identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
C15C87DB7452FFE1FF0D8150BE95E086.text	C15C87DB7452FFE1FF0D8150BE95E086.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alcyonidium bullitum Seo & Chae & Winston & Zágoršek & Gordon 2018	<div><p>Alcyonidium bullitum n. sp.</p><p>(Figs 2, 3)</p><p>Etymology. Latin bullitus, bubbling up, alluding to the bubble-like kenozooids at the colony surface; suggested common name, the bubble Alcyonidium .</p><p>Material examined. Holotype: MBRBKH4. Paratype: MBRBKP4, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=124.6987&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.923" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 124.6987/lat 37.923)">Junghwadong</a>, Baengnyeong Island, 37.9230° N, 124.6987° E, intertidal, 17 May 2017 . Other: MBRBK 1696, Cheongpodae, Yellow Sea, 36.6344° N, 126.2997° E, encrusting on intertidal rock, 26 May 2017. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=126.1378&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.1608" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 126.1378/lat 35.1608)">Nakwoldo</a> waters, Yeonnggwang, Yellow Sea, 35.1608° N, 126.1378° E, encrusting on crabs, 20 May 2011 .</p><p>Description. Gelatinous colony encrusting various substrata including sea grass, rocks, and live crabs, ranging in size from a few mm to several cm maximum diameter. Zooids elongate-oval to irregularly polygonal, quite transparent, translucent whitish outlines of retracted polypides visible inside, but grooves marking the walls that separate them are indistinct (Figs 2C, D, 3C). Zooid length, mean 0.551 mm in young colonies on sea grass blades (Fig. 2), and 0.592 mm in larger colonies on stone (range 0.369–0.674 mm, N = 18). Zooid width, mean 0.333 mm (range 0.253–0.397 mm, N = 10). Orifice round, raised on low mound-like papilla at distal end of autozooid when retracted, expanding as a white circle almost the width of distal end of zooid as tentacle sheath begins to evert for zooid feeding. Retracted orifice width, mean 0.114 mm (range 0.107–0.142 mm, N = 21). As colonies grow, increasing numbers of small transparent and bubble-like kenozooids develop between autozooids in rows and sheets, filling in areas between adjacent sheets of autozooids as they fan outward, thus rapidly increasing colony size. Because of their roundness, small size (about one-sixth the length of an autozooid) and transparency, kenozooids resemble patches of tiny bubbles embedded in colony surface (Figs 2B–E, 3F). In some of kenozooids are tissue masses that may represent vestigial or developing polypides; others are clear, except at their walls. Tentacles 14–16, tentacle crown white, an equitentacled funnel in which individual tentacles are held straight, but which are capable of flicking inward and outward when feeding actively (Figs 2C, 3A–C). In zooids with expanded tentacle crowns, the thick transparent introvert and transparent setigerous collar extend almost to level of mouth. Mode of reproduction unknown; newly settled colonies present at Baengnyeong Island in May.</p><p>Remarks. Very small colonies found on a piece of sea grass (with space) is used otherwise in ms had only autozooids. Larger colonies encrusting intertidal rocks had numerous bubble-like kenozooidal areas between groups of autozooids (Fig. 2). Very large colonies that encrusted crabs dredged from the Yellow Sea also had relatively few autozooids compared to the number of kenozooids; the colonies covered the exterior of the crabs, including their eyes and appendages (Fig. 3B). The species resembles the eastern Atlantic species Alcyonidium mytili Dalyell, 1848 in its initial transparency and some overlap in tentacle number ( A. mytili, range 13–18, mode 15; Cadman &amp; Ryland 1996, De Blauwe 2009) and Alcyonidium hirsutum (Fleming, 1828) (tentacle number larger, range 14–18, mode 17–18; Ryland 1985) in the presence of many kenozooids, but the kenozooids of the Korean species are round and bubble-like, not raised and sometimes conical as are those of A. hirsutum .</p><p>Eight species of Alcyonidium are known from Japan, distributed from Sagami Bay (c. 35° N) northwards to Hokkaido. Most have a robust, erect colony form but Alcyonidium nanum Silén, 1942, A. nipponicum d’Hondt &amp; Mawatari, 1986 and A. shizuoi d’Hondt &amp; Mawatari, 1986 are encrusting. These, however, differ from A. bullitum n. sp. in several respects— A. nanum has about 20 tentacles, the orifice is wholly non-projecting, and there are no kenozooids; A. nipponicum has whitish colonies when alive, 15 tentacles, fusiform to oval zooidal outlines and very thick interior walls but no kenozooids; and A. shizuoi has 12–15 (mostly 13–14) tentacles, a wide-diameter peristome, and many interzooidal kenozooids that are quadrangular, not bubble-like. The zooids of these three species are proportionally less elongate than in A. bullitum n. sp. Another encrusting species has been described from the Straits of Johor, Singapore, a much more tropical environment than those of Korean localities (Tilbrook &amp; Gordon 2015). Alcyonidium jauhar has, like A. bullitum, elongate transparent autozooids. Tentacle number is 15–16 and a few kenozooids occur, but the unilaminar colony does not undergo the massive development of kenozooids and aggressive overgrowth of substrata, including living crustaceans, found in A. bullitum .</p><p>Distribution. Yellow Sea: Baengnyeong Island to Cheongpodae on eel grass ( Zostera), rocks and dredged crab carapaces, intertidal to 10 m.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C15C87DB7452FFE1FF0D8150BE95E086	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Seo, Ji-Eun;Chae, Hyun Sook;Winston, Judith E.;Zágoršek, Kamil;Gordon, Dennis P.	Seo, Ji-Eun, Chae, Hyun Sook, Winston, Judith E., Zágoršek, Kamil, Gordon, Dennis P. (2018): Korean ctenostome bryozoans-observations on living colonies, new records, five new species, and an updated checklist. Zootaxa 4486 (3): 251-283, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4486.3.3
