFE0FF33ACC0441DF871.taxon	description	Description. Holotype (ECOSUR 138) complete, dark yellowish, recurved dorsally (Fig. 12 A). Body cylindrical, tapering posteriorly into a long, thin cauda; 12 mm long, 2 mm wide, cephalic cage 4 mm long, 55 chaetigers. Tunic thin, without sediment cover; body papillae large, capitate, arranged in 5 – 7 rows per segment (Fig. 12 D), without interramal papillae. Anterior end not exposed; not dissected to avoid further damage. Cephalic cage chaetae partially broken, twice as long as body width. Chaetigers 1 – 2 involved in cephalic cage; chaetae arranged in short rows, about the body corners; chaetiger 1 with 4 noto- and 3 neurochaetae per ramus, chaetiger 2 along same axis as chaetiger 1, with 3 noto- and 2 neurochaetae per ramus. Anterior dorsal margin of chaetiger 1 projected anteriorly (eroded in paratype), without papillae. Anterior chaetigers without especially long papillae (paratype with chaetiger 1 with longer papillae in neurochaetal bases). Chaetigers 1 – 2 slightly shorter than chaetiger 3. Sand cemented anterior shield (Fig. 12 B – D) extending posteriorly into chaetiger 6 (5 in paratype), and ventrally along chaetigers 1 – 2, reaching the midventral line. Chaetal transition from cephalic cage chaetae to body chaetae gradual; pseudocompound hooks in chaetigers 3 – 8. Falcate simple neurohooks from chaetiger 9. Gonopodial slits not visible. Parapodia poorly-developed, chaetae emerge from body wall. Parapodia lateral, median neuropodia ventrolateral. Noto- and neuropodia without projections, lobes or longer papillae. Noto- and neuropodia well separated from each other. Median notochaetae variously broken, about as long as ¼ – 1 / 5 body width, multiarticulate capillaries, articles short basally, medium sized along a short region, long throughout most of chaeta. Neurochaetae multiarticulate capillaries in chaetigers 1 – 2; neuropodia 3 – 8 with long pseudocompound hooks, 2 per ramus, often broken (Fig. 12 E, insert), decreasing in size posteriorly; falcate golden neurohooks from chaetiger 9, arranged in transverse rows, 2 per ramus in most chaetigers, including subterminal ones. Hooks golden, homogeneously pigmented, with many, delicate transverse bands (Fig. 12 F). Posterior end tapering into a hemispheric lobe; pygidium with terminal anus, no anal cirri.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFCCFFE0FF33ACC0441DF871.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name is derived from my colleague Dr. Patricia Salazar-Silva in recognition of her efforts to encourage taxonomic studies of marine invertebrates in tropical Mexico, and because she collected these described specimens ..	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFCCFFE0FF33ACC0441DF871.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Western Mexico. Playa La Manzanilla, Nayarit, 1 m depth, mixed bottoms	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFCCFFE0FF33ACC0441DF871.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Semiodera salazarae n. sp. groups with S. nishi n. sp. and S. treadwelli n. sp. as all have a poorlydeveloped dorsal shield and two neurohooks in median chaetigers. Unlike the other species, S. nishi has neurohooks from chaetiger 8 (as opposed to chaetiger 9), rendering S. salazarae more closely allied to S. treadwelli. These two species differ in that the dorsal shield of S. salazarae is covered with large densely packed sand grains, whereas in S. treadwelli they are small, sparse particles. Further, the ventral extension of the dorsal shield differs because in S. salazarae the shield lateral projections are ventrally connected, whereas in S. treadwelli these projections do not reach the midventral line.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFCCFFE0FF33ACC0441DF871.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Apparently restricted to the Mexican Central Pacific coasts in the state of Nayarit, in intertidal mixed bottoms.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFCDFFE3FF33A98C419AFE54.taxon	description	Figure 13	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFCDFFE3FF33A98C419AFE54.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Red Sea. Four syntypes of Siphonostomum tenerum (ZMB- 512), Ehrenberg, coll. Additional material: Northwestern Indian Ocean, Yemen. One specimen (SMF- 15401), Ras Qatanian Bay, Socotra, Stat. 725 (12 ° 21 ' 17 " N, 53 ° 32 ' 07 " E → 12 ° 20 ' 18 " N, 53 ° 31 ' 39 " E), dredge, 18 – 20 m, 9 Apr. 2000, T. Wehe, coll. (11 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, cephalic cage chaetae 5 mm long, 42 chaetigers). Five specimens (SMF- 15403), Hawlaf Bay, off dune, Socotra, Cruise MAP- 151, Stat. ST- 092 (12 ° 40.519 ’ N, 54 ° 4.170 E), 4 – 5 m, 21 Mar. 1999, M. Apel, coll. (9 – 14 mm long, 1.5 – 2.5 mm wide, cephalic cage chaetae 4.5 – 8.0 mm long, 50 – 55 chaetigers; falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 4). Three specimens and an anterior fragment (SMF- 15404), Mafrihin, Socotra (12 ° 24.971 ' N, 54 ° 14.364 ' E), 22 Apr. 2000, M. Apel, coll. (19 mm long, 2 mm wide, cephalic cage chaetae 5.0 – 5.5 mm long, 58 – 59 chaetigers; mature female without posterior end, with dark oocytes, each about 100 µm). Three specimens (SMF- 15405), Alansiyah (Qualansiyah) Bay, Socotra, Cruise MAP- 78 A, Stat. 18 (12 ° 41.026 ’ N, 53 ° 28.309 ’ E), 10 Mar. 1999, M. Apel, coll. (5.0 – 16.5 mm long, 1.0 – 2.5 mm wide, cephalic cage chaetae 4 – 6 mm long, 35 – 57 chaetigers; falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 4). Six specimens (SMF- 15406), three mature females and three mature males, Ras Qatanih Bay, Socotra, Stat. 726 (12 ° 21.293 ' N, 53 ° 32.659 ' E), 8 – 10 m, 9 Apr. 2000, T. Wehe, coll. (9 – 20 mm long, 1.5 – 2.5 mm wide, cephalic cage chaetae 4 – 7 mm long, 44 – 54 chaetigers; falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 4). Southwestern Indian Ocean, Moçambique Channel. One specimen (LACM- AHF- 4867), complete, International Indian Ocean Expedition, RV Anton Bruun, Stat. AB 371 G (24 º 49 ' S, 35 º 13 ' E), 72 m, rock dredge on rocky sediments, 18 Aug. 1964 (17 mm long, 2 mm wide, cephalic cage 8 mm long, 54 chaetigers).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFCDFFE3FF33A98C419AFE54.taxon	description	Description. Four syntypes (ZMB- 512), two complete, the others without posterior ends (Fig. 13 A); all greyish, slightly or markedly twisted, integument variously broken. Body cylindrical, tapering posteriorly into a cauda; complete syntypes 6 – 9 mm long, 1.0 – 1.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 5.5 – 6.0 mm long, 42 – 45 chaetigers (others 1.0 – 1.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 4.5 – 5.0 mm long). Tunic thin, without sediment cover; body papillae medium-sized, globose, arranged in two rows per segment, with more papillae in anterior row (Fig. 13 B, C), disappearing in median and posterior chaetigers (more prominent in smaller and more contracted specimens). Cephalic hood not exposed; anterior end not dissected to avoid further damage. One additional specimen dissected (SMF- 15404). Prostomium depressed; central area dark, individual eyes and caruncle not seen. Palps whitish, large; palp keels not seen. Lateral lips well-developed, rounded. Dorsal and ventral lips reduced. Branchiae cirriform, sessile on branchial plate, filaments arranged in one posterior continuous row with 4 filaments, and two lateral small groups with filaments arranged in spiral, decreasing in size ventrally; each group with 6 – 8 filaments, larger on outer row, 10 filaments per side (Fig. 13 D); larger filaments about as long as palps. Nephridial lobes thin, positioned lateral to prostomium, about its middle region, between the spiral and the continuous branchial filaments groups. Cephalic cage damaged, chaetae as long as body (2 / 3 body length), or 4 – 5 times longer than body width. Chaetigers 1 – 2 involved in cephalic cage; chaetiger 1 with chaetae arranged in longer rows than chaetiger 2; chaetiger 1 with notochaetae dorsal, neurochaetae ventral; chaetiger 2 with chaetal lobes lateral. Chaetiger 1 with 6 – 8 noto- and 6 – 8 neurochaetae; chaetiger 2 with 6 noto- and 6 neurochaetae. Anterior dorsal margin of first chaetiger projected anteriorly (Fig. 13 B, C), slightly damaged, two large lateral papillae (trifid lobe in SMF- 15401), covered by sediment. Anterior chaetigers without especially long papillae; chaetal lobes with ovoid papillae, as long as body ones. Chaetigers 1 – 2 short, chaetiger 3 longer, as long as following ones. Sand cemented anterior shield reduced, extended over anterior lobe of chaetiger 1 and chaetigers 1 – 2, with sparse sediment particles. Chaetal transition from cephalic cage to body chaetae abrupt; long pseudocompound hooks in chaetiger 3 (Fig. 13 E). Falcate simple neurohooks from chaetiger 4, one per ramus. Gonopodial lobes present in chaetiger 5, slightly oblique, ovoid, darker areas, slightly elevated (Fig. 13 C). Parapodia poorly-developed, chaetae emerge from body wall (Fig. 13 F). Parapodia lateral, median neuropodia ventrolateral. Notopodia and neuropodia without projections, lobe or long papillae. Noto- and neuropodia distant to each other, with a medium-sized interramal papilla. Median notochaetae multiarticulate capillaries, about as long as 1 / 3 body width, occurring singly, articles tenuous, long, increasing in length distally. Neurochaetae multiarticulate capillaries in chaetigers 1 – 2; pseudocompound hooks present in chaetiger 3 only; falcate dark brown neurohooks from chaetiger 4, only one per ramus in anterior to posterior chaetigers (Fig. 13 G), more falcate in median chaetigers, almost straight in caudal chaetigers. Posterior end tapering to a blunt lobe; pygidium with terminal anus; no anal cirri.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFCDFFE3FF33A98C419AFE54.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Semiodera tenera (Grube, 1868) n. comb. was described in two successive papers (Grube 1868: 636 – 637, 1869: 506), with very little modifications in the second paper, but additional material was examined. The diagnosis would be: body swollen anteriorly, posteriorly markedly tapering; papillae ovoid, arranged in 2 transverse rows dorsally, one row ventrally; cephalic cage made by chaetigers 1 – 2; neurochaetae falcate dark hooks, one per ramus; eight branchiae. However, the two syntypes lots deposited (ZMB- 512) belong to two different species; one corresponds with the original description since it has the transverse rows of ovoid papillae, while the other has abundant long digitate papillae, and is more closely allied to Stylarioides delle Chiaje, 1831 and is described elsewhere (Salazar-Vallejo 2011 b). According to the publication dates, the first lot was collected by von Frauenfeld, and the second lot by Ehrenberg; however, the first lot was not used in the description of the species. This discrepancy was explained by Grube himself (1869: 506) in the last paragraph: “ Die obige in der Publication der Frauenfeld’schen Anneliden gegebene Beschreibung ist hauptsächlich nach dem besten der im Berliner Museum aufgestellten Exemplare von Ehrenberg entworfen; das von Frauenfeld eingeschickte hatte zwar ähnliche Dimensionen, war aber nicht so vollständig erhalten “. This translates as the above description given in the publication of the Frauenfeld’s Annelids is based on material in the Zoologisches Museum, Berlin, Germany collected by Ehrenberg; Frauenfeld’s single specimen had similar dimensions, but was not so complete. Semiodera tenera (Grube, 1868) n. comb., and S. laevis differ from other species in the genus by having pseudocompound neurohooks only in chaetiger 3 and neurohooks occurring singly throughout the body. They differ in the number of branchial filaments, there are about 10 filaments per side in S. tenera, whereas there are 20 filaments per side in S. laevis. Also S. tenera has a single medium-sized interramal papillae whereas S. laevis has two minute ones. The record of Stylarioides xanthotrichus by Monro (1937: 301) was based on specimens collected off the South Arabian coast and match the description of the species.