taxonID	type	description	language	source
C27187E1FFC5FFC8FF64F9FEFC8EC48C.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. Small, rather slender and delicate, male macropterous, female moderately to strongly brachypterous. Colouration and patterning variable but generally moss- or lichen-like. Eyes not compressed, projecting dorsally in female. Pronotum posteriorly with an elevated tubercle on which sits a pair of dorsally-directed knobs or spines, often with large paired tubercles elsewhere on the pronotum. Abdomen with small to very large dorsomedian and dorsolateral projections, especially in female. Cerci short, thick, at least weakly laterally compressed. Styli short, subconical to ovate. Male genitalia with L 4 A with or without lateral lobes, afa usually bifurcate or kidney-shaped, with posterior lobe elongate and posterodextrally-directed. Calofulcinia can be distinguished from all other Australian Fulciniinae by the rather slender body form, the elevated knobs or spines on the posterior pronotum, and the expanded dorsomedian projections on the abdominal tergites.	en	Connors, Matthew G., Yeeles, Peter, Lach, Lori, Rentz, David C. F. (2023): Revision of the genus Calofulcinia Giglio-Tos (Mantodea: Nanomantidae: Fulciniinae) in Australia. Zootaxa 5296 (3): 333-361, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2
C27187E1FFC5FFC8FF64F9FEFC8EC48C.taxon	description	Description. Due to the limited number of non-Australian specimens available for analysis, the following generic description applies only to the Australian members of the genus. Head. Head triangular, wider than pronotum, approximately 1.5 – 1.8 times as wide as high, generally slightly broader in female, very finely shagrinate. Clypeus subrectangular, transverse, with posterior half elevated, anterior half depressed at least in corners; anterior margin sinuate to almost straight, usually with a short, longitudinal sulcus of varying prominence anteriorly, this extending slightly onto labrum; posterior margin weakly convex. Lower frons transverse, five- or six-sided; anterior corners with a very small, weak swelling, this stronger in female; posterior apex or corners elevated, broadly blunted. Eyes large, rounded, somewhat bulbous in male, projecting dorsally in female. Ocellar tubercle prominent, weakly raised in male, in female low and indistinct; in male ocelli moderately large, ovate, median ocellus distinctly smaller than lateral ocelli, in female all ocelli very small, almost absent. Vertex slightly elevated posteriorly, somewhat sinuate, with or without a small, angular postocellar process; frontal sulcus feebly indicated laterally but surrounded by a broad depression; juxtaocular bulge weak to strong, projecting at least beyond hind margin of eyes. Antennae slender, setose; when directed posteriorly, exceeding midpoint of tegmina in male, reaching from midpoint of pronotum to posterior end of pronotum in female; scape wide, somewhat kidney-shaped; pedicel narrower; first flagellomere elongate, second short, subsequent flagellomeres gradually becoming more elongate distally. Thorax. Pronotum moderately elongate to very elongate, slender or robust, elevated, subcruciform, approximately 1.7 – 3.0 times as long as wide, broadest anterior to centre, in line with or just posterior to supracoxal sulcus, surface very finely shagrinate. Supracoxal sulcus arched, deep on lateral margins of pronotum but only weakly indicated dorsally; median keel almost absent on prozone, weakly indicated on posterior of prozone, weak or well-defined on metazone. Prozone short, elevated anteriorly but with anterior margin sloping downwards, sometimes with elevated tubercles anteriorly; with low, diagonal ridges on lateral prozone and / or posterior prozone. Metazone moderately elongate to very elongate, broadest anteriorly, approximately 1.7 – 1.9 times length of prozone, elevated posteriorly, anterolaterally with a short vertical sulcus, posterior third to half except extreme posterior region with a pair of well-defined dorsolateral longitudinal carinae such that the pronotum is almost rectangular in cross-section in male especially, posteriorly with an elevated tubercle on which sits a pair of dorsally-directed knobs or blunt spines. Posterolateral expansion present as a narrow margin with low, widely-spaced tubercles laterally. Prosternum finely shagrinate; lateral cervical sclerites and intercervical sclerites raised, projecting, the latter more prominent; postcervical sclerite broad, anterior margin almost straight to broadly incised; T-shaped sclerite narrow medially, anterolaterally with strongly raised ridges; gustifolium organ small, prominent, rounded, with scattered setae; furcasternite with low median keel anteriorly and with low, rounded ridge along posterolateral margins. Posterior hearing organ is of the DK type in male, of the DNK type in female. Foreleg spination formula: F = 3 DS / 7 – 12 AvS / 4 PvS; T = 4 – 8 AvS / 4 – 7 PvS. Legs. Forecoxa elongate, very feebly serrate along dorsal margin, with strong median keel posteriorly; coxal lobes broad, convergent. Forefemur elongate to robust, narrower in male, broadest at or slightly distal to tibial spur groove, with scattered setae, concave to almost straight dorsally; dorsal keel weak, rounded; posterior keel weak, broadly curved, sometimes almost absent; tibial spur groove weakly-defined to moderately-defined distally, almost absent basally; femoral brush large, ovate; middle discoidal spine largest, distal smallest, distal discoidal spine directed distally; anteroventral forefemur spines alternating between small and large; with a row of minute spines along a ridge between the anteroventral and posteroventral spines, this extending from near the base of the forefemur approximately to the femoral brush, interrupted by the discoidal spines, these often reduced to small tubercles basal to discoidal spines; genicular spurs strong, well-developed. Foretibia slender to robust, rather short, with scattered setae; a distinct gap between ultimate and penultimate basalmost posteroventral foretibial spines in most specimens; tibial spur moderately long, gently curved. Foretarsus longer than foretibia, unmodified. Mid and hind legs moderately long, sparsely setose, unmodified; genicular spurs absent; tibial spurs short; tarsi very long. Wings. Tegmina of male elongate, broadening apically, exceeding end of abdomen; veins reticulate, especially in shaded regions; a short anterior branch of the anterior cubitus fused with the media; media sinuate; posterior radius branched. Tegmina of female short to very short, ovate, reaching from hind margin of first abdominal tergite to just beyond hind margin of second abdominal tergite; veins reticulate (Figures 1 A, 4 A, 8 A). Hind wings of male broad, exceeding end of tegmina; remigium distinctly broadening apically; anterior cubitus unbranched. Hind wings of female short to very short, vestigial, not exceeding or slightly exceeding tegmina. Abdomen. Abdomen finely shagrinate; with scattered setae, these denser posteriorly. Male abdomen moderately elongate; with short, angulate, laterally-projecting dorsolateral projections; posterior margin of tergites keeled, with or without a small dorsomedial projection extending posteriorly, generally strongest in third and fourth tergites, in posterior segments keel extends anteriorly along almost entire length of tergite. Female abdomen broad, rounded; second to eighth tergites with dorsomedian and dorsolateral projections, ninth tergite with at least dorsomedian projection, sometimes also with dorsolateral projections; dorsolateral projections present as short, blunted, keeled spines, these especially well-developed on third and fourth tergite, sometimes also fifth tergite; dorsomedian projections present as blunted, keeled, posteriorly projecting spines on seventh to ninth tergite, dorsally projecting on second to sixth tergites, sometimes greatly expanded into flattened spines or lobes (Figure 2 C, 5 C, 9 C). Cerci short, setose, relatively thick, at least weakly laterally compressed. Supra-anal plate of male subtriangular, lateral margins convex, apex rounded, with a low median keel. Supra-anal plate of female subtriangular to ovate, with median keel more pronounced. Subgenital plate of male ovate, rounded or incised at posterior tip; styli short, subconical to ovate, setose. Anterior portion of subgenital plate of female subovate, with deep sulcus and small median incision separating anterior portion from ventroterminal lobes; ventroterminal lobes rounded, strongly laterally compressed, somewhat projecting posterodorsally. Genitalia. Male genitalia with L 4 A ovate, with or without lateral lobes; afa usually bifurcate, shagrinate, generally weakly to moderately sclerotised, the posterior lobe elongate, directed posterodextrally, the anterior lobe shorter, sometimes absent; paa poorly sclerotised, elongate, strongly curled dorsally, sometimes weakly bent to the left, with rounded tip; loa very small, sometimes virtually absent; fda setose posteriorly; pia a very low, shagrinate, strongly-sclerotised ridge; pva shagrinate, strongly sclerotised, directed ventrally but at least weakly curving posteriorly (Figure 1 C – D, 4 C – D, 8 C – D). Colour. Colour and pattern are extremely variable both between and within species but generally involves cryptic colouration to blend in with mosses and lichens. Individuals may be green or brown with variable amounts of brown, green, cream, or even pale blue mottling, or they may have a strongly contrasting pattern of dark brown and very pale blue-green (Figure 1 A – B, 3, 4 A – B, 7, 8 A – B, 10).	en	Connors, Matthew G., Yeeles, Peter, Lach, Lori, Rentz, David C. F. (2023): Revision of the genus Calofulcinia Giglio-Tos (Mantodea: Nanomantidae: Fulciniinae) in Australia. Zootaxa 5296 (3): 333-361, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2
