identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
05796986007AAFC5A591AD66FA9BC2F1.text	05796986007AAFC5A591AD66FA9BC2F1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sibon bevridgelyi	<div><p>Sibon bevridgelyi sp. n. Figs 2b, 6, 7</p><p>Proposed standard English name.</p><p>Bev Ridgely’s Snail-Eater</p><p>Proposed standard Spanish name.</p><p>Caracolera de Bev Ridgely</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>MZUTI 5416 (Figs 6, 7), adult male collected by Matthijs Hollanders on August 01, 2017 at Reserva Buenaventura, province of El Oro, Ecuador (S3.65467, W79.76794; 524 m).</p><p>Paratypes .</p><p>AMNH 22092, adult male collected by George H. Tate on December 01, 1921 at Bucay, province of Guayas, Ecuador (S2.19788, W79.12909; 433 m). CORBIDI 3791, adult male collected by Pablo Venegas and Caroll Landauro on May 07, 2009 at El Caucho, department of Tumbes, Peru (S3.81438, W80.27101; 379 m). CORBIDI 3792, adult female collected by Pablo Venegas and Caroll Landauro on May 07, 2009 at El Caucho, department of Tumbes, Peru (S3.81438, W80.27101, 379 m). CORBIDI 7894, adult female collected by Vilma Durán and Germán Chávez on October 21, 2010 at El Caucho, department of Tumbes, Peru (S3.81844, W80.26856; 478 m). CORBIDI 7994, adult female collected by Pablo Venegas on September 24, 2010 at El Caucho, department of Tumbes, Peru (S3.81244, W80.26716; 481 m). DHMECN 8976, juvenile collected by Michael Harvey and Luis A. Oyagata at Cerro San Sebastián, Parque Na cional Machalilla, province of Manabí, Ecuador (S1.60002, W80.69974, 602 m). DHMECN 9483, adult male collected by Mario Yánez-Muñoz, María Pérez, Miguel Alcoser, Marco Reyes-Puig and Gabriela Bautista in 2012 at the type locality. DHMECN 10061, adult male collected by Manuel Morales, María Perez Lara and Karem López at Reserva Biológica Ayampe, province of Manabí, Ecuador (S1.65417, W80.81333; 43 m). DHMECN 11526, adult of undetermined sex collected by Juan Carlos Sánchez-Nivicela, Karem López, Verónica Urgilés, Bruno Timbe, Elvis Celi and Valentina Posse at Remolino, province of El Oro, Ecuador (S3.56551, W79.91948; 229 m). KU 152205, adult of undetermined sex collected at 30 km E Pasaje, province of Azuay, Ecuador (S3.31439, W79.57970; 561 m). MCZ R-17099, a juvenile of undetermined sex collected at Valle del Chanchán, province of Chimborazo, Ecuador (S2.27383, W79.08735; 697 m). MCZ R-3564, a juvenile of undetermined sex collected by Samuel Walton Garman on January 1, 1875 at Daule River, province of Guayas, Ecuador (S1.87009, W80.00530; 5 m). MZUA.RE.0142, adult female collected by Jose Manuel Falcón at Sarayunga, province of Azuay, Ecuador (S3.31431, W79.58069; 552 m). MZUA.RE.0328, adult male collected by Keyko Cruz on April 04, 2016 at Jauneche, province of Los Ríos, Ecuador (S1.33333, W79.58333; 41 m). MZUA.RE.0424, adult male collected by Fausto Siavi chay, Valentina Posse and Xavier Clavijo on June 29, 2017 at 2 km N Palmales Nuevo, province of El Oro, Ecuador (S3.65158, W80.09625; 129 m). MZUTI 3269, adult male collected by Lucas Bustamante on November 07, 2013 at the type locality. QCAZ 14444, adult male collected by Fernando Ayala, Steven Poe and Chris Anderson on January 10, 2016 at Proyecto Minas San Francisco, province of Azuay, Ecuador (S3.30829, W79.47079; 862 m). QCAZ 14446, adult male collected by Fernando Ayala, Steven Poe and Chris Anderson on January 10, 2016 at Ponce Enríquez–El Coca, province of Azuay, Ecuador (S3.03197, W79.64615; 1206 m). ZSFQ D503, adult male collected by Diego Cisneros-Heredia on June 07, 2000 at Cerro La Mocora, Parque Nacional Machalilla, province of Manabí, Ecuador (S1.60379, W80.70191; 818 m).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Sibon bevridgelyi is placed in the genus Sibon based on phylogenetic evidence (Fig. 3) and on having the labial beneath primary temporal conspicuosly higher than other labials. The species differs from all described species of Sibon based on the following combination of characters: (1) 15/15/15 smooth dorsals with enlarged vertebral row (1.3-1.7 times as wide as adjacent rows); (2) seven supralabials with 4th and 5th contacting orbit or eight supralabials with 5th and 6th contacting orbit; (3) one pair of infralabials in contact behind symphysial; (4) postmental absent; (5) 175-193 ventrals in males, 193 in the single female; (6) 80-94 divided subcaudals in males, 98 in the single female; (7) dorsal and ventral ground color pale yellow with or without irregular black bands, and with a black stippled disruptive pattern of irregular rusty to reddish brown blotches that are separated from each other by light interspaces (Figs 6, 2b, c); bands incomplete and stippling not prominent or absent on ventral surfaces; head heavily speckled or blotched with black or rusty pigment; eyes light slate blue to pale goldenrod with black speckles and reticulations; (8) 349-732 mm SVL in males, 786 mm in the single female; (9) 124-268 mm TL in males, 204 mm in the single female.</p><p>Comparisons.</p><p>Sibon bevridgelyi is most similar to S. nebulatus, from which it differs on the basis of its distinctive coloration (Figs 6, 2b, c). In S. nebulatus (Figs 2e, f), the dorsal and ventral color is a combination of mainly black to dark-brown blotches or bands on a gray to grayish brown background (interblotch) color; the dorso-lateral blotches can partly be bordered by white to rosy scales or edges. In some regions, the blackish pattern and gray ground color is often replaced by dark and light brown tones (e.g., in Venezuela, adjacent regions in Colombia, and Trinidad and Tobago); the spaces between the blotches are heavily invaded by blotch color and strongly stippled, spotted and mottled with white and black pigment. Although S. bevridgelyi also has a disruptive pattern, the diagnostic white and gray pigment of S. nebulatus from Central America and northern South America is lacking in S. bevridgelyi . Instead of white pigment, there is golden yellow; instead of gray, the dominant ground color is bright rusty brown to maroon. Additionally, the infralabials and the whitish throat in S. nebulatus from Central America and northern South America are heavily stippled or at least partly interrupted with black pigment, whereas in S. bevridgelyi the infralabials and the throat are immaculate or have few scattered blotches (Fig. 7b). Finally, the black blotches and stippling diagnostic of S. nebulatus are lacking in the majority of the specimens of S. bevridgelyi . Specimens of S. nebulatus with rosy gray or reddish brown ground color have white (instead of yellowish) blotches and stippling. Genetic divergence in a 521 bp long fragment of the mitochondrial Cytb gene between S. bevridgelyi and S. nebulatus leucomelas is 1.9-2.5%, whereas intraspecific distances are less than 0.4% in both species.</p><p>Description of holotype.</p><p>Adult male, SVL 602 mm, tail length 186 mm (31% SVL); head length 20.9 mm (3% SVL) from tip of snout to commissure of mouth; head width 12.4 mm (59% head length) taken at broadest point; snout-orbit distance 21 mm; head distinct from neck; snout short, blunt in dorsal and lateral outline; rostral 3.5 mm wide, broader than high; internasals 1.9 mm wide, broader than long; prefrontals 4.4 mm wide, longer than broad, entering orbit; supraocular 4.4 mm long, longer than broad; frontal 4.1 mm long, pentagonal and rounded, in contact with prefrontals, supraoculars, and parietals; parietals 7.7 mm long, longer than broad; nasal weakly divided, in contact with first three supralabials, loreal, prefrontal, internasal, and rostral; loreal 3.7 mm long, longer than high, entering the orbit; eye diameter 3.9 mm; pupil semi-elliptical; no preocular; two postoculars; temporals 1+3 on the right side, 2+3 on the left side; eight supralabials with 5th and 6th contacting orbit on the right side, seven supralabials with 4th and 5th contacting orbit on the left side; symphysial separated from chinshields by the first pair of infralabials; nine infralabials, 1-7 contacting chinshields; anterior pair of chinshields broader than long, posterior pair longer than broad; dorsal scales in 15/15/15 rows, smooth, without apical pits; 184 ventrals; 80 divided subcaudals; cloacal plate single.