identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
C0248799FFF2686EFF38CC5B6753FC06.text	C0248799FFF2686EFF38CC5B6753FC06.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dysyncritus Fowler 1895	<div><p>Dysyncritus Fowler, 1895</p><p>Type-species by monotypy: Dysyncritus intectus Fowler, 1895b:81 .</p><p>Dysyncritus Fowler, 1895b: 80 [new genus, Pl. VI, Figs. 13 a,b]; Fowler, 1894c:50 [key]; Buckton, 1903a: 108 [key], 149 [listed]; Poulton, 1903a: 280 [camouflage]; Goding, 1926e: 308 [key]; Funkhouser, 1927f: 127, 153 [listed in Darninae as junior synonym of Procyrta Stål]; Goding, 1930b: 12 [key to species, with new taxa from Brazil]; Funkhouser, 1951a: 84 [listed in Darninae as junior synonym of Procyrta Stål]; Metcalf &amp; Wade, 1965a: 645 [catalogued in Darninae, Cymbomorphini]; Deitz, 1975a: 150 [to Heteronotinae]; McKamey, 1998a: 162 [catalogued]; Dietrich et al., 2001a: 215, 228-9 [key to subfamilies and tribes of Membracidae, phylogenetic remarks: misidentified]; Lin et al., 2004a: 402 [phylogenetic remarks: misidentified].</p><p>Diagnosis. Vertex flat or slightly convex below ocelli, deflected backwards on lower half; pronotum low, convex dorsally in lateral view, lacking suprahumeral horns, tubercles and spines; in dorsal view, anteriorly round at metopidium, widest between humeral angles, posterior process triangular, tapering towards acute apex in dorsal view; forewings with initial division of vein R as follows: R1 and R s A [R2+3] + R s P [R4+5] (i.e., R1 diverging prior to other R branches), crossveins s, r-m and m-cu 2 present (one each); row III of hind tibia with cucullate setae smaller in comparison to row I and row II, extended through entire length of hind tibia; male abdomen lacking lamellar laterotergites; male genitalia with aedeagus U-shaped, lateral and subgenital plates sheet-like, not inflated; styles robust and elongated, shank well developed.</p><p>Description. Color: head, pronotum, and legs variegated brown, ferruginous and yellow. Fore- and hind wings mostly hyaline. Forewings with coriaceous areas opaque, variegated with same colors as pronotum.</p><p>Head: triangular, dense and roughly punctate; eyes and ocelli well produced, eyes globose; vertex pentagonal, convex, superior margin arched above ocelli, area below ocelli slightly deflected backwards (not as medially concave as in Allodrilus gen. nov., and some species of Smiliorachis Fairmaire); coronal suture distinct throughout, not conspicuously grooved; ocelli closer to eyes than to each other, located approximately on imaginary line that crosses center of eyes; suprantennal ledges broad, sharply carinate, foliaceous, discreetly curved forwards; frontoclypeus weakly concave, diamond-shaped, about as wide as long, exceeding lower margins of vertex.</p><p>Pronotum: low, convex dorsally in lateral view, lacking suprahumeral horns, tubercles and spines; in dorsal view, anteriorly round at metopidium, widest between humeral angles, posterior process triangular, tapering towards acute apex in dorsal view; surface roughly punctured, pits smaller and more numerous near base of metopidium, progressively enlarged towards apex of posterior process; metopidium curved above suprahumeral angles in lateral view; posterior process triangular, gradually tapering to acute apex as seen in lateral and dorsal view.</p><p>Wings: forewing membrane with coriaceous, densely punctate area at basal third; veins prominent, with discreet adjacent punctation throughout; R, M and Cu fused at base: R separating shortly after, M and Cu confluent for short distance, diverging at basal third; initial division of R: R1 and R s A [R2+3] + R s P [R4+5] (i.e., R1 diverging prior to other branches of R); crossveins s, r-m and m-cu 2 present (one each); one discoidal cell; M1+2 and M3+4 conspicuously oblique; A1 well marked and elongate, A2 indistinct. Hind wings with one r-m and one m-cu, A1 and A2 confluent pre-apically, diverging at about mid length; jugal lobe well developed, broadly round.</p><p>Legs: pro-, meso- and metathoracic legs lacking cucullate setae (except for hind tibia), tibia prismatic, not foliaceous; hind tibia with three rows of cucullate setae, row I and II showing distinctly robust setae, row III with comparatively smaller setae, extended through most of tibia (not reduced in number or absent); surface of hind tibia between rows with minute, densely distributed setae.</p><p>Abdomen: abdominal segments lacking conspicuous punctation, dorsal tuberosities or fenestrae; males lacking lamellar laterotergites in segments IV–VII; VIII sternite rectangular. Male genitalia: lateral and subgenital plates sheet-like, not swollen; aedeagus well developed, shaft cylindrical, U-shaped; styles robust with elongated shank, curved laterad, hook-like. Female genitalia not examined.</p><p>Distribution. MEXICO (Tabasco: Teapa); GUATEMALA: Alta Verapaz: San Juan Chamelco (listed in Fowler, 1895b); HONDURAS (Yoro: Yoro).</p><p>Remarks. Prior to this revision, Dysyncritus included morphologically heterogenous taxa that are not congeneric with the type-species D. intectus Fowler. Therefore, this genus is here treated as monotypic. In fact, some morphological features previously attributed to Dysyncritus are observed in species now classified in Smiliorachis Fairmaire, or in the newly described Allodrilus gen. nov. Dysyncritus is redefined based on the configuration of the head, forewing venation, chaetotaxy of hind legs, and male genitalia; these characters will be briefly discussed in order to clarify previous misinterpretations. The overall shape of the vertex, compared to other heteronotines, is convex as opposed to medially concave. In the latter case, the vertex is depressed below ocelli, whereas the frontoclypeus and suprantennal ledges are pressed down anteriorly, and curved forwards posteriorly (a conspicuous feature in A. alboferrugineus sp. nov. and A. colombiensis sp. nov., Figs. 38–39). In D. intectus, the vertex is nearly flat, deflected backwards below ocelli, the lower margins of the suprantennal ledges are slightly directed forwards, and the frontoclypeus is weakly scoop-shaped (sensu Dietrich et al., 2001) (Fig. 36). The forewing venation of D. intectus also shows a peculiar arrangement: the R vein initially separates into R1 and R s A + R s P (the major branches of radial sector—anterior [R s A] and posterior [R s P]—in most membracids constituted of veins R2+3 and R4+5, respectively) (Fig. 3). This condition is newly reported in heteronotines, and was to date exclusively seen in D. intectus, and the type-specimen of Rhexia pallescens Fabricius (Evangelista, personal observation). In the remaining heteronotine genera (other species of Rhexia included), R1 is confluent with R s A for a short distance, and branches out after the first bifurcation of R (i.e., R1+R s A and R s P) (Fig. 4). The left forewing of the paralectotype male of D. intectus (shown in Fig. 3, indicated by an asterisk) is, however, anomalous with respect to the pre-apical separation of veins M3 and M4, which are entirely confluent in other examined specimens.