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFCDFFE3FF33A98C419AFE54.taxon	description	Variation: Falcate neurohooks always start in chaetiger 4; however, the neurochaetae of chaetiger 3 can be multiarticulate capillaries numbering 1 – 3 or a long (rarely 2) pseudocompound hook. As both types of chaetae were found in the same lot (SMF- 15406), it suggests that this is not a useful dignostic character ..	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFCDFFE3FF33A98C419AFE54.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Originally described from the Red Sea. Wehe & Fiege (2002: 50) regarded it as endemic to the region. The additional specimens were from the Northwestern and Southwestern Indian Ocean.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFCFFFE5FF33ABFE446CF86A.taxon	description	Figure 14	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFCFFFE5FF33ABFE446CF86A.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Eastern Tropical Pacific. Holotype (ECOSUR 140) and paratypes (ECOSUR 141), El Caimancito, La Paz Bay (24 º 08 ' 32 " N, 110 º 18 ' 39 " W), Baja California Sur, México, 1.5 m, 29 Feb. 2004, P. Salazar, coll. (complete paratypes 10 – 16 mm long, 1.5 – 2.0 mm wide, cephalic cage 6.0 (damaged) – 7.5 mm long, 42 – 62 chaetigers; oocytes 100 µm). Additional material: Eastern Tropical Pacific. Baja California Sur, México. One specimen (ECOSUR 2037), anterior fragment, damaged, with a longitudinal dissection, El Requesón, Bahía Concepción (26.67075 º N, 111.81359 º W), 1 m, 8 Apr. 1982, SISV, coll. One specimen (ECOSUR 2026), juvenile, integument detached, dorsal shield broken, El Requesón, Bahía Concepción, 1 m, 14 Abr. 1983, SISV, coll. (9 mm long, 1 mm wide, cephalic cage 5 mm long, 44 chaetigers). One specimen (ECOSUR), dorsal shield broken, head exposed, several parapodia removed, breaking into two parts, El Caimancito, La Paz Bay (24 º 08 ' 32 " N, 110 º 18 ' 39 " W), 1.5 m, 28 Nov. 1986, SISV, coll. (13.5 mm long, 2 mm wide, cephalic cage 7.5 mm long, 50 chaetigers; right gonopodial slit swollen, darker). Three specimens (ECOSUR 2038), one inside a piece of calcareous rock, El Caimancito, La Paz Bay, 1.5 m, 2 Mar. 2004, P. Salazar, coll. (complete 11.5 mm long, 2 mm wide, cephalic cage 5 mm long, 50 chaetigers). One specimen (ECOSUR 2036), without posterior region, El Caimancito, La Paz, 1 m, 2 Mar. 2004, P. Salazar, coll. One specimen (ECOSUR 2028), without posterior region, El Caimancito, La Paz, 1 m, 3 Mar. 2004, P. Salazar, coll. (mature male; testis lobes pale; anterior chaetigers slightly pigmented ventrally). One specimen (ECOSUR 2027), twisted, depressed, Loreto Harbor, Loreto, 2 m, 3 Mar. 2004, P. Salazar, coll. (14 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 6 mm long, 69 chaetigers). One specimen (ECOSUR 2033), juvenile, El Caimancito, La Paz, 1 m, 6 Mar. 2004, P. Salazar, coll. (8 mm long, 1 mm wide, cephalic cage 4 mm long, 44 chaetigers). Sinaloa, México. One specimen (ECOSUR 2029), Southern Point, Isla Venado, Mazatlán (23 º 14 ' 29 " N, 106 º 24 ' 35 " W), 2 m, 26 Feb. 2004, P. Salazar, coll. (17 mm long, 2 mm wide, cephalic cage 5 mm long, 69 chaetigers). Nayarit, México. Three specimens (ECOSUR 2035), juveniles, Aticama, 2 m, 25 Nov. 2004, P. Salazar, coll. (complete 9 mm long, 1 mm wide, cephalic cage (anterior fragment) 3 mm long, 43 chaetigers). Jalisco, México. One specimen (ECOSUR 2031), juvenile, Melaque (19 º 13 ' 31 " N, 104 º 42 ' 04 " W), 1 m, 1 Dec. 2004, P. Salazar, coll. (6 mm long, 1 mm wide, cephalic cage 4.5 mm long, 45 chaetigers; anterior chaetigers without dark pigment ventrally). One specimen (ECOSUR 2030), juvenile, Melaque, Andador, 1 m, 2 Dec. 2004, P. Salazar, coll. (6 mm long, 1 mm wide, cephalic cage 4 mm long, 43 chaetigers; anterior chaetigers without dark pigment ventrally). One specimen (ECOSUR 2034), mature specimen, without posterior end, Barra de Navidad (19 º 12 ' 29 " N, 104 º 40 ' 50 " W), 1 m, 3 Dec. 2004, P. Salazar, coll. (few anterior chaetigers with dark pigment ventrally). Would be good to add lats and longs to all these sites and obtain registration nos.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFCFFFE5FF33ABFE446CF86A.taxon	description	Description. Holotype (ECOSUR 140) whitish (Fig. 14 A), with an anterior, ventral dark transverse band over chaetigers 1 – 2, fading in following chaetigers (Fig. 14 B). Body tapering into a cylindrical, thin cauda; 21 mm long, 2 mm wide, cephalic cage (damaged) 7.5 mm long, 65 chaetigers. Tunic thin, without sediment cover; body papillae short, digitate, arranged in 2 – 3 irregular transverse bands per segment, each with abundant papillae, alternating large and small. Cephalic hood not exposed; anterior end observed in one paratype. Prostomium low cone, four black eyes, anterior ones free from each other, posterior ones coalescent. Caruncle poorly developed, not separating branchiae. Palps long, pale; palp keels rounded, low. Lips distorted by contraction, not separable in lateral, dorsal or ventral views. Branchiae cirriform, sessile on branchial plate, arranged in single, curved row, with 14 filaments, decreasing in size ventrally, largest about as long as palps. Nephridial lobes placed below second dorsalmost branchiae, as thick as smaller branchial filaments. Cephalic cage chaetae damaged, as long as 1 / 3 body length (about half as long in some paratypes), or about four times longer than body width. Chaetigers 1 – 2 involved in the cephalic cage; chaetiger 3 with chaetae longer than those present in following chaetigers, but not contributing to the cage. Chaetae arranged in short, ventrolateral rows; chaetiger 1 with 4 noto- (8 in paratypes), and 8 neurochaetae, chaetiger 2 with 4 noto- and 4 neurochaetae per bundle. Anterior dorsal margin of first chaetiger papillated without lobes (probably eroded). Anterior chaetigers without longer papillae on chaetal lobes. Chaetigers 1 – 3 progressively smaller; chaetiger 3 about as long as following chaetigers. Sand cemented anterior shield dorsal, rugose (lost in some specimens), extend over chaetigers 1 – 4 (Fig. 14 A, insert), continued laterally. Chaetal transition from cephalic cage to body chaetae gradual; chaetigers 4 – 6 with two pseudocompound hooks (up to 3 in juveniles, from chaetiger 3), becoming smaller, pseudoarticulation progressively fading in posterior chaetigers (Fig. 14 C); falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 7. Gonopodial slits barely visible in chaetiger 5, slightly darker than surrounding body wall surface. Parapodia poorly-developed, chaetae emerge from body wall. Parapodia lateral, median neuropodia ventrolateral. Noto- and neuropodia low lobes, with long digitate interramal papillae in anterior and median chaetigers; posterior chaetigers with papillae similar, digitate, longer. Noto- and neuropodia well separated. Median notochaetae arranged in short, transverse rows; all notochaetae multiarticulate capillaries, about 1 / 3 as long as body width, 3 per fascicle, articles long, continue to chaetal tip. Neurochaetae multiarticulate capillaries in chaetigers 1 – 3; chaetigers 4 – 6 with two pseudocompound hooks. Falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 7, arranged in transverse rows, 3 – 4 (mostly) per bundle in median chaetigers (Fig. 14 D), decreasing to 1 – 2 in posterior chaetigers. Each hook markedly falcate, tapered, barely widened medially, becoming thinner in posterior chaetigers (Fig. 14 E). Posterior end tapering to rounded lobe; pygidium with terminal anus, without anal cirri.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFCFFFE5FF33ABFE446CF86A.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is being named after Dr. María Ana Tovar Hernández, a distinguished specialist of sabellid polychaetes, in recognition of her fine publications and her support of my taxonomic studies.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFCFFFE5FF33ABFE446CF86A.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. El Caimancito Beach, La Paz Bay, La Paz, Baja California Sur.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFCFFFE5FF33ABFE446CF86A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Semiodera tovarae n. sp., resembles S. blakei n. sp. and S. dubia (Treadwell, 1929) n. comb. because they all have 2 – 3 rows of papillae, smooth integument and four neurohooks per bundle in median chaetigers. It has been shown above that S. blakei can be separated by the earlier start of falcate neurohooks (chaetiger 6 vs chaetiger 7), and because it has large papillae over anterior chaetigers. Semiodera tovarae closely resembles S. dubia. They differ because in S. tovarae the dorsal shield is laterally projected and has tapered neurochaetae, whereas in S. dubia the shield is restricted to the dorsal surface, and its neurochaetae are subdistally swollen.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFCFFFE5FF33ABFE446CF86A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Southern Gulf of California to Jalisco, México, in shallow water, in harbors or shallow water environments.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFCAFFE8FF33AD9941A8FEFF.taxon	description	Figure 15	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFCAFFE8FF33AD9941A8FEFF.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Grand Caribbean Region. Holotype (USNM- 16163) and paratype (USNM 1191185), U. S. Fish Commission Porto Rico Expedition, 1898 – 99, RV Fish Hawk, Stat. 134 - 5 (6062 - 3), 25 – 30, 137 – 139 m, 20 Jan. 1899 (paratype damaged, dried-out, incurved, 5 mm long, 0.7 mm wide, cephalic cage 4 mm long, 36 chaetigers; falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 9, only one hook left). Additional material: Grand Caribbean Region. Quintana Roo, México. Two specimens (ECOSUR 1754), one complete, Punta Nizuc (21 ° 01 ' 23 " N, 86 ° 46 ' 52 " W), 3 m, 31 Aug. 1997, L. Carrera, coll. (complete 9.5 mm long, 2 mm wide, cephalic cage 4 mm long, 40 chaetigers; falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 9, two per bundle in median chaetigers). One specimen (ECOSUR 1756), Punta Herradura (18 ° 32 ' 26 " N, 87 ° 44 ' 30 " W), 3 m, 28 Oct. 1997, L. Carrera & SISV, coll. (9 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 4 mm long, 39 chaetigers). Two specimens (ECOSUR), one complete, Punta Nizuc, 2 m, 31 Aug. 1997, L. Carrera, coll. (9.5 mm long, 2 mm wide, cephalic cage 4 mm long, 39 chaetigers). One specimen (ECOSUR 1757), without posterior end, Punta Nizuc (21 ° 01 ' 23 " N, 86 ° 46 ' 52 " W), coralline rock, 4 m depth, 1 Sep. 1997, L. Carrera & SISV, coll. One specimen (ECOSUR 1758), broken in two, Xahuayxol (18 ° 30 ' 15 " N, 87 ° 20 ' 32 " W), coralline rock, 3 m depth, 28 Sep. 1997, L. Carrera, coll. (6.5 mm long, 1 mm wide, cephalic cage 3.5 mm long, 33 chaetigers). Three specimens (ECOSUR 1759), without posterior end, Rio Indio, coralline rock, 2 m depth, 17 Mar. 2001, L. Carrera & SISV, coll. One specimen (ECOSUR 1760), Majagual (18 ° 43 ' 01 " N, 87 ° 42 ' 23 " W), 2 m depth, 18 Mar. 2001, L. Carrera & SISV (13 mm long, 2 mm wide, cephalic cage 3 mm long, 42 chaetigers). One specimen (ECOSUR 1761), without posterior end, Majagual (18 ° 43 ' 01 " N, 87 ° 42 ' 23 " W), coralline rock, 2 m depth, 21 Mar. 2001, L. Carrera & SISV, coll. One specimen (ECOSUR 1762), Cozumel, off SEDENA store, coralline rock, 3 m depth, 24 Mar. 2001, L. Carrera & SISV, coll. (8 mm long, 1 mm wide, cephalic cage 3.5 mm long, 36 chaetigers; falcate simple neurohooks from chaetiger 10). One specimen (ECOSUR 1763), Punta Nizuc (21 ° 01 ' 23 " N, 86 ° 46 ' 52 " W), 2 m, 8 Feb. 2002, R. Bastida & SISV, coll. (10.5 mm long, 1.8 mm wide, cephalic cage 4 mm long, 37 chaetigers). Seven specimens (USNM- 1177558 s), Smithsonian Bredin Expedition, Stat. 72 – 60, Bahia Ascension (19 º 47 ' 57 " N, 87 º 28 ' 31 " W), central part of Nicchehabin Reef, 1.2 – 1.8 m, 14 Apr. 1960 (complete ones 5 – 11 mm long, 1.0 – 1.