</p><p>Natural history.</p><p>Specimens of Sibon bevridgelyi have been found active at night (20h56-03h56) on arboreal vegetation 30-500 cm above the ground in secondary and primary semideciduous foothill forest, pastures, and cacao plantations, usually close to streams. QCAZ 14444 was found feeding on a snail. In captivity, MZUA.RE.0142 fed on slugs and snails. By daytime, one individual (not collected) was found hidden under tree bark, and another (ZSFQ D503) was found coiled on the center of a palm tree about 2 m above the ground. DHMECN 9483 was collected in sympatry with Dipsas andiana and D. bobridgelyi at Reserva Biológica Buenaventura.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Northwestern Peru in the department of Piura, and southwestern Ecuador in the provinces of Azuay, Chimborazo, El Oro, Guayas, Los Ríos and Manabí at elevations between 5 and 1206 m (Fig. 8).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet honors the late Prof. Beverly S. Ridgely, life-long birder and conservationist, and father of Robert S. Ridgely, well known in Ecuadorian ornithological circles and co-author of The Birds of Ecuador. Though he never got to visit Buenaventura, from afar Bev continued to delight in the conservation successes of Fundación Jocotoco, which now owns and manages one of the few protected areas where the Vulnerable Sibon bevridgelyi is known to occur.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>We consider Sibon bevridgelyi to be Vulnerable following B2a,b(i,iii) IUCN criteria (IUCN 2001) because its area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 2,000 km2, it is known only from 15 patches of forest lacking connectivity between them, and its habitat is severely fragmented and declining in extent and quality due to deforestation. Furthermore, only three of the localities (Parque Nacional Machalilla, Reserva Buenaventura, and Reserva Ayampe) where S. bevridgelyi occurs are currently protected.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/05796986007AAFC5A591AD66FA9BC2F1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Arteaga, Alejandro;Salazar-Valenzuela, David;Mebert, Konrad;Penafiel, Nicolas;Aguiar, Gabriela;Sa ́ nchez-Nivicela, Juan C.;Pyron, R. Alexander;Colston, Timothy J.;Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.;Yanez-Munoz, Mario H.;Venegas, Pablo J.;Guayasamin, Juan M.;Torres-Carvajal, Omar	Arteaga, Alejandro, Salazar-Valenzuela, David, Mebert, Konrad, Penafiel, Nicolas, Aguiar, Gabriela, Sa ́ nchez-Nivicela, Juan C., Pyron, R. Alexander, Colston, Timothy J., Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F., Yanez-Munoz, Mario H., Venegas, Pablo J., Guayasamin, Juan M., Torres-Carvajal, Omar (2018): Systematics of South American snail-eating snakes (Serpentes, Dipsadini), with the description of five new species from Ecuador and Peru. ZooKeys 766: 79-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.766.24523, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.766.24523
E171318E6131E49E2B33DE6D11DDCBE9.text	E171318E6131E49E2B33DE6D11DDCBE9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dipsas bobridgelyi	<div><p>Dipsas bobridgelyi sp. n. Figs 1c, 9, 10</p><p>Proposed standard English name.</p><p>Bob Ridgely’s Snail-Eater</p><p>Proposed standard Spanish name.</p><p>Caracolera de Bob Ridgely</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>MZUTI 5417 (Figs 9, 10), adult male collected by Matthijs Hollanders on August 01, 2017 at Reserva Buenaventura, province of El Oro, Ecuador (S3.65467, W77.76794; 524 m).</p><p>Paratypes.</p><p>DHMECN 11527, adult female collected by Juan Carlos Sánchez-Nivicela, Karem López, Verónica Urgilés, Bruno Timbe, Elvis Celi and Valentina Posse at Remolino, province of El Oro, Ecuador (S3.56551, W79.91948; 229 m). MZUTI 3266, adult female collected by Lucas Bustamante on October 06, 2013. MZUTI 5414, adult male collected by Matthijs Hollanders and Paulina Romero on June 08, 2017. QCAZ 1706, adult male collected by Fernando Ayala, Steven Poe, and Chris Anderson on March 03, 1994 at Ponce Enríquez, province of Azuay, Ecuador (S3.06547, W79.74358; 39 m).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Dipsas bobridgelyi is placed in the genus Dipsas based on phylogenetic evidence (Fig. 3), and the absence of a labial that is noticeably higher than other labials and in contact with the postocular, primary, and secondary temporals. The species differs from all described species of Dipsas based on the following combination of characters: (1) 15/15/15 smooth dorsals with enlarged vertebral row (2.1-2.2 times as wide as adjacent rows); (2) loreal and prefrontal in contact with orbit; (3) 9 supralabials with 4th and 5th contacting orbit; (4) one pair of infralabials in contact behind symphysial; (5) 180-201 ventrals in males, 178-184 in females; (6) 95-117 divided subcaudals in males, 96-98 in females; (7) dorsal and ventral color made up of 30-35 bold black body rings (up to 7-12 vertebral scales long) separated from each other by narrow (up to 3-4 vertebral scales long) dingy white interspaces; dorsal aspect of interspaces heavily speckled with rusty and black pigment; ventral surfaces lacking speckling; ground color of head dingy white with various degrees of scattered black pigment that coalesce on the top of the head, and various degrees of rusty speckling concentrated on the snout, nape and sides of the head; iris rich dark brown; (8) 372-478 mm SVL in males, 286-404 mm in females; (9) 158-212 mm TL in males, 117-158 mm in females.</p><p>Comparisons.</p><p>Dipsas bobridgelyi is most similar to D. gracilis, from which it differs in coloration. In D. gracilis (Figs 1h, i), the black rings are up to 10-16 vertebral scales long and the interspaces are up to 5-7 scales long, whereas in D. bobridgelyi the black rings and interspaces are shorter, up to 8-9 and 3-4 vertebral scales long, respectively. In D. gracilis, the head plates are either completely black or black scattered with reddish brown, whereas in D. bobridgelyi the head plates are heavily stippled with white and tan pigment, especially on the prefrontals and internasals. In all known specimens of D. bobridgelyi, the ground color of the interspaces is white with contrasting reddish-tan pigment in the center, whereas in D. gracilis the ground color of the light interspac es on body and tail is either completely light brown or light reddish white, gradually becoming reddish brown towards the center. Finally, the nape and temporal region of the head in D. gracilis are either immaculate light reddish brown or marked with bold black speckles, whereas in D. bobridgelyi they are an irregular mix of fine speckling of white, rusty, and black pigments. Genetic divergence in a 689 bp long fragment of the mitochondrial Cytb gene between D. bobridgelyi and D. gracilis is 8.7-9.0%, whereas intraspecific distances are less than 0.3% in both species.</p><p>Description of holotype.</p><p>Adult male, SVL 372 mm, tail length 158 mm (43% SVL); head length 15.1 mm (4% SVL) from tip of snout to commissure of mouth; head width 8.1 mm (54% head length) taken at broadest point; snout-orbit distance 4.3 mm; head distinct from neck; snout short, blunt in dorsal and lateral outline; rostral 2.4 mm wide, broader than high; internasals 2.3 mm wide, broader than long; prefrontals 2.5 mm wide, longer than broad and contacting orbit; supraocular 3.2 mm long, longer than broad; frontal 3.9 mm long, hexagonal, in contact with prefrontals, supraoculars, and parietals; parietals 4.7 mm long, longer than broad; nasal divided, in contact with first three supralabials, loreal, prefrontal, internasal, and rostral; loreal 1.8 mm long, slightly higher than long, entering the orbit; eye diameter 2.7 mm; pupil semi-elliptical; no preocular; two postoculars; temporals 2+3; nine supralabials, 4th and 5th contacting orbit; symphysial separated from chinshields by the first pair of infralabials; 13 infralabials, 1-7 contacting chinshields; anterior pair of chinshields longer than broad, posterior pair broader than long; dorsal scales in 15/15/15 rows, smooth, without apical pits; 182 ventrals; 101 divided subcaudals; cloacal plate single.