C27187E1FFC5FFC8FF64F9FEFC8EC48C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The six known Calofulcinia species have all been collected from rainforest or rainforest-adjacent habitat in New Guinea and eastern Australia, where they are known as far south as Gosford in New South Wales. In Australia they are known as far north as Mount Lewis in Queensland, and they are apparently absent from Cape York Peninsula; targeted searches in ostensibly suitable habitat have failed to locate any specimens (Figure 11, 12).	en	Connors, Matthew G., Yeeles, Peter, Lach, Lori, Rentz, David C. F. (2023): Revision of the genus Calofulcinia Giglio-Tos (Mantodea: Nanomantidae: Fulciniinae) in Australia. Zootaxa 5296 (3): 333-361, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2
C27187E1FFC5FFC8FF64F9FEFC8EC48C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Calofulcinia are widespread in rainforest and adjacent habitats along the east coast of New South Wales and Queensland, and although they can be locally abundant, they are generally very infrequently encountered. Males readily fly to lights and may be collected in numbers, but the flightless females and nymphs are not encountered by the majority of collectors, and it can take a great deal of concentrated effort to find even a single individual. Oothecae are even less frequently encountered, and indeed we know of only two reliably associated oothecae from the entire genus (Figure 6). Consequently, very little is known of the wild behaviour of any species of Calofulcinia. When individuals have been found away from light sheets, they are frequently observed in association with dense mosses and lichens. It is likely that this complex microhabitat provides them with both protection from predators and a supply of suitable prey. In captivity, both C. oxynota and C. paraoxypila have been observed utilising almost identical hunting strategies, and it is likely that the other species hunt in a similar way. An individual typically stands motionless among mosses or lichens, with its body raised above the substrate. Once suitable prey is spotted, typically from a few centimetres away, the mantis walks or runs towards its prey and catches it with its forearms. Despite their delicate appearance, Calofulcinia have been observed subduing very large prey; an adult female C. oxynota was observed successfully catching a juvenile cockroach that was at least as large as itself.	en	Connors, Matthew G., Yeeles, Peter, Lach, Lori, Rentz, David C. F. (2023): Revision of the genus Calofulcinia Giglio-Tos (Mantodea: Nanomantidae: Fulciniinae) in Australia. Zootaxa 5296 (3): 333-361, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2
C27187E1FFC3FFC5FF64F906FED4C4E0.taxon	description	Figures 1 – 3, 11 Calofulcinia australis La Greca, M. 1966, Su du specie di Mantodei dell’Australia. Annuario dell’Istituto e Museo di Zoologia della Università di Napoli, vol. 17 (4), pp. 1 – 8 [3].	en	Connors, Matthew G., Yeeles, Peter, Lach, Lori, Rentz, David C. F. (2023): Revision of the genus Calofulcinia Giglio-Tos (Mantodea: Nanomantidae: Fulciniinae) in Australia. Zootaxa 5296 (3): 333-361, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2
C27187E1FFC3FFC5FF64F906FED4C4E0.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype male. Label 1. “ Calofulcinia australis L. G. (typus) LA GRECA DET. ”. Label 2. “ N. AUSTRALIA: S. E. QUEENSLAND, SAMFORD. UPPER CEDAR CK. 10. OCT. 1965. C. R. HEMBROW. ”. Label 3. “ T. 6562 ”. Holotype in Queensland Museum, Brisbane. Specimens examined. QLD: 2 ♀♀ 1 ♁ Mt Dryander 700 – 800 m, 20 ° 15 ’ S 148 ° 33 ’ E, 21 NOV 1992, Monteith, Thompson, Cook & Janetzki (QM); 1 ♁ Eungella Nat. Pk. Via Mackay, 18 – 19 DEC 1966, B. Cantrell, Ex UQIC donated 2011 (QM); 1 ♁ Eungella 2400 ft, 7 MAY 1955, Norris & Common, Genitalia prep. MG 104 J. Balderson (ANIC); 1 ♁ Dwyer Creek, Imbil 100 m, 26 ° 28 ’ S 152 ° 38 E, 27 MAY 2002, G. B. Monteith, pyrethrum on trees, 10624 (QM); 1 ♁ Mt. Tenison Wood via Mt. Glorious 760 m, 13 FEB 1977, N. Rose, Ex UQIC donated 2011 (QM); 1 ♁ same locality; 13 MAR 1977, S. S. Simpson, Ex UQIC donated 2011 (QM); 2 ♀♀ 1 ♁ Cedar Ck. via Samford, FEB 1967, C. Hembrow, Ex UQIC donated 2011 (QM); 1 ♀ Tamborine Mt., 4 NOV 1959, F. J. D. McDonald, Ex UQIC donated 2011 (QM); Nr. Wilson’s Peak via Teviot Gap, 31 MAR 1972, I. Naumann, on tree trunk in rainforest, Ex UQIC donated 2011 (QM); 1 ♀ nymph, Mt. Lindsay, 27 JUL 1963, S. R. Curtis, on moss, Ex UQIC donated 2011 (QM); 1 ♁ ‘ National Park Q. ’ [no locality], DEC 1921, H. Hacker (QM). NSW: 1 ♁, Rain Forest, Acacia Plat. Acacia Creek, 14 DEC 1966, T. G. Campbell (ANIC); 1 ♀ Brindle Ck., ca. 1 km N. of Kyogle, 15 NOV 1978, S. & J. Peck (ANIC); 2 ♀♀ 2 ♁♁ Newell Falls Dorrigo Mtn, [no date], A. O’Farrel, ANIC Uni. of New England Coll. Donated 1983 (ANIC).	en	Connors, Matthew G., Yeeles, Peter, Lach, Lori, Rentz, David C. F. (2023): Revision of the genus Calofulcinia Giglio-Tos (Mantodea: Nanomantidae: Fulciniinae) in Australia. Zootaxa 5296 (3): 333-361, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2
C27187E1FFC3FFC5FF64F906FED4C4E0.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. C. australis can be distinguished from C. oxynota and C. paraoxypila by the keeled dorsomedian lobes on the third and fourth abdominal tergites of the male abdomen reaching approximately one third the length of the following tergite, by the greatly expanded, flattened, dorsally-directed dorsomedian lobes on the third and fourth tergites of the female abdomen, and by the L 4 A of the male genitalia lacking laterally-projecting lobes. Additionally, C. australis can be distinguished from C. oxynota by the lack of paired tubercles on the pronotum except at the extreme posterior, and it can be distinguished from C. paraoxypila by the slender body form, lack of a postocellar process, and short female tegmina that reach the hind margin of the first abdominal tergite.	en	Connors, Matthew G., Yeeles, Peter, Lach, Lori, Rentz, David C. F. (2023): Revision of the genus Calofulcinia Giglio-Tos (Mantodea: Nanomantidae: Fulciniinae) in Australia. Zootaxa 5296 (3): 333-361, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2