C15C87DB7451FFE1FF0D8298BE48E494.text	C15C87DB7451FFE1FF0D8298BE48E494.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alcyonidium pulposum Seo & Chae & Winston & Zágoršek & Gordon 2018	<div><p>Alcyonidium pulposum n. sp.</p><p>(Fig. 4)</p><p>Etymology. Latin pulposu s, fleshy, alluding to the fleshy form of the colony.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype: MBRBKH5, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=124.6267&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.9461" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 124.6267/lat 37.9461)">Yeonhwa-ri</a>, Baengnyeong Island, 37.9461° N, 124.6267° E, intertidal, 18 May 2017 . Paratype: MBRBKP5, same data as holotype .</p><p>Description. Colony forming large, rubbery gelatinous creamy-yellow-brown masses that develop bulbous lobes of varied breadth and projecting irregular branches from encrusting base on algal stems or other cylindrical substrata (Fig. 3A); growth extending up to 14–15 cm long along stem. Zooids erect, irregular in size and shape, oval to hexagonal, frontal surface flat to slightly convex, with small round orifice that forms a little papilla when closed; zooid wall somewhat translucent, so that whitish shape of polypide can be discerned in deep body of cystid (Fig. 4B, C, E). Beneath outer layer of autozooids is firm gelatinous core that resists being cut (Fig. 4F). Zooid length, mean 0.363 mm (range 0.306–0.393, N = 6); zooid width, mean 0.258 mm (range 0.216–0.306, N = 6), orifice diameter, mean 0.087 mm (range, 0.072–0.208 mm, N = 6)). Kenozooids abundant (Fig. 4B–D). Some zooids contained clusters of yellow eggs or embryos (Fig. 4B, C).</p><p>Remarks. None of the colonies collected expanded while observed, so that polypide characters could not be noted. The species is similar to Alcyonidium bullitum n. sp. in the presence of abundant kenozooids, but these are larger relative to zooid size than in A. bullitum This species shows similarities to Alcyonidium diaphanum (Hudson, 1778) from the Northeast Atlantic, but the lobes of the Korean species are larger and more rounded. Its closest relative may be Alcyonidium diaphanum alcilobatum d’Hondt &amp; Mawatari, 1986 from Japanese Pacific localities and considered by them to be a new subspecies because of its geographic isolation from European populations. Its lobes are thinner and more leaf-like than those of A. pulposum n. sp., as shown in their paratype and holotype specimens (d’Hondt &amp; Mawatari 1986, pl. 1, figs 1, 2). Colonies of A. pulposum n. sp. also lacked the small projecting bumps of incipient lobes seen in mature Belgian colonies of A. diaphanum illustrated by De Blauwe (2009, p. 43, figs 15, 16).</p><p>Distribution. Yellow Sea: Yeonhwa-ri, Baengnyeong Island, where subtidal colonies were washing up in the surf zone.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C15C87DB7451FFE1FF0D8298BE48E494	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Seo, Ji-Eun;Chae, Hyun Sook;Winston, Judith E.;Zágoršek, Kamil;Gordon, Dennis P.	Seo, Ji-Eun, Chae, Hyun Sook, Winston, Judith E., Zágoršek, Kamil, Gordon, Dennis P. (2018): Korean ctenostome bryozoans-observations on living colonies, new records, five new species, and an updated checklist. Zootaxa 4486 (3): 251-283, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4486.3.3
C15C87DB7451FFEEFF0D8560BDE6E38D.text	C15C87DB7451FFEEFF0D8560BDE6E38D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alcyonidium busanensis Seo & Chae & Winston & Zágoršek & Gordon 2018	<div><p>Alcyonidium busanensis n. sp.</p><p>(Figs 5, 6)</p><p>Etymology. Pertaining to Busan, the geographical locality where the species was found.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=129.265&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.025" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 129.265/lat 35.025)">Material</a> examined. Holotype: MBRBKH6, Namuseom Island, front of Dadaepo Harbor, Busan, southern Korea, 35.0250° N, 129.2650° E, 68 m, 6 June 2017 . Paratype: MBRBKP6, same data as holotype .