</p><p>Natural history.</p><p>Individuals of Dipsas bobridgelyi have been found active at night (19h00-23h26) on arboreal vegetation 100-250 cm above the ground in secondary semi-deciduous foothill forest. MZUTI 5414 was found feeding on a snail.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Foothills of the southwestern Ecuadorian Andes in the provinces of Azuay and El Oro, and northwestern Peruvian Andes in the department of Tumbes, at elevations between 39 and 572 m (Fig. 4).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>This species is named in honor of Dr. Robert “Bob” S. Ridgely, a leading ornithologist and distinguished conservationist who has dedicated almost 50 years of his life to the study and conservation of birds and biodiversity across Latin America. Bob is the President of Rainforest Trust and for the past twenty years has been a major driver of conservation in Ecuador through Fundación Jocotoco, which he helped establish twenty years ago. In 1980, Bob visited the type locality of Dipsas bobridgelyi (Buenaventura, meaning "good fortune"), now known to be a key area for the conservation of biodiversity. Bob embarked on conservation and worked diligently to raise funds through Rainforest Trust for the past 18 years to purchase private properties and establish what is now the Reserva Buenaventura of Fundación Jocotoco.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>We consider Dipsas bobridgelyi to be Endangered following the IUCN criteria B1a,b(i,iii) (IUCN 2001) because its extent of occurrence is estimated to be less than 5,000 km2, it is known only from 4 patches of forest lacking connectivity between them, and its habitat is severely fragmented and declining in extent and quality due to deforestation. Furthermore, only two of the localities (Buenaventura reserve and Reserva Nacional de Tumbes) where D. bobridgelyi occurs are currently protected.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Cadle (2005) and Harvey (2008) examined MUSM 17589 from Tumbes department, Peru, and concluded that it was Dipsas gracilis . Although we did not examine this specimen, we believe that it corresponds to D. bobridgelyi based on Cadle’s (2005) color description (i.e., head white with many irregular black markings on the top and sides).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E171318E6131E49E2B33DE6D11DDCBE9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Arteaga, Alejandro;Salazar-Valenzuela, David;Mebert, Konrad;Penafiel, Nicolas;Aguiar, Gabriela;Sa ́ nchez-Nivicela, Juan C.;Pyron, R. Alexander;Colston, Timothy J.;Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.;Yanez-Munoz, Mario H.;Venegas, Pablo J.;Guayasamin, Juan M.;Torres-Carvajal, Omar	Arteaga, Alejandro, Salazar-Valenzuela, David, Mebert, Konrad, Penafiel, Nicolas, Aguiar, Gabriela, Sa ́ nchez-Nivicela, Juan C., Pyron, R. Alexander, Colston, Timothy J., Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F., Yanez-Munoz, Mario H., Venegas, Pablo J., Guayasamin, Juan M., Torres-Carvajal, Omar (2018): Systematics of South American snail-eating snakes (Serpentes, Dipsadini), with the description of five new species from Ecuador and Peru. ZooKeys 766: 79-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.766.24523, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.766.24523
4807FA902BB26EA2A026CB0F1D905251.text	4807FA902BB26EA2A026CB0F1D905251.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dipsas georgejetti	<div><p>Dipsas georgejetti sp. n. Figs 11, 12</p><p>Proposed standard English name.</p><p>George Jett’s Snail-Eater</p><p>Proposed standard Spanish name.</p><p>Caracolera de George Jett</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>MZUTI 5411 (Figs 11, 12), adult male collected by Melissa Costales on August 31, 2017 at Cabuyal, province of Manabí, Ecuador (S0.19698, W80.29059; 15 m).</p><p>Paratypes.</p><p>DHMECN 11639, adult male collected by Jacinto Bravo in 2014 at Montecristi, province of Manabí, Ecuador (S1.04694, W80.65766; 136 m). DHMECN 11646, adult male collected by Félix Almeida in 2014 at Rocafuerte, province of Manabí, Ecuador (S0.92371, W80.45212; 19 m). MZUA.RE.0121 and MZUA.RE.0122, adult female and adult male, respectively, collected by Juan Carlos Sánchez-Nivicela at El Aromo, province of Manabí, Ecuador (S1.04665, W80.83227; 295 m). QCAZ 10589, adult male collected at El Aromo, province of Manabí, Ecuador (S1.04665, W80.83227; 295 m). QCAZ 9125, adult male collected at Cerro Blanco, province of Guayas, Ecuador (S2.17465, W80.02135; 147 m). USNM 142595, juvenile of undetermined sex collected on December 1959 at 10 mi N of Guayaquil, province of Guayas (S1.96418, W79.87988; 5 m). ZSFQ D606, juvenile male collected by Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia at the foothills of Cerro La Mocora, Parque Nacional Machalilla, province of Manabí, Ecuador (S1.59817, W80.75431; 308 m).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Dipsas georgejetti is placed in the genus Dipsas based on phylogenetic evidence (Fig. 3) and the absence of a labial that is noticeably higher than other labials and in contact with the postocular, primary and secondary temporals. The species differs from all described species of Dipsas based on the following combination of characters: (1) 15/15/15 smooth dorsals with a slightly enlarged vertebral row (1-1.4 times as wide as adjacent rows); (2) loreal and prefrontal in contact with orbit; (3) 7 supralabials with 4th and 5th (3 th– 5th in DHMECN 11646) contacting orbit; (4) no infralabials in contact behind symphysial; (5) 172-180 ventrals in males, 177 in one female; (6) 69-86 divided subcaudals in males, 58 in one female; (7) dorsal ground color light sandy brown with a pattern of 53-61 drab to brown black-edged middorsal blotches that are wider (6-7 vertebral scales long) and solid down to the edges of the ventrals on the first one third of the body, but becoming narrower (1-3 vertebral scales long) and broken up laterally towards the tail; interspaces finely speckled with brown pigment; ground color of the head light sandy brown with bold dark brown to black irregular blotches scattered on head plates and edging supralabials; ventral surfaces sandy brown with fine black speckling; iris sandy brown with dense dark brown speckling; (8) 270-711 mm SVL in males, 856 mm in one female; (9) 87-170 mm TL in males, 150 mm in one female.</p><p>Comparisons.</p><p>Dipsas georgejetti is most similar to D. oswaldobaezi, D. williamsi, D. oligozonata, and D. vagrans, in that order, all of which were previously included in the genus Sibynomorphus . From D. oswaldobaezi (Figs 13, 14) and D. williamsi, it differs in having 7 supralabials with 4th and 5th bordering the eye (instead of 6 with 3rd and 4th bordering the eye). It further differs from D. williamsi in having the first supralabial not in contact with prefrontal (vs. in broad contact in D. williamsi). From D. oligozonata (Fig. 1o) and D. vagrans, it differs in having more than 160 ventrals. Dipsas georgejetti further differs from D. oligozonata in having distinct bold crossbands at least middorsally along the whole length of the body, instead of being present only on the anterior half of the body. Genetic divergence in a 529 bp long fragment of the mitochondrial Cytb gene between D. georgejetti and D. oswaldobaezi is 8.3%, whereas intraspecific distances are less than 0.4% in D. georgejetti . For the same fragment, the distance between D. georgejetti and D. williamsi is 7.8-7.9%.</p><p>Description of holotype.