C27187E1FFC3FFC5FF64F906FED4C4E0.taxon	description	Description. Head. Clypeus of some males with a broad longitudinal medial section weakly elevated; anterior corners somewhat depressed in male, entire anterior area depressed in females; anterior margin straight in male, somewhat sinuate in female. Lower frons generally five-sided. Eyes distinctly projecting dorsally in female. Vertex without postocellar process, convex in dorsal view, weakly so in female; juxtaocular bulge relatively weak, not strongly projecting beyond vertex (Figure 2 D – E). Antennae of female reaching midpoint of pronotum. Thorax. Pronotum elongate, slender, approximately 2.5 – 3.0 times as long as wide, broadest just posterior to supracoxal sulcus. Median keel very weakly indicated on posterior of prozone, well-defined on almost entire metazone, slightly weaker in female. Prozone ovate, with sides almost parallel, weakly elevated anteriorly and without tubercles; posteriorly with low, undulating diagonal ridges that extend onto lateral prozone. Metazone very elongate, approximately 1.8 times length of prozone, elevated posteriorly, anterolateral sulcus generally weaker in female, dorsolateral longitudinal carinae rather long, covering posterior half except extreme posterior region, posterior tubercle with a pair of blunt, dorsally-directed spines or rounded knobs. Posterolateral expansion usually evenly rounded and somewhat expanded adjacent to anterior corners of metazone (Figure 1 A – B, 2 A – B). Postcervical sclerite with anterior margin broadly incised; T-shaped sclerite very narrow medially in male, broader in female. Foreleg spination formula: F = 3 DS / 8 – 12 AvS / 4 PvS; T = 6 – 8 AvS / 5 – 6 PvS. Legs. Forecoxa very elongate, narrow. Forefemur elongate, narrow, broadest slightly distal to tibial spur groove, concave dorsally; posterior keel weak, slightly stronger in male; tibial spur groove weakly-defined distally; anteroventral forefemur spines alternating between small and large, with the distal three spines iiI or IiI. Foretibia slender. Wings. Tegmina of male with area between first and third branch of anterior cubitus with many crossveins; media fused with radius for a short distance approximately halfway along the tegmen (Figure 1 B). Tegmina of female very short, reaching hind margin of first abdominal tergite; veins heavily reticulate (Figure 1 A). Hind wings of female very short, not exceeding tegmina. Abdomen. Male abdomen with posterior margin of second to eighth tergite with a keeled median lobe extending posteriorly, in third and fourth tergites this lobe extending around one third the length of the following tergite, in other tergites present as a short triangular projection only. Female abdomen with second to eighth tergites with dorsomedian and dorsolateral projections, ninth tergite with dorsomedian projection only; dorsolateral projections present as short, blunted, keeled spines, these especially well-developed on third to fifth tergite; dorsomedian projections present as blunted, keeled, posteriorly projecting spines on seventh to ninth tergite, the same but projecting dorsally on sixth tergite, on second and fifth tergite these spines larger and flattened, on third and fourth tergites these greatly expanded into broad, flattened lobes directed dorsally (Figure 2 C). Cerci somewhat laterally compressed in male, less so in female; apical segment relatively large, ovate, flattened, especially in male (Figure 2 F – G). Supra-anal plate of male with lateral margins broadly convex, exceeding posterior edge of subgenital plate. Supra-anal plate of female similar but larger, exceeding tip of subgenital plate. Subgenital plate of male weakly incised at posterior tip between styli; styli short, subconical (Figure 2 G). Genitalia. Male genitalia with pda bifurcate, the sinistral process a short, very finely shagrinate, blunted, posterodorsally-projecting triangular lobe; the dextral process similar but rather narrower and more dorsally-directed than the left lobe; in many specimens the dextral process is almost obsolete, present only as a weakly sinuate, convex edge; in a few specimens the sinistral process is likewise almost obsolete, however at least one lobe is always present; afa usually weakly bifurcate, rather kidney-shaped, the posterior lobe moderately elongate, anterior lobe very short to obsolete, at most little more than a dextrally-directed knob; paa very weakly bent to the left; fda moderately broad; pia a very low, rounded, convex ridge; pva an elongate projection narrowing gradually to a blunt point, this directed ventrally and curving evenly along its length such that the apex is directed posteriorly (Figure 1 C – D). Colour. Body colour green or greenish brown with darker markings, pattern relatively consistent but somewhat variably in intensity and shade. Head mostly pale green or greenish brown with some dark markings; anterior corners of lower frons and adjacent area of genae dark brown except for swellings; a narrow posterior border on lower frons dark; ocellar tubercle with a dark V-shaped mark anteriorly, connecting ocelli; a dark, sinuate transverse stripe on extreme posterior of head; with variable dark markings on clypeus, vertex, and genae. Antennae annulated along entire length. Eyes green or brown, often with some darker longitudinal stripes laterally; these generally fading after death. Pronotum ground colour relatively pale, with dense darker mottling; usually with a vague mid-green or - brown T-shaped marking on the posterior prozone, this extending onto the anterodorsal metazone as a broad subquadrilateral marking; lateral region of supracoxal sulcus and adjacent area of metazone very dark, often this dark patch extending onto lateral pronotal expansion, forming a somewhat triangular mark; usually a diagonal mid-green or - brown marking on the lateral metazone, this sometimes extending anteriorly and posteriorly to cover almost the entire lateral metazone; lateral pronotal expansion with isolated dark patches along most of its length; some specimens very heavily spotted dorsally. Prosternum pale with variable irregular symmetrical dark markings. Legs pale with broad mid-green or - brown bands, these sometimes indistinct on tibiae and tarsi, often with darker spots in pale regions, especially on forelegs; forecoxa and forefemur often with very dark spots along dorsal and posterior keels; tarsomeres of forelegs often pale basally, dark apically, first tarsomere usually also with medial band. Tegmina of male pale greenish, sometimes blueish or almost white; with irregular darker brown or green mottling on plicatum and between branches of anterior cubitus; a broad dark arc in mediodistal quarter of tegmen, running along media and then curving anteriorly to meet anterior radius, in some specimens this marking interrupted medially into two disjunct ovate patches; irregular dark patches on membrane adjacent to distal portions of major veins; sometimes also with irregular dark patches elsewhere; pterostigma pale; most major veins green, posterior cubitus brown, radius basally and costa distally with regularly-spaced dark patches, these often extending onto membrane; crossveins in pale regions brown, in dark regions green. Tegmina of female pale with some irregular dark mottling; veins green. Hind wings of male mostly hyaline; costal region and extreme apical portion of remigium pale, opaque; costal crossveins with distinct dark spots where they meet the anterior margin of the wing; membrane adjacent to extreme apical portion of posterior radius, media, and anterior cubitus with irregular dark patches; veins brown. Hind wings of female almost entirely hyaline; veins pale brown. Abdomen green or greenish brown, mottled with irregular darker and lighter patches; in female dorsomedially with an ovate patch on anterior portion of second to seventh tergite, indistinct on eighth and ninth tergite, this bounded by a very pale margin and a very dark outline around that, this darker shade then diffusing laterally into the ground colour; dorsomedian process of second to fifth tergite of female heavily mottled with dark and light patches; sternites irregularly mottled; lateral margins of tergites and sternites usually with an irregular pale border; cerci with faint pale annulations (Figure 1 A – B, 3). Nymph. Older nymphs are similar in morphology and colour to adults, but lack wings; in females the abdomen is more slender with slightly smaller lobes. Very young nymphs are rather long-legged with very small abdominal lobes. Ootheca. Unknown, but probably similar to that of C. oxynota. Measurements. Body length, 13.8 – 17.0 (♀), 15.1 – 16.6 (♁). Pronotum length, 3.9 – 5.1 (♀), 3.4 – 4.1 (♁). Pronotum width, 1.5 – 2.0 (♀), 1.3 – 2.0 (♁). Tegmen length, 0.3 – 0.32 (♀), 14.2 – 16.1 (♁).	en	Connors, Matthew G., Yeeles, Peter, Lach, Lori, Rentz, David C. F. (2023): Revision of the genus Calofulcinia Giglio-Tos (Mantodea: Nanomantidae: Fulciniinae) in Australia. Zootaxa 5296 (3): 333-361, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2
C27187E1FFC3FFC5FF64F906FED4C4E0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. C. australis has been collected from rainforest and rainforest-adjacent habitats in southeastern Queensland and northern New South Wales, from approximately Gympie in the north to near Port Macquarie in the south. Specimens have also been collected from rainforest further north at Eungella and Proserpine (Figure 11, 12 D – F).	en	Connors, Matthew G., Yeeles, Peter, Lach, Lori, Rentz, David C. F. (2023): Revision of the genus Calofulcinia Giglio-Tos (Mantodea: Nanomantidae: Fulciniinae) in Australia. Zootaxa 5296 (3): 333-361, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2