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 2.5 – 3.0 mm long, 31 – 34 chaetigers; the modified cephalic shield is described below). Lesser Antilles. One specimen (UMML), juvenile, off SW tip of Grenada, RV Pillsbury, Stat. 852 (11 º 53 ' N, 61 º 53 ' W), 13 m, 3 Jul. 1969 (6 mm long, 1 mm wide, cephalic cage 3.5 mm long, 40 chaetigers). Southeastern Brazil. One specimen, EP 264 (complete, 5.5 mm long, 1.3 mm wide, cephalic cage 3 mm long, about 34 chaetigers; falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 9, two hooks per bundle).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFCAFFE8FF33AD9941A8FEFF.taxon	description	Description. Holotype (USNM- 16163) complete, pale brown, incurved ventrally (Fig. 15 A). Body cylindrical, tapering posteriorly into a short thick cauda; 7 mm long, 1.3 mm wide, cephalic cage 5 mm long, 30 chaetigers. Tunic thin, free from sediment cover; body papillae large, capitate, arranged in two irregular rows per segment, papillae few, eroded (non-type specimens with 4 – 6 rows per segment, Fig. 15 E), with two small interramal papillae; posterior region with longer, club-shaped papillae. Anterior end not exposed; not dissected to avoid further damage. Observed in non-type specimens (ECOSUR Rio Indio, 17 Mar. 2001). Cephalic hood exposed, short, margin smooth. Prostomium low cone with four eyes, medium-sized, dark-brown, not coalescent. Caruncle not projected dorsally. Palps twice as long and four times thicker than branchiae; palp keels rounded, elevated. Lateral lips rounded, well developed. Branchiae cirriform, sessile on branchial plate, decreasing in size laterally; 6 larger, distal filaments, 3 – 4 proximal smaller filaments. Nephridial lobes arise internally, below distal larger branchiae, and before smaller lateral branchiae. Cephalic cage chaetae about as long as body length, or about four times longer than body width. Chaetigers 1 – 2 involved in the cephalic cage; chaetae arranged in short rows, about the body corners; chaetiger 1 with 7 – 8 chaetae per ramus, chaetiger 2 displaced dorsally, with 4 – 5 chaetae per ramus. Anterior dorsal margin of chaetiger 1 projected ventrally, papillated (Fig. 15 B, E, F), two longer distal median papillae and 2 – 3 additional smaller ones per side. Anterior chaetigers without especially long papillae, probably eroded; chaetal lobes with digitate papillae, slightly longer than body ones. Chaetigers 1 – 2 shorter than chaetiger 3. Sand cemented anterior shield probably eroded or removed (Fig. 15 B, C); in non-type specimens (USNM- 1177558), cemented sand grains extending posteriorly through chaetigers 2 – 8 (Fig. 15 D – F), and ventrally along chaetigers 1 – 2 (in some specimens), not reaching the midventral line. Chaetal transition from cephalic cage to body chaetae gradual; pseudocompound hooks in chaetigers 3 – 8 (Fig. 15 G). Falcate simple neurohooks from chaetiger 9. Gonopodial slits short, transverse slits in chaetiger 5 (Fig. 15 F, arrow). Parapodia poorly-developed, chaetae emerge from the body wall. Parapodia lateral, median neuropodia ventrolateral. Noto- and neuropodia without projections, lobes, or longer papillae. Noto- and neuropodia distant to each other. Median notochaetae eroded, posterior ones arranged in a tuft; all notochaetae multiarticulate capillaries, probably as long as ¼ body width, 1 – 2 per bundle, articles irregularly sized. Neurochaetae thick multiarticulate capillaries in chaetigers 1 – 2; neuropodia 3 – 8 with long pseudocompound hooks, 2 per ramus, decreasing in size posteriorly; falcate yellow neurohooks from chaetiger 9, arranged in transverse rows, 2 per ramus in most chaetigers (Fig. 15 H); posterior chaetigers with a single neurohook. Posterior end tapering in to a hemispheric lobe; pygidium with terminal anus; no anal cirri.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFCAFFE8FF33AD9941A8FEFF.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named after the late Aaron L. Treadwell in recognition of his many publications on Caribbean polychaetes.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFCAFFE8FF33AD9941A8FEFF.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Puerto Rico, in 137 – 139 m.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFCAFFE8FF33AD9941A8FEFF.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Semiodera treadwelli n. sp. belongs in the group with a poorly-developed dorsal shield and having two neurohooks in median chaetigers, and includes S. nishi and S. salazarae n. sp. However, unlike the other species, S. nishi has neurohooks from chaetiger 8 (as opposed to chaetiger 9), rendering S. treadwelli more similar to S. salazarae. These two species differ because in S. treadwelli the dorsal shield includes small particles and they are sparse, whereas in S. salazarae sand grains are large and densely packed. An additional difference lies in the ventral extension of the dorsal shield because in S. treadwelli these lateral projections do not reach the midventral line but in S. salazarae the shield is ventrally connected. The shallow-water specimens are in better condition and the abundant papillae are more easily seen than in the type material from deeper water, where the papillae have been severely eroded. It would be interesting to compare with fresh materials from the type locality to confirm that the specimens from shallow water are in fact the same species as the deeper water specimens, or whether the specimens from shallow water represent as yet an undescribed species.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFCAFFE8FF33AD9941A8FEFF.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Northwestern Caribbean, Puerto Rico to Brazil, in shallow to about 140 m depth.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFC4FFE9FF33ACA445A1F9B7.taxon	description	Figure 16	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFC4FFE9FF33ACA445A1F9B7.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Northwestern Caribbean Sea, Chinchorro Bank. Holotype (ECOSUR 142) and paratype (ECOSUR 143), SW off Chinchorro Bank, RV Edwin Link, Sta. 2782 (18 ° 34.41 ' N, 87 ° 26.89 ' W), calcareous rock, 290.3 m depth, 23 Aug. 1990, E. Escobar, L. Soto & J. L. Villalobos, coll. (paratype complete, 18 mm long, 2 mm wide, cephalic cage slightly damaged, 14 mm long, 49 chaetigers). Additional material: Northwestern Caribbean Sea, Chinchorro Bank. Four specimens (ECOSUR 1769), two complete, an anterior fragment and the other without posterior end, partially dried-out, E off Cancun, RV Edwin Link, Sta. 2792 a (21 ° 16.44 ' N, 84 ° 30.5 ' W), calcareous rock, 123.5 m depth, 28 Aug. 1990, E. Escobar, L. Soto & J. L. Villalobos, coll. (complete specimens 11 – 16 mm long, 1.2 – 1.8 mm wide, cephalic cage 12 – 13 mm long, 46 – 48 chaetigers). One specimen (ECOSUR 1770), complete, E off Cancun, RV Edwin Link, Sta. 2792 b (21 ° 16.44 ' N, 84 ° 30.5 ' W), calcareous rock, 139 m depth, 28 Aug. 1990, E. Escobar, L. Soto & J. L. Villalobos, coll. (20 mm long, 2 mm wide, cephalic cage 12 mm long, 50 chaetigers; dissected for anterior end features).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFC4FFE9FF33ACA445A1F9B7.taxon	description	Description. Holotype (ECOSUR- 0000) white, cylindrical, tapering posteriorly (Fig. 16 A); 15 mm long, 3 mm wide, cephalic cage 15 mm long, 50 chaetigers. Tunic thin, without sediment; body papillae digitate, arranged in a single row per segment. Anterior end observed in a non-type specimen (ECOSUR). Cephalic hood short, margin smooth. Prostomium low lobe, dark-brown eyes, coalescent. Caruncle not visible, not projected dorsally; palps keels or lips not visible. Branchiae cirriform, sessile on branchial plate, decreasing in size laterally, about 12 filaments; two larger, distal filaments, other filaments progressively smaller. Nephridial lobes not seen. Palps as long as, and 2 – 3 times thicker than branchiae. Palps and branchiae with tips yellowish (paratype with 8 branchial filaments of different lengths exposed). Cephalic cage chaetae as long as body length, or five times longer than body width. Chaetigers 1 – 2 involved in the cephalic cage. Cephalic cage chaetae arranged in short lateral and ventral rows on each chaetiger; eight noto- and 4 – 6 neurochaetae per bundle. Anterior dorsal margin of first chaetiger with two large lobes, separated by a longitudinal cleft, each lateral lobe with two small papillae (Fig. 16 C) (fused in paratype). Anterior chaetigers with long papillae restricted to chaetal lobes in first two chaetigers. Chaetigers 1 – 2 of about the same length, chaetiger 3 longer. Sand cemented anterior shield oval, barely projected posteriorly beyond chaetiger 5 (Fig. 16 B), continued laterally and ventrally, but only covering up to chaetiger 3 ventrally (Fig. 16 C, D). Particles larger dorsally. Chaetal transition from cephalic cage to body chaetae gradual; pseudocompound hooks in chaetigers 4 – 6. Simple falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 7. Gonopodial slits in chaetiger 5, transverse short slightly darker cushion (duplicated in chaetigers 5 – 6 in paratype; not duplicated in other specimens). Parapodia poorly developed; only chaetigers 1 – 2 with projected lobes and long papillae; others with chaetae emerging from the body wall. Parapodia lateral, neuropodia ventrolateral. Median notochaetae arranged in transverse tufts. Notochaetae of median chaetigers multiarticulate capillaries, as long as 1 / 5 – 1 / 6 body width, 2 – 3 per fascicle, each notochaetae with short articles basally, difficult to be detected or missing, median and distal regions with long articles (Fig. 16 G). Neurochaetae multiarticulate capillaries in chaetigers 1 – 3; pseudocompound neurohooks in chaetigers 3 – 6, two per fascicle, decreasing in size posteriorly. Falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 7, arranged in transverse rows, 3 – 4 in first few chaetigers, thereafter up to 7 per bundle in median region (Fig. 16 F), gradually decreasing to one per bundle in far posterior chaetigers. Posterior end tapering; pygidium conical ,, terminal anus, without anal cirri.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFC4FFE9FF33ACA445A1F9B7.