</p><p>Description. Colony begins as encrusting layer on shell substratum where it soon develops thick mound-like form. Eventually a mature colony develops that consists of firmly gelatinous narrow cylindrical brown branches (3–5 mm diameter) with lighter, more-translucent pointed tips that may bifurcate to produce more branches (Fig. 5A, B). Branching colonies up to 10–20 cm in size. Zooids small and erect, rounded-hexagonal to polygonal in outline, with deep bodies and round orifices on small papillae (Fig. 5B, C). Mean orifice diameter 0.056 mm (range 0.012–0.072 mm, N = 6). Zooid length, mean 0.438 mm (range 0.360–0.540 mm, N = 6); zooid width, mean 0.306 mm (range 0.234–378 mm, N = 6). A few kenozooids present between autozooids. Colonies found in early June mature with vigorous branch growth and sexually reproductive. Zooid walls in growing tips translucent enough to see the near-vertically positioned whitish retracted polypides as well as clusters of red-orange embryos and developing larvae being brooded in empty zooids (Fig. 6A, B). Freed larvae coronate (Fig. 6A–D), swimming toward light in spiral fashion at first, then sinking to the bottom, but in the lab all died before metamorphosing. Polypides with 16 tentacles.</p><p>Remarks. This species differs from any branching species described from the region. Although both it and the Japanese species Alcyonidium sagamianum Mawatari, 1953 have the form of some branching taxa of the greenalgal genus Codium (d’Hondt &amp; Mawatari 1986), A. sagamianum has larger branches with rounded tips, is orange in life instead of brown like A. busanensis n. sp., its surface is covered by minute mamillae, and it has 20 tentacles. Kenozooids few in number in contrast to the species described above. Unlike those of Alcyonidium bullitum n. sp., zooids of A. busanensis n. sp. are not transparent or even translucent except at growing branch tips. The cylindrical branches of A. busanensis are brown, not tan, and do not form massive encrustations like those of A. pulposum n. sp. or leafy expansions like A. diaphanum alcilobatum d’Hondt &amp; Mawatari, 1986 . The species also lacks the thickened core found in Alcyonidium pulposum n. sp.</p><p>Distribution. SE Japan Sea on fishing net, trawled at 68 m depth, off Namuseom Island, collected from fishing boat docked at Dadaepo Harbor, Busan, Korea.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C15C87DB7451FFEEFF0D8560BDE6E38D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Seo, Ji-Eun;Chae, Hyun Sook;Winston, Judith E.;Zágoršek, Kamil;Gordon, Dennis P.	Seo, Ji-Eun, Chae, Hyun Sook, Winston, Judith E., Zágoršek, Kamil, Gordon, Dennis P. (2018): Korean ctenostome bryozoans-observations on living colonies, new records, five new species, and an updated checklist. Zootaxa 4486 (3): 251-283, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4486.3.3
C15C87DB745EFFEAFF0D80A6BCDBE629.text	C15C87DB745EFFEAFF0D80A6BCDBE629.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Arachnoidella protecta (Harmer 1915)	<div><p>Arachnoidella cf. protecta (Harmer, 1915)</p><p>(Fig. 7)</p><p>cf. Arachnoidea protecta Harmer, 1915: 50, pl. 3, figs 7–11.</p><p>Material examined. MBRBK 1704. Two colonies on small rock from west of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=126.7689&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.1585" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 126.7689/lat 34.1585)">Cheongsan Island</a>, S. Jeolla Province, 34.1585° N, 126.7689° E, 42 m, collected 29 July 2016 by RV Kuklipgongwon-yeoungu 1 in a grab sample.</p><p>Description. Colony forming network of stolons and zooids sparsely distributed over about 2 cm 2 area on rock collected from 42 m depth (Fig. 7A). Zooids brown to dark brown, clavate to subpyriform, or even subquadrangular, dilatation tapering abruptly to caudal portion as long as or shorter than dilatation. Cuticular frontal wall convex, sloping upwards to proximal part of dark-rimmed orifice, quadrate distally and tilted slightly toward distal end of zooid (Fig. 7B–E). Zooid length (non-caudate portion), mean 0.261 mm (range 0.188–0.340 mm, N = 5), zooid width, mean 0.253 (range 0.233–0.275 mm, N = 5). Internal anatomy and tentacle number unknown.</p><p>Remarks. Gordon (1986) proposed that the name Arachnoidella be used for the marine species formerly assigned to Arachnoidea, a decision we have followed here.</p><p>The only specimen found was on a small dried rock already in the MBRBK collection, discovered by DPG when examining rock and shell samples for cheilostomes. Although the specimen was reconstituted in aqueous trisodium phosphate, no internal anatomy remained, only the cystid structure and do not form of the orifice. Many of the stolonate portions were missing.</p><p>Twelve species of Arachnoidella are known so far. The geographically closest are two abyssal species from south of Japan (d’Hondt &amp; Mawatari 1987), neither of which is at all similar to the Korean material. Our material appears closest to Arachnoidella protecta (Harmer, 1915), described from Indonesia (0–32 m), although zooid shape in Harmer’s material is variable, and mostly not clavate. Harmer (1915) gives no information on internal structure. A publication by Chimenz Gusso et al. (1998) described A. protecta from the Mediterranean, giving measurements larger than those of Korean material and drawings of external morphology, including zooids with extended peristomes showing a long setigerous collar, but no tentacle crown or internal structure. Additional specimens of living or alcohol-preserved specimens from Korea are needed to clarify the species’ morphology and anatomy and confirm its specific identity.</p><p>Distribution. Korea: South Sea: Cheongsan Island, 42 m depth.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C15C87DB745EFFEAFF0D80A6BCDBE629	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Seo, Ji-Eun;Chae, Hyun Sook;Winston, Judith E.;Zágoršek, Kamil;Gordon, Dennis P.	Seo, Ji-Eun, Chae, Hyun Sook, Winston, Judith E., Zágoršek, Kamil, Gordon, Dennis P. (2018): Korean ctenostome bryozoans-observations on living colonies, new records, five new species, and an updated checklist. Zootaxa 4486 (3): 251-283, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4486.3.3