C27187E1FFC3FFC5FF64F906FED4C4E0.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Females of this species are remarkable in the extreme development of the dorsomedian abdominal lobes, which are produced into broad ovate structures that closely resemble the leaves and stems of mosses (Figure 2 C, 3 A, D). Such lobes are otherwise only known in the Papuan C. viridula (La Greca 1966). C. australis males show significant geographical variation in the structure of the posterior process of the left phallomere. Two distinct lobes are present in the majority of specimens (Figure 1 C – D), but either the sinistral or the dextral process is moderately to strongly reduced in many specimens. A number of specimens from the southern portion of the species’ range show an almost complete reduction of the dextral lobe, and a few specimens from the northern portion of the range show a similar reduction in the sinistral lobe; intermediate forms are also known, with one lobe small but still present. This variation is more extreme but otherwise similar to the variation seen in the posterior process of the left phallomere of Nesoxypilus albomaculatus Werner, 1933 (Milledge 1990). This species is infrequently collected and almost nothing is known of its biology. Females and nymphs have been collected primarily from moss-covered tree trunks, logs, and rocks (La Greca 1966), where they are well camouflaged. When disturbed, they often remain motionless but may move in short bursts in a similar way to other fulciniines (M. Colpus & A. Maynard pers. comm.). C. australis has been collected primarily from high rainfall, high humidity rainforest environments (La Greca 1966), and is often found close to creeks and other water sources (M. Colpus & N. J. Fisher pers. comm.) (Figure 12 D – F). Unlike C. oxynota, it has been recorded at relatively low elevations (approximately 100 m) as well as highaltitude forest.	en	Connors, Matthew G., Yeeles, Peter, Lach, Lori, Rentz, David C. F. (2023): Revision of the genus Calofulcinia Giglio-Tos (Mantodea: Nanomantidae: Fulciniinae) in Australia. Zootaxa 5296 (3): 333-361, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2
C27187E1FFCEFFDFFF64FC52FEC4C43C.taxon	description	Figures 4 – 7, 11 A	en	Connors, Matthew G., Yeeles, Peter, Lach, Lori, Rentz, David C. F. (2023): Revision of the genus Calofulcinia Giglio-Tos (Mantodea: Nanomantidae: Fulciniinae) in Australia. Zootaxa 5296 (3): 333-361, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2
C27187E1FFCEFFDFFF64FC52FEC4C43C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. The holotype female could not be located by Balderson (Balderson 1984); it is not in La Greca’s collection, nor is it in the Natural History Museum, London. La Greca’s (1969) detailed description and figures leave no doubt as to the identity of the species, however. He gives the following details for the type specimen: “ QUEENSLAND: Cairns, Barrow River, 12. IX. 1966, 1 ♀ (A. Walford-Huggins leg.) (tipo). ” “ Barrow River ” is almost certainly misspelt and refers to the Barron River in Cairns. Specimens examined. QLD: 1 ♁ Stewart Ck., 4 km NNE Mt Spurgeon (Camp 1) 1250 – 1300 m, 16 ° 24 ’ S 145 ° 13 ’ E, 15 – 20 OCT 1991, Monteith, Janetzki, Cook & Roberts (QM); 1 ♁ The Bluff, 11 km W of Mossman 800 – 1300 m, 2 NOV 1983, Monteith, Yeates & Thompson (QM); 1 ♁ Mossman Bluff Track 10 km W Mossman 1200 m, 17 DEC 1988, Monteith & Thompson, pyrethrum / trees & logs (QM); 1 ♁ Mossman Bluff Track, 5 – 10 km W. Mossman, Site 8 1180 m, 20 DEC 1989 – 15 JAN 1990, Monteith, Thompson & ANZSES, flt. Intercept (QM); 1 ♁ Mossman Bluff Summit 10 km W Mossman 1300 m, 21 DEC 1989, Monteith, Thompson & ANZSES (QM); 1 ♁ 2 km ESE Mossman Bluff, 9 km W Mossman 1000 m, 17 – 18 DEC 1988, Monteith & Thompson (QM); 1 ♁ Mt Lewis 500 m past swamp, 29 DEC 1989, J. Hasenpusch (MV); 1 ♁ Mt Lewis, 23 DEC 1995, J. Hasenpusch (ANIC); 1 ♀ Bakers Blue Mt 17 km W Mt Molloy 900 m, 11 SEP 1981, G. Monteith & D. Cook (QM); 1 ♁ same locality and collectors, 1100 m, 12 SEP 1981 (QM); 1 ♀ same locality, 800 – 1000 m, 30 DEC 1989 – 9 JAN 1990, ANZES Expedition (QM); 1 ♀ Mt Formartine South, 10 km N. Kuranda 700 m, 23 NOV 1990, Monteith & Thompson, pyrethrum / trees & logs (QM); 1 ♁ Kuranda (335 m) (Top of the Range) 19 Butler Dr 16.48 ’ S 145.38 ’ E. (GPS), 16 – 31 OCT 2008, DCF Rentz, ANIC Database No. 11 000022 (ANIC); 2 ♁♁ same locality and collector, 18 – 30 SEP 2009, ANIC Database No. 11 000023 (ANIC); 1 ♀ same locality and collector, 1 – 15 OCT 2009 (ANIC); 1 ♁ same locality and collector, 16 – 31 JAN 2011, ANIC Database No. 11 000020 (ANIC); 1 ♁ same locality and collector, 16 – 31 MAR 2011, ANIC Database No. 11 000021 (ANIC); 1 ♁ same locality and collector, 1 – 15 FEB 2011, ANIC Database No. 11 000032 (ANIC); 1 ♁ same locality and collector, 1 – 15 AUG 2016 (ANIC); 1 ♁ same locality and collector, 16 – 30 SEP 2016 (ANIC); 2 ♁♁ same locality and collector, 1 – 15 NOV 2016 (ANIC); 1 ♁ same locality and collector, 16 – 31 JAN 2017 (ANIC); 1 ♁ same locality and collector, 16 – 30 APR 2017 (ANIC); 1 ♁ same locality and collector, 1 – 15 JUN 2017 (ANIC); 1 ♁ same locality and collector, 16 – 30 NOV 2017 (ANIC); 1 ♁ same locality and collector, 1 – 15 JAN 2018 (ANIC); 1 ♁ same locality and collector, 1 – 15 FEB 2018 (ANIC); 2 ♁♁ same locality and collector, 1 – 15 MAR 2018 (ANIC); 1 ♁ same locality and collector, 1 – 15 APR 2018 (ANIC); 1 ♁ same locality and collector, 1 – 15 JUL 2018 (ANIC); 1 ♁ same locality and collector, 16 – 31 OCT 2018 (ANIC); 2 ♁♁ same locality and collector, 16 – 30 NOV 2018 (ANIC); 1 ♁ same locality and collector, 1 – 15 JAN 2019 (ANIC); 1 ♁ same locality and collector, 16 – 31 JAN 2019 (ANIC); 1 ♁ same locality and collector, 1 – 15 FEB 2019 (ANIC); 1 ♁ same locality and collector, 16 – 28 FEB 2019 (ANIC); 1 ♁ same locality and collector, 1 – 15 SEP 2019 (ANIC); 1 ♁ same locality and collector, 16 – 31 OCT 2019 (ANIC); 1 ♁ same locality and collector, 1 – 15 MAY 2020 (ANIC); 1 ♁ same locality and collector, 16 – 31 OCT 2020 (ANIC); 3 ♁♁ same locality and collector, 16 – 31 DEC 2020 (ANIC); 2 ♁♁ same locality and collector, 16 – 31 JAN 2021 (ANIC); 1 ♁ same locality and collector, 16 – 28 FEB 2021 (ANIC); 1 ♁ same locality and collector, 16 – 30 NOV 2021 (ANIC); 1 ♁ same locality and collector, 1 – 15 DEC 2021 (ANIC); 1 ♁ same locality and collector, 16 – 31 DEC 2021 (ANIC); 1 ♁ same locality and collector, 1 – 15 FEB 2022 (ANIC); 2 ♁♁ same locality and collector, 1 – 15 MAR 2022 (ANIC); 1 ♁ Whitfield Ra., SW. of Cairns 520 m, 14 DEC 1970, J. G. Brooks, at light (ANIC); 1 ♁ Isley Hills 1050 m, 17 ° 03 ’ S 145 ° 42 ’ E, 30 NOV 1993, Cook, Monteith & Janetzki (QM); 1 ♀ nymph 1 ♁ North Bell Peak, Malbon Thompson Ra. 800 – 1000 m, 19 – 22 NOV 1990, Monteith & Thompson (QM); 1 ♀ Nth. Bell Peak, 20 km S Cairns 900 – 1000 m, 15 – 16 SEP 1981, G. Monteith & D. Cook (QM); 1 ♀ with ootheca, Lake Eacham 17.17 ° S 145.38 ° E, 8 FEB 1989, G. Milledge, MAN- 44 (MV); 1 ♁ Lake Barrine, Atherton Tableland, 17.15 S 145.38 E, 11 DEC 1985, J. Balderson, Stop A- 8 (ANIC); 1 ♀ Massey Range, 4 km W of Centre Bellenden Ker 1250 m, 17 ° 16 ’ S 145 ° 49 ’ E, 9 – 11 OCT 1991, Monteith, Janetzki & Cook (QM); 2 ♁♁ Mt Baldy Loop Rd, nr Atherton Herberton Range 1097 m, 17.16 ’ S 145.25 ’ E. (GPS), 20 MAR 2010, D. C. F. Rentz & B. Richardson, Stop 3, ANIC Image Database No. 11 000024 – 000025 (ANIC); 1 ♁ Mt Baldy, 17.27 S 145.42 E, 23 MAR 2022, M. G. Connors, C. Henderson & M. Allan, at lights (ANIC); 1 ♀ same locality, date, and collectors, on tree trunk with lichen (ANIC); 1 ♀ nymph, same locality, date, and collectors, on tree trunk with lichen, raised in captivity, died 11 MAY 2022 (ANIC); 1 ♀ same locality, date, and collectors, on tree trunk with lichen, raised in captivity, died 19 NOV 2022 (ANIC); 1 ♀ Curtain Fig, 2 km SSW. of Yungaburra, Atherton Tableland, 17.17 S 145.34 E, 13 DEC 1985, J. Balderson (ANIC); 1 ♁ Wongabel St For., forest track off Pavey Rd 746 m, 17 ° 19.112 S 145 ° 30.315 E (car), 26 NOV 2019, D. C. F. Rentz, Stop 28 (ANIC); 2 ♀♀ nymphs, Wongabel, 17.332 S 145.503 E, 30 APR 2022, M. G. Connors, C. Henderson & M. Allan, on tree trunk with moss (ANIC); 1 ♀ with ootheca, same locality, date, and collectors, collected as nymph and raised in captivity, matured JUL 2022 (ANIC); 1 ♁ 9 km W. of Crawfords Lookout (1 road km S. of Palmerston Hwy.), Palmerston Nat. Park, 17.35 S 145.43 E, 11 FEB 1988, D. C. F. Rentz, at light, Stop A- 16 (ANIC); 1 ♀ Mt. Fisher 7 km SW Millaa Millaa (Kjellberg Rd) 1000 m, 3 MAY 1983, G. B. Monteith & D. K. Yeates (QM); 1 ♀ Palmerston Nat. Park, 12 km SE. of Millaa Millaa, 17.35 S 145.42 E, 15 DEC 1985, J. Balderson (ANIC); 1 ♀ Palmerston Nat. Pk. 350 – 400 m, 2 JAN 1990, G. B. Monteith (QM); 1 ♀ Hinchinbrook Is, Upper Gayundah Ck 850 m, 10 NOV 1984, G. Monteith, pyrethrum knockdown (QM); 1 ♁ Paluma, 1 OCT 1979, D. Frith, light trap in rainforest, Genitalia prep. MG 335 J. Balderson (ANIC); 1 ♁ same locality and collector, DEC 1980, at light (ANIC); 1 ♁ Mt Halifax summit, 21 MAR – 10 MAY 1991, D. Cook, heath, pitfalls & intercepts (QM); 1 ♁ Mt Elliott summit 1150 m, 26 MAR – 12 MAY 1991, D. Cook, rainforest pitfall & intercepts (QM).	en	Connors, Matthew G., Yeeles, Peter, Lach, Lori, Rentz, David C. F. (2023): Revision of the genus Calofulcinia Giglio-Tos (Mantodea: Nanomantidae: Fulciniinae) in Australia. Zootaxa 5296 (3): 333-361, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2