</p><p>Adult male, SVL 315 mm, TL 87 mm (28% SVL); head length 13.6 mm (4% SVL) from tip of snout to commissure of mouth; head width 8.4 mm (62% head length) taken at broadest point; snout-orbit distance 3.5 mm; head distinct from neck; snout short, blunt in dorsal and lateral outline; rostral 2.0 mm wide, broader than high; internasals 1.7 mm wide, broader than long; prefrontals 2.5 mm wide, longer than broad and contacting orbit; supraocular 3.4 mm long, longer than broad; frontal 3.3 mm long, pentagonal, in contact with prefrontals, supraoculars, and parietals; parietals 5.5 mm long, longer than broad; nasal divided, in contact with first two supralabials, loreal, prefrontal, internasal, and rostral; loreal 1.7 mm long, slightly higher than long, entering orbit; eye diameter 2.8 mm; pupil semi-elliptical; no preocular; two postoculars; temporals 2+2; seven supralabials, 4th and 5th contacting orbit; symphysial in contact with first pair of chinshields; nine infralabials, 1-6 contacting chinshields; anterior pair of chinshields longer than broad, posterior pair broader than long; dorsal scales in 15/15/15 rows, smooth, without apical pits; 178 ventrals; 69 divided subcaudals; cloacal plate single.</p><p>Natural history.</p><p>The holotype was active during a dry night after a sunny day. It was perched on tangled vegetation 130 cm above the ground in dry shrubland besides recently cleared pasture. MZUA.RE0121 and MZUA.RE0122 were found actively moving at night between the branches 80-200 cm above the ground. ZSFQ D606 was found active during daytime after bulldozers opened a track in old-growth forest.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Deciduous and semideciduous forests along the central Pacific coast in Ecuador in the provinces of Manabí and Guayas, at elevations between 5 and 317 m (Fig. 5).</p><p>Etymology .</p><p>The specific name georgejetti honors George Jett, who has been a long-time donor to Rainforest Trust and has supported the reserves of Fundación Jocotoco in Ecuador. He is an international traveler with a passion for reptiles, amphibians, and birds.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>We consider Dipsas georgejetti to be Vulnerable following the IUCN criteria A1c,B1a,b(iii, iv) (IUCN 2001) because its extent of occurrence is estimated to be 10,193 km2, it is known only from 9 localities effectively corresponding to 4 patches of forest lacking connectivity between them, and its habitat is severely fragmented and declining in extent and quality due to deforestation. At the type locality, D. georgejetti was found in a patch of deciduous forest of 13 km2 that was being cleared to accommodate cattle pastures. One of the localities, 15 km N of Guayaquil, where D. georgejetti was collected in 1959, is now completely deforested, which suggests that this arboreal species is no longer present there.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4807FA902BB26EA2A026CB0F1D905251	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Arteaga, Alejandro;Salazar-Valenzuela, David;Mebert, Konrad;Penafiel, Nicolas;Aguiar, Gabriela;Sa ́ nchez-Nivicela, Juan C.;Pyron, R. Alexander;Colston, Timothy J.;Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.;Yanez-Munoz, Mario H.;Venegas, Pablo J.;Guayasamin, Juan M.;Torres-Carvajal, Omar	Arteaga, Alejandro, Salazar-Valenzuela, David, Mebert, Konrad, Penafiel, Nicolas, Aguiar, Gabriela, Sa ́ nchez-Nivicela, Juan C., Pyron, R. Alexander, Colston, Timothy J., Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F., Yanez-Munoz, Mario H., Venegas, Pablo J., Guayasamin, Juan M., Torres-Carvajal, Omar (2018): Systematics of South American snail-eating snakes (Serpentes, Dipsadini), with the description of five new species from Ecuador and Peru. ZooKeys 766: 79-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.766.24523, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.766.24523
5E40BCBB394FC41BF1550480EDEEB597.text	5E40BCBB394FC41BF1550480EDEEB597.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dipsas oswaldobaezi	<div><p>Dipsas oswaldobaezi sp. n. Figs 13, 14</p><p>Sibynomorphus oligozonatus Cadle, 2007: 195 (part).</p><p>Proposed standard English name.</p><p>Oswaldo Báez’ Snail-Eater</p><p>Proposed standard Spanish name.</p><p>Caracolera de Oswaldo Báez</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>QCAZ 10369 (Fig. 13), adult female collected by Silvia Aldás and Gabriel Zapata on March 03, 2010 at Quebrada El Faique, province of Loja, Ecuador (S4.17889, W80.04226; 1004 m).</p><p>Paratypes.</p><p>BMNH1935.11.3.108, adult female collected by Clodoveo Carrión in the valley of Catamayo, province of Loja, Ecuador (S3.98064, W79.35928; 1289 m). MUSM 2192, adult male collected by Otavio Ruíz in Piura (department or city not specified), Peru. MZUA.RE.0286, adult of undetermined sex collected by Valentina Posse on December 2015 at Huaquillas, province of El Oro, Ecuador (S3.54115, W80.08646; 39 m). QCAZ 14051, adult of undetermined sex collected by Paul Székely and Diana Székely on March 18, 2015 at Reserva Ecológica Arenillas, province of El Oro, Ecuador (S3.62110, W80.17513; 41 m). QCAZ 14060, adult of undetermined sex collected by Paul Székely and Diana Székely on June 16, 2015 at Guabillo, province of El Oro, Ecuador (S3.60346, W80.18139; 44 m). QCAZ 15108, adult female collected by Diego Almeida, Darwin Núñez, Eloy Nusirquia, Santiago Guamán and Guadalupe Calle on November 12, 2016 at Reserva La Ceiba-Pilares, province of Loja, Ecuador (S4.27502, W80.32805; 534 m) (Fig. 14).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Dipsas oswaldobaezi is placed in the genus Dipsas based on phylogenetic evidence (Fig. 3) and the absence of a labial that is noticeably higher than other labials and in contact with the postocular, primary and secondary temporals. The species differs from all described species of Dipsas based on the following combination of characters: (1) 15/15/15 smooth dorsals with a slightly enlarged vertebral row (1-1.2 times as wide as adjacent rows); (2) loreal and prefrontal in contact with orbit; (3) six supralabials with 3rd and 4th contacting orbit; (4) no infralabials in contact behind symphysial; (5) 163-179 ventrals in males, 177-179 in females; (6) 68-70 divided subcaudals in males, 65-66 in females; (7) dorsal ground color light sandy brown with a pattern of 55-63 drab to brown black-edged middorsal blotches that are wider (7-9 vertebral scale rows) and solid down to the edges of the ventrals on the first one third of the body, but becoming narrower (1-3 vertebral scales long) and broken up laterally towards the tail; interspaces finely speckled with brown pigment; ground color of the head light sandy brown with a thin light cream nuchal collar and bold dark brown to black irregular blotches scattered on head plates and edging supralabials; ventral surfaces sandy brown with fine black speckling (Fig. 13b); iris sandy brown with dense dark brown speckling; (8) 277-348 mm SVL in males, 407-428 mm in females; (9) 85-114 mm TL in males, 110-122 mm in females.</p><p>Comparisons.</p><p>Dipsas oswaldobaezi is most similar to D. williamsi, D. georgejetti, D. oligozonata, and D. vagrans, in that order, all of which were previously included in the genus Sibynomorphus . From D. williamsi, it differs in having 7-9 infralabials (vs. 10 in D. williamsi), first supralabial not in contact with prefrontal (vs. in broad contact in D. williamsi), and dorsal blotches that are lighter in the middle (vs. dark solid blotches). From D. georgejetti (Figs 11, 12), it differs in having 6 supralabials with 3rd and 4th bordering the eye (vs. 7 supralabials with 4th and 5th bordering the eye in D. georgejetti). From D. oligozonata (Fig. 1o) and D. vagrans, it differs in having more than 160 ventrals. Dipsas oswaldobaezi further differs from D. oligozonata in having distinct bold crossbands at least middorsally along the whole length of the body, instead of being present only on the anterior half of the body. Genetic divergence in a 529 bp long fragment of the mitochondrial Cytb gene between D. oswaldobaezi and D. williamsi is 4.0-4.2%, whereas intraspecific distances are less than 0.2% in D. williamsi . For the same fragment, the distance between D. oswaldobaezi and D. georgejetti is 8.3%.