</p><p>Another diagnostic character of Dysyncritus is the chaetotaxy of hind legs. In the family-level phylogeny inferred by Dietrich et al. (2001a), the state ‘reduced or absent hind tibial setal row III’—recovered as a unique synapomorphy supporting Membracinae—was also scored to a terminal taxon identified as D. intectus . Given their set of morphological characters, the placement of Dysyncritus would require one extra step, according to a parsimony analysis. Based on these results, the authors suggested that either Membracinae was phylogenetically related to Heteronotinae, or Dysyncritus was misplaced to subfamily level, rendering D. intectus the status of ‘morphological intermediate’ (Dietrich et al., 2001a; Lin et al., 2004a). Examination of the type series of D. intectus revealed conspicuous cucullate setae in hind tibial row III along most of the tibia; setal rows I and III consist of much larger spines, similar to those observed in several membracines (Fig. 69). The taxonomic placement of D. intectus in Heteronotinae is confirmed by the following set of characters: (a) pronotum not concealing wings in repose; (b) forewings with one cross-vein s, one r-m, and one m-cu (m-cu 2); (c) tibia prismatic; and (d) abdomen lacking conspicuous punctation or dorsal tuberosities. The misidentified exemplar in Dietrich et al. ’s analysis (not examined in this study) possibly belongs in Allodrilus gen. nov or Smiliorachis, which suggests that the reduction of hind tibial setal row III could have occurred independently in unrelated treehopper lineages. Male genitalic structures in D. intectus are much less elaborate than similar genera in Heteronotinae, and resemble those observed in many other membracid groups: sheet-like subgenital and lateral plates, elongated styles curved distally, and a U-shaped aedeagus, with minute teeth ventrally (Figs. 64–68).</p><p>In addition to these morphological features, the geographic distribution of Dysyncritus is distinct from other heteronotines. It is presently recorded from Southern Mexico to Honduras, in the northernmost limit of the subfamily’s geographical range. Smiliorachis and Allodrilus gen. nov. are exclusively South American, and the latter are exclusively Amazonian. There are no published life history records for Dysyncritus, except for an observation suggesting that its pronotal color and ornamentation could serve as camouflage (Poulton, 1903a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C0248799FFF2686EFF38CC5B6753FC06	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Evangelista, Olivia;Flórez-V, Camilo;Sakakibara, Albino M.	Evangelista, Olivia, Flórez-V, Camilo, Sakakibara, Albino M. (2014): The identity of the treehopper genus Dysyncritus Fowler, with descriptions of new related taxa (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Heteronotinae). Zootaxa 3847 (4): 495-532, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3847.4.2
C0248799FFF46861FF38CE2B67A4FF23.text	C0248799FFF46861FF38CE2B67A4FF23.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dysyncritus intectus Fowler 1895	<div><p>Dysyncritus intectus Fowler, 1895</p><p>Figures 3, 5–6, 23–24, 36, 45–46, 62–69.</p><p>Dysyncritus intectus Fowler, 1895b: 81 [new species, illustrated: Pl. VI, Figs. 13 a,b]; Buckton, 1903a: 127 [described, illustrated: Pl. XXVI, Figs. 5, 5 a]; Goding, 1930b: 14 [key, comparative notes]; Broomfield, 1971a: 356 [listed, type specimen in BMNH]; Deitz, 1975a: 150, Figs. 43 G and 44F [misidentified]; Metcalf &amp; Wade, 1965a: 645 [catalogued]; McKamey, 1998a: 162 [catalogued].</p><p>Procyrta intectus; Funkhouser, 1927f: 153 [error]; Funkhouser, 1951a: 84, Pl. III, Fig. 39 [illustrated, catalogued].</p><p>Diagnosis. Pronotum variegated brown, ferruginous and yellow, with a transversal brown band extended from approximately mid-length to apex, interrupted by two pre-apical white stripes, anterior stripe larger; dorsal contour line almost straight post humeral angles in lateral profile, slanting diagonally from apical third towards acute apex. Forewings with discoidal cell triangular, membrane with dark macula at R1, R2+3, R4+5, and adjacent limbus. Male genitalia with U-shaped aedeagus, dorsal surface of shaft covered with minute teeth; style elongate, hook-shaped distally; subgenital plate truncate anteriorly, lobes separated at base.</p><p>Description. Lectotype female. Color: head yellow, mottled brown and testaceous. Pronotum variegated with the same colors, predominantly yellow anteriorly, with two pairs of diagonal brown bands on metopidium, as seen in frontal view: first pair right above supraocular callosities, V-shaped, extended from near median carina to humeral angles; second pair broader, triangular, descending straight past humeral angles, and reaching lateral margins of pronotum before mid-dorsum in lateral view. Posterior process with transverse brown patch, mottled yellow, anteriorly oblique, extended from mid-length to apex, interrupted by two pre-apical white rings, anterior ring larger. Forewings hyaline, coriaceous areas and veins variegated with same colors of pronotum, membrane with dark macula at R1, R2+3, R4+5, and adjacent limbus. Legs yellow spotted brown. Abdomen yellow.</p><p>Head: vertex pentagonal, wider than long; ocelli closer to eyes than to each other; area below ocelli slightly deflected backwards, lower margins of supra antennal ledges and frontoclypeus discreetly curved forwards in fronto-lateral view; frontoclypeus exceeding half of its length below lower margins of suprantennal ledges, tapering to triangular, acute apex, weakly scoop-shaped (sensu Dietrich et al., 2001).</p><p>FIGURES 1–4. General morphology of Dysyncritus and Allodrilus gen. nov.: 1–2. A. similis Evangelista sp. nov., holotype male (NCSU), frontal and lateral view, respectively; 3–4. Forewings (top) and hind wings (bottom): 3. D. intectus Fowler, paralectotype male (BMNH); 4. A. nitidipennis (Funkhouser) comb. nov. Structures of taxonomic importance indicated: apx: apex of posterior process; ca: coriaceous area; cs: coronal suture; dcl: dorsal contour line (or dorsum); ey: eye; fc: frontoclypeus; fw: forewing; ha: humeral angle; jb: jugal lobe; mc: median carina; mt: metopidium; oc: ocellus; ps: post ocular lobe; sa: supra antennal ledge; sc: supra ocular callosity. The asterisk indicates that the forewing vein M3+4 is anomalous in this specimen of D. intectus .</p><p>Pronotum: median carina distinct from base, slightly elevated, not keeled at metopidium in frontal view; humeral angles triangular, slender; in lateral view, dorsum low, almost straight from above humeral angles to apical third, with discreet indentation at the middle, slanting towards an acute apex, not reaching the apex of fifth apical cell; posterior process keeled past mid-dorsum; post-ocular lobes flat, apex truncate.</p><p>Wings: forewings with coriaceous areas occupying one-third of clavus and R cell, and half of the first basal cell; discoidal cell triangular. Hind wings with cell A2 tear drop-shaped.