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name is to honor Dr. José Luis Villalobos-Hiriart, a famous Mexican carcinologist in recognition of his fine studies on tropical American crustaceans and especially because he participated in the Edwin Link expedition to Chinchorro. The samples collected during this Expedition are included in this paper.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFC4FFE9FF33ACA445A1F9B7.taxon	description	Variation: The specimens were 11 – 20 mm long, 1.2 – 3.0 mm wide, cephalic cage 12 – 15 mm long, and had 46 – 50 chaetigers. The relative size of the cephalic cage is remarkably large in comparison with other adult species of Semiodera.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFC4FFE9FF33ACA445A1F9B7.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Semiodera villalobosi n. sp., resembles S. glynni n. sp. because both have a poorly developed dorsal shield, 3 – 4 neurohooks per bundle, and first falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 7. They differ regarding the extension of the dorsal shield and by the number of transverse rows of papillae; S. villalobosi has a shield extended laterally and ventrally and a single row of papillae, whereas S. glynni has a shield restricted to the dorsal surface and three rows of papillae. This species was collected during the RV Edwin Link expedition to the Chinchorro Bank, Northwestern Caribbean Sea; some of the published results include mollusks (González 1998), caridean shrimps (Escobar- Briones & Villalobos-Hiriart 2003) and amphipods (Winfield & Escobar-Briones 2007).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFC4FFE9FF33ACA445A1F9B7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Apparently restricted to the Northwestern Caribbean Sea region, in rocky substrates at 123 – 290 m depth.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFC5FFEAFF33AB7144E8FAC1.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Stylarioides parmata Grube, 1877. Gender: Masculine.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFC5FFEAFF33AB7144E8FAC1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Body anteriorly swollen, with a posterior, often depressed cauda. Cephalic cage well developed. Dorsal shield over chaetigers 1 – 4, without an articulated anterior plate, not continued ventrally. Body papillae minute, arranged in distinct belts, at least in anterior chaetigers. Anterior neuropodia with multiarticulate capillaries, sometimes aristate. Posterior neurohooks falcate, simple, sometimes flanged. Posterior end often with many neurohooks. Boring in hard or compact substrates.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFC5FFEAFF33AB7144E8FAC1.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This genus is named after the late Dr. John H. Day, one of the most productive and diversified polychaete scientists; he started by studying early development and then moved to do taxonomy of many different groups, especially those collected in South Africa. His studies on flabelligerids were very useful and changed the general understanding of the group, especially by clarifying some features of the eversible anterior end. The name is a combination of his last name with the Greek word for stone (lithos, masculine), because of the stone-like appearance of the dorsal shield of the species included in the genus.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFC5FFEAFF33AB7144E8FAC1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Daylithos n. gen., and Semiodera Chamberlin, 1919 are very similar; however, they have several differences. In Daylithos there are no pseudocompound hooks in chaetigers 3 – 7, the cauda is often flat, and all far posterior neuropodia have 3 – 7 falcate hooks, arranged in a - pattern; Semiodera, in contrast, has pseudocompound hooks in some anterior chaetigers, the cauda is cylindrical, and all far posterior neuropodia have only 1 – 2 falcate hooks. Additional differences relate to the arrangement of branchial filaments and to the relative position of palps, although these would require dissection to observe them. Semiodera has branchial filaments arranged in two lateral spirals and the palps are present over the mouth, whereas in Daylithos, the branchial filaments are arranged in two lateral groups, each with six or more irregular rows of filaments, and the palps arise below the mouth. The type species name, in order to agree in gender with the genus-group name has to be modified (ICZN 1999, Art. 31.2) if it is in a nominative singular, as is the case for parmata, feminine being modified to parmatus, masculine. It should be emphasized, however, that since the species of Daylithos may also be able to bore into living corals, there may be many more species than currently recognized. Thus, it seems unlikely that, Daylithos parmatus (Grube, 1877) n. comb., occurs throughout the Indian and Western Pacific oceans, associated with several different coral genera. Although as intertidal rocks (and sediments) were widely employed for ballasting ships (Blakemore 2007), this could have led to the widespread dispersal of the species, although this seems unlikely given that this early form of ballasting early shipping was during a time when there was little shipping in these coral reef areas. A more detailed study of flabelligerids boring into a variety of coral species is required to determine if a single or multiple species are involved. Some features might be relevant for finding out any specific differences in future studies. The coral species must be noticed because some selectivity has been found in Caribbean serpulid larvae (Marsden & Meeuwig 1990), and a similar mechanism may operate with boring flabelligerids. This intriguing ecological process deserves further studies because corals are capable of eating planktonic larvae and this would avoid their settlement on living corals. Other potentially useful features may be the color, type and relative size of sediment particles present in the dorsal shield, as found in some oweniids (Koh & Bhaud 2003). Additionally, the pattern of number of neurohooks per chaetiger of each body region may be useful, but it has not been evaluated in this study, as there was insufficient material.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFC7FFEFFF33AD9940C7FD57.taxon	description	Figures 17, 18	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFC7FFEFFF33AD9940C7FD57.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Tropical Western Pacific, Philippine Islands. Lectotype (MNHW- 391) and paralectotype (MNHW- 391 a), Bohol (09 º 50 ' N, 124 º 10 ' E), 37 – 64 m, July 1863 (Grube 1878: v indicates more specimens; not available, probably lost). Additional material: Tropical Western Pacific. Philippine Islands. One specimen (LACM-AHF- 4868), Bohol Island (09 º 50 ' N, 124 º 10 ' E), 0.5 – 2.0 m, Sep. 2003, J. Hinterkircher, coll. (27 mm long, 2 mm wide, cephalic cage made by chaetigers 1 – 2, chaetae 8.5 mm long, 96 chaetigers; papillae per anterior row in chaetiger 10: club-shaped, 17; dorsal shield over chaetigers 1 – 4 (no ventral shield); chaetiger 7 with aristate multiarticulate capillaries (no pseudocompound hook); first simple hooks from chaetiger 8; hooks in chaetiger 10, 25, 50, 70: 2, 3, 2, 5 )). One specimen (SMF- 5138), Emerald, Mindanao Island (08 º 00 ' N, 125 º 00 ' E), Philippines, Stat. 56 (no further data), V. Storch, coll. (23.5 mm long, 3.5 mm wide, cephalic cage made by chaetigers 1 – 2, chaetae 9 mm long, 96 chaetigers; papillae per anterior row in chaetiger 10: 14 club-shaped; dorsal shield (previously removed) over chaetigers 1 – 4 (no ventral shield); chaetiger 7 without chaetae (previously broken), probably aristate multiarticulate capillaries (no pseudocompound hook on chaetiger 5); first falcate hooks from chaetiger 8 (missing, thick basis); hooks in chaetiger 10, 25, 50, 70: 2, 3, 2, 5). Hainan, China. One specimen (SMF- 15388), anterior fragment, German Expedition to Hainan Island, Shalao, 6 m, 4 Apr. 1992, D. Fiege & R. Sun, coll. (2.8 mm wide, cephalic cage 9 mm long, chaetiger 1 with 8 notochaetae; first falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 8). Seven specimens (SMF- 15389), three complete, German Expedition to Hainan Island, Lingchang, 10 Apr. 1992, D. Fiege & R. Sun, coll. (complete specimens 20 – 35 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 8.0 – 8.5 mm long, 70 – 87 chaetigers; chaetiger 1 with 7 – 8 notochaetae per bundle; first falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 7 (smallest) – 8; anterior fragments 2.5 – 4.0 mm wide, cephalic cage 8 – 10 mm long, chaetiger 1 with 8 – 9 notochaetae; first falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 8 – 9 (largest )). Six specimens (SMF- 15390), two complete, four anterior and one median fragments, German Expedition to Hainan Island, Lingchang, 11 Apr. 1992, D. Fiege & R. Sun, coll. (complete specimens 16 – 25 mm long, 2 mm wide, cephalic cage 6 – 9 mm long, 68 – 74 chaetigers; chaetiger 1 with 6 – 7 notochaetae per bundle; first falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 7; anterior fragments 2.0 – 3.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 7.5 – 10.0 mm long, chaetiger 1 with 6 – 7 notochaetae; first falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 7 – 9 (largest )). Two specimens (SMF- 15391), mature male complete and anterior end of mature female, German Expedition to Hainan Island, Meixia, 9 Apr. 1992, D. Fiege & R. Sun, coll. (male 26 mm long, 4 mm wide, cephalic cage 9 mm long, 91 chaetigers; chaetiger 1 with 9 notochaetae per bundle; first falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 8; female anterior fragment 2 mm wide, cephalic cage 11 mm long, chaetiger 1 with broken notochaetae; first falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 8; oocytes about 125 µm in diameter). One specimen (SMF- 15392), mature female, without posterior end, German Expedition to Hainan Island, Lingchang, 10 Apr. 1992, D. Fiege & R. Sun, coll. (14 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 5 mm long, 38 chaetigers; first neurohooks in chaetiger 7; larger oocytes about 125 µm). Four specimens (SMF- 15393), three complete and one anterior fragment, German Expedition to Hainan Island, Lingchang, 7 Apr. 1992, D. Fiege & R. Sun, coll. (complete 22 – 43 mm long, 2.5 – 4.0 mm wide, cephalic cage 6.5 – 10.0 mm long, 70 – 88 chaetigers; chaetiger 1 with 7 – 9 notochaetae per bundle; first falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 7 – 9). Two specimens (SMF- 15395), one complete, Senckenberg Museum Hainan Expedition, Xincun, Tauchang, Stat. 92 P, 26 Mar. 1992, D. Fiege & R. Sun, coll. (complete 23 mm long, 2 mm wide, cephalic cage 8 mm long, 91 chaetigers; chaetiger 1 with 7 notochaetae per bundle; first falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 8). Four specimens (SMF- 15400), two complete, Senckenberg Museum Hainan Expedition, Xincun, Stat. 92 P, 2 m, 27 Mar. 1992, D. Fiege & R. Sun, coll. (complete ones 16 – 23.5 mm long, 2 – 3.