</p><p>Description of holotype.</p><p>Adult female, SVL 277 mm, tail length 85 mm (31% SVL); head length 9.5 mm (3.4% SVL) from tip of snout to commissure of mouth; head width 7.3 mm (76% head length) taken at broadest point; snout-orbit distance 3.3 mm; head distinct from neck; snout short, blunt in dorsal and lateral outline; rostral 2.1 mm wide, broader than high; internasals 1.2 mm wide, broader than long; prefrontals 2.2 mm wide, slightly broader than long and contacting orbit; supraocular 2.6 mm long, longer than broad; frontal 2.9 mm long, pentagonal, in contact with prefrontals, supraoculars, and parietals; parietals 4.2 mm long, longer than broad; nasal not divided, in contact with first supralabial, loreal, prefrontal, internasal, and rostral; loreal 1.3 mm long, longer than high, entering orbit; eye diameter 2.2 mm; pupil semi-elliptical; no preocular; two postoculars; temporals 2+2; 6 supralabials, 3rd and 4th contacting orbit; symphysial separated from chinshields by the first pair of infralabials; 9/8 (right/left) infralabials, 1 –6/1– 5 contacting chinshields; both pairs of chinshields longer than broad; dorsal scales in 15/15/15 rows, smooth, without apical pits; 179 ventrals; 70 divided subcaudals; cloacal plate single.</p><p>Natural history.</p><p>Individuals of Dipsas oswaldobaezi have been found active by night on vegetation or at ground level in forested environments, pastures, or rural gardens. One individual (QCAZ 15108) was found hidden under leaf litter during daytime. Two individuals (MZUA.RE.0286 and QCAZ 14060) were found dead on roads.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Deciduous and semideciduous lowland to lower montane forests and dry lowland shrublands in southwestern Ecuador (provinces of Loja and El Oro) and northwestern Peru (department of Tumbes), at elevation between 39 and 1289 m (Fig. 5).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific name oswaldobaezi honors Dr. Oswaldo Báez, a renowned Ecuadorian biologist and researcher who has dedicated his life to the teaching of science, scientific thinking, and the conservation of nature. Oswaldo Báez has played a major role in science education in Ecuador through many popular science articles and books.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>We consider Dipsas oswaldobaezi to be Vulnerable following the IUCN criteria B1a,b(iii, iv) (IUCN 2001) because its extent of occurrence is estimated to be 8,605 km2; it is known only from eight localities effectively corresponding to four patches of forest lacking connectivity between them, and its habitat is severely fragmented and declining in extent and quality due to deforestation.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>In his revision of Dipsas oligozonata, Cadle (2007) allocated three additional specimens (AMNH 110587, BMNH 1935.11.3.108 and MUSM 2192) to a species known only from the holotype (EPN 3612), collected at Zhila, province of Azuay (S3.50280, W79.18808; 2795 m) (Fig. 5). AMNH 110587 was collected ca. 34 km airline distance from the type locality at an elevation of 2204 m, and it resembles the holotype in both color and lepidosis. However, BMNH 1935.11.3.108 and MUSM 2192 have more than 160 ventral scales and have broad dark brown crossbars that are at least twice as long as those present in both the holotype, AMNH 110587 and in the other four specimens of D. oligozonata examined by us (Table 2; Fig. 1o), all of which have fewer than 160 ventral scales and come from elevations between 2102 and 2891 m in the watershed of the Río Jubones (Fig. 5). The coloration and ventral scale counts in BMNH 1935.11.3.108 and MUSM 2192 are more similar to D. oswaldobaezi, and we designated them as paratypes of this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E40BCBB394FC41BF1550480EDEEB597	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Arteaga, Alejandro;Salazar-Valenzuela, David;Mebert, Konrad;Penafiel, Nicolas;Aguiar, Gabriela;Sa ́ nchez-Nivicela, Juan C.;Pyron, R. Alexander;Colston, Timothy J.;Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.;Yanez-Munoz, Mario H.;Venegas, Pablo J.;Guayasamin, Juan M.;Torres-Carvajal, Omar	Arteaga, Alejandro, Salazar-Valenzuela, David, Mebert, Konrad, Penafiel, Nicolas, Aguiar, Gabriela, Sa ́ nchez-Nivicela, Juan C., Pyron, R. Alexander, Colston, Timothy J., Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F., Yanez-Munoz, Mario H., Venegas, Pablo J., Guayasamin, Juan M., Torres-Carvajal, Omar (2018): Systematics of South American snail-eating snakes (Serpentes, Dipsadini), with the description of five new species from Ecuador and Peru. ZooKeys 766: 79-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.766.24523, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.766.24523
5096F079C40CAF2380FAF36B53016546.text	5096F079C40CAF2380FAF36B53016546.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dipsas klebbai	<div><p>Dipsas klebbai sp. n. Figs 1l, m, 15, 16</p><p>Dipsas peruana Harvey &amp; Embert, 2008: 79 (part).</p><p>Proposed standard English name.</p><p>Klebba’s Snail-Eater</p><p>Proposed standard Spanish name.</p><p>Caracolera de Klebba</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>MZUTI 5412 (Figs 15, 16), adult male collected by Phillip Torres on April 28, 2016 at Pacto Sumaco, province of Napo, Ecuador (S0.66377, W77.59895; 1556 m).</p><p>Paratypes.</p><p>DHMECN 568, adult female collected by Thomas Begher on 1980 at Borja, province of Napo, Ecuador (S0.42054, W77.84104; 1717 m). MCZ 164674-75, two adults of undetermined sex collected by Giovani Onore on June 01, 1983 at Río Azuela, province of Napo, Ecuador (S0.148693, W77.65463; 1402 m). MHNG 2220.035, 2220.056, 2250.063, 2250.064, one juvenile female and three adult males, respectively, collected by Giovani Onore on 1984 at El Chaco, province of Napo, Ecuador (S0.33763, W77.80957; 1595 m). MHNG 2220.038-039, adult female and adult male, respectively, collected by Giovani Onore on November 1984 at San Rafael, province of Napo, Ecuador (S0.09669, W77.58995; 1464 m). MHNG 2220.04, 2220.041, adult females collected by Giovani Onore on May 1984 at El Reventador, province of Napo, Ecuador (S0.04480, W77.52858; 1476 m). MZUTI 63, adult male collected by Alejandro Arteaga on August 08, 2011 at Yanayacu, province of Napo, Ecuador (S0.60042, W77.89053; 2110 m). MNHG 2529.029, adult female collected by Eugen Kramer on February 22, 1992 at Napo province, Ecuador. QCAZ 12488, collected by Pablo Medrano on March 02, 2015 at Río Quijos, province of Napo, Ecuador (S0.45224, W77.94249; 1929 m). QCAZ 12600, collected by Pablo Medrano on March 27, 2014 at Santa Rosa, province of Napo, Ecuador (S0.39630, W77.82343; 1113 m). QCAZ 13124, collected by Fabián Vallejo on November 21, 2014 at Las Palmas, province of Napo, Ecuador (S0.54691, W77.87762; 1903 m). QCAZ 14281, adult male collected by Andrea Narváez on December 02, 2016 at La Bonita, province of Sucumbíos, Ecuador (N0.47209, W77.54661; 1953 m). QCAZ 1496, collected on October 18, 1992 at Sardinas, province of Napo, Ecuador (S0.38484, W77.83782; 1641 m). QCAZ 1605, adult male collected by Victor Utreras on February 04, 1992 at 2 km E Borja, province of Napo, Ecuador (S0.41543, W77.83032; 1608 m). QCAZ 250, adult male collected at El Reventador, province of Napo, Ecuador (S0.04480, W77.52858; 1476 m). QCAZ 358-59, collected on January 10, 1984 at Cascada de San Rafael, province of Napo, Ecuador (S0.10354, W77.58337; 1246 m). QCAZ 4500, collected by Estefanía Boada on August 01, 2011 at Hostería Cumandá, province of Napo, Ecuador (S0.45249, W77.88071; 1856 m). QCAZ 9696, collected by Steven Poe on August 04, 2009 at 2.3 km N of turnoff to Baeza, province of Napo, Ecuador (N0.45236, W77.88212; 1840 m). USNM 386323, adult female col lected on February 24, 1979 at Río Azuela, province of Napo, Ecuador (S0.148693, W77.65463; 1402 m). ZSFQ D304, female collected by Jean-Marc Touzet and Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia at Cascada de San Rafael, province of Napo, Ecuador (S0.10007, W77.58034; 1182 m).