C15C87DB745BFFEBFF0D83F0BADCE56C.text	C15C87DB745BFFEBFF0D83F0BADCE56C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nolella papuensis (Busk 1886)	<div><p>Nolella cf. papuensis (Busk, 1886)</p><p>(Fig. 8)</p><p>Cylindroecium papuense Busk, 1886: 38, pl. 8, fig. 2.</p><p>Nolella papuensis: Harmer 1915: 53, pl. 4, figs 10–20; Rho &amp; Kim 1981: 61, pl. 4, figs 1, 2; Rho &amp; Seo 1986: 33; Seo 2005: 283, pl. 14, fig. 23</p><p>Material examined. MBRBK 1705, 9 May 2017, Munseom Island offshore of Seogwipo Harbor, Jeju Island, 20 m.</p><p>Description. Colony forming chain or network of narrow cylindrical zooids. Zooid tubes varying in length, straight to slightly curved, connected by very narrow stoloniform elongations; zooids brown, opaque, their cuticle covered by particles of sediment proximally (Fig. 8A, B), the distal ends of zooids usually lighter and more translucent (Fig. 8D), with fine annular rings and topped distally by the often-squared orifice (Fig. 8E, F). Mean zooid length 1.043 mm (range 0.97–1.09 mm, N = 3); zooid width, mean 0.186 mm (range 0.145–0.217, N = 3), no dilation in diameter at base. Tentacle crown equitentacled, tentacles thin, straightly held; the one tentacle crown that expanded in our study (Fig. 8C) had 12 tentacles. No evidence of reproduction in colonies found.</p><p>Remarks. The muddy-looking cylindrical zooids of Nolella resemble tubes of polychaetes or amphipods, but their squared-off orifice is diagnostic, distinguishing them as belonging to Nolella . The zooids of the specimens collected in this study are shorter than the average for zooids of N. stipata recorded in Florida (2.1 x 1.8 mm zooid length and width) (Winston 1982) and Brazil (2.3 x 1.8 mm) (Vieira et al. 2014). Korean material collected previously and identified as Nolella papuensis had zooids 1.0– 2.8 mm long and 0.20–0.30 mm wide (Seo 2005).</p><p>Harmer’s (1915) account of Nolella papuen sis from the Siboga Expedition reported considerable variability in zooid length depending on state of growth and/or regeneration, but able to attain almost 4 mm in height with a tentacle crown of c. 18 tentacles. Busk’s (1886) original description gave much smaller dimensions (1.3 x 0.10–0.11 mm). We believe the Korean specimens (all three from the South Sea), most closely approach N. papuensis . Embryos were lacking in our material, but embryos in colonies from other areas are brooded, several in a row, in the distal half of zooid tubes.</p><p>Distribution. Indonesia, New Guinea. Korea: Goheung, South Sea; Seogwipo, Jeju Island; intertidal to 20 m.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C15C87DB745BFFEBFF0D83F0BADCE56C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Seo, Ji-Eun;Chae, Hyun Sook;Winston, Judith E.;Zágoršek, Kamil;Gordon, Dennis P.	Seo, Ji-Eun, Chae, Hyun Sook, Winston, Judith E., Zágoršek, Kamil, Gordon, Dennis P. (2018): Korean ctenostome bryozoans-observations on living colonies, new records, five new species, and an updated checklist. Zootaxa 4486 (3): 251-283, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4486.3.3
C15C87DB745BFFF4FF0D8642BD22E375.text	C15C87DB745BFFF4FF0D8642BD22E375.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Immergentia cheongpodensis Seo & Chae & Winston & Zágoršek & Gordon 2018	<div><p>Immergentia cheongpodensis n. sp.</p><p>(Figs 9A, B, D, 10, 11)</p><p>Immergentia [sp.] Seo et al. 2016: 9.</p><p>Etymology. The species is named for the location where it was found, Cheongpodae Beach, Yellow Sea.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype: MBRMKH7, Cheongpodae, Taean Coast National Park, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=126.2997&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.6334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 126.2997/lat 36.6334)">Korean</a> west coast, 36.6334° N, 126.2997° E, intertidal, 16 June 2017 . Paratype: MBRBKP7, same data as holotype .</p><p>Description. Colony boring in shells of dead mollusks. Impression of narrow branching stolonate connections and elongate zooid openings seen at surface of eroded shells (Figs 9A, B, 10, 11). In more-translucent, freshly bored and less-eroded shells, the delicate branching pattern of submerged colonies is visible, especially if shells are wet. Colony extent hard to determine but stolons can trail within or over much of dead shell surface. Zooids have elongate teardrop- to sausage-shaped opening, centered along midline of branch at shell surface (Fig. 9A, B). Resin casts of colonies examined by SEM show that, below this opening, buried zooids develop first as bulge along very narrow (10 µm or less) stolonal branch (Fig. 10A, B). Mature zooids c. 150 µm long, 50 µm wide, widest at orificial end, non-pedunculate, with narrow, round-tipped basal end. Zooid excavation orientated at oblique angle, some even curving upward toward shell surface. Stoloniform processes branch from abanal and anal ends of zooid tubes and may come to shell surface where they are visible as tiny pores. Casts of structures resembling gonozooids also found; these are expanded, more-triangular than autozooids, with two basal ends, one shallower than the other (Fig. 10E, F).