C27187E1FFCEFFDFFF64FC52FEC4C43C.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. C. oxynota can be distinguished from C. australis and C. paraoxypila by the keeled dorsomedian lobes on the third to sixth abdominal tergites of the male abdomen reaching approximately one fifth the length of the following tergite, by the expanded but short, flattened dorsomedian lobes on the third to fifth tergites of the female abdomen, and by the L 4 A of the male genitalia possessing a dextrally-directed, rounded lobe on the right side. Additionally, C. oxynota can be distinguished from C. australis by the paired tubercles dorsolaterally on the anterior metazone, and it can be distinguished from C. paraoxypila by the slender body form, lack of a postocellar process, and short female tegmina that almost reach the hind margin of the first abdominal tergite.	en	Connors, Matthew G., Yeeles, Peter, Lach, Lori, Rentz, David C. F. (2023): Revision of the genus Calofulcinia Giglio-Tos (Mantodea: Nanomantidae: Fulciniinae) in Australia. Zootaxa 5296 (3): 333-361, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2
C27187E1FFCEFFDFFF64FC52FEC4C43C.taxon	description	Description. Head. Head slightly longer in female. Clypeus with anterior area depressed; anterior margin slightly sinuate in male, more sinuate in female. Lower frons generally six-sided, five-sided in some females. Eyes distinctly projecting dorsally in female. Ocellar tubercle prominent, weakly raised in male, in female low and indistinct; in male ocelli moderately large, ovate, median ocellus distinctly smaller than lateral ocelli, in female all ocelli very small, almost absent. Vertex without obvious postocellar process but broadly raised behind ocelli, weakly concave in dorsal view; juxtaocular bulge weak in male, not strongly projecting beyond vertex, in female stronger, projecting beyond eyes and vertex (Figure 5 D – E). Antennae reaching beyond midpoint of pronotum in female. Thorax. Pronotum elongate, somewhat slender, approximately 2.3 – 2.5 times as long as wide in male, approximately 2.0 – 2.3 times as long as wide in female, broadest just posterior to supracoxal sulcus. Median keel well-defined on almost entire metazone, generally slightly stronger in female. Prozone ovate, with sides almost parallel, anteriorly with a broad elevated tubercle in male, in female moderately elevated anteriorly; posteriorly with low, undulating diagonal ridges that extend onto lateral prozone. Metazone elongate, approximately 1.7 times length of prozone, anterodorsally with a pair of widely-spaced dorsolaterally-projecting tubercles, these stronger in female, dorsolateral longitudinal carinae rather long, covering posterior half except extreme posterior region, posterior tubercle with a pair of blunt, dorsally-directed spines or rounded knobs in male, in female with a pair of elongate, blunted, dorsally-directed spines. Posterolateral expansion usually acutely-angled and somewhat expanded adjacent to anterior corners of metazone (Figure 5 A – B, 6 A – B). Postcervical sclerite with anterior margin broadly incised; T-shaped sclerite somewhat narrow medially. Foreleg spination formula: F = 3 DS / 7 – 12 AvS / 4 PvS; T = 4 – 8 AvS / 4 – 7 PvS. A single aberrant but apparently undamaged individual from Lake Barrine has only 3 posteroventral forefemoral spines and a strongly reduced middle discoidal spine on the right forefemur. Legs. Forecoxa very elongate, narrow. Forefemur elongate, narrow, much more so in male, broadest slightly distal to tibial spur groove, concave dorsally; posterior keel very weak, sometimes almost absent; tibial spur groove weakly-defined distally; anteroventral forefemur spines alternating between small and large, with the distal four spines iiiI, IiiI, or iIiI. Foretibia slender. Wings. Tegmina of male with media occasionally branched; pterostigma slightly raised (Figure 4 B). Tegmina of female very short, almost reaching hind margin of first abdominal tergite; veins heavily reticulate; pterostigma distinctly raised (Figure 7 A, C – D). Hind wings of female very short, not exceeding tegmina. Abdomen. Male abdomen with posterior margin of second to ninth tergite with a short keeled median spine extending posteriorly, in second, seventh, and eighth tergites very small, in other tergites extending up to a fifth of the distance along the next tergite. Female abdomen with second to eighth tergites with dorsomedian and dorsolateral projections, ninth tergite with dorsomedian projection only; dorsolateral projections present as short, blunted, keeled spines, these especially well-developed on third and fourth tergite; dorsomedian projections present as blunted, keeled spines projecting dorsally on second to sixth tergite, projecting posteriorly on seventh to ninth tergite, these distinctly larger, broader, and somewhat laterally compressed on second to fifth tergite, especially so on third and fourth tergite (Figure 5 C). Cerci somewhat laterally compressed; apical segment small, flattened (Figure 5 F – G). Supra-anal plate of male with lateral margins broadly convex, exceeding posterior edge of subgenital plate. Supra-anal plate of female similar but larger, acutely produced and slightly blunted posteriorly, exceeding tip of subgenital plate. Subgenital plate of male broadly incised at posterior tip, with styli attachment point within this incision, with a blunted triangular projection on either side of incision; styli short, subconical (Figure 5 G). Genitalia. Male genitalia with L 4 A with a broad, flat, rounded lobe medially on the right side projecting dextrally; pda strongly bifurcate into two flattened, blunted, finely shagrinate triangular lobes, the right lobe directed posterodextrally and moderately bent dorsally, the left lobe rather blunter, directed posteriorly, sometimes very weakly bent dorsally or ventrally; afa with posterior lobe rather elongate, the anterior lobe thicker, broadly rounded, directed anterodistally; paa sometimes very weakly bent to the left; fda moderately broad; pia a very low, concave ridge with one or both corners raised into very small angular projections; pva rather short and robust, projecting ventrally and weakly curving posteriorly, strongly sclerotised, slightly broadening distally and then abruptly narrowing to a blunt point very weakly directed dextrally (Figure 4 C – D). Colour. Body colour green, greenish brown, or rarely greenish blue with darker markings, pattern relatively consistent but somewhat variably in intensity and shade. Head mostly pale green or greenish brown with some dark markings; a pair of narrow, diagonal dark stripes on the lower frons running from the lateral corners to the anterior margin, this often extending slightly onto genae, generally darker in male; a dark posterior margin surrounding the median ocellus, this stronger in female; with very variable dark markings on the vertex, genae, and sometimes lower frons. Antennae annulated along entire length. Eyes green or brown, sometimes very vibrant, with irregular reddish-brown patterning, this fading after death. Pronotum ground colour relatively pale with variable dark mottling; a very dark spot on the anterolateral margin of the metazone, this sometimes greatly expanded onto the dorsal metazone and lateral pronotal expansion; all dorsal tubercles and a narrow median line pale; lateral pronotal expansion usually with irregularly spaced dark spots; pronotal markings otherwise very variable; green specimens usually weakly marked, browner specimens often strongly patterned with dark spots and blotches. Prosternum mostly pale with longitudinal dark stripes on the postcervical sclerite. Legs pale with broad mid to dark green or brown bands except on ventral two-thirds of forefemur, often with darker and paler spots in pale regions, anterior surface of forefemur strongly mottled with dark patches; forecoxa and forefemur