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Dipsas klebbai is placed in the genus Dipsas based on phylogenetic evidence (Fig. 3), and the absence of a labial that is noticeably higher than other labials and in contact with the postocular, primary and secondary temporals. The species differs from all described species of Dipsas based on the following combination of characters: (1) 15/15/15 smooth dorsals with enlarged vertebral row (1.5-1.8 times as wide as adjacent rows); (2) one loreal and one preocular in contact with orbit; (3) 9-11 supralabials with (usually) 4th to 6th contacting orbit; (4) one pair of infralabials in contact behind symphysial; (5) 181-201 ventrals in males, 187-194 in females; (6) 99-123 divided subcaudals in males, 98-106 in females; (7) dorsal and ventral ground color light brown with various degrees of fine black speckling and 27-36 dark brown to black, cream-edged oblong blotches that are longer that interspaces and become smaller towards the tail (Fig. 2m, n); on first half of body, the dark bands meet ventrally to form full body rings; on second half they fail to meet ventrally; head black with different degrees of whitish edging on the labial scales, and a thin (1-2 scales long) cream to light brown irregular nuchal collar; dorsal blotches usually incomplete ventrally, extending far onto ventrals and occasionally fusing midventrally; cream edges of neighboring blotches fused in first 6-9 blotches; (8) 401-749 mm SVL in males, 525-630 mm in females; (9) 169-330 mm TL in males, 209-240 mm in females.</p><p>Comparisons.</p><p>Dipsas klebbai is compared to species previously subsumed under D. peruana: D. latifrontalis, D. palmeri, and D. peruana . From D. latifrontalis (Fig. 1n) and D. palmeri (Figs 1r, s), it differs in having longer oblong to rectangular body blotches up to 7-13 vertebral scales long (vs. fewer than 8 vertebral scales long in D. latifrontalis and D. palmeri) that are also longer than the interspaces (Fig. 1l, m). Specimens of D. klebbai can be separated from specimens of D. peruana, with the exception of BMNH 1946.1.2078, based on the presence of the following characteristics (condition of D. peruana in parentheses): posterior body blotches twice to four times as long as interspaces (vs. posterior body blotches ca. equal in length or marginally longer than interspaces); interspaces never completely obscured by black pigment (vs. completely melanized in some specimens); dorsal surface of head black (vs. dark brown with dingy cream reticulations); dorsal body blotches fused ventrally on the first half of the body (vs. rarely fused); longest body blotch at least 7 vertebral scales long (vs. longest body blotch 4-7 vertebral scales long). Genetic divergence in a 684 bp long fragment of the mitochondrial Cytb gene between D. klebbai and D. palmeri is 8.2-9.2%, whereas intraspecific distances are less than 1.1% in both species. For the same fragment, the distance between D. klebbai and D. peruana is 10.7-11.0%.</p><p>Description of holotype.</p><p>Adult male, SVL 608 mm, tail length 262 mm (43% SVL); head length 20.3 mm (3% SVL) from tip of snout to commissure of mouth; head width 12.7 mm (62% head length) taken at broadest point; snout-orbit distance 5.4 mm; head distinct from neck; snout short, blunt in dorsal and lateral outline; rostral 4.0 mm wide, broader than high; internasals 2.6 mm wide, as broad as long; prefrontals 3.9 mm wide, broader than long, excluded from entering orbit by preocular; supraocular 4.3 mm long, broader than long; frontal 4.5 mm long, hexagonal, in contact with prefrontals, supraoculars, and parietals; parietals 6.6 mm long, longer than broad; nasal divided, in contact with first two supralabials, loreal, prefrontal, internasal, and rostral; loreal 2.6 mm long, slightly longer than high, entering orbit; eye diameter 4.5 mm; pupil semi-elliptical; one preocular; two postoculars; temporals 2+2; ten supralabials, 5th and 6th contacting orbit; symphysial separated from chinshields by the first pair of infralabials; 14 infralabials, 2-7 contacting chinshields; anterior pair of chinshields longer than broad, posterior pair broader than long; dorsal scales in 15/15/15 rows, smooth, without apical pits; 188 ventrals; 116 divided subcaudals; cloacal plate single.</p><p>Natural history.</p><p>At night (21h53-02h13), specimens of Dipsas klebbai have been found active during or after light rain on arboreal vegetation 50-500 cm above the ground in a variety of environments ranging from primary montane cloud forests and evergreen montane forests to silvopastures and forest borders, occasionally close to rivers. By day, individuals have been found hidden underground in pastures or among shrubs in rural gardens, or coiled on leaves at 300 cm above the ground. At dusk, after warm days, individuals of Dipsas klebbai have been seen crossing roads. QCAZ 13124 laid six eggs on December 2014. Five eggs were found inside a rotten trunk at El Chaco, province of Napo Ecuador.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Endemic to the eastern slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes in the provinces of Napo and Sucumbíos at elevations between 1246 and 2120 m (Fig. 4).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Named after Casey Klebba, in recognition of his appreciation of and passion for Andean wildlife, and his invaluable support of AA’s field expeditions to remote areas of Ecuador. After a visit to Peru in 2011, Casey became an active supporter of conservation and scientific projects in Ecuador.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>All known localities of occurrence for Dipsas klebbai fall within the limits or within the buffer zone of the following protected areas: Parque Nacional Cayambe Coca, Parque Nacional Sumaco Napo Galeras, Reserva Ecológica Antisana, and Reserva Ecológica Cofán Bermejo. Furthermore, the species is common in degraded environments, which suggests a degree of tolerance for habitat modification. For these reasons, and because it does not meet the criteria (IUCN 2001) for qualifying in a threatened category, we here list it as Least Concern following IUCN guidelines.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>In their revision of Dipsas peruana, Harvey and Embert (2008) included specimens of D. klebbai . However, they found no characters that could diagnose these specimens from the rest of Ecuadorian and Peruvian specimens of D. " peruana " in order to establish species boundaries. They also grouped the then valid D. boettgeri, D. latifrontalis, and D. polylepis under D. peruana . The authors were right to point out that the different populations cannot be separated based on characters of lepidosis. However, they did not include molecular data in their analyses, and also failed to notice the geographically structured differences in the length of the body blotches and their relationship to the length of the interspaces.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5096F079C40CAF2380FAF36B53016546	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Arteaga, Alejandro;Salazar-Valenzuela, David;Mebert, Konrad;Penafiel, Nicolas;Aguiar, Gabriela;Sa ́ nchez-Nivicela, Juan C.;Pyron, R. Alexander;Colston, Timothy J.;Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.;Yanez-Munoz, Mario H.;Venegas, Pablo J.;Guayasamin, Juan M.;Torres-Carvajal, Omar	Arteaga, Alejandro, Salazar-Valenzuela, David, Mebert, Konrad, Penafiel, Nicolas, Aguiar, Gabriela, Sa ́ nchez-Nivicela, Juan C., Pyron, R. Alexander, Colston, Timothy J., Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F., Yanez-Munoz, Mario H., Venegas, Pablo J., Guayasamin, Juan M., Torres-Carvajal, Omar (2018): Systematics of South American snail-eating snakes (Serpentes, Dipsadini), with the description of five new species from Ecuador and Peru. ZooKeys 766: 79-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.766.24523, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.766.24523