</p><p>Remarks. Gonozooids have not previously been reported for Immergentia . According to Pohowsky (1978) they are known only in Penetrantia, but the SEM illustrations here show that the gonozooids are connected only to Immergentia cheongpodensis n. sp. and its narrow stolons, rather than to the broader stolons of Penetrantia colonies. Perhaps gonozooids are ephemeral or seasonally produced.</p><p>Immergentia species are the smallest of boring ctenostomes, and they are seldom recorded in surveys as it takes careful study of numerous empty mollusk shells under a stereo microscope to find them. Their colonies may be intermingled with the colonies of larger boring taxa such as Penetrantia on a shell, making it hard to separate the traces of the different species. The traces of the present material at the shell surface, as well as zooidal morphology (non-pedunculate) and branching are typical of Immergentiidae, which is monogeneric.</p><p>Pohowsky (1978) discussed and illustrated several living and fossil species, three of which occur in the Pacific north of the Equator. Immergentia californica Silén, 1946 differs from Immergentia cheongpodensis n. sp. in having much longer zooids (c. 350 µm) that are pointed proximally, not rounded; Immergentia philippinensis Soule, 1950 also has a proximal end and a surface trace differing from that in I. cheongpodensis n. sp. Zooids of Immergentia angulata Soule &amp; Soule, 1969 from Hawaii are 180–200 mm long, bent sideways, and pointed proximally.</p><p>Distribution. Korea: in dead mollusk shells, particularly oysters and clams, from the low-intertidal zone at Cheongpodae beach, west coast of Korea.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C15C87DB745BFFF4FF0D8642BD22E375	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Seo, Ji-Eun;Chae, Hyun Sook;Winston, Judith E.;Zágoršek, Kamil;Gordon, Dennis P.	Seo, Ji-Eun, Chae, Hyun Sook, Winston, Judith E., Zágoršek, Kamil, Gordon, Dennis P. (2018): Korean ctenostome bryozoans-observations on living colonies, new records, five new species, and an updated checklist. Zootaxa 4486 (3): 251-283, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4486.3.3
C15C87DB7444FFF4FF0D80E3BDA7E63E.text	C15C87DB7444FFF4FF0D80E3BDA7E63E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Penetrantia taeanata Seo & Chae & Winston & Zágoršek & Gordon 2018	<div><p>Penetrantia taeanata n. sp.</p><p>(Figs 9C–F, 12, 13)</p><p>Spathipora [sp.]: Seo et al. 2016: 9.</p><p>Penetrantia [sp.]: Seo et al. 2016: 9.</p><p>Etymology. The species is named for the Taean Coast area of the Yellow Sea where it was discovered.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype: MBRBKH8, Cheongpodae, Taean Coast National Park, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=126.2997&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.6334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 126.2997/lat 36.6334)">Korean</a> east coast, 36.6334° N, 126.2997° E, intertidal, 16 June 2017 . Paratype: MBRBKP8, same data as holotype .</p><p>Description. Colonies boring into mollusk shells, composed of linked kenozooidal stolons which penetrate upper layers of shell, sometimes reaching surface as series of tiny elevated pores (tubulets), and buried saclike zooids, with rounded orifices at shell surface usually on both sides of stolon branches (Figs 9C–F, 13B–C). Main stolon branches develop side branches at almost 90° angles to principal stolons. Side branches larger than stolonate processes of Immergentia, about 15–20 µm wide (Fig. 13D, E). On shell surface, well-preserved colony borings look like narrow branching tracks with round to teardrop-shaped orifice holes on either side; densest colonies appear as jumble of closely spaced holes. Zooids tubular with roundly tapering proximal ends; c. 140–180 µm long, 50 µm wide, budding at distal ends from peduncles, perpendicular or diagonal to shell surface. Although orifices on both sides of stolon at shell surface may appear to be almost opposite each other, the resin cast shows they are offset, sometimes in a very neat herringbone fashion (Figs 9C, D, 12B, D, 13A). Gonozooids not seen.</p><p>Remarks. Our specimens resemble those of Penetrantia densa Silén, 1946 in the presence of the round apertures of zooids outside the line of the main stolon or branches, but zooids are smaller and openings can be even closer together in Penetrantia taeanata n. sp., which is the commonest boring ctenostome species at the intertidal site at Cheongpodae. Immergentia cheongpodensis n. sp. is less abundant at the same locality, but overall about one-third of the dead shell material collected at this site had borings of one or both species. They were most commonly found in bivalves, particularly oyster shells, but also noted in a few gastropod shells.</p><p>Distribution. Korea: Cheongpodae, Yellow Sea.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C15C87DB7444FFF4FF0D80E3BDA7E63E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Seo, Ji-Eun;Chae, Hyun Sook;Winston, Judith E.;Zágoršek, Kamil;Gordon, Dennis P.	Seo, Ji-Eun, Chae, Hyun Sook, Winston, Judith E., Zágoršek, Kamil, Gordon, Dennis P. (2018): Korean ctenostome bryozoans-observations on living colonies, new records, five new species, and an updated checklist. Zootaxa 4486 (3): 251-283, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4486.3.3