often with very dark spots along dorsal and posterior keels; first tarsomere usually with basal and median dark band, subsequent tarsomeres indistinctly banded. Tegmina of male pale greenish, sometimes blueish or almost white; with sparse irregular darker brown or green mottling on plicatum and between branches of anterior cubitus; a broad dark arc in mediodistal quarter of tegmen, running along media and then curving anteriorly to meet anterior radius, in some specimens this marking interrupted medially into two disjunct ovate patches; irregular dark patches on membrane adjacent to distal portions of major veins; sometimes also with irregular dark patches elsewhere; pterostigma pale; most major veins green, posterior cubitus brown, radius and costa with regularly-spaced dark patches, these extending onto membrane; crossveins in pale regions brown, in dark regions green. Tegmina of female pale with some dark mottling basal to pterostigma; an irregular dark spot apically; veins green. Hind wings of male mostly hyaline; costal region and extreme apical portion of remigium pale, opaque; costal crossveins with distinct dark spots where they meet the anterior margin of the wing; membrane adjacent to extreme apical portion of posterior radius, media, and anterior cubitus with irregular dark patches; veins green or pale brown. Hind wings of female almost entirely hyaline; veins pale brown. Abdomen green and brown, mottled with irregular darker and lighter patches; in female generally brown ventrally, green dorsally, with irregular dark markings dorsolaterally, sometimes with a row of paired pale blue spots on tergites, if present then these especially strong on third to fifth tergites, sometimes also with pale blue patches on dorsolateral expansions; female often with a distinct pale patch on sixth to eighth tergite between dorsomedian and dorsolateral projections; sternites irregularly and faintly mottled; cerci with faint pale annulations (Figure 4 A – B, 7). Nymph. Older nymphs are similar in morphology and colour to adults but lack wings; in females the abdomen is more slender (Figure 7 F). Very young nymphs are rather long-legged with very small abdominal lobes. Ootheca. Small, rather robust; externally covered with a thin layer of pale orangish beige foam, internally a darker orangish brown; taller than wide, with lateral sides almost parallel, slightly bulging, weakly converging dorsally, with vertical ridges corresponding to egg chambers; proximal end rather truncate, weakly slanting; distal end almost parallel with proximal end such that the dorsal surface overhangs the base, broadly rounded basally, produced dorsally into an elongate residual process, this approximately one-third the length of the remainder of the ootheca; external foam layer thin but covering almost entire ootheca; emergence area with seven rounded openings in two rows offset from each other, these covered with foam and almost entirely flat (Figure 6). The only known oothecae were deposited in captivity; they are attached to the substrate primarily at the proximoventral end, but one shows signs of weak attachment along the entire ventral surface and the second is weakly attached across most of the ventral surface. In nature, it is probably affixed to bark in a similar manner. Measurements. Body length, 12.4 – 17.6 (♀), 14.0 – 15.8 (♁). Pronotum length, 3.5 – 5.0 (♀), 2.8 – 4.9 (♁). Pronotum width, 1.7 – 2.1 (♀), 1.2 – 2.2 (♁). Tegmen length, 3.0 – 3.5 (♀), 14.1 – 15.3 (♁).	en	Connors, Matthew G., Yeeles, Peter, Lach, Lori, Rentz, David C. F. (2023): Revision of the genus Calofulcinia Giglio-Tos (Mantodea: Nanomantidae: Fulciniinae) in Australia. Zootaxa 5296 (3): 333-361, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2
C27187E1FFCEFFDFFF64FC52FEC4C43C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. C. oxynota has been collected from rainforest and wet sclerophyll forest in northeastern Queensland, primarily at high elevations. It is known from Mount Lewis in the north to Mount Elliot in the south (Figure 11 A, 12 A – C).	en	Connors, Matthew G., Yeeles, Peter, Lach, Lori, Rentz, David C. F. (2023): Revision of the genus Calofulcinia Giglio-Tos (Mantodea: Nanomantidae: Fulciniinae) in Australia. Zootaxa 5296 (3): 333-361, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2
C27187E1FFCEFFDFFF64FC52FEC4C43C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This is probably the most well-known species of Calofulcinia, although females especially are still very infrequently encountered in comparison to other fulciniine genera. Populations are often very localised, and it is not unusual to collect several males at a single location whilst recording none in other ostensibly suitable areas. Similarly, multiple females or nymphs may inhabit a single tree trunk or rock. C. oxynota are typically encountered in humid, high-elevation (above 300 m) rainforests and adjacent habitat, where they live amongst mosses and lichens. They are especially widespread at localities above 500 m elevation, and targeted searches for the species in lowland areas have repeatedly failed to find any specimens. C. oxynota females have been observed undergoing minor changes in colouration to better match their surroundings. In particular, a captive female collected from Mt Baldy was initially lichen-coloured, but developed a series of teal spots along its abdomen in response to the growth of a similarly-coloured mould in its habitat (Figure 7 C). When this mould was removed, these spots disappeared. Greater changes in colour and pattern may well be possible, but have not yet been observed. The hunting behaviour of captive C. oxynota, and to some extent the hunting behaviour of wild C. oxynota, is well-known and the general hunting strategy is detailed under the generic description. Adult males hunt infrequently and generally attempt to catch only small prey, whereas adult females and nymphs of both sexes may take relatively large prey. They appear to notice potential prey well before it is within striking distance, and often wait for it to approach them before pursuing it. Remarkably, we observed an adult female responding to a stimulus more than 2.5 metres away.	en	Connors, Matthew G., Yeeles, Peter, Lach, Lori, Rentz, David C. F. (2023): Revision of the genus Calofulcinia Giglio-Tos (Mantodea: Nanomantidae: Fulciniinae) in Australia. Zootaxa 5296 (3): 333-361, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2
C27187E1FFD4FFD7FF64FC23FB3EC694.taxon	description	Figures 8 – 11 Rawarena paraoxypila Tindale, N. B. 1930, Mantidae in the Australian Museum. Records of the Australian Museum, vol. 17 (8), pp. 343 – 347 [345]. Calofulcinia paraoxypila (Tindale). La Greca, M. 1969, Su alcuni Mantodei dell’Australia e delle Filippine. Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria, vol. 77, pp. 633 – 639 [636].	en	Connors, Matthew G., Yeeles, Peter, Lach, Lori, Rentz, David C. F. (2023): Revision of the genus Calofulcinia Giglio-Tos (Mantodea: Nanomantidae: Fulciniinae) in Australia. Zootaxa 5296 (3): 333-361, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2
C27187E1FFD4FFD7FF64FC23FB3EC694.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype female. Label 1 front. “ K 55943 Rawarena paraoxypila Tindale ♀ TYPE ”. Label 1 back. “ NB Tindale 1. 1929. ”. Label 2. “ Ulong, East Dorrigo. N. S. W. W. Heron II – IV. 1923. ”. Label 3. “ K 55943 ”. Label 4. “ Australian Museum K. 55943 ”. Holotype in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Allotype male. Label 1. “ Ulong, East Dorrigo, N. S. W. W. Heron II – IV · 1923 ”. Label 2. “ I. 18314 Rawarena paraoxypila Tindale ♁ Dorrigo Dist. ALLOTYPE ♁ ”. Label 3. “ K 49697. ” Label 4. “ SAMA Database No. 11 - 000064 ”. Allotype in the South Australian Museum, Adelaide. Paratype male nymph. Label 1 front. “ Rawarena paraoxypila Tindale larva. PARATYPE ”. Label 1 back. NB Tindale 1. 