7DEB677F8A6F967EBB6789ACA937054E.text	7DEB677F8A6F967EBB6789ACA937054E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dipsas palmeri (Boulenger 1912) Boulenger 1912	<div><p>Dipsas palmeri (Boulenger, 1912) Fig. 1r, s</p><p>Leptognathus palmeri Boulenger, 1912: 422. Holotype BMNH, a male from El Topo, province of Tungurahua, Ecuador.</p><p>Leptognathus latifasciatus Boulenger, 1913: 72. Holotype BMNH 1946.1.2007, a juvenile male from Upper Marañón, department of Cajamarca, Peru.</p><p>Dipsas peruana Harvey &amp; Embert, 2008: 79 (part).</p><p>Proposed standard English name.</p><p>Palmer’s Snail-Eater</p><p>Proposed standard Spanish name.</p><p>Caracolera de Palmer</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Dipsas palmeri differs from all described species of Dipsas based on the following combination of characters: (1) 15/15/15 smooth dorsals with enlarged vertebral row; (2) one loreal and one preocular in contact with orbit; (3) 8-10 supralabials with (usually) 4th to 6th contacting orbit; (4) one pair of infralabials in contact behind symphysial; (5) 172-202 ventrals in males, 181-200 in females; (6) 91-118 divided subcaudals in males, 86-102 in females; (7) dorsal and ventral ground color light brown with various degrees of fine black speckling and with 32-41 brown to blackish, white-edged circular blotches that are longer than interspaces in the first half of the body, but shorter in the second half (Figs 1r, s); adult head gray with different degrees of whitish edging on the labial scales, and a thin (1-2 scales long) white to light grayish brown irregular parietal collar; dorsal blotches incomplete ventrally, extending marginally onto ventrals but not fusing midventrally; (8) 215-907 mm SVL in males, 642-1187 mm in females; (9) 78-390 mm TL in males, 246-298 mm in females.</p><p>Comparisons.</p><p>Dipsas palmeri is compared to species previously subsumed under D. peruana: D. latifrontalis, D. klebbai (Fig. 1l, m), and D. peruana . From D. latifrontalis (Fig. 1n), it differs in having the first 19-35 dorsal blotches edged with white or cream, vs. the first 9-10 in D. latifrontalis . The only known adult of D. latifrontalis photographed in life has bronze interspaces (Fig. 1n), a coloration not seen in any adult of D. palmeri . From D. klebbai, it differs in having shorter blotches (longest blotch up to 3-7 vertebral scales long) that are circular (instead of oblong) and that are only longer than the interspaces on the first half of the body. From D. peruana, it differs in having dorsal blotches that are shorter than interspaces on posterior half of the body, and in lacking melanized interspaces in adult individuals.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Eastern slopes of the Ecuadorian and Peruvian Andes south of the Jatunyacu–Napo river valley in Ecuador and north of the Huancabamba depression at elevations between 1211 and 2282 m (Fig. 4).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>An estimated 31 out of the 42 known localities of occurrence for Dipsas palmeri are located within the limits or the buffer area of the following protected areas: Bosque Protector del Alto Nangaritza, Parque Nacional Llanganates, Parque Nacional Podocarpus and Parque Nacional Sangay. Furthermore, the presence of the species in degraded environments suggests a degree of tolerance for habitat modification. For these reasons, and because it does not meet the criteria for qualifying in a threatened category, we here list it as Least Concern following IUCN guidelines.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Neither Peters (1960) nor Harvey and Embert (2008) recognized the geographic morphological distinctiveness of Dipsas palmeri from Ecuador and Peru. Certainly, D. palmeri is most similar in coloration and lepidosis to D. latifrontalis (Fig. 1n) from Venezuela, and that is why Peters considered them synonyms. However neither Peters (1960) nor Harvey and Embert (2008) saw live specimens of D. latifrontalis in order to recognize the differences in life color pattern between the two species.</p><p>Two other junior synonyms of Dipsas peruana are D. latifasciata and D. polylepis, both of which occur in Peru (Fig. 4). Of these, only the latter must remain a synonym of D. peruana; the former should be transferred to the synonymy of D. palmeri, as defined here. Examination of photographs of the specimen of D. latifasciata (BMNH 1946.1.2077) reveals this species has dorsal blotches shorter than interspaces on posterior half of the body, a character seen in D. palmeri but not in D. peruana . The holotype was collected by A. E. Pratt in "Upper Marañón”, with no further specific locality mentioned. However, the type locality can be restricted to the immediate environs of the town of Jaén, as the "Upper Marañón” is considered the segment of the Marañón river that goes from the town of Jaén until the river meets the Santiago River. Additionally, in a letter to his wife in 1913, the explorer explains how he crossed the Ecuadorian Andes and arrived at the town of Jaén in northern Peru, where he stayed and collected specimens for the BMNH before proceeding to Iquitos along the Marañón river, with no mention of visiting any locality east of the river at elevations where D. palmeri and D. peruana are known to occur. Harvey and Embert (2008) pointed out that the Huancabamba depression could be a geographic barrier separating species within the D. peruana complex, but they did not find evidence to support this view. Our results suggest that the Huancabamba depression is a major geographic barrier separating D. palmeri (north) from D. peruana (south).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7DEB677F8A6F967EBB6789ACA937054E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Arteaga, Alejandro;Salazar-Valenzuela, David;Mebert, Konrad;Penafiel, Nicolas;Aguiar, Gabriela;Sa ́ nchez-Nivicela, Juan C.;Pyron, R. Alexander;Colston, Timothy J.;Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.;Yanez-Munoz, Mario H.;Venegas, Pablo J.;Guayasamin, Juan M.;Torres-Carvajal, Omar	Arteaga, Alejandro, Salazar-Valenzuela, David, Mebert, Konrad, Penafiel, Nicolas, Aguiar, Gabriela, Sa ́ nchez-Nivicela, Juan C., Pyron, R. Alexander, Colston, Timothy J., Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F., Yanez-Munoz, Mario H., Venegas, Pablo J., Guayasamin, Juan M., Torres-Carvajal, Omar (2018): Systematics of South American snail-eating snakes (Serpentes, Dipsadini), with the description of five new species from Ecuador and Peru. ZooKeys 766: 79-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.766.24523, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.766.24523