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 5.0 – 8.5 mm long, 60 – 75 chaetigers; chaetiger 1 with 7 notochaetae per bundle; first falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 6 – 8). Vietnam. One specimen (MNHN- 427), Van-Ro (22 º 03 ' N, 106 º 32 ' E), Annam (no further data), very swollen anteriorly. One specimen (MNHN- 507) Nha trang, C. Dawydoff, coll. (no further data; partly dried-out. No ventral shield. No pseudocompound hooks. Flat posterior region). Gulf of Thailand. Four specimens (CAS- 168304), including an anterior end, off Ko-Sichang (13 º 10 ' N, 100 º 49 ' E), 4 May 1968, F. B. Steiner, coll. (better specimens 29 / 44 mm long, 2.5 / 3 mm wide, cephalic cage made by chaetigers 1 – 2, chaetae 8 / 9 mm long, 85 / 87 chaetigers; papillae per anterior row in chaetiger 10: 12, rounded, small; dorsal shield over chaetigers 1 – 5; chaetiger 7 with aristate multiarticulate capillaries; first hooks from chaetiger 8; hooks in chaetiger 10, 30, 50, 60: 2 / 2, 2 / 2, 3 / 2, 4 / 3; one mature female with ova about 100 µm). Coral portion with tubes (CAS- 168305), off Ko-Sichang, 4 May 1968, F. B. Steiner, coll. Two specimens (MNHN- 427), one complete, Rearee, Cambodia, shore, C. Dawydoff, coll. (no further data); one with anterior end exposed (used for anterior end descr.); no ventral shield nor pseudocompound hooks, falcate hooks from chaetiger 8, posterior region depressed (complete 25 mm long, 3.8 mm long, cephalic cage 7.5 mm long, 85 chaetigers). Malaysia. One specimen (MCZ- 55666), off Singapore (01.3 º N, 103.8 º E), 1909 – 1910, Bryant & Palmer, coll. (body partly dehydrated, with most chaetae smothered, and without dorsal shield and because of the smooth surface, it may also have had a ventral shield; 18 mm long, 2.7 mm wide, cephalic cage made by chaetigers 1 – 2, chaetae 10 mm long, ca. 65 chaetigers; papillae per anterior row in chaetiger 10, globose, medium sized, most eroded; dorsal shield over chaetigers 1 – 5 (?); chaetiger 7 with broken chaetae, thinner than hooks but tips missing; first hooks from chaetiger 8; hooks in chaetiger 10, 30, 50: 4, 3, 2). Australia, Northern Territory. One specimen (NTM- 17875), Stat. NTDIOB (12 ° 28.35 ' S, 130 ° 50.57 ' E), Iron Ore Wharf, Darwin Harbor ,, Aug. 1998 – Mar. 1999, no depth data, CSIRO CRIMP Survey Team, coll. (27 mm long, 3 mm wide, cephalic cage 10.5 mm long, 93 chaetigers; first hooks from chaetiger 8; posterior end cylindrical; hooks in chaetigers 10, 30, 50, 60: 1, 2, 2, 3). One specimen (NTM- 17884), Stat. NTDNBO (12 ° 27.75 ' S, 130 ° 49.40 ' E), Naval Base, Darwin Harbor ,, 18 Aug. 1998, no depth data, CSIRO CRIMP Survey Team, coll. (32.5 mm long, 2 mm wide, cephalic cage 9 mm long, 82 chaetigers; first hooks from chaetiger 9; posterior end flat; hooks in chaetigers 10, 30, 50, 60: 2, 3, 3, 4).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFC7FFEFFF33AD9940C7FD57.taxon	description	Description. Lectotype (MNHW- 391), mature female, pale, damaged, most cephalic cage chaetae lost, some parapodia removed, broken in two pieces (Fig. 17 A). Body cylindrical, tapering posteriorly, distal region flat; 18.5 mm long, 2 mm wide, cephalic cage 6 mm long, 90 chaetigers. Tunic thin, without sediment particles; body papillae short, rounded, in two irregular rows per segment, dorsal papillae mostly eroded, ventrally less damaged, difficult to be counted. Anterior end modifications observed by dissection of non-type material (SMF- 15389); cephalic hood short, margin smooth. Prostomium low cone with black eyes, anterior ones larger; caruncle well developed, two longitudinal ciliary bands running from the anterior end of prostomium, continued to branchial plate margin. Palps thick; palp keels reduced. Dorsal lip well-developed; lateral lips wide, well-developed; ventral lip reduced to a small lappet (Fig. 18 B). Branchiae cirriform, about as long as palps, in two different widths, separated in two lateral groups, each with filaments arranged in 4 – 5 concentric rows, inner three rows with thicker filaments, marginal and distal rows with thinner filaments, about 35 – 45 filaments per group (Fig. 18 B). Nephridial lobes in branchial plate not seen. Cephalic cage chaetae about 1 / 3 as long as body length, or three times longer than body width (Fig. 17 C). Chaetigers 1 – 3 involved in the cephalic cage, chaetae of chaetiger 3 smaller, but about twice as long as following ones. Cephalic cage chaetae arranged in short ventrolateral rows; about 4 chaetae left per fascicle, others broken (SMF- 5138) with 6 noto- and neurochaetae in chaetiger 1, chaetiger 2 with 4 noto- and 6 neurochaetae. Anterior dorsal margin of first chaetiger with a median lobe projected anteriorly, distally eroded. Anterior chaetigers without especially long papillae. Chaetigers 1 – 3 of about the same length. Sand cemented anterior shield dorsal, reaching chaetiger 4, posterior margin abruptly cut (Fig. 17 B – D). Chaetal transition from cephalic cage to body chaetae abrupt; falcate neurohooks start in chaetiger 8; no pseudocompound hooks. Gonopodial lobes not seen (larger specimens with shallow, transverse pits in chaetiger 5, slightly ahead of neurochaetae). Parapodia poorly developed, chaetae emerge from body wall. Parapodia lateral; median neuropodia ventrolateral. Notopodia detectable by chaetal fascicles; neuropodia short rounded lobes; both in posterior region with longer papillae. Noto- and neuropodia distant to each other. Median notochaetae broken in lectotype specimens (SMF specimens very thin multiarticulate capillaries, as long as 1 / 8 body width, 2 – 3 per fascicle, articles short basally, longer medial- and distally). Neurochaetae multiarticulate capillaries in chaetigers 1 – 7, in chaetigers 4 – 7 abruptly tapering, aristate. Falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 8, their abundance per chaetiger: 10: 2, 30: 2, 50: 3 (Figs 17 E, 18 F), 70: 4 (Figs 17 G, 18 G); anterior and median region with hooks in transverse rows; posterior region with neurohooks arranged in ∪ – patterns. Anterior hooks slightly bent, subdistally expanded, far posterior hooks straight, acute, with a lateral keel (Fig. 18 G). Posterior end depressed, subdistally swollen (Figs 17 A, 18 A), tapering to a blunt tip; terminal anus, without anal cirri. Paralectotype MNHW- 391 a: Complete (481 on small label), partly dehydrated, damaged (Fig. 17 C); most notochaetae lost. Body dark, cylindrical, tapering posteriorly, posterior region flat; 33 mm long (half body swollen, posterior half thin, flat), 2.5 mm wide (average), cephalic cage 7 mm long, 81 chaetigers. Tunic thin, without sediment. Falcate simple hooks from chaetiger 8; falcate hooks per chaetiger 10: 2 (Fig. 17 E), 30: 2, 50: 2, 70: 5 (Fig. 17 G). Neurohooks arranged in most chaetigers in transverse rows; posterior region with hooks in transverse rows in larger syntype (other specimens with them arranged in a ∪ - pattern).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFC7FFEFFF33AD9940C7FD57.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Daylithos parmatus (Grube, 1877) n. comb. was briefly described. The free translation would be: Neck plate over the first 4 chaetigers, neurochaetae of anterior 8 chaetigers only capillaries. All bristles of the 2 first segments strongly, splendidly shining and iridescent, as long as the length of chaetigers 10 – 26 (30). Papillae very isolated and flat (Grube 1877: 71). The following year, Grube published a more complete description and provided some illustrations (Grube 1878). His material coming from three different depths: 37 – 64 m (Pandanon), or 18 m (Laping and Bohol), and probably contain more than one species. The type material contains more than one species; herein, a lectotype and a paralectotype are being designated to restrict the species definition. Almost all flabelligerids with dorsal shields were identified with this species name based upon specimens from the Western tropical Pacific. It was employed instead of introducing other names to polychaete species lists for several different regions in the world. Indeed, S. parmatus was described from the Philippine Islands, and S. iris Michaelsen, 1892, was described from Sri Lanka. These two species were regarded as synonyms by Willey (1905: 289 – 290), and followed by Fauvel (1919: 434 – 435, 1932: 179 – 180, 1953: 346 – 347), who revised materials from nearby the type locality. This was even followed by authors working on materials from farther localities like New Zealand (Ehlers, 1907: 21 – 22, Augener 1926: 180 – 181, 1927: 354), India (Soota et al. 1981), or even from the Atlantic Ocean (Augener 1933: 199). This extended distribution does not correspond to the same species as will be shown below, and could be explained by an incomplete knowledge of morphological features for these two species. They bore into calcareous substrates such as corals (Fig. 18 H, inserts), and have been found also among serpulid tubes. In fact, the early record by Stimpson (1856: 391) of his Siphonostomum laeve as boring in corals was apparently overlooked (see above). However, following the features herein newly illustrated, D. parmatus and D. iris (Michaelsen, 1892) n. comb. are different species. In D. parmatus median and posterior chaetigers have neurohooks flanged, tapered, whereas in D. iris they are subdistally expanded, not tapered nor flanged. Further, these two species have been shown to differ after the original and later records. Grube (1878, Pl. 11, Fig. 1 a) showed that specimens belonging to S. parmatus have a dorsal shield with a longitudinal furrow; further, Palpal-latoc (1981: 37) indicated that it has neurohooks from chaetigers 6 or 7. In contrast, the dorsal shield in S. iris is entire, as illustrated by Fauvel (1953: 346, Fig. 179 b), and there were two transversal series of papillae per segment (Fauvel 1932: 180). From examination of material from the Indian Ocean, it seems that neurohooks start in a more posterior region. The variation in chaetal numbers in the cephalic cage may be size dependent; however, the start and number of neurohooks is almost constant (see above under S. inflata). Grube’s largest specimen was 29 mm long, and Palpal-latoc found them to reach 40 mm in length. Thus, the difference in the dorsal shield being as entire (D. iris) or longitudinally cleft (D. parmatus), could be used to separate these species. These two species also differ in the relative width of branchiae because in D. iris larger branchiae are twice as wide as thinner ones, whereas in D. parmatus the larger branchiae are four times as wide as the thinner ones.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFC7FFEFFF33AD9940C7FD57.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The above materials are all from the Tropical Western Pacific Ocean. The records for other localities like the ones by Rodríguez-Gómez (1988: 417), Willey (1905: 289 – 290, Pl. 8, Fig. 5), Fauvel (1932: 179 – 180), Okuda (1937 b: 299, Fig. 43), Fauvel (1953: 346 – 347, Fig. 179 b), Imajima & Hartman (1964: 303), and Hartmann-Schröder (1979: 138) might belong to other species. Wehe & Fiege (2002: 50) indicated that the type locality was fixed by Hartman (1959), but it was included in the original listing by Grube himself (Grube 1877: 67).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFC3FFF1FF33AE11403DFD31.taxon	description	Figure 19	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFC3FFF1FF33AE11403DFD31.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Southwestern Atlantic Ocean, Argentina. Holotype (MACN- 38946) and paratypes (7 in MACN 38947, 4 in ECOSUR 144), Santa Clara del Mar (37 º 50 ' 30 " S, 57 º 29 ' 58 " W), Buenos Aires, intertidal, boring limestone, Feb. 1974, J. M. Orensanz, coll. (paratypes ECOSUR, three complete, two mature females, 38 – 43 mm long, 3.0 – 3.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 6 mm long, 88 – 118 (32 – 36 + 55 – 82) chaetigers; oocytes 125 µm in diameter; paratypes MACN, seven complete, three mature females, 37 – 50 mm long, 2.8 – 4.