taxonID	type	description	language	source
C27187E5FFB0AA75FF63F9B4DC31F855.taxon	description	The species of the group can be distinguished from other selenopids by their genitalia. The epigyne is characterized by a large median field, and the endogyne consists of long, broad copulatory ducts that posteriorly curve dorsally to the secondary spermathecae, continuing to the primary spermathecae (Figs 19, 22 – 23, 25, 28 – 29). Additionally, females have a robust posterodorsal fold which covers most of the primary spermathecae (Figs 19, 22 – 23, 25, 28 – 29). The shape of the median field and of the epigynal pockets can vary within species (Figs 24, 27), but there are discrete differences between species. In the male, the cymbium is angular, the RTA has a long, tapering dorsal branch, the tegulum is large, with the embolus arising from it at a somewhat inconspicuous location after the tegulum narrows, the embolus is broad, flat, and slightly twisted, and the spermophor folds inward from the tegulum into the hematodocha (Figs 30 – 37).	en	Crews, Sarah C., Galvis, William, Torres, Richard A., Gutiérrez-Estrada, Miguel A., Sarmiento, Jessica, Esposito, Lauren A. (2021): The flattie spiders of the Selenops isopodus species group (Araneae: Selenopidae) with a review of Selenops records from Colombia. Zootaxa 4964 (1): 61-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4964.1.3
C27187E5FFB0AA75FF63FA06DC61F9B9.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Selenops radiatus Latreille, 1819	en	Crews, Sarah C., Galvis, William, Torres, Richard A., Gutiérrez-Estrada, Miguel A., Sarmiento, Jessica, Esposito, Lauren A. (2021): The flattie spiders of the Selenops isopodus species group (Araneae: Selenopidae) with a review of Selenops records from Colombia. Zootaxa 4964 (1): 61-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4964.1.3
C27187E5FFB7AA72FF63FF53DF47FC4E.taxon	description	Figs 1, 7, 18 – 20, 23	en	Crews, Sarah C., Galvis, William, Torres, Richard A., Gutiérrez-Estrada, Miguel A., Sarmiento, Jessica, Esposito, Lauren A. (2021): The flattie spiders of the Selenops isopodus species group (Araneae: Selenopidae) with a review of Selenops records from Colombia. Zootaxa 4964 (1): 61-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4964.1.3
C27187E5FFB7AA72FF63FF53DF47FC4E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype (designated by Crews 2011): female, 12 ° 29.356 ’ N, 69 ° 55.461 ’ W, near Gran Tonel in valley Rooi Coashati, Arikok National Park, Aruba, 16 October 2004, S. Crews, F. Franken (EME sel _ 068, but see Remarks). Other material examined. See Crews (2011).	en	Crews, Sarah C., Galvis, William, Torres, Richard A., Gutiérrez-Estrada, Miguel A., Sarmiento, Jessica, Esposito, Lauren A. (2021): The flattie spiders of the Selenops isopodus species group (Araneae: Selenopidae) with a review of Selenops records from Colombia. Zootaxa 4964 (1): 61-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4964.1.3
C27187E5FFB7AA72FF63FF53DF47FC4E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Selenops arikok can be differentiated from other members of the S. isopodus group by the copulatory ducts which extend laterally beyond the sclerotized portion of the epigynal plate after curving dorsally around the secondary spermathecae (Fig. 23). Additionally, the secondary spermathecae are anterior of the primary spermathecae, whereas they are even with or posterior of them in the other species (Figs 22, 25, 28 – 29).	en	Crews, Sarah C., Galvis, William, Torres, Richard A., Gutiérrez-Estrada, Miguel A., Sarmiento, Jessica, Esposito, Lauren A. (2021): The flattie spiders of the Selenops isopodus species group (Araneae: Selenopidae) with a review of Selenops records from Colombia. Zootaxa 4964 (1): 61-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4964.1.3
C27187E5FFB7AA72FF63FF53DF47FC4E.taxon	description	Description. See Crews (2011).	en	Crews, Sarah C., Galvis, William, Torres, Richard A., Gutiérrez-Estrada, Miguel A., Sarmiento, Jessica, Esposito, Lauren A. (2021): The flattie spiders of the Selenops isopodus species group (Araneae: Selenopidae) with a review of Selenops records from Colombia. Zootaxa 4964 (1): 61-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4964.1.3
C27187E5FFB7AA72FF63FF53DF47FC4E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Aruba (Fig. 60). Life history and habitat preferences. Collected under rocks, bark, and debris on the ground, both near to and distant from human dwellings. The egg sac is a flat, white disc attached to the substrate and guarded by the female (Fig. 1). As in other selenopids, the female lays from 25 – 50 eggs. The habitat from which this species was collected is dry thornscrub (Fig. 56).	en	Crews, Sarah C., Galvis, William, Torres, Richard A., Gutiérrez-Estrada, Miguel A., Sarmiento, Jessica, Esposito, Lauren A. (2021): The flattie spiders of the Selenops isopodus species group (Araneae: Selenopidae) with a review of Selenops records from Colombia. Zootaxa 4964 (1): 61-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4964.1.3