</p><p>Paralectotype male: slightly smaller than female. Pronotum dark brown mottled yellow, brown bands on metopidium less distinct than female, anterior yellow ring large, occupying one-third of dorsum at mid-length; forewing veins dark brown in apical half, opaque brown maculae extended over second apical cell and adjacent limbus. Hind tibiae with prominent cucullate setae in rows I and II, row III with comparatively smaller cucullate setae, along almost entire tibia; tibial area between rows covered with minute setae. Subgenital and lateral plates not swollen, sheet-like; subgenital plate rectangular in ventral view, truncate at base, lobes separating basally, tapering apically, apex triangular; aedeagus well developed, shaft cylindrical, U-shaped, covered with minute teeth superiorly on ventral surface, apex with small lateral projections, one at each side; styles robust, shank elongated, apex hook-shaped, narrowed pre-apically.</p><p>Distribution. MEXICO (Tabasco: Teapa); GUATEMALA (Alta Verapaz: San Juan Chamelco; listed in Fowler, 1895b); HONDURAS (Yoro: Yoro).</p><p>Measurements. Paralectotype male (lectotype female not measured) (mm). Body length: 5.08; pronotal length: 3.17; maximum height of pronotum: 2.50; length of tegmina: 4.42; pronotal width: 2.25; head width: 2.00; vertex width: 1.25; vertex length: 1.00.</p><p>Examined material. Lectotype female from MEXICO: Tabasco: Teapa, ‘Type’, ‘Teapa \ Tabasco. \ March. H. H. S.’, ‘Brit[ish]. Mus[eum]. \ 1904-55.’, ‘ Dysyncritus \ intectus Fowler \ TYPE’ (BMNH). Paralectotype male: ‘[round blue label] PARA- \ LECTO- \ TYPE’, ‘[round yellow label] Para- \ type’, ‘San Juan, \ Vera Paz \ Champion’, ‘B. C. A. Homo pt. II \ Dysyncritus \ intectus, \ Fowl[er].’, ‘Brit[ish]. Mus[eum]. \ 1904-55.’, ‘[red label] PARA-LECTOTYPE \ Dysyncritus \ intectus \ Fowl[er]. \ P. S. Broomfield. 1969’ (BMNH). Additional material from HONDURAS: Yoro: Yoro: ‘Yoro \ Honduras \ 9-31-30 ’, ‘WD Funkhouser collection \ 1962’, ‘ Procyrta intectus \ Fowl. \ Det \ WD Funkhouser’ (02 males, the latter label in one specimen) (USNM, DZUP).</p><p>Notes on type-specimens. Lectotype female (BMNH) glued to a card, in good conditions (hind wings, legs, and abdomen intact, however partially concealed by the glue). Paralectotype male (BMNH) well preserved, with left hind tibia, left wings, and abdomen dissected; specimen originally glued to a card, now minuten mounted. Left forewing and hind wing glued to a pinned paper point (left forewing with M3+4 anomalous: these veins should be entirely confluent, however they diverge pre-apically [Fig. 3, indicated by an asterisk]). Apex of posterior process broken.</p><p>Remarks (also refer to remarks on Dysyncritus). The scarcity of museum specimens and accurate illustrations of D. intectus led to confusion on its identity in many sources. Despite being often misidentified, representatives of D. intectus show distinctive morphological features that enable their prompt recognition: the medially convex vertex, the overall shape of the pronotum (dorsally straight, then sloping diagonally), the triangular discoidal cell, the unusual forewing venation (R1 branching prior to R s A+R s P), and the cheatotaxy of hind legs. The hind tibiae show conspicuous cucullate setae on rows I, II, and III; the first two rows show much larger spines, in a similar fashion to membracines, and setae on row III extend along most of the tibiae (Fig 69). Interestingly, the tibial surface between the rows is densely covered with minute setae (Fig. 69 a), a feature not yet observed in other heteronotines.</p><p>As previously noted, Funkhouser considered Dysyncritus a junior synonym of Procyrta Stål in two publications (Funhouser 1927f, 1951a), however, contemporary treehopper specialists overlooked this synonymy (i.e., Goding, 1930b; Metcalf and Wade, 1965a). Although based on an accurately identified specimen of D. intectus, the illustration provided by Funkhouser (1951a: Pl. III, Fig. 39) is imprecise in a few important aspects. The specimen is depicted in lateral view, with the pronotal contour line distinctly constricted at midlength (similarly to Procyrta species). Such dorsal indentation is, in fact, very subtle in D. intectus, and the dorsum is almost straight from above humeral angles to apical third, descending in a diagonal line to a distinctly shorter, less acute pronotal apex than the illustration indicates. Pronotal shape was presumably the primary feature Funkhouser (1927f, 1951a) took into account when he established this synonymy. Funkhouser’s line drawing (1951a: Fig. 39) shows R and M+Cu separate at base in the forewing, however apparently united further at one point, then diverging beyond. The exact point where R1 branches out—another major feature that determines both genus and species—is not visible in the illustrations of either Funkhouser (1951a: Plate III, Fig. 39) or Fowler (1895b: Plate VI, Fig. 13).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C0248799FFF46861FF38CE2B67A4FF23	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Evangelista, Olivia;Flórez-V, Camilo;Sakakibara, Albino M.	Evangelista, Olivia, Flórez-V, Camilo, Sakakibara, Albino M. (2014): The identity of the treehopper genus Dysyncritus Fowler, with descriptions of new related taxa (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Heteronotinae). Zootaxa 3847 (4): 495-532, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3847.4.2
C0248799FFFE687BFF38CF936166FBE4.text	C0248799FFFE687BFF38CF936166FBE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Allodrilus Evangelista	<div><p>Allodrilus Evangelista gen. nov.</p><p>Type-species: Cymbomorpha nitidipennis Funkhouser, 1922a: 14 .</p><p>Diagnosis. Vertex moderate to distinctly concave below ocelli; pronotum low to slightly elevated, convex dorsally in lateral view, lacking suprahumeral horns, tubercles and spines; in dorsal view, anteriorly round at metopidium, widest between humeral angles, posterior process triangular, tapering towards acute apex in dorsal view; forewings with initial division of vein R as follows: R1+R s A[R2+3] and R s P[R4+5] (i.e., R1 diverging after first bifurcation of R), crossveins s, r-m and m-cu 2 present (one each); row III of hind tibia with cucullate setae smaller in comparison to row I and row II, present only along apical half or third; males with elongate, cylindrical, and bifurcate aedeagus apophysis that extends along subgenital plate, curved and sharp distally, apex covered in comb of hairs.</p><p>Description. Color: Head, pronotum and legs brown, ferruginous, and yellow, or variegated with a combination of these colors; longitudinal bands occasionally present. Fore- and hind wings mostly hyaline. Forewings with occasional dark macula; coriaceous areas opaque, usually with same colors as pronotum.