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 5 – 8 mm long, 86 – 102 chaetigers (32 – 36 + 52 – 69); oocytes 125 µm in diameter). Additional material: Southwestern Atlantic Ocean, Uruguay. An anterior fragment (MUNHINA- 1267), RV Hero, cruise 3 A, Stat. 22 (34 ° 12 ' S, 53 ° 40 ' W), between Valizas and Punta Palmar, shells, 12 m, 23 Jul. 1972 (5 mm long, 1.8 mm wide, cephalic cage 4 mm long, 26 chaetigers; first falcate neurohooks in chaetiger 6).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFC3FFF1FF33AE11403DFD31.taxon	description	Description. Holotype (MACN- 38946) mature male, pale, subcylindrical, becoming progressively wider in the region preceding the posterior region or cauda (Fig. 19 A); 57 mm long, 3.5 mm wide, cephalic cage damaged, 6 mm long, 99 (36 + 63) chaetigers. Tunic thin, free from sediment cover, mostly detached from body wall, integument smooth; body papillae short, globose, arranged in single rows per segment (Fig. 19 B), smaller, fewer papillae spread over each segment. Cephalic hood not exposed; anterior end observed in one paratype. Prostomium projected lobe, four black eyes, not coalescent. Caruncle well-developed, lateral ridges elevated, median lobe depressed, almost reaching the branchial plate posterior margin (Fig. 19 D). Palps long, pale; palp keels rounded, projected outwards. Lips projected, observed in another paratype with siphon exposed; dorsal lip rounded, lateral lips larger, expanded, ventral lip reduced. Branchiae cirriform, arranged in two lateral groups, each with about 70 filaments in concentric lines, larger filaments dorsal or marginal, inner or ventral filaments smaller; largest about as long as palps. Nephridial lobes in the inner margin of the fourth or fifth row of branchial filaments; each delicate, thin, whitish, with delicate basal bulbs. Cephalic cage chaetae about 1 / 10 as long as body length, or twice as long as body width. Chaetigers 1 – 2 involved in the cephalic cage; chaetiger 3 with chaetae longer than those present in following chaetigers, but not contributing to the cage. Cephalic cage chaetae arranged in short ventrolateral lines; chaetiger 1 with 12 noto- and 14 neurochaetae, chaetiger 2 with 14 noto- and 17 neurochaetae per bundle. Anterior dorsal margin of first chaetiger papillated; anteriorly projected plate not visible. Anterior chaetigers with longer papillae, close to chaetal lobes. Chaetigers 1 – 3 progressively longer; chaetiger 3 the longest, especially on its dorsal side. Sand cemented anterior shield dorsal, extended over chaetigers 1 – 4 (Fig. 19 C) with a small median projection reaching chaetiger 5. Chaetal transition from cephalic cage to body chaetae gradual; chaetigers 5 - 6 with straight anchylosed neurohooks; falcate transparent neurohooks from chaetiger 7. Gonopodial slits in chaetiger 5, pale. Parapodia poorly-developed, chaetae emerge from the body wall. Parapodia lateral, median neuropodia ventrolateral. Noto- and neuropodia as low lobes, without associated papillae; 1 – 2 larger interramal papillae, becoming more prominent in posterior chaetigers (Fig. 19 F). Noto- and neuropodia well separated. Median notochaetae arranged in short, transverse rows; all notochaetae multiarticulate capillaries, about 1 / 5 as long as body width, 5 – 6 per bundle; basal articles medium-sized, some irregularly short articles medially. Neurochaetae multiarticulate capillaries in chaetigers 1 – 4; chaetigers 5 – 6 with transitional, anchylosed, shorter neurochaetae (Fig. 19 E). Slightly curved, transparent neurohooks in chaetigers 7 – 9, replaced by larger neurohooks from chaetiger 10; arranged in transverse rows, 3 – 4 in anterior chaetigers, 4 in median trunk chaetigers, 2 in precaudal chaetigers; caudal chaetigers with thin, small neurohooks, 2 – 3 per bundle. Trunk neurohooks golden, medially wider, distally expanded, acute, becoming eroded to blunt neurohooks (Fig. 19 G). Posterior end subdistally swollen, tapering to a blunt cone; pygidium with anus terminal, as a longitudinal slit, without anal cirri.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFC3FFF1FF33AE11403DFD31.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species is named after the late Argentinian scientist, Dr. Analía Amor, who made a very detailed study on several aspects of the morphology, biology and ecology of the species, including some details on boring, and tube calcification. Material described in this paper was collected from her study site.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFC3FFF1FF33AE11403DFD31.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Daylithos amorae n. sp., belongs to the group of species provided with few neurohooks (2 – 4) in far posterior chaetigers, which also includes D. dieteri n. sp. and D. nudus (Caullery, 1944) n. comb. However, D. dieteri can be distinguished from the other two as its dorsal shield has a posterior projection (as opposed to having a smooth margin or a small posterior projection). Thus, D. amorae is more closely related to D. nudus, but they differ in the relative number of anterior multiarticulate neurospines and in the number of transverse series of body papillae; D. amorae has 4 – 5 multiarticulate neurospines in chaetigers 5 – 6, and the body papillae are in single rows, whereas in D. nudus there are 2 multiarticulate neurospines in chaetigers 4 – 5, and the body papillae are arranged in two rows per segment. The nephridial lobes are very thin, arising about the fifth branchial row. They are not restricted to pores postioned about the middle of the branchial plate, as in Amor’s figure 3 a (Amor 1994: 343), but rather they were shown in her SEM photo as her figure 3 b. These nephridial lobes are under 100 µm in diameter and therefore are not involved in gamete release. The gametes are released through the gonopodial slits in chaetiger 5. The species was found to be very abundant (14 specimens per 100 cm 2) and to have indirect development from the southern summer (November to February), with larval stages found among the coralline algae (Amor 1994: 345).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFC3FFF1FF33AE11403DFD31.taxon	description	Variation: The first falcate transparent neurohooks started in chaetiger 7 in almost all specimens (just one from chaetiger 8, and in chaetiger 6 in the smallest specimen); however, it was in the following 2 – 3 chaetigers that the neurohooks were noticeably larger and thicker. In some specimens there was a fine dark line along the gonopodial slits; the variation of pigmentation mayt be due to the relative tunic erosion or removal. The relative number of neurohooks per chaetiger and their mean were as follows: 10: 3 – 4 (3.3), 20: 3 – 5 (3.9), 30: 2 – 3 (2.9), 40: 2 – 3 (2.9), and 50: 2 – 3 (2.4).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFC3FFF1FF33AE11403DFD31.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Santa Clara del Mar, Buenos Aires, Argentina, in intertidal and shallow subtidal rocky bottoms, covered by coralline algae.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFC3FFF1FF33AE11403DFD31.taxon	distribution	Distribution. From central Uruguay to Northern Argentina in intertidal or shallow subtidal hard bottoms.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFDDFFF3FF33AFF04613FD74.taxon	description	Figure 20	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFDDFFF3FF33AFF04613FD74.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Australia. Neotype (AM W 5370), collected in River Heads, Hervey Bay (25 ° 00 ' 00 " S, 153 ° 00 ' 00 " E), Queensland, low tide level, in mud between oyster covered boulders. 4 Jan. 1971, P. Hutchings, coll.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFDDFFF3FF33AFF04613FD74.taxon	description	Description. Neotype (AM W 5370), cylindrical, anteriorly swollen, posteriorly tapered; 27 mm long, 4 mm wide, cephalic cage 8 mm long, 77 chaetigers. Body surface mostly detached (probably because its tunic is delicate or because of an extended preservation in formalin), dark, almost black, without tunic or sediment cover (Fig. 20 A); body papillae digitate, in two irregular rows per segment. Cephalic hood not exposed. Not dissected to avoid further damage. Cephalic cage chaetae about 1 / 3 as long as body length, or twice as long as body width. Cephalic cage made by chaetigers 1 – 2, chaetal bundles with chaetae arranged in dorso- and ventrolateral rows. First chaetiger with 10 noto- and 14 neurochaetae; second chaetiger with 6 noto- and 8 neurochaetae. Anterior dorsal margin of first chaetiger papillated, heavily contracted ventrally. Anterior chaetigers without long papillae. Chaetigers 1 – 3 all similar in length but third notochaetae posteriorly displaced. Sand cemented anterior shield dorsal, posteriorly rounded, reaching chaetiger 4. Chaetal transition from cephalic cage to body chaetae abrupt; neurohooks start in chaetiger 6. Gonopodial lobes not visible. Parapodia well developed only in chaetigers 1 – 2; posteriorly not developed, chaetae emerge from body wall. Parapodia lateral; notopodia lateral, median neuropodia ventrolateral. Notopodia with slightly longer papillae. Neuropodia with smaller papillae. Noto- and neuropodia closer to each other than in other chaetigers. Median notochaetae arranged in a tuft; all notochaetae multiarticulate capillaries, about ¼ as long as body width. Neurochaetae multiarticulate capillaries in chaetigers 1 – 5; sigmoid simple neurohooks from chaetiger 6, arranged in a transverse line, first neurohooks straight (Fig. 20 B), becoming falcate in median chaetigers (Fig. 20 C), two per bundle, posterior chaetigers with more falcate neurohooks, up to five per neuropodium (Fig. 20 D), in oblique rows. Posterior end tapering to a blunt cone; pygidium with dorsal anus and 1 (– 2?) achaetous segments. No anal cirri.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFDDFFF3FF33AFF04613FD74.