C27187E5FFB7AA72FF63FF53DF47FC4E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. These samples are apparently misplaced. The type, as well as an immature, stated to be in EME (Crews 2011) could not currently be located. Also, a second adult female and immature stated to be in CAS (Crews 2011) cannot be located. The illustrations are derived from Crews (2011). The specimen identified as S. arikok by Galvis and Flórez (2015) is actually S. isopodus; thus, S. arikok is endemic to Aruba. The male of this species remains unknown.	en	Crews, Sarah C., Galvis, William, Torres, Richard A., Gutiérrez-Estrada, Miguel A., Sarmiento, Jessica, Esposito, Lauren A. (2021): The flattie spiders of the Selenops isopodus species group (Araneae: Selenopidae) with a review of Selenops records from Colombia. Zootaxa 4964 (1): 61-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4964.1.3
C27187E5FFB7AA72FF63FBFDDA73F82D.taxon	description	Figs 2 – 3, 8 – 11, 21 – 22, 34 – 35, 38, 41, 44, 47, 50, 52	en	Crews, Sarah C., Galvis, William, Torres, Richard A., Gutiérrez-Estrada, Miguel A., Sarmiento, Jessica, Esposito, Lauren A. (2021): The flattie spiders of the Selenops isopodus species group (Araneae: Selenopidae) with a review of Selenops records from Colombia. Zootaxa 4964 (1): 61-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4964.1.3
C27187E5FFB7AA72FF63FBFDDA73F82D.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype (designated by Alayón 2001): male, CarMaBI (Caribbean Marine Biology Institute), Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles, September 1963 (MCZ 44835, examined). Paratype: female, Piscadera Baai building, Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles, 18 – 30 December 1962, H. & L. Levi (MCZ 44836, examined). Other material examined. See Crews (2011).	en	Crews, Sarah C., Galvis, William, Torres, Richard A., Gutiérrez-Estrada, Miguel A., Sarmiento, Jessica, Esposito, Lauren A. (2021): The flattie spiders of the Selenops isopodus species group (Araneae: Selenopidae) with a review of Selenops records from Colombia. Zootaxa 4964 (1): 61-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4964.1.3
C27187E5FFB7AA72FF63FBFDDA73F82D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Females of Selenops curazao can be differentiated from other members of the S. isopodus group by the sclerotized septum found within the median field of the epigyne (Fig. 21). Such a septum is absent and the median field is weakly sclerotized in the other species of the group (Figs 18, 20, 24, 26 – 27). The copulatory ducts curve outward laterally, then back inward medially, then out again before curving back on themselves dorsally (Fig. 22). Additionally, when the genitalia is viewed caudally, it is much narrower dorsoventrally than in the other species (Fig. 52). Males of S. curazao can be differentiated from other members of the S. isopodus group by the posteriorly rounded, rather than proximally protruded, tegulum (Fig. 34). Also, the tip of the conductor is angular rather than rectangular (Figs 34, 41, 44, 47, 50).	en	Crews, Sarah C., Galvis, William, Torres, Richard A., Gutiérrez-Estrada, Miguel A., Sarmiento, Jessica, Esposito, Lauren A. (2021): The flattie spiders of the Selenops isopodus species group (Araneae: Selenopidae) with a review of Selenops records from Colombia. Zootaxa 4964 (1): 61-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4964.1.3
C27187E5FFB7AA72FF63FBFDDA73F82D.taxon	description	Description. See Crews (2011).	en	Crews, Sarah C., Galvis, William, Torres, Richard A., Gutiérrez-Estrada, Miguel A., Sarmiento, Jessica, Esposito, Lauren A. (2021): The flattie spiders of the Selenops isopodus species group (Araneae: Selenopidae) with a review of Selenops records from Colombia. Zootaxa 4964 (1): 61-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4964.1.3
C27187E5FFB7AA72FF63FBFDDA73F82D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Curaçao, Bonaire (Fig. 60). Life history and habitat preferences. This species has been collected under wood, rocks, cactus, and other debris on the ground, both near to and away from human dwellings. During the day, it can be found hiding in crevices near the ceiling molding in houses, emerging at night. It is found in dry thornscrub and dry forest (Fig. 57). The female guards the white, flat, disc-shaped egg sac, and lays approximately 25 – 50 eggs.	en	Crews, Sarah C., Galvis, William, Torres, Richard A., Gutiérrez-Estrada, Miguel A., Sarmiento, Jessica, Esposito, Lauren A. (2021): The flattie spiders of the Selenops isopodus species group (Araneae: Selenopidae) with a review of Selenops records from Colombia. Zootaxa 4964 (1): 61-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4964.1.3
C27187E5FFB6AA7EFF63FF53DC1BFCB3.taxon	description	Figs 4 – 6, 12 – 15, 24 – 25, 27 – 28, 30 – 33, 39, 42, 45, 48, 53 – 54	en	Crews, Sarah C., Galvis, William, Torres, Richard A., Gutiérrez-Estrada, Miguel A., Sarmiento, Jessica, Esposito, Lauren A. (2021): The flattie spiders of the Selenops isopodus species group (Araneae: Selenopidae) with a review of Selenops records from Colombia. Zootaxa 4964 (1): 61-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4964.1.3