</p><p>Head: triangular, dense and roughly punctate; eyes and ocelli well produced, eyes globose; vertex pentagonal, superior margin arched, area below ocelli moderate to distinctly concave, pressed down in comparison to rest of vertex; coronal suture distinct, not conspicuously grooved; ocelli located approximately on the imaginary line that crosses center of eyes, distance between ocelli and eyes variable; superantenal ledges broad, sharply carinate, foliaceous; lower margins of vertex encompassing supra-antennal ledges and frontoclypeus curved forwards; frontoclypeus concave, diamond-shaped, about as wide as long, exceeding lower margins of vertex.</p><p>Pronotum: low, convex dorsally in lateral view, lacking suprahumeral horns, tubercles and spines; in dorsal view, anteriorly round at metopidium, widest between humeral angles, posterior process triangular, tapering towards acute apex in dorsal view; surface roughly punctate, pits smaller and more numerous near base of metopidium, slightly enlarged towards apex of posterior process; metopidium curved above suprahumeral angles in lateral view, dorsum straight to broadly arched; posterior process triangular, gradually tapering to acute apex.</p><p>Wings: forewings with coriaceous, densely punctate areas near base; veins prominent, with discreet adjacent punctation; R, M and Cu fused at base: R separating shortly after, M and Cu confluent for a short distance, diverging at basal third; initial division of R: R1+R s A[R2+3] and R s P[R4+5] (i.e., R1 branching out after first bifurcation of R); crossveins s, r-m and m-cu 2 present (one each); one discoidal cell; M1+2 and M3+4 conspicuously oblique; A1 well marked and elongate, A2 indistinct. Hind wings with one r-m and one m-cu, A1 and A2 confluent basally, then diverging at apical third; jugal lobe well developed, broadly round.</p><p>Legs: pro-, meso- and metathoracic legs without cucullate setae (except for hind tibia); tibia prismatic, not foliaceous; hind tibia with three rows of cucullate setae, row III with smaller setae in comparison to row I and row II, extending along apical half or third of tibia.</p><p>Abdomen: abdominal segments lacking conspicuous punctation, dorsal tuberosities or fenestrae. Males with lamellar laterotergites in segments IV–VII (not as distinctly lamellar in A. alboferrugineus sp. nov.), VIII sternite rectangular or heart-shaped; subgenital and lateral plate leaf-like, usually swollen, with or without spines and tubercles; aedeagus small in comparison to lateral plates and aedeagal apophysis, shaft cylindrical, U-shaped, with remarkably elongate, cylindrical apophysis bifurcate at or near base, extended along subgenital plates, apex acute, covered by comb of hairs; styles usually smaller than aedeagal shaft, hidden behind lateral plates, comma-shaped or rectangular, apex truncate with minute ventral lobe. Female genitalia according to subfamily description (Deitz, 1975a: 148).</p><p>Distribution. GUYANA (Cuyuni-Mazaruni: Pakaraima Mountains [unknown municipality]). BRAZIL (Amapá: Serra do Navio; Amazonas: Itacoatiara, São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, Benjamin Constant; Pará: Santa Isabel do Pará, Óbidos, Belém, Santarém; Acre: Mâncio Lima; Rondônia: Ouro Preto do Oeste, Chupinguaia, Vilhena; Mato Grosso: Sinop). BOLIVIA (Santa Cruz: San Rafael). PERU (Loreto: Iquitos; Madre de Dios: Reserva Nacional Tambopata). COLOMBIA (Vaupés: Apaporis River [unknown municipality], Leticia). ECUADOR (Sucumbios: Shushufindi, Garza-cocha; Napo: Tena, Coca, Reserva Etica Waorani; Orellana: Parque Nacional Yasuni, Puerto Francisco de Orellana; Pastaza: Cerros de Abitagua).</p><p>Remarks. Species classified in Allodrilus gen. nov. closely resemble those in Smiliorachis, especially in their coloration, pronotal shape, and forewing venation. Despite their similarity, the male genitalia have considerable importance to genus and species recognition. In this newly proposed genus, the aedeagus shaft and styles are small, the latter often concealed by lateral plates. The aedeagus bears a remarkably elongate and bifid apophysis that extends along the subgenital plate, each branch curved upwards, and deflected distally into an acute hairy apex (Fig. 75). In most cases, the branches of aedeagal apophysis are partially enclosed by the subgenital plate, whose lobes are dorsally folded to accomodate them. The function of such an unusual and elaborate structure is unknown, but given reduced paramere size, the apophysis could serve to hold or assistist in holding the female during copula. In Allodrilus gen. nov., the vertex is medially concave to various degrees between species, showing slight intraspecific variation in A. nitidipennis comb. nov., and A. alboferrugineus sp. nov. This concavity encompasses the area just below the ocelli, suprantennal ledges and frontoclypeus, depressed anteriorly, and curved forwards posteriorly. The frontoclypeus is conspicuously scoop-shaped in most species (sensu Dietrich et al., 2001). The laterotergites of abdominal segments IV–VII are lamellar in males, and the VIII sternite is often emarginated, giving the impression that the VIII laterotergite is also lamellar (Fig. 70–71, abdominal segments indicated). The chaetotaxy of the hind tibia in D. intectus —with setal row III reduced or absent—was previously discussed as an unusual feature that could suggest a phylogenetic relationship with membracines (Dietrich et al., 2001a; Lin et al., 2004a). The misidentified specimen of D. intectus (not examined in this study) may belong to Smiliorachis or Allodrilus gen. nov. In the latter genus, the hind tibial setal row III is reduced in comparison to rows I and II (both in size and number of setae), with setae usually extending along the apical third of the tibiae. However, no absence of row III was observed in the examined specimens. A similar reduction of setal row III is seen in a few Smiliorachis species, for instance, in S. bracaatingae Sakakibara and Laroca. Nevertheless, this is can be a useful character to differentiate representatives of Allodrilus and Smiliorachis when examination of the male genitalia is not possible. Other aspects, such as the medially concave vertex, and lamellar laterotergites in males are also observed in Rhexia and some Smiliorachis, but are nonetheless important for recognition of this new genus. The biology of Allodrilus gen. nov. is mostly unknown, but examined specimens indicate they are tended by honeydew harvesting ants. Three species of ants in the genera Camponotus, Crematogaster, and Ectatomma were recorded in association with A. nitidipennis, and a number of specimens consistently collected in the same event suggest that this species exhibits some degree of aggregation of adults, nymphs or both.