1929. ”. Label 2. “ Ulong, East Dorrigo. N. S. W. W. Heron II – IV. 1923 ”. Label 3. “ K 55944 ”. Label 4. “ Australian Museum K. 55944 ”. Paratype in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Specimens examined. QLD: 1 ♁ Lake Barrine, Atherton Tableland, 17.15 S 145.38 E, 11 DEC 1985, J. Balderson (ANIC); 1 ♁ Curtain Fig (CSIRO Tower, 35 m), 2 km SSW. of Yungaburra, Atherton Tableland, 17.17 S 145.34 E, 4 MAR 1988, D. C. F. Rentz, Stop A- 2 (ANIC); 1 ♁ Lake Eacham, Atherton Tableland, 17.17 S 145.39 E, 21 JAN 1988, D. C. F. Rentz, at light, Stop A- 3 (ANIC); 1 ♁ Wongabel (arboretum) (Kennedy Hwy) QLD. 780 m, 17 ° 19 ’ 39.41 ’’ S 145 ° 30 ’ 20.43 ’’ E (GE), 26 APR 2011, D. C. F. Rentz & B. Richardson, Stop 18 (ANIC); 1 ♁ Broken River, Eungella Nat. Pk., 18 – 19 APR 1979, G. B. Monteith (QM); 1 ♁ Broken R., Eungella, 750 m, 21 ° 10 ’ S 148 ° 31 ’ E 16 – 17 NOV 1992, Monteith, Thompson, Cook & Janetzki (QM); 1 ♀ nymph, Witta 4552, 26.7143 S 152.8151 E, 4 APR 2022, L. Grenfell, iNaturalist observation 110336772 (ANIC); 1 ♀ Mt Nebo 540 m, 27 ° 24 ’ S 152 ° 47 ’ E, end of SEP 2008, G. Karour (QM); 1 ♁ Davidson’s property hmstd, Tamborine Mtn, 27 ° 57 ’ 24 ’’ S 153 ° 11 ’ 17 ’’ E, 14 JAN 1993, K. J. Lambkin, at light (QM); 1 ♁ St. Bernard’s Mt. Tamborine, 28 FEB 1960, C. W. Frazier, At light, ANIC Uni. of New England Coll. Donated 1983 (ANIC); 1 ♁ Upper Dalrymple Ck, via Goomburra, 21 – 22 NOV 1987, G. B. Monteith (QM); 1 ♁ 5 km S. of Canungra, 3 DEC 1991, G. B. Monteith (QM); 1 ♁ “ Glen Witheren ” 5 kms S. Canungra, 2 – 4 JAN 1993, G. B. Monteith (QM); 4 ♁♁ ‘ Glen Witheren’, via Canungra 120 m, 28 ° 03 ’ S 153 ° 07 ’ E, 19 – 20 JAN 2000, G. Monteith, at MV light, 9450 (QM); 1 ♁ Glen Witheren 140 m, 28 ° 03.0 ’ S 153 ° 07.2 ’ E, 2 – 3 NOV 2007, G. B. Monteith, MV light, 15400 (QM). NSW: 1 ♁ Blue Gum Lookout, via Mallanganee, 7 FEB 1978, G. B. Monteith, Ex UQIC donated 2011 (QM); 1 ♁ Moonpah State Forest, via Dorrigo, 11 DEC 1971, G. B. Monteith, Ex UQIC donated 2011 (QM).	en	Connors, Matthew G., Yeeles, Peter, Lach, Lori, Rentz, David C. F. (2023): Revision of the genus Calofulcinia Giglio-Tos (Mantodea: Nanomantidae: Fulciniinae) in Australia. Zootaxa 5296 (3): 333-361, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2
C27187E1FFD4FFD7FF64FC23FB3EC694.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. C. paraoxypila can be distinguished from C. australis and C. oxynota by the small but prominent postocellar process on the vertex, by the longer female tegmina that exceed the hind margin of the second abdominal tergite, by the lack of obvious dorsomedian lobes on the tergites of the male abdomen, by the short, triangular dorsomedian lobes on the third to fifth abdominal tergites of the female abdomen, and by the L 4 A of the male genitalia possessing a dorsally-directed, rounded lobe on the right side and a posteroventrally-directed lobe on the left side.	en	Connors, Matthew G., Yeeles, Peter, Lach, Lori, Rentz, David C. F. (2023): Revision of the genus Calofulcinia Giglio-Tos (Mantodea: Nanomantidae: Fulciniinae) in Australia. Zootaxa 5296 (3): 333-361, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2
C27187E1FFD4FFD7FF64FC23FB3EC694.taxon	description	Description. Head. Head slightly longer in female. Clypeus with anterior area weakly depressed; anterior margin slightly sinuate; anterior longitudinal sulcus strong. Lower frons six-sided. Eyes weakly projecting dorsally in female. Vertex almost straight in dorsal view; in male with postocellar process present as a distinct, strongly raised, rounded tubercle; in female entire anterior vertex strongly raised, with a blunt triangular projection directed anterodorsally; juxtaocular bulge moderate in male, weakly projecting beyond vertex, in female stronger, projecting well beyond vertex (Figure 9 D – E). Antennae reaching almost to posterior end of pronotum in female. Thorax. Pronotum relatively short, broad, approximately 1.7 – 2.2 times as long as wide in both sexes, broadest at supracoxal sulcus. Median keel weakly-defined to well-defined on almost entire metazone, usually slightly weaker in female, generally weaker in northern specimens. Prozone short, almost circular, anteriorly with a very low tubercle in male, in female moderately elevated anteriorly; posterolaterally with low diagonal ridges, these stronger in male. Metazone relatively short, approximately 1.9 times length of prozone, elevated posteriorly, anterolateral sulcus rather shallow, anterodorsally with a pair of low, widely-spaced dorsolaterally-projecting tubercles, these stronger in female, dorsolateral longitudinal carinae rather short, covering posterior third except extreme posterior region, posterior tubercle with a pair of blunt, dorsolaterally-directed tubercles. Posterolateral expansion somewhat expanded and angulate adjacent to anterior corners of metazone (Figure 8 A – B, 9 A – B). Postcervical sclerite with anterior margin almost straight in male, weakly concave in female; T-shaped sclerite narrow medially. Foreleg spination formula: F = 3 DS / 10 – 11 AvS / 4 PvS; T = 7 – 8 AvS / 5 – 6 PvS. Legs. Forecoxa elongate, slightly narrowing distally. Forefemur somewhat broad, robust, broadest at tibial spur groove, with scattered tubercles, slightly concave dorsally, more so in female; dorsal keel much weaker in female; posterior keel very weak in male, sometimes almost absent, in female virtually absent; tibial spur groove moderately-defined distally; anteroventral forefemur spines alternating between small and large, with the distal three spines iiI or IiI. Foretibia robust. Wings. Tegmina of male with veins somewhat reticulate, with dense crossveins only in extreme basal region of remigium (Figure 8 B). Tegmina of female short, weakly saddle-shaped such that the distal end is slightly raised, just exceeding posterior margin of second abdominal tergite (Figure 8 A). Hind wings of female short, slightly exceeding tegmina. Abdomen. Male abdomen with posterior margin of tergites weakly convex, with a short median keel on posterior section. Female with second to ninth tergites with dorsomedian and dorsolateral projections; dorsolateral projections present as short, blunted, keeled spines, these especially well-developed on third tergite; dorsomedian projections present as blunted, keeled spines projecting dorsally on third to fifth tergite, projecting posteriorly on sixth to ninth tergite, these distinctly larger, broader, and somewhat laterally compressed on third to fifth tergite; third and fourth tergites with a pair of distinct rounded tubercles adjacent to dorsomedian projections (Figure 9 C). Cerci very weakly laterally compressed; apical segment elongate, cylindrical (Figure 9 F – G). Supra-anal plate of male with lateral margins strongly convex, not reaching posterior edge of subgenital plate. Supra-anal plate of female ovate, with median keel almost absent, broadly rounded posteriorly, not reaching tip of subgenital plate. Subgenital plate of male broadly incised to rounded at posterior tip, with a short triangular lobe dorsally to each stylus, these lobes sometimes very small, rarely absent; styli short, subconical, setose, often asymmetrical such that one of the styli is significantly shorter and more conical than the other (Figure 9 G). Subgenital plate of female with ventroterminal lobes somewhat elongate (Figure 9 F). Genitalia. Male genitalia with L 4 A with a rounded, shagrinate, dorsally-directed lobe medially on the right side, with a more elongate, rounded, posteroventrally-directed lobe posteromedially on the left side; pda very small, very finely shagrinate, rounded to subtriangular, not strongly sclerotised, directed almost dextrally; afa with posterior lobe elongate, slightly tapering to a blunt point, directed posterodextrally but curved slightly such that the tip is directed dextrally, the anterior lobe much shorter and broader, very low, sometimes virtually absent; paa very weakly bent to the left; L 4 B with a very small, flattened, sinistrally-directed lobe posteromedially on the left side; fda rather broad, sometimes slightly constricted basally; pia a very low, rather flat ridge, sometimes with one or both corners raised into very small angular projections; pva rather short and robust, projecting ventrally and weakly curving posteriorly, slightly broadening distally and then abruptly narrowing to a blunt point very weakly directed dextrally (Figure 8 C – D). Colour. Body colour very variable, pattern relatively consistent but variable in intensity. Most individuals vaguely to diffusely lichen-coloured, i. e. very pale green or greenish blue with black or dark brown markings, some individuals with pale areas almost white, other individuals brown or greenish brown with more diffuse dark markings and strong mottling, some brown individuals almost entirely without dark areas (Figure 8 A – B, 10). The following description of colour is based primarily on lichen-coloured individuals (Figure 8 A – B, 10 B, D, F). Head mostly pale, in male with scattered dark spots and blotches, usually with a transverse row of dark spots on lower frons, ocellar tubercle often strongly mottled, with a transverse line extending across dorsal surface of head, interrupted by ocelli, this line sometimes not extending onto genae, often with curved dark lines on vertex adjacent to parietal sulcus. Female head almost