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Daylithos cinctus (Haswell, 1892) n. comb. has been regarded as resembling D. parmatus by Haswell (1892: 334) and Fauvel (1917: 255); however, it is a unique species in the genus because its body is blackish, and its neurohooks are subdistally swollen. These subdistally swollen neurohooks are only present in another species, D. iris, but in the latter the neurohooks are slightly falcate, against markedly falcate in D. cinctus. A neotype has been designated for clarifying the taxonomic status of this species (ICZN 1999, Art. 75.3.1). The proposed neotype has been described and illustrated (ICZN 1999, Art. 75.3.2, 75.3.3). Haswell (1892) studied two specimens and provided some details; some of which cannot be confirmed, whereas others differ from the neotype. Those that cannot be confirmed are the number of branchial filaments (10), and their size relationship to palps (much shorter). Those that differ are the relative chaetiger where the cauda starts; he stated it was from chaetiger> 10 or> 20, whereas in the neotype cauda starts after chaetiger 35, but this may depend on what was being indicated, either the first body-width reduction, or the start of the long cylindrical cauda. Haswell did not described the number of transverse rows of papillae but illustrated more than two (Plate 26, Fig. 4); there are 2 – 3 per segment and the presence of papillae alternate in successive rows. The number of ventral hooks varies along the body; Haswell stated though that there were three corresponding to mid-body chaetigers because the anterior ones have only two whereas the more posterior segments have up to five hooks per neuropodium. Regarding the possible transitional neurohooks, he stated that neurohooks (p. 334) “ have a short terminal segment, which is unjointed, curved, and pointed, articulating with the elongated, transversely striated basal portion … ” Since there is no illustration of this, one neurohook of chaetiger 7 was removed. It has a distal portion without articulation whereas the handle is multiarticulate, but they are not pseudocompound. The exposed portion is sometimes pseudocompound in other species in the genus, but it is not the case in this species. The specimen had been previously identified as Coppingeria longisetosa, but it is quite different; further, since it has not been recorded after the original description, a neotype would help settle the species definition. The type material of Haswell is lost (Day & Hutchings, 1979: 83, 133; ICZN 1999, Art. 75.3.4). Because the species has apparently not been found again, and there are two different groups of boring flabelligerids in the region, a redescription together with the designation of a neotype was regarded as adequate, especially because it conforms with what is known about the original material (ICZN 1999, Art. 75.3.5). The original type locality was Watson Bay, Port Jackson, Australia, whereas the neotype locality is Hervey Bay, Central Queensland, Australia. These two localities are far away and have different ecological conditions and this does not follow one of the requirements (ICZN 1999, Art. 75.3.6), but because the species must be redefined, the neotype has been proposed despite this discrepancy. The neotype has been deposited in the Australian Museum (ICZN 1999, Art. 75.3.7). Neotype locality. Hervey Bay, central Queensland, Australia.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFDDFFF3FF33AFF04613FD74.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Tropical and subtropical Eastern Australia.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFDFFFF5FF33AE4A442CFF6C.taxon	description	Figure 21	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFDFFFF5FF33AE4A442CFF6C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Southwestern Pacific Ocean. Holotype (SMF- 1692) and two smaller paratypes (SMF- 21812), Hauraki Gulf (Auckland, North Island), New Zealand, 1906, H. Suter, coll. (paratypes posteriorly incomplete, 36 – 41 mm long, 2.0 – 2.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 8.5 – 9.0 mm long, 69 – 76 chaetigers).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFDFFFF5FF33AE4A442CFF6C.taxon	description	Description. Holotype (SMF- 1692) complete, grayish, cylindrical, tapering posteriorly into a cylindrical cauda (Fig. 21 A); 70 mm long, 3 mm wide, cephalic cage 10 mm long, 95 chaetigers. Tunic thin, without sediment cover; body papillae minute, rounded, arranged in two rows per segment. Cephalic hood exposed in holotype (and in one paratype), short, margin finely papillated. Prostomium flat, without eyes, with two longitudinal ciliated bands, continued into the caruncle, projected posteriorly, not reaching the branchial plate posterior margin. Palps lost in holotype (pale in one paratype); palp keels reduced. Lateral and dorsal lips fused, projected; ventral lip reduced. Branchiae cirriform separated in two lateral groups; each group with filaments arranged in 5 rows, about 40 filaments per group (Fig. 21 C). Largest branchiae in inner rows, about half as long as palps, decreasing in size towards the margins. Nephridial lobes in branchial plate, thin long filaments, about the basal third of branchial plate. Cephalic cage chaetae 1 / 7 as long as body length, or over 3 times longer than body width. Chaetigers 1 – 2 involved in the cephalic cage; chaetae in chaetiger 3 longer than following ones, not contributing to cephalic cage; chaetae arranged in short ventrolateral rows, 12 noto- and 10 neurochaetae in chaetiger 1, 10 noto- and 18 neurochaetae in chaetiger 2. Anterior dorsal margin of first chaetiger smooth. Anterior chaetigers without especially long papillae. Chaetigers 1 – 3 progressively longer. Sand cemented anterior shield dorsal, extending to chaetiger 4, projected anteriorly and posteriorly as small triangles, with small brown sediment particles (Fig. 21 B). Chaetal transition from cephalic cage to body chaetae abrupt; falcate neurohooks start in chaetigers 7 or 8. Gonopodial lobes transverse slits in chaetiger 5 (visible only in one paratype). Parapodia poorly-developed, chaetae emerge from the body wall. Parapodia lateral; median neuropodia ventrolateral. Noto- and neuropodia distant from each other. Median notochaetae in short longitudinal rows; all notochaetae very thin, multiarticulate capillaries, as long as ¼ body width, 3 per fascicle. Neurochaetae multiarticulate capillaries in chaetigers 1 – 3; chaetigers 4 – 6 / 7 with aristate capillaries (Fig. 21 E). Falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 7 / 8, arranged in short transverse rows, 2 in anterior chaetigers, then 3 larger ones in median chaetigers (Fig. 21 F), decreasing to two per bundle in posterior chaetigers (Fig. 21 G), increasing to 3 – 4 thin curved, smaller neurohooks in caudal chaetigers, arranged in oblique rows. Larger hooks with long anchylosed articles, distally widened, tips eroded. Posterior end tapering into a blunt cone, regenerating in holotype (Fig. 21 D); pygidium with terminal anus, without anal cirri.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFDFFFF5FF33AE4A442CFF6C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species is named after Dr. Dieter Fiege, curator in the Senckenberg Museum in Frankfurt, in recognition of his fine publications on polychaete taxonomy and his unrestricted support to my research, and because he has devoted his activities to enlarge the collections in the museum and promoting their use.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFDFFFF5FF33AE4A442CFF6C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Daylithos dieteri n. sp. groups with D. amorae n. sp. and D. nudus (Caullery, 1944) n. comb. because they have 2 – 4 neurohooks in far posterior chaetigers. However, as indicated above, D. dieteri separates from the two others because its dorsal shield has a posterior projection (as opposed to having a smooth margin), and it has aristate neurospines in chaetigers 5 – 6 (as opposed to having multiarticulate neurospines). According to Augener (1926: 180), the species has been recorded from sandy bottoms, sandstone and serpulid tube masses, but his indications of having extracted them from serpulid tube masses contrasts abruptly with those records from sands. Augener also provided some details on the frequency with which the species seems to abnormally regenerate the posterior end, since it splits longitudinally. This could be a form of schizogamy, which has been recorded in other tube-dwellers such as spionids and capitellids (Schroeder & Hermans 1975: 22).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFDFFFF5FF33AE4A442CFF6C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The type material comes from the Hauraki Gulf New Zealand, but Ehlers (1907) found it in Auckland Harbor, and Augener (1926) recorded it from New Zealand localitites such as Colville Channel, Kaipara, and New Plymouth.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFD9FFF7FF33AC42447FFCAC.taxon	description	Figure 22	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFD9FFF7FF33AC42447FFCAC.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea. Neotype (USNM- 1191188), vicinity of Karachi (24 º 51 ' N, 67 º 02 ' E), Pakistan, Mohammed Abdullah el-Husseini, coll. (no further data). Additional material: Northern Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal. One specimen (USNM- 1191189), Rangoon (Yangon, 16 º 48 ' N, 96 º 09 ' E), Burma, G. E. Gates, coll. (mature female, contracted, 28 mm long, 4 mm wide, cephalic cage 7 mm long; ova 120 µm, 75 chaetigers; dorsal shield without posterior projection). Western Indian Ocean, Yemen. Five specimens (SMF- 15402), four complete, an anterior fragment, southern coast of Socotra Island, no further data, A. Moghrabi, coll. (complete 12 – 32 mm long, 1 – 3 mm wide, cephalic cage 3.5 – 8.0 mm long, 68 – 74 chaetigers; falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 7 – 9; fragment 2.0 mm wide, cephalic cage 7.5 mm long, falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 8). One specimen (SMF- 15407), mature female, Cruise Code N- 48, Stat. NH 8, site 31 (12 ° 39.037 ’ N, 54 ° 31.576 ’ E) ,, 5 Feb. 1999 (23 mm long, 2 mm wide, cephalic cage 4 mm long, 77 chaetigers; falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 8). Tanzania. One specimen (USNM- 1132083), Anton Bruun cruise 9, Stat. KA- 12 (06 ° 54 ' S, 39 ° 56 ' E), limestone and coral, 1 – 5 m, shore, Latham Island (SE Dar Es Salam), S. A. Earle, coll. (20 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 6 mm long, 74 chaetigers; first falcate neurohooks in chaetiger 7; hooks per chaetiger: 10, 30, 50, 60: 2, 3, 1, 7). Madagascar. One mature female (MNHN-A 183), damaged, with ovaries mostly exposed, Sarodranco, Tulear (Toliara, 23 º 21 ' S, 43 º 40 ' E), Mission F. Geay, no further data (36 mm long, 3.5 mm wide, cephalic cage broken, 5 mm long, 101 chaetigers; anterior neurochaetae mostly broken; oocytes about 120 µm). Mozambique Channel. One specimen (LACM-AHF- 4869), complete, International Indian Ocean Expedition, RV Anton Bruun, Mozambique channel, about 100 km NE off Durban, Stat. AB 357 B (29 º 11 ' S, 32 º 02 ' E), 69.5 m, rock dredge on rocky bottom, 30 Jul. 1964 (21 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 8 mm long, 62 chaetigers; first falcate neurohooks in chaetiger 8). One specimen (LACM-AHF- 4870), complete, International Indian Ocean Expedition, RV Anton Bruun, Moçambique, Inhaca Island (26 º 01 ' S, 32 º 57 ' E), Stat. pre AB 372 P, shore by diving for corals, 22 Aug. 1964 (29.5 mm long, 3 mm wide, cephalic cage 8 mm long, 80 chaetigers; dissected for anterior end).