</p><p>Most representatives of Allodrilus gen. nov. can only be accurately determined after examination of their male genitalia, hence identification of females may depend on association with males from the same collecting event. Due to the small number of type specimens of certain newly proposed taxa, intra-specific variation in body coloration and pronotal shape could not be critically evaluated in all cases. Notwithstanding, nearly identical specimens can show deep divergences in mitochondrial loci (as exemplified by A. nitidipennis comb. nov., A. similis sp. nov., and A. intermedius sp. nov.; Evangelista et al., in preparation). An iterative approach revealed differences in head shape, pronotum, and male genitalia (especially in the shape of lateral plate), and these features were used to characterize new species based on morphology. Whenever possible, DNA vouchers were designated as primary types; sequences obtained from these specimens will be subsequently published. An integrative approach with a broader sampling of individuals would be necessary to illuminate species limits in such similar groups. This will help quantify the underestimated heteronotine diversity, as well as to test the classification proposed herein.</p><p>Etymology. The generic name ‘ Allodrilus ’ is derived from the Greek ‘ alloios ’ = different, strange, and ‘ drilos ’ = penis, and refers to the unusual morphology of the aedeagus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C0248799FFFE687BFF38CF936166FBE4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Evangelista, Olivia;Flórez-V, Camilo;Sakakibara, Albino M.	Evangelista, Olivia, Flórez-V, Camilo, Sakakibara, Albino M. (2014): The identity of the treehopper genus Dysyncritus Fowler, with descriptions of new related taxa (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Heteronotinae). Zootaxa 3847 (4): 495-532, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3847.4.2
C0248799FFE1687BFF38CE0A67ADF82C.text	C0248799FFE1687BFF38CE0A67ADF82C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Allodrilus	<div><p>Key to species of Allodrilus gen. nov. (with emphasis on males):</p><p>1 Pronotum mostly yellow or castaneus, often showing yellow spots or patches (Figs. 7–14, 22).........................2</p><p>1’ Pronotum variegated yellow, brown, and testaceous, usually showing two pairs of irregular V-shaped dark brown bands on metopidium (Figs. 15–21; 29–34)......................................................................... 5</p><p>2 Frontoclypeus entirely dark (Figs. 26–28); pronotum low, lateral margins broadly yellow (Figs. 10–14)................. 3</p><p>2’ Frontoclypeus concolorous with rest of vertex (Figs. 25, 35); pronotum moderately elevated and tectiform, mostly castaneous, testaceous or both (Figs. 7–9, 22).........................................................................4</p><p>3 Pronotum testaceous with yellow patches, dorsum feebly arched (Figs. 10–12); apex of frontoclypeus rounded (Figs. 26–27); branches of aedeagal apophysis bifurcate pre-apically (Fig. 84)............................ A. alboferrugineus sp. nov.</p><p>3’ Pronotum mostly yellow with dark brown patches, dorsum relatively straight (Figs. 13–14); apex of frontoclypeus acute (Fig. 28); branches of aedeagal apophysis not bifurcate pre-apically (Figs. 92–93)................... A. colombiensis sp. nov.</p><p>4 Vertex strongly concave below ocelli (Fig. 44); males: lateral plate strongly excavated medially, dorsal process triangular, strongly curved inwards, hook-shaped in caudal view (Figs. 125–126); branches of aedeagal apophysis with a ventral spine (Fig. 128)............................................................................. A. similis sp. nov.</p><p>4’ Vertex usually not strongly concave below ocelli (Fig. 37); males: lateral plate weakly excatated medially, dorsal process finger-shaped, slightly curved inwards (Figs. 72–73); branches of aedeagal apophysis lacking spines (Fig. 75)................................................................................... A. nitidipennis (Funkhouser) comb. nov.</p><p>5 Lower margins of vertex straight or feebly sinuate in frontal view (Figs. 29–31, 33–34); dorsum uniformly arched (Figs. 15–18, 20–21); males: branches of aedeagal apophysis apically directed upwards and sideways (Figs. 99, 106, 120).......6</p><p>5’ Lower margins of vertex strongly sinuate in frontal view (Fig. 32); dorsum relatively straight, posterior process constricted pre-apically (Fig. 19); apex of aedeagal apophysis curved downwards (Fig. 113).................. A. horizontalis sp. nov.</p><p>6 Males: Lateral plate dorsally arched, bearing small tubercle or tooth-like projection mostly visible in caudal view (Figs. 103–104, 115, 117–118); styles with small apical ventral lobe, curved sideways (Figs. 107, 121)....................... 7</p><p>6’ Males: Lateral plate dorsally sinuose, bearing finger-like elongated rectangular process, truncate apically, visible in lateral view (Figs. 95, 97); styles with ventral lobe inconspicuous........................................ A. deitzi sp. nov.</p><p>7 Males: lateral plate not distinctly inflated, dorsal projection hook-shaped, directed inwards, visible in both lateral and in caudal view (Figs. 103–104); branches of aedeagal apophysis slightly larger pre-apically (Fig. 106)......... A. granulatus sp. nov.</p><p>7’ Males: lateral plate inflated, forming round tubercle, as seen in lateral view (Fig. 117), with small round projection, visible only in caudal view (Fig. 118); branches of aedeagal apophysis not enlarged pre-apically (Fig. 120).. A. intermedius sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C0248799FFE1687BFF38CE0A67ADF82C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Evangelista, Olivia;Flórez-V, Camilo;Sakakibara, Albino M.	Evangelista, Olivia, Flórez-V, Camilo, Sakakibara, Albino M. (2014): The identity of the treehopper genus Dysyncritus Fowler, with descriptions of new related taxa (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Heteronotinae). Zootaxa 3847 (4): 495-532, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3847.4.2
C0248799FFE2687EFF38CAF9666AFA34.text	C0248799FFE2687EFF38CAF9666AFA34.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Allodrilus nitidipennis (Funkhouser 1922) Funkhouser 1922	<div><p>Allodrilus nitidipennis (Funkhouser, 1922) comb. nov.</p><p>Figures 4, 7–9, 25, 37, 47, 56–58, 59–61 (tending ants), 70–78.</p><p>Cymbomorpha nitidipennis Funkhouser, 1922a: 14, Pl.2 Fig.1 [new species, illustrated]; Funkhouser, 1927f: 120 [catalogued]; Goding, 1929e: 220 [key], 221 [catalogued]; Metcalf &amp; Wade, 1965a: 629 [catalogued]; Funkhouser, 1951a: 79 [catalogued].</p><p>Dysyncritus nitidipennis; Deitz, 1983b: 857, Fig. 3–4 [to Heteronotini, illustrated]; McKamey, 1998a: 162 [catalogued].</p><p>Diagnosis. Pronotum golden castaneous mottled yellow, two pre-apical yellow spots on median carina. Metopidium keeled anteriorly in frontal view, dorsum moderately elevated, arched, laterally compressed from above humeral angles; vertex weakly concave medially, lower margins straight in frontal view, apex of frontoclypeus acute; lateral plate of pygofer of males not strongly excavated medially, bearing finger-like dorsal projection, slightly curved inwards; aedeagus apophysis lacking spines.</p><p>Description. Holotype female. Color: pronotum golden castaneous, mottled yellow from basal metopidium to apex of posterior process, longitudinal band on dorsum, slightly darker, widened towards the apex, with two preapical yellow spots on median carina. Head, ventral side of thorax, legs and abdomen yellow. Forewings hyaline, veins and coriaceous areas ferruginous, mottled yellow on basal third.