C27187E5FFB6AA7EFF63FF53DC1BFCB3.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype (designated by Mello-Leitão 1941): female, Pamplona, Colombia (MNRJ, destroyed, not examined). Other material examined. COLOMBIA:. La Guajira: 7 ♀, 2 ♂, Albania, corregimiento Porciosa, 11 ° 12 ’ 17.27 ” N, 72 ° 25 ’ 29.03 ” W, 141 m, 21 November 2014, M. Gutiérrez & A. Gonzalez (ICN-Ar 12894 – 12896). Magdalena: 1 ♀, Santa Marta, Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona, Sector Neguanje, 140 m, 11 ° 17 ’ 1.6 ” N, 74 ° 07 ’ 18 ” W, September 1996, dry forest, bosque intervenido / secondary forest, C. Valderrama (ICN-Ar- 12897). Santander: 1 ♀, Mun. Barichara, La Loma, 26 March 2002, 1300 m, M. Portocarreño (ICN-Ar- 1735); 7 ♀, 4 ♂, 11 p ♂, 9 p ♀, 7 imm., Mun. Barichara, Camino de Lengerke to Guane, 6 ° 39.852 ’ N, 73 ° 13.935 ’ W, heading 3.40 °, ~ 1125 m, 3 March 2020, S. Crews, W. Galvis, N. Álvarez, day and night, dry thornscrub (ICN-Ar- 12740 – 12742).	en	Crews, Sarah C., Galvis, William, Torres, Richard A., Gutiérrez-Estrada, Miguel A., Sarmiento, Jessica, Esposito, Lauren A. (2021): The flattie spiders of the Selenops isopodus species group (Araneae: Selenopidae) with a review of Selenops records from Colombia. Zootaxa 4964 (1): 61-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4964.1.3
C27187E5FFB6AA7EFF63FF53DC1BFCB3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Females of Selenops isopodus can be separated from other species of the group by the copulatory ducts which widen anteriorly forming a heart-shaped or V-shaped dorsal median field between them, whereas in other species, the ducts are of more uniform width, and the dorsal median field is rounded, with a septum, or fully enclosed (Figs 18 – 29). In caudal view, the copulatory ducts extend to the edges of the epigynal plate posteriorly (Figs 53 – 54). Males of S. isopodus can be separated from other species by the tegulum, which protrudes posteriorly, making the bulb more angular than that of S. curazao, and the retrolateral indentation of the tegulum that is not as pronounced as in S. bullerengue sp. nov. (Figs. 30 – 37). Additionally, the tip of the conductor is bent at a nearly right angle, long and quadrangular, giving the distal part of the conductor a C-shaped appearance in retrolateral view (Fig. 42).	en	Crews, Sarah C., Galvis, William, Torres, Richard A., Gutiérrez-Estrada, Miguel A., Sarmiento, Jessica, Esposito, Lauren A. (2021): The flattie spiders of the Selenops isopodus species group (Araneae: Selenopidae) with a review of Selenops records from Colombia. Zootaxa 4964 (1): 61-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4964.1.3
C27187E5FFB6AA7EFF63FF53DC1BFCB3.taxon	description	Description. Female (from Colombia, Albania, ICN-Ar 12894): Color (Figs 4, 12 – 15). Carapace orangish brown, darker on lateral edges, with dark markings; sternum light yellow-brown, dark around border; chelicerae orange-brown laterally with dark brown marks anteriorly, extending the length of the chelicerae; maxillae tan, lightening distally; labium tan; abdomen dorsally light orangish yellow, background with a few white flecks, dark median foliate pattern, sides dark, with dark area widening posteriorly, nearly connecting with median pattern, brown spots over lighter parts, tip of abdomen black, ALS and PLS dark laterally; abdomen ventrally yellowish gray, some dark spots visible at lateral edges; legs yellowish tan with dark marks on anterior surfaces of coxae and trochanters; femora with dark annulations, open in centers; dark, filled annulations on all other segments, annulations do not completely encircle legs; speckles on retrolateral surface of legs; legs dorsally (retrolaterally) and ventrally (prolaterally) with white setal tufts; setae wiry, wavy (Note: even new, well-preserved specimens look very different from living animals – e. g. Figs 4 – 6, 12 – 15). Prosoma. 0.88 times longer than broad; clypeus height 0.13. Eyes. AER nearly straight; PER slightly recurved; PME larger than AME, PLE largest, ALE smallest; eye diameters, AME 0.21, ALE 0.19, PME 0.23, PLE 0.36; interdistances AME-PME 0.12, PME-ALE 0.13, ALE-PLE 0.26, PME-PME 1.21, ALE-ALE 1.76; AME-AME 0.6, PLE-PLE 2.13. Sternum. 0.95 times as long as wide, posteriorly indented. Mouthparts. Chelicerae with uniform, brownish setae; maxillae longer than broad with conspicuous setal tuft distally; labium distally rounded. Pedipalp. Fm, spination 0 - 1 - 3; claw with 8 small teeth. Opisthosoma. With terminal setal tufts. Epigyne (Figs 24, 27). MF wider anteriorly than posteriorly, heart shaped to U-shaped, very weakly sclerotized; CO located anterolaterally; EP contiguous. Endogyne (Figs 25, 28). CDs long, lateral, widening posteriorly, curving dorsally and terminating in small SS, which then connect to large, round PS; FDs directed anteriorly; PF covers PS but not SS. Legs. Leg formula 3214; scopulae present on all Ta and distally on Mt I and II; Ta I – IV with strong claw tufts; prolateral claws I – IV with ~ 10 teeth that become larger distally; spination: leg I, Fm pr 1 - 1 - 0, d 1 - 1 - 1, rt 1 - 0 - 0; Ti 2 - 2 - 2; Mt 2 - 2; leg II, Fm pr 1 - 0 - 0, d 1 - 1 - 1, rt 0 - 0 - 1; Ti 2 - 2 - 2; Mt 2 - 2; leg III, Fm pr 1 - 0 - 0, d 1 - 1 - 1, rt 1 - 0 - 0; Ti 1 - 1 - 0; Mt 1 - 0 - 0; leg IV, Fm pr 0, d 1 - 1 - 1, Mt 1 - 1 - 0; Ti 1 - 0 - 0. Measurements. Total length 8.26. Carapace length 3.26. Carapace