C15C87DB7445FFF5FF0D83BABA70E294.text	C15C87DB7445FFF5FF0D83BABA70E294.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Walkeria prorepens Kubanin 1992	<div><p>Walkeria prorepens Kubanin, 1992</p><p>(Fig. 14)</p><p>Walkeria prorepens Kubanin, 1992: 21, fig. 2.</p><p>Material examined. MBRBK 1705. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=126.926&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.469" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 126.926/lat 33.469)">Seongsan Port</a>, Jeju Island, 33.4690° N, 126.9260°E, 8 May 2017, intertidal.</p><p>Description. Colony forming delicate network made up long narrow stolons with autozooids budded from short perpendicular kenozooid chains (Fig. 14E). Zooids perpendicular or oblique to stolon; distance between zooid clusters on stolon about 0.5 mm. Zooids narrow, elliptical, pointed at their proximal origin, with expanded center and a narrow quadrate distal orifice. Zooid length, mean 0.260 mm (range 0.188–0.301 mm, N = 4); zooid width, mean 0.058 mm (range 0.041–0.074 mm, N = 4). Zooids separated from kenozooidal stolon by a short peduncle. Stolon width c. 0.027 mm. Cuticle of zooid tubes relatively thick, hence zooids not sagging like those of some Amathia . Frontal surface in young zooids semitransparent and slightly granulated. Autozooids budded from subterminal frontal position on kenozooid; first as two lateral buds, later one terminal bud. Polypides with 8 tentacles and campylonemidan tentacle crown in which two tentacles are bent away from other six (Fig. 14B–D). No evidence of reproduction in our material.</p><p>Remarks. Our material best fits the species described by Kubanin (1992) from Peter the Great Bay on the Russian coast of the Japan Sea. This author provided a table of the Walkeria species then known, regarding Walkeria prorepens as most similar to W. uva (Linnaeus, 1758) from the North Atlantic but differing from it in stolon length, size, and mode of budding of zooids from kenozooids.</p><p>Distribution. Korea: Jeju Island, on intertidal rock. Russian coast of the Japan Sea, on Amathia rudis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C15C87DB7445FFF5FF0D83BABA70E294	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Seo, Ji-Eun;Chae, Hyun Sook;Winston, Judith E.;Zágoršek, Kamil;Gordon, Dennis P.	Seo, Ji-Eun, Chae, Hyun Sook, Winston, Judith E., Zágoršek, Kamil, Gordon, Dennis P. (2018): Korean ctenostome bryozoans-observations on living colonies, new records, five new species, and an updated checklist. Zootaxa 4486 (3): 251-283, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4486.3.3
C15C87DB7445FFF2FF0D87FABB45E0A2.text	C15C87DB7445FFF2FF0D87FABB45E0A2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bantariella verticillata (Heller 1867)	<div><p>Bantariella verticillata (Heller, 1867)</p><p>(Fig. 15)</p><p>Valkeria verticillata Heller, 1867: 127, pl. 6, fig. 4.</p><p>Mimosella verticillata: Harmer 1915: 81, pl. 7, figs 8–10; Rho &amp; Kim 1981: 62, pl. 3, figs 7–9; Rho &amp; Seo 1986: 33; Seo 2005: 295, pl. 19, fig. 28; Seo 2011: 38, fig. 14.</p><p>Farrella [sp.]: Seo et al. 2016: 9.</p><p>Material examined. Specimens in Seo 2011, p. 38 [“WS106-1 (Guryongpo: 20.vii.1968), WS106-2 (Seogwipo: 2.v.1982)”]; Cheongpodae, Taean Coast National Park, Korean west coast, 36.6334° N, 126.2997° E, intertidal, 26 May 2017 (photographed live, specimen not preserved).</p><p>Description. Colony comprising narrow creeping stolons that produce single autozooids or small clusters of 2–4 autozooids at short intervals (Fig. 15A, C); these not budded directly from stolons but from short kenozooids that bud laterally from main distal stolon bud. Zooid length 0.37–0.50 mm, zooid width 0.13 mm (Seo 2011). Autozooid tubes very narrow and pointed proximally, expanded medially, and narrowed again to terminal quadrate orifice. Autozooid walls shiny, smooth, well-cuticularized, but transparent enough to see retracted polypides; no gizzard. Sucker-like kenozooids attach colony to substratum. Polypides with delicate setigerous collar, campylonemidan tentacle crown of 8 long thin tentacles, 6 held in scoop shape, curving toward each other at tips and 2 bent away from each other about mid-length (Fig. 15B). Reproduction not seen.