</p><p>Head: vertex pentagonal, wider than long; ocelli closer to eyes than to each other; area below ocelli weakly concave, lower margins of supra antennal ledges and frontoclypeus straight in frontal view, slightly curved forwards in fronto-lateral view; frontoclypeus exceeding approximately half its length below lower margins of supra antennal ledges, tapering to acute apex.</p><p>Pronotum: median carina prominent, keeled anteriorly at metopidium; humeral angles triangular, slender; in lateral view, dorsum moderately elevated, regularly arched from metopidium to apex of posterior process, highest just before middle; posterior process laterally compressed past humeral angles, gradually tapering to triangular apex, narrow and acute, not reaching apex of fifth apical cell; postocular lobes elongate, scoop-shaped.</p><p>Wings: forewings with coriaceous areas occupying approximately one-third of clavus, one-fifth of R cell, and one-third of first basal cell; discoidal cell pentagonal.</p><p>Male: smaller than female. Laterotergites IV–VII distinctly lamellar, directed downwards and sideways; VIII sternite slightly wider than long, heart-shaped (upper margin with V-shaped excavation). Lateral plate swollen, not strongly excavated medially in lateral view, bearing dorsal finger-like projection, discreetly curved upwards in lateral view, and slightly curved inwards in caudal view. Subgenital plate pear-shaped: sinuate, constricted at basal third, where lobes separate; lobes elongate, slender, dorsally folded to accommodate branches of aedeagal apophysis, internal margins strongly sinuous in ventral view, tapering to rounded apex. Aedeagus U-shaped, lacking tubercles or spines; aedeagal apophysis slender, arms of apophysis curved upwards, not bifurcated, apex hairy, slightly deflected sideways. Styles comma-shaped, curved upwards to truncate apex.</p><p>Late instar nymph. Light brown. Head diamond-shaped in frontal view, superior margin widely arched, vertex strongly convex. Pronotum low, metopidium curvilinear, posterior process short, not reaching abdomen in lateral view, lateral margins sinuate and strongly excavate in lateral profile, C-shaped. Surface of body densely covered with minute spines, more robust spines arranged in two parallel longitudinal rows on thorax and abdomen, most notably at each side of median carina, and along median portion of meso- and metathoracic nota and abdominal terga. Abdominal terga IV–VIII laterally expanded into spine-like projection, bearing two pre-apical small teeth.</p><p>Distribution. PERU (Loreto: Iquitos), ECUADOR (Sucumbios: Shushufindi; Napo: Tena, Coca), BRAZIL (Amazonas: Itacoatiara; Pará [unknown municipality]; Acre: Mâncio Lima).</p><p>Measurements. Male/ holotype female (mm): body length: 6.17/6.25; pronotal length: 5.00/4.33; maximum height of pronotum: 1.83/1.75; length of tegmina: 5.33/5.25; pronotal width: 2.42/2.17; head width: 2.25/2.08; vertex width: 1.33/1.25; vertex length: 1.25/1.17.</p><p>Examined material. Holotype female from PERU: Loreto: Iquitos, ‘Iquitos, Peru \ March 16, 1920 ’, ‘WD Funkhouser \ Collection \ 1962’, ‘[red label] Cymbomorpha nitidipennis \ W.D. Funkhouser \ HOLOTYPE’. One paratype female from BRAZIL: Pará [unknown municipality], ‘Para, Brazil \ July 7, 1919 ’, ‘[blue label] Cymbomorpha \ W.D. Funkhouser \ PARATYPE \ nitidipennis \ W.D. Funkhouser’ (all specimens in USNM). Additional material from ECUADOR: Sucumbios: Shushufindi, ‘ ÉQUATEUR / VERSANT AMAZONIEN’, ‘SHUSHUFINDI \ 8.X.1985 \ B. PERTHUIS REC [col.]’ (01 female) (MNHN); ‘ Equateur \ Versant Amazonien Shushufindi \ 1.iii.1985 \ B. Perthuis réc.’, ‘MUSÉUM PARIS’ (01 male) (MNHN); Garza-cocha, ‘ ECUADOR: Napo \ Garzacocha, 68 air km E Coca. 13–17 \ Mar 1986 ca. 210’, ‘S.H. McKamey lot \ #86-0314-1’ (03 nymphs with tending ant Camponotus femoratus (Fabricius) (USNM). Napo: Tena, ‘ Ecuador \ Rio Napo, [Cabañas] Aliñahui \ (01°04’S /77°36’) 450m \ 7.ii ..1992’, ‘ ZMH \ Eing.-Nr 3/1993 \ leg. R. H. Strumpel’ (01 female and 0 2 males) (ZMUH). Orellana: Puerto Francisco de Orellana, ‘ ECUADOR: Napo \ Coca. 249m. \ 0 6 March 1986 \ McKamey, Coll.’, ‘S.H. McKamey lot / #86-0306-4’ (01 female and 0 1 male, 0 1 nymph with tending ant Ectatomma tuberculatum (Olivier)) (USNM); ‘ ECUADOR: Napo \ Coca. 249m. \ 0 6 March 1986 \ McKamey, Coll.’, ‘S.H. McKamey lot \ #86-214-17’ (03 females and 0 2 males) (USNM); ‘ ECUADOR: Napo \ Coca. 249m. \ 0 6 March 1986 \ McKamey, Coll.’, ‘S.H. McKamey lot \ #86-0218-23’ (01 female and 0 4 males) (USNM); ‘ ECUADOR: Napo \ Coca. 249m. \ 0 6 March 1986 \ McKamey, Coll.’, ‘S.H. McKamey lot \ #86-0219-1’ (01 female) (USNM); ‘ Ecuador: Napo \ Coca 9–19 Feb \ 1986 249m \ McKamey, Coll.’, ‘S. H. McKamey \ lot #86- 029-1’ (01 female, 16 nymphs with tending ant Crematogaster sp.) (USNM). BRAZIL: Amazonas: Itacoatiara, ‘ITACOATIARA \ Amazonas [State] BRASIL \ 25.vi.1952 \ O. REGO [col.]’ (2 females and 1 male) (DZUP); ‘ BRASIL \ Itacoatiara \ Amazonas [State] \ Dirings \ [reverse] MAI [May] 1963’ (1 male) (DZUP). Acre: Mâncio Lima, ‘ BRASIL: Acre: Mâncio Lima \ P[arque]. N[acional]. S[err]a. [do] Divisor Rio Azul \ 12.v.2006 \ R. Kawada col.’, ‘MEM 136: DNA Voucher \ Allodrilus nitidipennis (Funkhouser) \ Evangelista det.’ (MZSP).</p><p>Notes on type specimens. Female holotype (USNM) pinned through left side of pronotum between thorax and abdomen, in good state of preservation.</p><p>Remarks. A. nitidipennis comb. nov., previously classified in Dysyncritus, is mostly recognized by the color and shape of the pronotum, moderately tectiform, dorsally arched, golden brown with two pre-apical spots on the median carina. This species is nearly identical to A. similis sp. nov., from which it can be distinguished by the shape of the lateral plate and the aedeagal apophysis in the males. In A. nitidipennis comb. nov., the tooth-like dorsal projection in the lateral plate is weakly deflected inwards (as seen in caudal view), and the branches of the aedeagal apophysis lack spines. Other specimens identified as A. nitidipennis show some variation in general pronotal coloration (from light to dark or greyish castaneous) and pronotal contour line, which can be more or less arched and elevated (Figs. 7–9). Males exhibiting such external differences show identical genitalia, except for a slight variation on the shape of the dorsal process in the lateral plate, which can be less elongate, and more triangular in shape. This process is, however, not curved inwards as in A. similis sp. nov., and the aedeagal apophysis has no ventral spines.</p><p>This is the only species in Alodrillus for which data on nymphs and tending ants are available. Three species of associated ants were identified as Camponotus femoratus (Fabricius, 1804), Crematogaster sp., and Ectatomma tuberculatum (Oliver, 1792) (Figs. 59–61). Examined series including adults, nymphs and ants from the same collecting event suggest that this species may display some degree of aggregating behavior as nymphs, adults or both.</p><p>In addition to the female holotype, the type-series of A. nitidipennis includes two paratypes, of which one (severely damaged, only part of the thorax and wings are conserved) was identified as a representative of A. alboferrugineus sp. nov., and therefore is listed in the description of the latter species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C0248799FFE2687EFF38CAF9666AFA34	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Evangelista, Olivia;Flórez-V, Camilo;Sakakibara, Albino M.	Evangelista, Olivia, Flórez-V, Camilo, Sakakibara, Albino M. (2014): The identity of the treehopper genus Dysyncritus Fowler, with descriptions of new related taxa (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Heteronotinae). Zootaxa 3847 (4): 495-532, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3847.4.2