width 3.72. Sternum length 1.68. Sternum width 1.76. Abdomen length 5.0. Abdomen width 3.71. Pedipalp: Fm 0.98, Pt 0.63, Ti 0.8, Ta 0.96, total 3.37. Leg I: Fm 3.18, Pt 1.27, Ti 2.60, Mt 2.22, Ta 1.21, total 10.48; Leg II: Fm 3.71, Pt 1.31, Ti 2.84, Mt 2.29, Ta 1.11, total 11.26; Leg III: Fm 3.76, Pt 1.12, Ti 2.99, Mt 2.43, Ta 1.14, total 11.44; Leg IV: Fm 3.46, Pt 1.10, Ti 2.52, Mt 2.35, Ta 0.96, total 10.39. Male (from Colombia, Albania, ICN-Ar 12895): Color. Carapace orangish tan, lacks markings; sternum light yellow, dark around border; chelicerae orangish tan, dark brown lines on anterior surface that extend the length of chelicerae; maxillae yellow-brown, lightening distally; labium brown; abdomen dorsally yellowish gray with some white flecks, some darker marks medially and posteromedially, laterally darker, black at posterior end, ALS black at tips, PLS darkened dorsally and laterally; abdomen ventrally yellowish gray, some dark spots extending from sides around to ventral surface posteriorly; legs yellowish, slightly darkening to tan distally, faded annulations that also darken distally; setal tufts under patellae; white setal tufts as in female. Prosoma. 0.84 times longer than broad; clypeus height 0.11 high. Eyes. AER nearly straight; PER slightly recurved; PME larger than AME, PLE largest, ALE smallest; eye diameters, AME 0.21, ALE 0.17, PME 0.22, PLE 0.38; interdistances AME-PME 0.14, PME-ALE 0.13, ALE-PLE 0.32, PME-PME 1.17, ALE-ALE 1.62, AME-AME 0.53, PLE-PLE 2.05. Sternum. 0.96 times as long as wide, posteriorly indented. Mouthparts. Chelicerae with lots of brown setae; maxillae longer than broad with conspicuous setal tuft distally; labium distally rounded. Pedipalp (Figs 30 – 33). Fm, spination d 0 - 1 - 3; cymbium rounded laterally and basally angled retrolaterally; C arising medially from bulb, lightly sclerotized basally, becoming more sclerotized distally, curving and tapering retrolaterally, tip at approximately 1 o’clock, conductor tip forms a sharp right angle so that it is directed dorsally toward the cymbium, the tip is truncate, slightly widened distally, in retrolateral view C-shaped, along the top of the conductor is an unsclerotized sheath that covers approximately the distalmost third of the embolus; E originates around 6: 30 o’clock, and terminates at approximately 1 o’clock, wider at base, tapering distally, flat and angular, slightly twisted about midway, the distinction from the T, where the T begins to narrow, is inconspicuous, T protrudes basally and lacks the retrolateral indentation present in S. bullerengue sp. nov. (Fig. 36); MA small, hooked at tip, lightly sclerotized basally, strongly sclerotized distally; RTA with two branches, dRTA longer than vRTA, tapering gradually distally, slightly sinuous, with a small tooth. Opisthosoma. With terminal setal tufts. Legs. Leg formula 2341; scopulae present distally on Ta I and II, sparse; Ta I – IV with strong claw tufts; prolateral claws I – IV with at least 10 teeth increasing in size distally; spination: leg I, Fm pr 1 - 1 - 1, d 1 - 1 - 1, rt 1 - 1 - 1; Ti v 2 - 2 - 2, pr 1 - 1, rt 1 - 1; Mt 2 - 2; leg II, Fm pr 1 - 1 - 1, d 1 - 1 - 1, rt 1 - 1 - 1; Ti v 2 - 2 - 2, pr 1 - 1, rt 1 - 1; Mt 2 - 2; leg III, Fm pr 1 - 1 - 1, d 1 - 1 - 1, rt 1 - 1 - 1; Ti v 2 - 2, pr 1 - 1, rt 1 - 1; Mt 2 - 2; leg IV, Fm pr 1 - 1 - 1, d 1 - 1 - 1, rt 1 - 1 - 1; Ti v 2 - 2 pr 1 - 1, rt 1 - 1; Mt 2 - 2. Measurements. Total length 6.54. Carapace length 3.08. Carapace width 3.67. Sternum length 1.71. Sternum width 1.78. Abdomen length 3.46. Abdomen width 3.03. Pedipalp: Fm 1.32, Pt 0.82, Ti 0.73, Ta 1.51, total 3.73. Leg I: Fm 3.84, Pt 1.21, Ti 3.41, Mt 3.21, Ta 1.68, total 13.35; Leg II: Fm 4.78, Pt 1.60, Ti 3.89, Mt 3.50, Ta 1.74, total 15.51; Leg III: Fm 4.67, Pt 1.14, Ti 3.58, Mt 3.37, Ta 1.6, total 14.36; Leg IV: Fm 4.36, Pt 1.29, Ti 3.51, Mt 3.32, Ta 1.51, total 13.99.	en	Crews, Sarah C., Galvis, William, Torres, Richard A., Gutiérrez-Estrada, Miguel A., Sarmiento, Jessica, Esposito, Lauren A. (2021): The flattie spiders of the Selenops isopodus species group (Araneae: Selenopidae) with a review of Selenops records from Colombia. Zootaxa 4964 (1): 61-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4964.1.3
C27187E5FFB6AA7EFF63FF53DC1BFCB3.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Colombia, Venezuela (Fig. 60). Distribution corresponds to the Cordillera Oriental and the adjacent Caribbean coast.	en	Crews, Sarah C., Galvis, William, Torres, Richard A., Gutiérrez-Estrada, Miguel A., Sarmiento, Jessica, Esposito, Lauren A. (2021): The flattie spiders of the Selenops isopodus species group (Araneae: Selenopidae) with a review of Selenops records from Colombia. Zootaxa 4964 (1): 61-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4964.1.3