</p><p>Remarks. We have followed Jebram (1973) Gordon (1984) and Vieira et al. (2014) in using the genus Bantariella for mimosellids with zooids arranged in clusters rather than paired or single. European Mimosella gracilis Hincks, 1851 differs from the Korean species in having feathery side branches, each with c. 15 paired zooids. Bantariella verticillata (Heller, 1867), also reported from the Indo-Pacific region and Korea (Seo 2011), has fans of several zooids budded from kenozooids on either side of the stolon. Korean Bantariella is similar to Bantariella firmata (Marcus, 1938) from Brazil but has smaller numbers of zooids per cluster. It does not have the radicles of Mimosella radicata Kubanin, 1992, from the Russian coast of the Japan Sea. In addition to M. verticillata, two other species of Mimosella were described by Harmer (1915) in the Siboga Report— Mimosella bigeminata Waters, 1914, with long unbranched stolons bearing long plumes of zooids, and Mimosella tenuis Harmer, 1915, in which zooids are budded singly from kenozooids.</p><p>Distribution. Reported from Japan, Korea, and Indonesia, as well as various Pacific, Indian Ocean, to Atlantic locations. Korea, this study: Cheongpodae, Yellow (West) Sea coast, intertidal.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C15C87DB7445FFF2FF0D87FABB45E0A2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Seo, Ji-Eun;Chae, Hyun Sook;Winston, Judith E.;Zágoršek, Kamil;Gordon, Dennis P.	Seo, Ji-Eun, Chae, Hyun Sook, Winston, Judith E., Zágoršek, Kamil, Gordon, Dennis P. (2018): Korean ctenostome bryozoans-observations on living colonies, new records, five new species, and an updated checklist. Zootaxa 4486 (3): 251-283, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4486.3.3
C15C87DB7441FFFEFF0D840BBBE7E240.text	C15C87DB7441FFFEFF0D840BBBE7E240.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amathia acervata Lamouroux 1824	<div><p>Amathia acervata Lamouroux, 1824</p><p>(Fig. 16)</p><p>Amathia acervata Lamouroux, 1824: 45; Jelly 1889: 10; Hirose et al. 2017.</p><p>Serialaria acervata: Blainville 1834: 476; Deshayes &amp; Milne Edwards 1836: 170; d’Orbigny 1853: 595.</p><p>Non Amathia acervata: d’Hondt 1979: 10, 16; 1983: 65, fig. 36E; d’Hondt 1991: 163, 165 (part); Gordon et al. 2009: 288. [These all refer to A. bicornis .]</p><p>Non Amathia vidovici: d’Hondt 1991: 165 [These refer to A. acervata].</p><p>Material examined. MBRBK1710, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=128.26&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.4934" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 128.26/lat 34.4934)">Tongyeong</a> yacht anchorage, South Sea, 34.4934°N, 128.2600°E, 17 August 2015, depth 30 cm.</p><p>Description. Colonies forming erect, bushy and branching tufts attached to algae and other substrata (Fig. 16A–D). Anticlockwise (usually) spirals of zooid clusters grouped along narrow (about 1.4 mm width) cylindrical stolons. Zooids tilted relative to stolon axis, narrow (about 0.5 mm long, 0.12 mm wide), tubular and connate and more thickly cuticularized at distal ends, a cluster consisting of 12–15 pairs (Fig. 16A, B). Clusters spiral about 1.5 turns around stolon (clusters c. 0.6–1.4 mm long). Stolon branching mostly trifurcate. Color of alcohol-preserved specimens whitish tan. Polypides with 8 tentacles.</p><p>Remarks. Bushy Amathia species found in Asian waters have usually been attributed to Amathia convoluta (Lamarck, 1816) or Amathia distans Busk, 1886, species with Atlantic distributions. Hirose et al. (in prep.) have made a morphological and molecular study of three Amathia species in Japan, including the redescription of the holotype of Amathia acervata . This is the first record of the species in Korea. Another Japanese species, presently undescribed (Hirose et al. in prep.) is more robust, with slightly larger stolons and zooids with darker-brown pigmentation and mostly bifurcate branching. It may also be found to occur in Korea. No living specimens were found during our survey, but MBRBK houses jars of preserved material.</p><p>Distribution. Korea: Japan Sea (East Sea) coastal localities. Also Pacific coast of Japan.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C15C87DB7441FFFEFF0D840BBBE7E240	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Seo, Ji-Eun;Chae, Hyun Sook;Winston, Judith E.;Zágoršek, Kamil;Gordon, Dennis P.	Seo, Ji-Eun, Chae, Hyun Sook, Winston, Judith E., Zágoršek, Kamil, Gordon, Dennis P. (2018): Korean ctenostome bryozoans-observations on living colonies, new records, five new species, and an updated checklist. Zootaxa 4486 (3): 251-283, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4486.3.3
C15C87DB744EFFFEFF0D80D9BAC1E78A.text	C15C87DB744EFFFEFF0D80D9BAC1E78A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amathia gracilis (Leidy 1855)	<div><p>Amathia cf. gracilis (Leidy, 1855)</p><p>(Fig. 17)</p><p>Bowerbankia gracilis: Seo 2011: 33, fig. 11 (cum syn., part).</p><p>Material examined. MBRBK 1707. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=126.926&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.469" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 126.926/lat 33.469)">Seongsan</a> port, Jeju Island. 33.4690° N, 126.9260° E, intertidal rocks, 8 May 2017.