88FB43CB53DB280639129EFCDF2D17D3.text	88FB43CB53DB280639129EFCDF2D17D3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dipsas peruana (Boettger 1898) Boettger 1898	<div><p>Dipsas peruana (Boettger, 1898)</p><p>Leptognathus peruana Boettger, 1898: 128. Holotype SMF 20801, a female from Santa Ana, department of Cuzco, Peru.</p><p>Leptognathus boettgeri Werner, 1901: 11. Holotype MTKD D 1671 M, a female from Chanchamayo, department of Junín, Peru.</p><p>Leptognathus boliviana Werner, 1909: 240. Holotype ZMH, a female from department of Beni, Bolivia.</p><p>Leptognathus polylepis Boulenger, 1912: 422. Holotype BMNH 1946.1.2078, a female from Huancabamba, department of Pasco, Peru.</p><p>Proposed standard English name.</p><p>Peruvian Snail-Eater</p><p>Proposed standard Spanish name.</p><p>Caracolera Peruana</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Dipsas peruana differs from all described species of Dipsas based on the following combination of characters: (1) 15/15/15 smooth dorsals with moderately enlarged vertebral row; (2) one loreal and one preocular in contact with orbit; (3) 8-9 supralabials with 4-6 or 3-5 contacting orbit; (4) one pair of infralabials in contact behind symphysial; (5) 177-200 ventrals in males, 180-203 in females; (6) 75-127 divided subcaudals in males, 79-105 in females; (7) dorsal and ventral ground color brown to dark brown (light brown in juveniles) with 33-43 blackish brown to complete black, white to cream edged circular to vertically elliptical blotches that are longer than interspaces; head dark brown with dingy cream reticulations and different degrees of whitish edging on the labial scales, and a thin (1-3 scales long) white to light grayish brown irregular nuchal collar; dorsal blotches extending marginally onto ventrals and rarely fusing midventrally; (8) 199 mm SVL in males, 610-725 mm in females; (9) 85 mm TL in males, 155-241 mm in females.</p><p>Comparisons.</p><p>Dipsas peruana sensu stricto is compared to species previously subsumed under D. peruana sensu lato: D. latifrontalis, D. palmeri, and D. klebbai . From D. latifrontalis and D. palmeri, it differs in having dorsal blotches along the entire body similar in length or longer than interspaces (shorter than interspaces in D. latifrontalis and D. palmeri), and in having melanized interspaces in some adult individuals. With the exception of BMNH 1946.1.2078, specimens of D. peruana can be separated from specimens of D. klebbai by possessing at least one of the following characteristics: posterior body blotches similar in length or marginally longer than interspaces (twice to four times as long in D. klebbai); short circular to vertically elliptical body blotches usually only up to 4-7 vertebral scales long; melanized interspaces; dorsal surface of the head not completely black; and dorsal body blotches rarely fused ventrally.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Eastern slopes of the Peruvian and Bolivian Andes south of the Huancabamba depression at elevations between 1279 and 2671 m (Fig. 4).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/88FB43CB53DB280639129EFCDF2D17D3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Arteaga, Alejandro;Salazar-Valenzuela, David;Mebert, Konrad;Penafiel, Nicolas;Aguiar, Gabriela;Sa ́ nchez-Nivicela, Juan C.;Pyron, R. Alexander;Colston, Timothy J.;Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.;Yanez-Munoz, Mario H.;Venegas, Pablo J.;Guayasamin, Juan M.;Torres-Carvajal, Omar	Arteaga, Alejandro, Salazar-Valenzuela, David, Mebert, Konrad, Penafiel, Nicolas, Aguiar, Gabriela, Sa ́ nchez-Nivicela, Juan C., Pyron, R. Alexander, Colston, Timothy J., Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F., Yanez-Munoz, Mario H., Venegas, Pablo J., Guayasamin, Juan M., Torres-Carvajal, Omar (2018): Systematics of South American snail-eating snakes (Serpentes, Dipsadini), with the description of five new species from Ecuador and Peru. ZooKeys 766: 79-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.766.24523, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.766.24523
82CA92F6A92ABB2757CEAA1E2EFC2E47.text	82CA92F6A92ABB2757CEAA1E2EFC2E47.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dipsas latifrontalis (Boulenger 1905) Boulenger 1905	<div><p>Dipsas latifrontalis (Boulenger, 1905)</p><p>Leptognathus latifrontalis Boulenger, 1905: 561. Holotype BMNH 1946.1.20.98, a female from Aricagua, state of Mérida, Venezuela.</p><p>Dipsas peruana Harvey &amp; Embert, 2008: 79 (part).</p><p>Proposed standard English name.</p><p>Broad-fronted Snail-Eater</p><p>Proposed standard Spanish name.</p><p>Caracolera frentona</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Dipsas latifrontalis differs from all described species of Dipsas based on the following combination of characters: (1) 15/15/15 smooth dorsals with moderately enlarged vertebral row; (2) one loreal and one preocular in contact with orbit; (3) 8-10 supralabials with 3rd to 6th contacting orbit; (4) one pair of infralabials in contact behind symphysial; (5) 192 ventrals in one male (CVULA 7883), 194 in the female holotype; (6) 109 divided subcaudals in the single male, 95 in the female holotype; (7) dorsal and ventral ground color bronze (light brown in juveniles) with 32-36 dark reddish brown to black, circular to vertically elliptical blotches that are longer than interspaces and white to cream edged on first half of body; head grayish brown to black with different degrees of whitish edging on the labial scales, and with or without a thin (1-2 scales long) dingy white irregular nuchal collar; dorsal blotches extending marginally onto ventrals and occasionally fusing on the anterior part of the body; (8) 800 mm SVL in the holotype female; (9) 220 mm TL in the holotype female.</p><p>Comparisons.</p><p>Dipsas latifrontalis is compared to species previously subsumed under D. peruana: D. palmeri, D. peruana, and the herein described D. klebbai . From D. palmeri, it differs in having the first 9-10 dorsal blotches edged with white or cream, vs. the first 19-35 in D. palmeri . The only known adult of D. latifrontalis photographed in life has bronze interspaces (Fig. 1n), a coloration not seen in any adult of D. palmeri (see also Remarks below). From D. klebbai, it differs in having shorter blotches (longest blotch up to 6-8 vertebral scales long) that are circular (instead of oblong) and that are only longer than the interspaces on the first half of the body. From D. peruana, it differs in having dorsal blotches in posterior half of the body shorter than interspaces, and in lacking melanized interspaces in adult individuals.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Known only from two localities in the Venezuelan Andes and one in the Northern Colombian Andes at elevations between 1000 and 1400 m (Fig. 4).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Neither Peters (1960) nor Harvey and Embert (2008) examined the holotype of Dipsas latifrontalis, and they used Boulenger (1905) description to assign specimens of D. palmeri and D. peruana, respectively, to D. latifrontalis . We examined pictures of the holotype of D. latifrontalis from the BMNH, provided to us by César L. Barrio-Amorós . In coloration, the holotype is nearly identical to the uncollected adult presented in Figure 1n (San Isidro, Barinas province, Venezuela), with faint cream edging restricted to blotches 1-9, and indistinct blotches on the posterior part of the body. The previously only known photograph of a D. latifrontalis is of a juvenile from the same location as the specimen in Figure 1n (Rivas et al. 2012).</p><p>All Dipsas latifrontalis depicted in Lotzkat et al. (2008) and Natera-Mumaw et al. (2015) refer to a different species related to the D. incerta group, except for the holotype of D. latifrontalis BMNH 1946.1.20.98 (formerly 1905.5.31.76).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/82CA92F6A92ABB2757CEAA1E2EFC2E47	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Arteaga, Alejandro;Salazar-Valenzuela, David;Mebert, Konrad;Penafiel, Nicolas;Aguiar, Gabriela;Sa ́ nchez-Nivicela, Juan C.;Pyron, R. Alexander;Colston, Timothy J.;Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.;Yanez-Munoz, Mario H.;Venegas, Pablo J.;Guayasamin, Juan M.;Torres-Carvajal, Omar	Arteaga, Alejandro, Salazar-Valenzuela, David, Mebert, Konrad, Penafiel, Nicolas, Aguiar, Gabriela, Sa ́ nchez-Nivicela, Juan C., Pyron, R. Alexander, Colston, Timothy J., Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F., Yanez-Munoz, Mario H., Venegas, Pablo J., Guayasamin, Juan M., Torres-Carvajal, Omar (2018): Systematics of South American snail-eating snakes (Serpentes, Dipsadini), with the description of five new species from Ecuador and Peru. ZooKeys 766: 79-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.766.24523, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.766.24523