C27187E5FFB6AA7EFF63FF53DC1BFCB3.taxon	description	Variation. The Ti of some specimens have dark flecks ventrally. In the female, the EP and MF of the epigyne can vary (Figs 24, 27). For example, the older specimen from Barichara has a more U-shaped MF, and the EPs are angular with the apex directed laterally (Fig. 27). In other specimens, the EPs are more rounded, with the apex directed anteriorly. The MF ranges from square to V-shaped to heart shaped to U-shaped in specimens collected from the same place at the same time. The PS may be close together so that they are touching, or separated. The size range of females from La Guajira is 7.50 – 9.64 and the size range of males is 5.92 – 6.93. Life history and habitat preferences. This species has been collected inside of houses, under bark, and on stone fences — under the stones in the day and on the stones at night. As found in other selenopids where on the rare occasion multiple individuals have been collected (Crews et al. 2008; Villanueva-Bonilla & Vasconcellos-Neto 2016), both adults and immatures are collected simultaneously, the latter comprising penultimate males and females, and instars of 3 – 4 different sizes. Females and some juveniles, like some other selenopid species, have been observed to consume their legs when the leg is injured or has come off. Males have been collected in: March, April, October, and November. Females have been collected in March, April, May, September, and November. The female guards a flat, white, disc-shaped egg sac. An egg sac from a captive female was made in March, with the offspring (25) hatching approximately one month later, emerging from the egg sac approximately 2 weeks after that. The female died a few days later. Prior to emergence, the female continued to guard the egg sac and readily eat crickets and fruit flies.	en	Crews, Sarah C., Galvis, William, Torres, Richard A., Gutiérrez-Estrada, Miguel A., Sarmiento, Jessica, Esposito, Lauren A. (2021): The flattie spiders of the Selenops isopodus species group (Araneae: Selenopidae) with a review of Selenops records from Colombia. Zootaxa 4964 (1): 61-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4964.1.3
C27187E5FFB6AA7EFF63FF53DC1BFCB3.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Selenops isopodus was described from a sole female specimen with no characters distinguishing it from other species, and the illustration of the epigyne is inverted (in Mello-Leitão 1941: 293, fig. 19). Corronca (1998 a) provided a brief re-description of the species. He mentioned that the type, known from Pamplona, Colombia and deposited in MNRJ, was lost. If the holotype was misplaced in the MNRJ, it would now have been destroyed (Kury et al. 2018). Corronca (1998 a) also mentions a second specimen in the “ Other material examined ” section. Because this appears to be the only known specimen in a collection at the time of publication, we assume this was the only material examined. This specimen is meant to be lodged at AMNH; however, it has not been returned to the museum (L. Sorkin, pers. comm.). It originated from Pozos Colorados (Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia) [published as Pozo Colorado in Corronca 1998 a], a locality quite distant from Pamplona. It is unclear how Corronca (1998 a), without seeing the type and relying only upon Mello-Leitão’s description and illustration, determined the now-missing specimen from Pozos Colorados as S. isopodus. The male of S. isopodus remained unknown until several males and females were collected together in Albania, La Guajira, Colombia. The holotype male of S. marilus from Lara, Venezuela (Fig. 15, which has only a single, expanded palp preserved) is identical to the males collected together with the S. isopodus females from Albania as well as those from Barichara, and thus the name S. marilus is synonymized with S. isopodus.	en	Crews, Sarah C., Galvis, William, Torres, Richard A., Gutiérrez-Estrada, Miguel A., Sarmiento, Jessica, Esposito, Lauren A. (2021): The flattie spiders of the Selenops isopodus species group (Araneae: Selenopidae) with a review of Selenops records from Colombia. Zootaxa 4964 (1): 61-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4964.1.3
C27187E5FFBBAA78FF63FC9DDD11FF5F.taxon	description	Figs 16 – 17, 26, 29, 36 – 37, 40, 43, 46, 49, 51, 55	en	Crews, Sarah C., Galvis, William, Torres, Richard A., Gutiérrez-Estrada, Miguel A., Sarmiento, Jessica, Esposito, Lauren A. (2021): The flattie spiders of the Selenops isopodus species group (Araneae: Selenopidae) with a review of Selenops records from Colombia. Zootaxa 4964 (1): 61-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4964.1.3
C27187E5FFBBAA78FF63FC9DDD11FF5F.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype: female, Hacienda El Huerto, Finca de Ovi, Turbaco, 102 m [10 ° 22 ’ 19 ” N, 75 ° 20 ’ 58.8 ” W, Bolivar, Colombia], 7 January 2017, M. Gutiérrez (ICN-Ar- 12898). Paratype: 1 male, same data as holotype (ICN-Ar- 12899). Other material examined. COLOMBIA: Bolivar: 1 ♀, 2 ♂, same data as holotype (ICN-Ar- 12900). Atlantico: 1 ♂, Piojó, Aguas Vivas Ecopark, Tikun, 10 ° 44 ’ 47.03 ” N, 75 ° 5 ’ 37.94 ” W, 10 September 2017, 20: 00, dry forest, corteza de arbol / on tree, R. A. Torres (MZUSU). Sucre: 1 ♂ El Roble, Estación Biologica Tierra Santa, 9 ° 06 ’ 8.23 ” N, 75 ° 11 ’ 42.08 ” W, 15 January 2018, 16: 00, sabanas / savanna, debajo tronco en descomposición / under decomposing trunk, R. A. Torres (MZUSU); 1 ♂, Sincelejo, Institución Educativa Rafael Nuñez, 9 ° 16 ’ 14.13 ” N, 75 ° 24 ’ 37.41 ” W, 16 August 2018, 12: 00, zona urbanizada / urban area, pared de edificación / wall of building, R. A. Torres (MZUSU).	en	Crews, Sarah C., Galvis, William, Torres, Richard A., Gutiérrez-Estrada, Miguel A., Sarmiento, Jessica, Esposito, Lauren A. (2021): The flattie spiders of the Selenops isopodus species group (Araneae: Selenopidae) with a review of Selenops records from Colombia. Zootaxa 4964 (1): 61-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4964.1.3