entirely pale, ocellar tubercle dark, with a solid dark transverse line extending from lateral ocellus almost to margin of eye; posterior region of vertex strongly mottled in browner individuals. Antennae strongly annulated along entire length, with dark annulations gradually widening distally. Eyes similar in colour to head, spotted, usually with a dark lateral stripe extending across the entire length of the eye, these markings fading after death. Pronotum ground colour similar to head, with a dark spot anterolaterally on the metazone, this sometimes extending onto dorsal surface of metazone, onto lateral pronotal expansion, and / or onto lateral region of prozone; in some lichen-coloured specimens also with a sinuate dark border on the posterolateral metazone; in mottled specimens usually with a narrow, diffuse greenish border along the entire pronotum; lateral pronotal expansion with scattered dark spots adjacent to prozone and posterior of metazone. Prosternum mostly pale with irregular and variable dark markings. Legs mostly pale with darker markings. Forecoxa with large dark blotches, in some females these conjoined into three dark bands; forefemur anteriorly with four large dark blotches, narrowly or broadly conjoined, the distalmost two or three of these extending dorsally and onto the posterior surface, these marks paler and more diffuse on posterior surface of mottled individuals; foretibia banded on anterior surface, banded or without pattern on posterior surface. Mid and hind legs with regular dark bands, sometimes absent basally on femora, paler regions often with mottling. Tarsomeres of all legs distally dark, first tarsomere also with a medial dark band. Tegmina of male pale green or greenish blue with dark brown markings, often with strong brown spotting or mottling; base of tegmen medially dark, pterostigma almost white, a small dark wedge distal to pterostigma; membrane adjacent to medial section of media dark, forming an elongate dark marking, this sometimes broken into two smaller dark marks; membrane adjacent to posterior radius with a dark patch where it meets the anterior radius, from this a dark marking extending posteromedially such that the entire dark area is subtriangular, with concave edges; membrane adjacent to extreme distal regions of sectors irregularly darkened; with irregular dark markings between first anterior cubitus and plicatulum; radius and costa with regularly-spaced dark spots along almost their entire length, these denser on the costa, often also extending onto adjacent membrane. Veins mostly pale cream, dark in shaded regions of tegmen, posterior cubitus brown. Tegmina of female with pterostigma almost white, with a dark ovate diagonal spot of similar size at the distal and apical end of the pterostigma; in lichen-coloured females, almost the entire rest of the tegmen concolorous with pterostigma; in mottled females more irregularly marked with spots and dark patches; veins usually concolorous with membrane, in mottled females costal region with veins darker, greenish. Hind wings of male mostly hyaline; costal region and extreme apical portion of remigium pale, opaque; costal crossveins distally with distinct dark spots where they meet the anterior margin of the wing; membrane adjacent to extreme apical portion of posterior radius, media, anterior cubitus, and sometimes anterior branch of second anterior analis with irregular dark patches; veins pale brown. Hind wings of female mostly hyaline, extreme apical portion similar in colour to tegmen, veins mostly pale brown. Abdomen similar in colour to thorax, very variable in pattern. In lichen-coloured females, mostly pale with irregular, dark, diagonal lines on second to fourth tergites, these sometimes extending onto dorsomedial projections; usually also with irregular dark patch on seventh tergite; in males and mottled females, abdomen very irregularly patterned, generally greenish dorsally and brown ventrally, sometimes with large pale spots laterally on third to seventh tergites. Cerci unicolorous or with faint dark annulations (Figure 8 A – B, 10). Nymph. Older nymphs are similar in morphology and colour to adults but lack wings; in females the abdomen is more slender (Figure 10 C – D). Very young nymphs are rather long-legged and frequently have bolder patterning than adults and larger nymphs. Ootheca. Unknown but possibly similar to that of C. oxynota. Measurements. Body length, 14.4 – 15.9 (♀), 13.9 – 17.5 (♁). Pronotum length, 3.7 – 4.4 (♀), 3.3 – 4.2 (♁). Pronotum width, 1.8 – 2.3 (♀), 1.7 – 2.5 (♁). Tegmen length, 4.0 – 4.2 (♀), 13.8 – 14.3 (♁). 9.87755	en	Connors, Matthew G., Yeeles, Peter, Lach, Lori, Rentz, David C. F. (2023): Revision of the genus Calofulcinia Giglio-Tos (Mantodea: Nanomantidae: Fulciniinae) in Australia. Zootaxa 5296 (3): 333-361, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2
C27187E1FFD4FFD7FF64FC23FB3EC694.taxon	distribution	Distribution. C. paraoxypila is known from a very broad latitudinal range in eastern Queensland and northeastern New South Wales from a variety of forested habitats. It is widespread between Eumundi in the north and Taree in the south, but specimens have also been collected from much further north, at Eungella and on the Atherton Tablelands (Figure 11, 12 A – B, D, F – H).	en	Connors, Matthew G., Yeeles, Peter, Lach, Lori, Rentz, David C. F. (2023): Revision of the genus Calofulcinia Giglio-Tos (Mantodea: Nanomantidae: Fulciniinae) in Australia. Zootaxa 5296 (3): 333-361, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2
C27187E1FFD4FFD7FF64FC23FB3EC694.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This robust, stocky species is the most widespread of the Australian Calofulcinia, and in the southern portion of its range it is probably the most frequently-encountered. It has been collected from a variety of habitats ranging from undisturbed rainforest to suburbia, and has been collected from moss- or lichen-covered tree trunks, rocks, and even bare rock and paperbark tree trunks. Perhaps because of this broad habitat and microhabitat preference, it is also the most variable species in both colour and pattern. Although most males are relatively similar to each other, females may show a variety of different patterns (Figure 8 A 10 A, E). This enables them to effectively camouflage themselves against a variety of different substrates, although their ability to change their colouration as C. oxynota does is untested. This colour variation is far greater in the southern portion of its range than in the north; only lichen-coloured individuals have been recorded from the northern portion of its range. Despite its relative abundance in southeast Queensland and northern New South Wales, C. paraoxypila is only very rarely collected in north Queensland, where it is known from just four male specimens and two photographic records. These were collected at lights in dense, relatively high-elevation (above 500 m) rainforest, suggesting that the species may display a markedly different life history strategy in these tropical regions. It is possible that this population usually lives high in the canopy, as is suspected to be the case for many other uncommon insects known from the area (Hasenpusch & Brock 2006; Rentz et al. 2012). This species is rather dissimilar to the other Australian members of the genus and to all of the Papuan species, being larger and very much more robust than their delicate congeners. Indeed, Tindale (1930) initially described it in the monotypic genus Rawarena. He noted that it was “ allied to Stenomantis and to Ima ” (all Australian species of Stenomantis have now been transferred to Ciulfina) but did not compare it to any of the numerous Papuan genera of Fulciniini which were at that point considered valid, but most of which are now considered synonyms. La Greca (1966) expressed doubt at the validity of Rawarena, and later synonymised it with Calofulcinia, finding that the differences between C. paraoxypila and C. oxynota were not warranting of generic status (La Greca 1969). While this synonymy is accepted here, a more thorough review of the entire Fulciniini is required before any definitive statements on generic boundaries can be made. At present it seems unlikely that Rawarena should be considered a distinct genus, but future studies may find that it is warranting of subgeneric status.	en	Connors, Matthew G., Yeeles, Peter, Lach, Lori, Rentz, David C. F. (2023): Revision of the genus Calofulcinia Giglio-Tos (Mantodea: Nanomantidae: Fulciniinae) in Australia. Zootaxa 5296 (3): 333-361, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2