</p><p>Description. Colonies in this species group consist of a network of stolons with erect, tubular and distally and proximally tapering zooids budded from them at intervals (Fig. 17A, C). Thriving colonies often grow into tangled masses, clumps and tufts. Zooids elongate-oval sacs, rounded at base and distally, with squared to puckered round orifice when polypide retracted. Retracted and preserved zooids c. 0.400 mm long, 0.060 mm wide, attached singly or in clusters on narrow creeping stolon. Internal organs and musculature seen through transparent walls of freshly budded zooids, but older zooids often fouled by algae or sediment particles. Polypide with conspicuous rounded gizzard and tentacle crown of 8 evenly spaced tentacles (Fig. 17A, B). No reproduction noted in colonies collected in this study.</p><p>Remarks. Bowerbankia gracilis was originally described by Joseph Leidy (1855) from Rhode Island, USA, on the Western Atlantic seaboard where it is tolerant of reduced salinities and variations in temperature, occurring in estuaries and harbors and among fouling communities. It has been reported from many localities around the world, but some records may refer to other similar species. It has been reported from China (e.g. Liu et al. 2001), Japan, and Korea (Seo 2011).</p><p>Distribution. Members of species group found almost worldwide in fouling and shallow water communities.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C15C87DB744EFFFEFF0D80D9BAC1E78A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Seo, Ji-Eun;Chae, Hyun Sook;Winston, Judith E.;Zágoršek, Kamil;Gordon, Dennis P.	Seo, Ji-Eun, Chae, Hyun Sook, Winston, Judith E., Zágoršek, Kamil, Gordon, Dennis P. (2018): Korean ctenostome bryozoans-observations on living colonies, new records, five new species, and an updated checklist. Zootaxa 4486 (3): 251-283, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4486.3.3
C15C87DB744EFFFAFF0D858EBE9EE0DF.text	C15C87DB744EFFFAFF0D858EBE9EE0DF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amathia medullaris Mawatari 1972	<div><p>Amathia medullaris Mawatari, 1972</p><p>(Fig. 18)</p><p>Bowerbankia medullaris Mawatari, 1972: 300, figs 1, 2.</p><p>Bowerbankia (Crassicaula) medullaris: Kubanin 1992: 26 .</p><p>Material examined. MBRBK1708, 36.6334° N, 126.2997° E, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=126.2997&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.6334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 126.2997/lat 36.6334)">Cheongpodae</a>, West Sea, 26 May 2017 . MBRBK 1709, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=128.2533&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.2957" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 128.2533/lat 38.2957)">Daejin</a> port, East Sea, 38.2957° N, 128.2533° E, 3 June 2017 .</p><p>Description. Colony encrusting brown alga Stephanocystis hakodatensis (Yendo) (formerly Cystophyllum hakodatense), on which it produces tufts of squat rounded sac-like zooids on stipes and fruiting bodies. Colony divided into two regions, an inner thick medullary region of branched stolons and single layer of almost spherical autozooids. At colony edges stolons thin and closely adherent to algal substratum, with erect autozooids sometimes biserially arranged along them (Fig. 18E). More-developed parts of colonies swell into thick complex mat of stolons and zooids, entire mat surrounding substratum but not tightly adherent to it (Fig. 18A). Zooidal orifice quadrate, polypide with distinct gizzard (note zooids in Fig. 18E). Zooids of Korean specimens with 10 evenly spaced tentacles all the same length (Fig. 18A, C, E). Eggs and embryos (Fig. 18B, D, G) yolky yellow color and brooded in zooids in which polypides had degenerated into brown bodies.</p><p>Remarks. The colonies found by us match the original description of Mawatari (1972) except in two details. All the polypides in Korean colonies had 10 tentacles, whereas eight tentacles and orange eggs were described in the Japanese material. Since the eggs of our specimens were somewhat orange-yellow this detail may not matter, but tentacle number (eight or ten) is a significant species-specific character in all known Amathia species. Because species in this genus are so constrained in terms of tentacle number, if living Japanese specimens can be confirmed to have eight tentacles, the Korean material likely represents a new species. Amathia medullaris differs from all other known species in its production of a medullary region. Other 10-tentacled species, e.g. Amathia imbricata from the east and west Atlantic, may have thickly interwoven networks of stolons and zooids in well-grown colonies, but do not show the structural zonation found in A. medullaris .</p><p>Kubanin (1992) created the subgenus Crassicaula for this species, based on the differences in its morphology in comparison with other species then classified in Bowerbankia . This distinction needs to be evaluated through further study.</p><p>Distribution. Korea: Yellow Sea, East Sea. Also Peter the Great Bay, Russian coast of Japan Sea, and Hokkaido, Japan. Intertidal.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C15C87DB744EFFFAFF0D858EBE9EE0DF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Seo, Ji-Eun;Chae, Hyun Sook;Winston, Judith E.;Zágoršek, Kamil;Gordon, Dennis P.	Seo, Ji-Eun, Chae, Hyun Sook, Winston, Judith E., Zágoršek, Kamil, Gordon, Dennis P. (2018): Korean ctenostome bryozoans-observations on living colonies, new records, five new species, and an updated checklist. Zootaxa 4486 (3): 251-283, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4486.3.3