C27187E5FFBBAA78FF63FC9DDD11FF5F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet comes from “ bullerengue ”, a type of cumbia music and dance traditionally performed by women from Afro-descendant / Maroon communities of the Colombian Caribbean where the new species has been found; noun in apposition.	en	Crews, Sarah C., Galvis, William, Torres, Richard A., Gutiérrez-Estrada, Miguel A., Sarmiento, Jessica, Esposito, Lauren A. (2021): The flattie spiders of the Selenops isopodus species group (Araneae: Selenopidae) with a review of Selenops records from Colombia. Zootaxa 4964 (1): 61-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4964.1.3
C27187E5FFBBAA78FF63FC9DDD11FF5F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Females of S. bullerengue sp. nov. can be differentiated by the copulatory ducts, which form an oval and do not extend to the edges of the epigynal plate posteriorly (Figs 26, 29, 55). When the genitalia is viewed caudally, the spermathecae and ducts visible through the integument resemble commas (Fig. 55). Males of the new species can be distinguished by the wide base of the dRTA (Fig. 37). Also, the tegulum abruptly protrudes basally, and the tip of the conductor is a large, unsclerotized rectangle with sclerotized bifurcate branches — one pointed and one hook shaped (Figs 36, 43, 46, 49, 51).	en	Crews, Sarah C., Galvis, William, Torres, Richard A., Gutiérrez-Estrada, Miguel A., Sarmiento, Jessica, Esposito, Lauren A. (2021): The flattie spiders of the Selenops isopodus species group (Araneae: Selenopidae) with a review of Selenops records from Colombia. Zootaxa 4964 (1): 61-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4964.1.3
C27187E5FFBBAA78FF63FC9DDD11FF5F.taxon	description	Description. Female (holotype): Color (Fig. 16). Carapace brownish yellow with dark markings; sternum yellowish, dark around border; chelicerae brownish yellow with dark markings anteriorly and anteromedially, extending the length of the chelicerae; maxillae yellowish brown, lightening distally; labium brown, lightening distally; abdomen yellowish gray with some white flecks, with dark markings medially that widen and contract in the upper and lower third, dark flecks extend laterally from the central area, dark festoon on abdomen posteriorly, ALS and PLS darkened dorsolaterally; abdomen ventrally grayish yellow, dark laterally; legs yellowish tan with dark annulations on all leg segments; speckles on effectively ventral surface (prolateral) of pt and ti I and II. Prosoma. Carapace 0.90 times longer than broad; clypeus height 0.15. Eyes. AER nearly straight; PER slightly recurved; PME larger than AME, PLE largest, ALE smallest; eye diameters, AME 0.22, ALE 0.12, PME 0.29, PLE 0.38; interdistances AME-PME 0.10, PME-ALE 0.11, ALE-PLE 0.41, PME-PME 1.34, ALE-ALE 1.79, AME-AME 0.66 PLE-PLE 2.31. Sternum. 0.93 times as long as wide, posteriorly indented. Mouthparts. Chelicerae with uniformly distributed setae; maxillae longer than broad with conspicuous setal tuft distally; labium distally rounded. Pedipalp. Fm, spination 0 - 1 - 3; claw with 8 teeth. Opisthosoma. With terminal setal tufts. Epigyne (Fig. 26). MF weakly sclerotized, rounded to subrectangular, rounded anteriorly, more squared-off posteriorly; COs located anterolaterally; EPs contiguous, with large hoods. Endogyne (Fig. 29). CDs located laterally, extending basolaterally, then medially, forming an oval dorsal MF between them, before wrapping around themselves dorsally, connecting to SS, then PS; PS round, located medially; PF does not completely cover PS; FDs long, extend anterolaterally. Legs. leg formula 231 - (leg IV missing); scopulae present on Ta and Mt I and II and the tip of Ta III; Ta I – IV with strong claw tufts; prolateral claws with several teeth that gradually increase in size distally; spination: leg I, Fm pr 1 - 1 - 0, d 1 - 1 - 1, rt 1 - 0 - 1; Ti 2 - 2 - 2; Mt 2 - 2; leg II, Fm pr 1 - 0 - 0, d 1 - 1 - 1, rt 1 - 0 - 1; Ti 2 - 2 - 2; Mt 2 - 2; leg III, Fm pr 1 - 0 - 0, d 1 - 1 - 1, rt 0 - 0 - 1; Ti 2 - 2; Mt 2 - 2; leg IV, missing. Measurements. Total length 7.96. Carapace length 3.43. Carapace width 3.81. Sternum length 1.85. Sternum width 1.72. Abdomen length 4.53. Abdomen width 3.61. Pedipalp: Fm 0.82, Pt 0.63, Ti 0.70, Ta 0.89, total 3.04. Leg I: Fm 3.40, Pt 1.26, Ti 2.59, Mt 2.44, Ta 1.32, total 11.01; Leg II: Fm 4.01, Pt 1.33, Ti 3.06, Mt 2.46, Ta 1.37, total 12.23; Leg III: Fm 4.14, Pt 1.06, Ti 2.99, Mt 2.61, Ta 1.38, total 12.18; Leg IV: missing. Description. Male (paratype): Color (Fig. 17). Carapace yellowish brown with darker marks; sternum yellowish tan, dark around border; chelicerae yellowish brown with two short, dark lines extending about half the length of the chelicerae, and two longer and wider dark lines extending the entire length; maxillae yellowish gray, darkening distally; labium tan; abdomen dorsally grayish with a dark medial line, dark patches on either side, darker laterally, spinnerets with dark spots laterally; abdomen ventrally grayish yellow; legs yellowish brown with annulations. Prosoma. 