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFD9FFF7FF33AC42447FFCAC.taxon	description	Description. Neotype (USNM- 1191188) complete, partially dehydrated, grayish. Body cylindrical, tapering posteriorly into a flat cauda (Fig. 22 A); 65 mm long, 5 mm wide, cephalic cage 8 mm long, 80 chaetigers. Tunic thin, without sediment particles; body papillae minute, rounded, arranged in two rows per segment, anterior row with more papillae. Cephalic hood not exposed in neotype (anterior end details observed by dissection of LACM-AHF- 4870), cephalic hood short, margin finely papillated. Prostomium flat, without eyes; caruncle whitish, median ridge maculated, projected posteriorly, not reaching the branchial plate margin. Palps pale, palp keels reduced (distorted by contraction). Lateral and dorsal lips fused, projected; ventral lip reduced (Fig. 22 C). Branchiae cirriform, separated in two lateral groups; each group with filaments arranged in 6 rows, about 45 filaments per group. Largest branchiae in inner rows, twice as wide as thinner filaments, about as long as palps, decreasing in size towards the margins. Nephridial lobes in branchial plate not seen. Cephalic cage chaetae as long as 1 / 8 body length, or less than twice body width. Chaetigers 1 – 2 involved in the cephalic cage; chaetae in chaetiger 3 longer than following ones, not contributing to the cephalic cage; chaetae arranged in short ventrolateral rows, 14 noto- and 12 neurochaetae in chaetiger 1, 9 noto- and 10 neurochaetae in chaetiger 2. Anterior dorsal margin of chaetiger 1 with small papillae. Anterior chaetigers without especially long papillae. Chaetigers 1 – 3 progressively longer. Sand cemented anterior shield dorsal, extending to chaetiger 5, rounded anteriorly, posteriorly projected as a low step (Fig. 22 B). Chaetal transition from cephalic cage to body chaetae abrupt; falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 10. Gonopodial lobes not visible because of body-wall folds due to dehydration. Parapodia poorly-developed, chaetae emerge from the body wall. Parapodia lateral; median neuropodia ventrolateral. Noto- and neuropodia well separated. Median notochaetae in short longitudinal rows; all notochaetae very thin, multiarticulate capillaries, as long as ¼ – 1 / 5 body width, 3 per fascicle, articles short basal- and distally, longer medially. Neurochaetae multiarticulate, thin golden capillaries in chaetigers 1 – 5; chaetigers 7 – 9 with thicker, darker aristate capillaries (Fig. 22 E). Falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 10, arranged in short transverse rows, 2 in anterior chaetigers (Fig. 22 F), then 3 larger ones in median chaetigers, far posterior chaetigers with 5 (Fig. 22 G) to 8 (Fig. 22 H), curved, smaller neurohooks, arranged in almost longitudinal rows. Larger hooks with long articles, distally widened, tips eroded. Posterior end depressed, slightly widened subdistally (Fig. 22 D), tapering to blunt cone; pygidium with terminal anus, without anal cirri.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFD9FFF7FF33AC42447FFCAC.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The taxonomic status of Daylithos iris (Michaelsen, 1892) n. comb. originally described from Sri Lanka needs clarification because it has been regarded as very similar to D. parmatus described from the Philippine islands. The proposal of a neotype together with the above description and illustrations will clarify the current situation (ICZN 1999, Art. 75.3.1 – 75.3.3). Johan Wilhelm Michaelsen was the chief curator of the Hamburg Zoological Museum (Anon. 1937). His research interests concentrated on oligochaetes but he made some contributions on ascididans and polychaetes and he deposited his material in this museum; unfortunately during WWII bombing over Hamburg, many type specimens were lost and this included the type of D. iris, as confirmed by the current museum staff (ICZN 1999, Art. 75.3.4). This species was described with many neurohooks in posterior chaetigers and thus it belongs in Daylithos and the only original illustration shows a neurohook subdistally expanded, which is also present in the neotype (ICZN 1999, Art. 75.3.5). The neotype is not coming from the same locality (ICZN 1999, Art. 75.3.6), but no additional specimens were available from Sri Lanka or Southern India. On the other hand, D. iris resembles D. parmatus because both species have 5 – 7 neurohooks in far posterior chaetigers. These two species differ as indicated above mainly because of their neurohooks in median chaetigers; in D. iris they are subdistally expanded without any flange, whereas in D. parmatus they are flanged and tapered. Further, previous records and illustrations have indicated that these two species differ because in D. iris the dorsal shield is entire, whereas it is longitudinally cleft in D. parmatus. An additional difference lies in the relative thickness of branchial filaments, because in D. iris the larger branchiae are twice as wide as thinner ones, whereas in D. parmatus they are four times as wide as the thinner ones. Another species which is somewhat related to S. iris is S. cinctus because both have subdistally swollen neurohooks; however, in D. iris neurohooks are slightly falcate, whereas they are markedly falcate in D. cinctus. After the original description, Willey (1905, Fig. 5) made a whole-body illustration, but the most detailed account was by Menon et al. (1966). However, they apparently confused the start of neurohooks and reverted the back and venter of the animal when the relative size of papillae was characterized. Neotype locality. Karachi, Pakistan.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFD9FFF7FF33AC42447FFCAC.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The original type locality was Sri Lanka. It ranges from Pakistan to the Southern tip of India and Madagascar.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFDBFFF9FF33AE8247CEFC1B.taxon	description	Figure 23	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFDBFFF9FF33AE8247CEFC1B.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Western Pacific Ocean. Lectotype (ZMA- 1526) and paralectotypes (ZMA- 1526 a), off Makian, Maluku, RV Siboga, Stat. 139 (00 ° 11 ' S, 127 ° 25 ' E), 397 m. One paralectotype (ZMA- 1527), off Madura, Java Sea, RV Siboga, Stat. 12 (07 ° 15 ' S, 115 ° 15 ' E), 289 m (Caullery 1944: 32 indicated many specimens; there is a single anterior fragment). Additional material: Western Pacific Ocean. Indonesia. One specimen (MNHN 889 d), Karubar cruise, Stat. 31 (05 ° 40 ' N, 132 ° 51 ' E), 288 – 289 m, 26 Oct. 1991 (damaged, without posterior end, 17.5 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 11 mm long, 41 chaetigers). China. One specimen (SMF- 15387), Chinese-German Expedition to Hainan Island, Sanya Bay, Stat. B 92 - B 11 - 12, ottertrawl, 44 m, 23 Mar. 1992, R. Sun, coll. (8 mm long, 1.3 mm wide, cephalic cage 4 mm long, 46 chaetigers; first neurohooks in chaetiger 7). Three specimens (SMF- 15352), fixed inside their tubes, chaetigers difficult to count, Chinese-German Expedition to Hainan Island, Stat. B 92 - 26 B / Stat. 7, dredge, 11 – 14 m, 7 Apr. 1992, D. Fiege & R. Sun, coll. (11 – 13 mm long, 1.0 – 1.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 3 – 4 mm long).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFDBFFF9FF33AE8247CEFC1B.taxon	description	Description. Lectotype (ZMA- 1526) complete, stiff, pale greenish, slightly damaged (Fig. 23 A). Body cylindrical, tapering posteriorly into a cauda; 22 mm long, 2.8 mm wide, cephalic cage 8 mm long (damaged), 56 chaetigers. Tunic thin, free from sediment; body papillae short, rounded, arranged in two transverse bands with more papillae in the anterior band, posterior band with larger papillae; ventrally papillae sparse, arranged in longitudinal rows. Cephalic hood and anterior end slightly exposed in one paralectotype (dissection avoided); short, margin finely papillated. Palps large, slightly darker than branchiae; palp keels and lips not seen. Branchiae cirriform (probably sessile on branchial plate, arranged in rows); 12 filaments of different length exposed; largest ones as long as palps. Nephridial lobes in branchial plate not seen. Cephalic cage chaetae as long as 1 / 3 body length, or about three times longer than body width. Chaetigers 1 – 2 involved in the cephalic cage; chaetae arranged in short dorsoventral lines; chaetiger 1 with 10 chaetae per bundle, chaetiger 2 with 8 – 9 chaetae per bundle. Anterior dorsal margin of first chaetiger covered by an anterior extension of the dorsal shield. Anterior chaetigers without especially long papillae. Chaetigers 1 – 3 of about the same length. Sand cemented anterior shield dorsal, extending over chaetigers 1 – 4, with large sediment particles including forams, posterior margin rounded (Fig. 23 B). Chaetal transition from cephalic cage to body chaetae abrupt; chaetiger 6 with falcate neurohooks. Gonopodial lobes in chaetiger 5 low, slightly pigmented areas close to neuropodia (Fig. 23 C). Parapodia poorly developed, chaetae emerge from the body wall. Parapodia lateral; median neuropodia ventrolateral. Noto- and neuropodia as low lobes, without especially long papillae. Noto- and neuropodia well separated. Median notochaetae arranged in short longitudinal rows; all notochaetae multiarticulate capillaries, about as long as 1 / 3 – 1 / 4 body width, 2 – 3 per bundle, articles short basally, medial- and distally longer (Fig. 23 E). Neurochaetae in chaetigers 1 – 5 broken distally (two multiarticulate neurospines in chaetigers 4 – 5 in paralectotypes, Fig. 23 F), falcate hooks from chaetiger 6, arranged in transverse rows, 2 per bundle anteriorly, up to 3 in median chaetigers (Fig. 23 G), 1 – 2 in posterior chaetigers (Fig. 23 H). Posterior end subdistally swollen (Fig. 23 D); pygidium with terminal anus (or ventral in a paralectotype), without anal cirri. Variation: Medium-sized paralectotype (ZMA- 1527) is an anterior fragment, partly dehydrated; 6 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 8 mm long, 17 chaetigers; dorsal shield reaches chaetiger 4, posterior margin rounded. Larger paralectotypes (ZMA- 1526 a) are one complete and an anterior fragment; they are 18 – 22 mm long, 2.8 – 3.0 mm wide, cephalic cage 10 – 11 mm long, 55 chaetigers (28 in the anterior fragment); dorsal shield reaches chaetiger 4 – 5, posterior margin rounded.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFDBFFF9FF33AE8247CEFC1B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Daylithos nudus (Caullery, 1944) n. comb. groups with D. amorae n. sp. and D. dieteri n. sp. as they all have few neurohooks in far posterior chaetigers. As stated above, D. dieteri can be distinguished from the other two species by the posterior projection on its dorsal shield (against having a smooth margin). Thus, D. nudus more closely resembles D. amorae; however, they differ in the relative number of anterior multiarticulate neurospines and in the number of transverse series of body papillae. In D. nudus there are 2 multiarticulate neurospines in chaetigers 4 – 5, and the body papillae are arranged in in two rows per segment, whereas in D. amorae there are 4 – 5 multiarticulate neurospines in chaetigers 5 – 6, and the body papillae are in single rows. Caullery (1944) did not select any holotype; thus, the best specimen is being designated as the lectotype. Five syntypes (ZMA- 1515, off Jolo, Sulu Archipelago, RV Siboga, Stat. 105 (06 ° 08 ' N, 121 ° 19 ' E), 275 m) do not belong in this species because they have small sediment particles in the dorsal shield, and pseudocompound hooks in chaetigers 3 – 5. Consequently they belong in Semiodera but better specimens are needed to fully describe the species. Their features for the four complete specimens (the fifth was previously cut in sections) are: 7 – 11 mm long (mean 9.1), 0.7 – 1.5 mm wide (mean 1.1), cephalic cage 3.5 – 6.0 mm long (mean 4.4), 28 – 36 chaetigers (mean 32). The dorsal shield reached chaetigers 4 – 5, posterior margin rounded; neurohooks of chaetigers 4 – 5 were pseudocompound hooks. The South China Sea specimens (SMF- 15352, SMF- 15387) have been included here with some hesitation because they were collected in shallow water, and because they have falcate neurohooks from chaetiger 7; they might belong to an undescribed species, but additional material is neded before they can be described.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
BF618784FFDBFFF9FF33AE8247CEFC1B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Several localities in the Western Tropical Pacific Ocean, in 275 – 397 m deep. This species occurs at the deepest locations known for this genus.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2012): 3562. Zootaxa 3562: 1-62