0.80 times longer than broad; clypeus height 0.13. Eyes. AER nearly straight; PER slightly recurved; PME larger than AME, PLE largest, ALE smallest; eye diameters, AME 0.19, ALE 0.14, PME 0.27, PLE 0.42; interdistances AME-PME 0.13, PME-ALE 0.20, ALE-PLE 0.49, PME-PME 1.41, ALE-ALE 1.89, AME-AME 0.69 PLE-PLE 2.43. Sternum. 0.83 times as long as wide, posteriorly indented. Mouthparts. Chelicerae with more setae medially and laterally than anteriorly; maxillae longer than broad with conspicuous setal tuft distally; labium distally rounded. Pedipalps (Figs 36 – 37, 40, 43, 46, 49, 51). Fm, spination 0 - 1 - 4. Cymbium subtriangular, rounded prolaterally, extending to an angular projection retrolaterally; C arising medially, weakly sclerotized basally, becoming more sclerotized distally, slightly widening, tapering toward tip, tip is an unsclerotized rectangle with sclerotized bifurcate branches, one pointed and one hook shaped; E arising from T that protrudes basally with a prominent retrolateral indentation, beginning around 6 or 7 o’clock and ending at about 1 o’clock, tapering gradually distally, somewhat angular and flat, slightly twisted about halfway; MA located at about 3 o’clock, wider at base, tapering distally to small hook, becoming more sclerotized distally; RTA with two branches, in ventral view vRTA is narrow, slightly curved, knife blade shaped, the dorsal branch has a large tooth basally making the base of the dRTA appear wide, dRTA tapering distally to a point. Opisthosoma. With terminal setal tufts. Legs. Leg formula 2341; scopulae distally on Ta I and II, sparse; Ta I – IV with strong claw tufts; prolateral claws I – IV with at least 12 teeth increasing in size distally; spination: leg I, Fm pr 1 - 1 - 1, d 1 - 1 - 1, rt 1 - 1 - 1; Ti v 2 - 2 - 2, pr 1 - 1, rt 1 - 1; Mt 2 - 2; leg II, Fm pr 1 - 1 - 1, d 1 - 1 - 1, rl 1 - 1 - 1; Ti v 2 - 2 - 2, pr 1 - 1, rt 1 - 1; Mt 2 - 2; leg III, Fm pr 1 - 1 - 1, d 1 - 1 - 1, rt 1 - 1 - 1; Ti v 2 - 2, pr 1 - 1, rt 1 - 1; Mt 2 - 2; leg IV, Fm pr 1 - 1 - 1, d 1 - 1 - 1, rt 1 - 1 - 1; Ti v 2 - 2, pr 1 - 1, rt 1 - 1; Mt 2 - 2. Measurements. Total length 8.02. Carapace length 3.56 Carapace width 4.47. Sternum length 1.61. Sternum width 1.33. Abdomen length 4.46. Abdomen width 3.55. Pedipalp: Fm 1.01, Pt 0.58, Ti 0.52, Ta 1.13 total 3.24. Leg I: Fm 3.46, Pt 0.98, Ti 3.66, Mt 1.95, Ta 1.65, total 11.71; Leg II: Fm 4.50, Pt 1.27, Ti 4.15, Mt 3.61, Ta 1.75, total 15.28; Leg III: Fm 4.48, Pt 1.51, Ti 3.61 Mt 3.56, Ta 1.66, total 14.83 Leg IV: Fm 4.15, Pt 1.37, Ti 3.66, Mt 2.93, Ta 1.46, total 13.56.	en	Crews, Sarah C., Galvis, William, Torres, Richard A., Gutiérrez-Estrada, Miguel A., Sarmiento, Jessica, Esposito, Lauren A. (2021): The flattie spiders of the Selenops isopodus species group (Araneae: Selenopidae) with a review of Selenops records from Colombia. Zootaxa 4964 (1): 61-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4964.1.3
C27187E5FFBBAA78FF63FC9DDD11FF5F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Northwestern Colombia, Caribbean coast (Fig. 60). Life history and habitat preferences. This species has been collected in savannah habitat, urban areas, and dry forest, under decomposing logs, on walls of buildings, and on trees. Males have been found in January, July, August, September, and females have been collected in January.	en	Crews, Sarah C., Galvis, William, Torres, Richard A., Gutiérrez-Estrada, Miguel A., Sarmiento, Jessica, Esposito, Lauren A. (2021): The flattie spiders of the Selenops isopodus species group (Araneae: Selenopidae) with a review of Selenops records from Colombia. Zootaxa 4964 (1): 61-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4964.1.3
C27187E5FFBDAA79FF63F935DF56F823.taxon	description	In general, many South American selenopids appear to be widespread with no straightforward biogeographic barriers. It is difficult to determine if the small distributions of some species represent narrow areas of endemism, or if like most selenopids, they are poorly collected. In some cases, as with Selenops cocheleti Simon, 1880 and S. mexicanus Keyserling, 1880, the spiders probably have moved around with people in the past and continue to do so (Crews 2011; Crews et al. 2016). In other species, like S. banksi Muma, 1953, species are poorly collected but have an extremely broad distribution, probably due to their proclivity to live in the canopy (Crews et al. 2021). Some species appear to be restricted to small areas but eventually are found in other areas far away, and it may take a while to fill in the gap (Crews and Harvey 2011). Currently, at least eight selenopid species are known from Colombia (S. bullerengue sp. nov., S. curruganja Crews & Galvis 2021, S. cocheleti, S. geraldinae Corronca, 1996, S. isopodus, S. lavillai Corronca, 1996, S. mexicanus, and S. sp. ‘ leg tufts’ — see below) with two being synanthropic (S. cocheleti, S. mexicanus) and two endemic (S. bullerengue sp. nov., S. curruganja). Given the distribution of S. banksi (Crews et al. 2021), it is likely this species is also found in Colombia. Both sexes are not available for all known species, and there are localities from which only juveniles that cannot be determined to species are known, and at least one of these is a new record for the country or a new species. We are currently rearing juveniles of this species to determine its identity. Nevertheless, there is much more to discover. Colombia exhibits the same patterns on a smaller scale within its borders as broader patterns of diversity on the South American continent: That is, many species are widespread and can be found syntopically with other widespread species and / or selenopid species with more restricted distributions. For example, it appears that S. isopodus is distributed (thus far) exclusively within the Cordillera Oriental and adjacent Caribbean coast, while S. bullerengue sp. nov. is thus far only know from the Caribbean coast. Continued and concentrated collecting efforts will help us to understand distributional patterns of selenopids in the region. Below we have provided records of all species of selenopids collected in Colombia to date as well as a map that also indicates unidentifiable juveniles (Fig. 60). Some records come from the citizen science efforts of iNaturalist, which are useful for adding locality data for a poorly known group, as well as life history data (e. g. — life stages, time of year present, etc.). All images were examined by the first author, and if there were any doubts to the identity of the specimens in the images, they are only included as Selenops sp.	en	Crews, Sarah C., Galvis, William, Torres, Richard A., Gutiérrez-Estrada, Miguel A., Sarmiento, Jessica, Esposito, Lauren A. (2021): The flattie spiders of the Selenops isopodus species group (Araneae: Selenopidae) with a review of Selenops records from Colombia. Zootaxa 4964 (1): 61-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4964.1.3
C27187E5FFA2AA67FF63FA9BDD7DF9AF.taxon	materials_examined	Chocó: 1 imm., Lloró, Estación Investigación y Practicas de la Universidad Tecnologica del Chocó, N 5.51183 ° W 76.55489 °, 22 – 26. I. 2018, 72 m, on tree during the day after peeling bark, S. Crews. Nariño: 1 ♀, Tumaco, Corpoica, 1 ° 48 ’ N, 78 ° 45 ’ W, 4 – 14 March 2015, W. Galvis (ICN-Ar- 8289).	en	Crews, Sarah C., Galvis, William, Torres, Richard A., Gutiérrez-Estrada, Miguel A., Sarmiento, Jessica, Esposito, Lauren A. (2021): The flattie spiders of the Selenops isopodus species group (Araneae: Selenopidae) with a review of Selenops records from Colombia. Zootaxa 4964 (1): 61-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4964.1.3
C27187E5FFA1AA65FF63FA8DDB8BFE08.taxon	description	132, figs 15 – 18. Selenops aissus Petrunkevitch, 1925: 134, figs 50 – 52. Selenops tehuacanus Muma, 1953: 8, figs 5 – 6. Selenops vagabundus Kraus, 1955: 53, figs 142 – 144. Cundinamarca: Santafé de Bogotá, 12. VI. 2012, wall (inaturalist observation by Carlos A. Aya: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 337911; life stage and / or sex are unclear, species determined by leg markings and locality data); 1 ♀, Bogotá, Barrio Cumelin, Puente Aranda Zone; 14 June 2018; 2600 m, O. Rivera (ICN-Ar- 12743); Quindío: 1 ♀, Montenegro, Veneda el Prado, Finca El Prado, 4.482 °, - 75.809 °, 19 February 2017, 1297 m, by hand at night inside house, V. Muñoz-Charry (ICN-Ar- 8321); Quimbaya, El Laurel, 13 September 2019, on wall (inaturalist observation by Robbie De Clercq: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 32671008; life stage and / or sex are unclear, species determined by leg markings and locality data). Risaralda: 1 ♂, Mistrato, San Anto- nio del Chami, La Gabriela, ca. Quebrada Sutu, 6 April 1992, 1150 m, M. Rocha (ICN-Ar- 586); 1 ♂, Pereira, unnamed road, 13 September 2017 (inaturalist observation by Juan Molano: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 7902524; species determined by leg markings and locality data). Valle de Cauca: 1 p ♂, Auji, 12 October 2019, on tile wall (inaturalist observation by Jefry Saavedra: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 36762175; species determined by leg markings and locality data); 6 ♀, 8 ♂, Cali, January 1964, P. B. Schneble (MCZ); 1 ♂, Cali, 1973 – 1974, 1000 m, around house, W. Eberhard (MCZ); 2 ♀, 1 imm., Pance, about 2 km south of Cali, March 1969, at light, B. Malkin (AMNH); 1 ♂, Ullola, Ullola, 1 January 2019, (inaturalist observation by Ma- ria Antonia Madrid: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 19391433; species determined by vRTA); 1 ♀, Valle Cali, Río Tulva (MCZ; from Corronca 1998 a, presumably means Río Tuluá); 1 ♀, 12 ♂, 1 imm., Val- le Puga, (presumably this is meant to be Valle Buga, in Dept. Valle del Cauca, not Puga in Dept. Cali as listed by Corronca (1998 a) who indicates that these specimens are lodged at CAS, but they have not been returned).	en	Crews, Sarah C., Galvis, William, Torres, Richard A., Gutiérrez-Estrada, Miguel A., Sarmiento, Jessica, Esposito, Lauren A. (2021): The flattie spiders of the Selenops isopodus species group (Araneae: Selenopidae) with a review of Selenops records from Colombia. Zootaxa 4964 (1): 61-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4964.1.3