C0248799FFE4687DFF38CC7A60CFFC18.text	C0248799FFE4687DFF38CC7A60CFFC18.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Allodrilus alboferrugineus Evangelista	<div><p>Allodrilus alboferrugineus Evangelista sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 10–12, 26–27, 38, 48–49, 79–86.</p><p>Diagnosis. Vertex yellow, except for frontoclypeus, entirely dark brown, apex blunt; pronotum low, ferruginous, with irregular yellow patch on lateral margins, and pre-apical yellow ring; forewings with transversal dark band at mid-length. Males with VIII esternite rectangular; subgenital plate pear-shaped, heavily constricted at mid-length; lateral plate excavated medially, with bifurcate tooth-like dorsal projection; branches of aedeagus apophysis bifurcate pre-apically, glabrous apically.</p><p>Description. Holotype female. Color: vertex mostly yellow, slightly ferruginous between superior margin and ocelli; frontoclypeus and ventral side of head entirely dark brown. Pronotum ferruginous, metopidium with narrow yellow stripe on basal median carina, fading shortly after; large irregular yellow patch on lateral margins, from postocular lobes to posterior process, abruptly enlarged at mid-length, extended until posterior third; apex of posterior process with pre-apical transverse yellow ring. Forewings hyaline, coriaceous areas dark brown, membrane with transverse dark band approximately at middle, extended from apex of first basal cell, occupying most part of clavus; veins light yellow to dark brown, lacking spots. Legs yellow, apex of meso- and metathoracic tibia slightly ferruginous. Ventral side of thorax and abdomen yellow.</p><p>Head: vertex pentagonal, as wide as long; ocelli closer to eyes than to each other; area below ocelli strongly depressed and concave, lower margins of suprantennal ledges and frontoclypeus feebly sinuate in frontal view, distinctly curved forwards in fronto-lateral view; frontoclypeus exceeding half of its length below lower margins of suprantennal ledges, tapering to rounded apex.</p><p>Pronotum: median carina prominent, slightly elevated, not keeled anteriorly at metopidium in frontal view; metopidium low, curvilinear above humeral angles in lateral view; humeral angles triangular, slender; dorsum low, regularly arched from metopidium to apex of posterior process, feebly constricted apically; posterior process laterally compressed past mid-dorsum, gradually tapering to triangular apex, narrow and acute, reaching apex of fifth apical cell (but not fourth); postocular lobes elongate and flat.</p><p>Wings: forewings with coriaceous areas occupying approximately one-third of clavus, one-fourth of R and first basal cell; discoidal cell pentagonal.</p><p>Paratype male: smaller than female, otherwise identical. Laterotergites IV–VII weakly lamellar, not as laterally projected as in other Allodrilus species; VIII sternite elongated, rectangular, upper margin feebly arched. Subgenital plate pear-shaped: narrower and truncate basally, heavily constricted before middle, where lobes separate; lobes moderately elongate, slightly narrowed towards rounded apex. Lateral plate swollen, medially excavated in lateral view, showing ventral tubercle-like projection, and nearly rectangular dorsal projection with two sharp teeth, basal tooth bifid (with unequally sized spines, upper tooth almost indistinct); in caudal view, projections not deflected inwards. Aedeagus U-shaped, shaft bearing ventral pair of spines, one pair at each side; aedeagal apophysis with one pair of dorsal spines approximately at mid-length (one spine at each side); arms of apophysis curved upwards, bifid apically, with lower branch approximately three-fourths as long as upper branch, apex sharp and glabrous. Styles elongate, swollen ventrally, shank abruptly narrowed apically, tip curved into small hook.</p><p>Distribution. GUYANA (Cuyuni-Mazaruni: Pakaraima Mountains [unknown municipality]), BRAZIL (Amapá: Serra do Navio; Amazonas: São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, Benjamin Constant; Pará: Santa Isabel do Pará, Óbidos, Belém, Santarém; Rondônia: Ouro Preto do Oeste, Chupinguaia, Vilhena; Mato Grosso: Sinop), COLOMBIA (Vaupés: Apaporis River [unknown municipality]).</p><p>Measurements. Paratype male / holotype female (mm): body length: 4.17/4.83; pronotal length: 3.42/4.08; maximum height of pronotum: 1.08/1.17; length of tegmina: 3.42/4.17; pronotal width: 1.58/1.83; head width: 1.58/1.75; vertex width: 0.92/1.00; vertex length: 0.92/1.00.</p><p>Examined material. Holotype female from BRAZIL: Amazonas: ‘Ipixuna—AM; Rio \ Gregório; Com. Lago \ Grande, Seringal \ Recreio \ 7°10’6”S 70°49’6”W’, ‘145m—sweep \ 18–23/V/2011 \ Cavichioli, Gonçalves &amp; \ Takiya’ (DZUP). Paratypes from: GUYANA: Cuyuni-Mazaruni: Pakaraima Mountains [unknown municipality], ‘Brit. Guiana: \ n[ea]r Mazaruni Hd. \ Pakaraima M[oun]t[ain]s. \ 1932, J. G. Myers’ (02 female paratypes: each with one of the following labels: ‘H. 3079’ and ‘H. 3068’) (BMNH). COLOMBIA: Amazonas: Apaporis River [unknown municipality], ‘Columbien \ Soratama \ Apaporis \ März 1952’, ‘leg. L. Richter \ Eing. Nr. 18 \ 1958 \ 02552’ (02 female paratypes) (ZMUH). BRAZIL: Rondônia: Ouro Preto do Oeste: ‘ BRAZIL: Rondonia State, \ Ouro Preto do Oeste \ igarapé Mandi 6- \ 12.vii.1995 malaise \ Rafael &amp; Vidal’ (1 female paratype) (INPA); Chupinguaia: ‘ BRASIL, RO, Guaporé \ 121605 S—604230W \ 23.iv.2006 J. A. Rafael &amp;. \ F. F. Xavier F° arm luz’ (1 female paratype) (INPA); Vilhena: ‘Vilhena, RO \ 15/XI/1956 \ C. Elias leg. \ POLONOROESTE’ (2 female paratypes) (DZUP). Amapá: Serra do Navio, ‘Ter. Amapá \ Serra Navio \ Bicelli cel. \ IX 59 ’, ‘COLEÇÃO \ J. LANE’ (01 male paratype) (MZSP). Amazonas: São Gabriel da Cachoeira: ‘Rio Negro \ S[ão]. Gabriel’, ‘Sv. Amaz.-/ Exp. \ Roman’, ‘5 Jan’, ‘Riksmuseum / Stockholm’ (01 female paratype) (NHRS); Santa Isabel do Rio Negro: ‘Tapururuquara \ Rio Negro, AM \ 26–27.XI.1962 \ J. Bechyné col.’ (1 female paratype) (MZSP); São Gabriel da Cachoeira: ‘Maturacá, AM \ alto rio Cauaburi \ 17–20.i.1963 \ J. Bechyné col.’ (1 female paratype) (MZSP); Benjamin Constant: ‘ BRASIL \ Benj. Constant \ rio Javary \ alto Amazonas \ Dirings[hofen leg.] \ [reverse side] OUT 1962’ (01 female paratype) (MZSP). Pará: Santa Isabel do Pará: ‘Sta. Isabel do Pará \ PA, Brasil \ 30.III.1962 \ J. Bechyné col.’ (1 female paratype) (MZSP); Belém, ‘Belém, Pará \ H. F. Sauer, leg. \ 10-X- 38 ’, ‘Coleção \ PINTO DA \ FONSECA’, ‘ Smiliorachis variegata Fairm. ’ (02 male paratypes: one male dissected) (MZSP); Óbidos: ‘ Brasil \ Obidos \ Pará \ bx. \ Amazonas \ Museu DIRINGS[hofen leg.] \ [reverse side] JUL 1960 ’ (4 females, one female with collection date ‘ MAR 1961 ’) (MZSP); ‘ BRASIL \ Canta Galo \ (Obidos) \ Para Dirings \ [reverse side] SET 1960 ’ (07 female paratypes, one female with collection date ‘ OUT 1959’, and 0 4 males) (MZSP); ‘ BRASIL \ Obidos \ (Traira) \ Esto. Para \ DIRINGS’ (05 female paratypes, of which 0 2 are labeled: ‘ DEZ 1962 ’, 0 1 is labeled ‘ MAR 1962 ’, 0 1 is labeled ’ FEV 1960 ’, and 0 1 is labeled ‘3.1961’) (MZSP); ‘ BRASIL \ Traira \ Municipio de Obidos \ Estado do Para \ DIRINGS \ [reverse side] XII.1963 ’ (01 female paratype) (MZSP); Santarém: ‘Faz. Taperinha \ prox. Santarém, PA \ 1–11.II.1968 \ Exp. Perm. Amaz.’ (01 female paratype) (MZSP); [unknown municipality]: ‘ BRAZIL: \ Pará \ June 1935 \ G. V. Vredenburg’, ‘Brit. Mus. \ 1935- 615.’ (01 male paratype) (BMNH). Mato Grosso: Sinop: ‘Sinop—MATO GROSSO BR X/1975 \ M. Alvarenga leg.’ (1 female paratype) (DZUP). Additional material: paratype of Cymbomorpha nitidipennis Funkhouser, 1922 [undetermined sex, severely damaged, only forewings and legs preserved]: ‘Para / Brazil / July 30, 1919 ’, ‘[blue label] W.D. Funkhouser / Paratype / Cymbomorpha / nitidipennis / W.D. Funkhouser’, ‘WD Funkhouser / Collection / 1962” (USNM).</p><p>Notes on type specimens. Holotype glued to a pinned paper point, in excellent state of preservation. Paratypes in similar condition (a few males with wings, legs, or genitalia dissected, and placed in small vials with glycerine, pinned with specimen).</p><p>Remarks. A. alboferrugineus sp. nov. shows conspicuous features that greatly differ from most species in the genus: the strongly concave head with entirely dark frontoclypeus, the general coloration of the pronotum, and the transverse dark band on forewings. It superficially resembles A. colombiensis sp. nov. in overall coloration and pronotal shape, however, the male genitalia in A. alboferrugineus sp. nov. also exhibits several unique features, for instance, the bifid process on lateral plate, spines on aedeagus, and bifid branches of aedeagal apophysis. Specimens studied that vary in pronotal coloration show a pair of yellow longitudinal bands, one next to each side of median carina, extended from base of metopidium towards the apex, merging with lateral bands on the apical third, in dorsal view (Figs. 10–12, 26–27, 48–49); the median carina and a thin strip of adjacent area are ferrugineous. In these specimens the pronotum seems mostly yellow, with testaceous longitudinal bands, however the male genitalia are identical.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet ‘ alboferrugineus ’, derived from the Latin words ‘ albus ’ and ‘ ferrugineus ’, refers to the white and rust coloration of the pronotum.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C0248799FFE4687DFF38CC7A60CFFC18	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Evangelista, Olivia;Flórez-V, Camilo;Sakakibara, Albino M.	Evangelista, Olivia, Flórez-V, Camilo, Sakakibara, Albino M. (2014): The identity of the treehopper genus Dysyncritus Fowler, with descriptions of new related taxa (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Heteronotinae). Zootaxa 3847 (4): 495-532, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3847.4.2
C0248799FFE76873FF38CE51618EFC51.text	C0248799FFE76873FF38CE51618EFC51.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Allodrilus colombiensis	<div><p>Allodrilus colombiensis Flórez-V sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 13–14, 28, 39, 50, 87–94.</p><p>Diagnosis. Vertex yellow, except for frontoclypeus, entirely dark brown, apex acute; pronotum low, pale yellow, with dark brown band from base of median carina to middle, V-shaped in frontal view; forewings with veins dark brown on basal two-thirds. Males with VIII esternite rectangular; subgenital plate pear-shaped, strongly swollen basally; lateral plate ovoid, bearing small tooth ventrally; branches of aedeagus apophysis not bifurcate preapically.</p><p>Description. Holotype male. Color: vertex mostly yellow, dark brown around ocelli, slightly ferruginous along lower margins of supra antennal ledges; frontoclypeus dark brown; ventral side of head yellow. Pronotum yellow, metopidium with longitudinal dark brown band from basal median carina towards posterior process, diagonally enlarged in frontal view, V-shaped, descending towards the lateral margins in lateral view, interrupted by large transluscent white ring; apex of posterior process dark brown. Forewings hyaline, coriaceous areas ferruginous at base, dark macula at apex of first basal cell, first apical cell, and discoidal cell; veins dark brown on basal twothirds, and dull ferruginous on apical third. Ventral side of thorax, legs, and abdomen yellow.</p><p>Head: vertex pentagonal, longer than wide; ocelli equidistant to each other and to eyes; area bellow ocelli strongly depressed and concave, lower margins of suprantennal ledges and frontoclypeus straight in frontal view, distinctly curved forwards in fronto-lateral view; frontoclypeus exceeding more than half its length below lower margins of suprantennal ledges, tapering to distinctly acute apex.</p><p>Pronotum: median carina prominent, slightly elevated, not keeled anteriorly at metopidium in frontal view; metopidium low, curvilinear above humeral angles; humeral angles triangular, slender; in lateral view, dorsum nearly straight, feebly descending towards apex; posterior process laterally compressed past mid-dorsum, gradually tapering to triangular apex, narrow and acute, reaching apex of fifth apical cell (but not the fourth); post ocular lobes small and flat, apex truncate.</p><p>Wings: forewings with coriaceous areas occupying approximately one fourth of clavus, one fifth of R and first basal cell; discoidal cell pentagonal.</p><p>Male genitalia: laterotergites IV–VII lamellar, directed downwards, not as laterally projected as in other Allodrilus species; VIII sternite elongated, rectangular. Subgenital plate pear-shaped: truncate basally, not strongly constricted in the middle, strongly swollen in basal third, before lobes separate; lobes moderately elongate, narrowed towards rounded apex. Lateral plate ovoid, not medially excavated in lateral view, with small tooth-like projection ventrally, more visible in caudal view. Aedeagus U-shaped, aedeagal apophysis with one pair of long dorsal spines anteriorly, near aedeagus; arms of apophysis curved upwards, not bifid apically, apex showing toothlike spines. Styles robust, comma-shaped, curved into small hook.</p><p>Distribution. COLOMBIA (Amazonas: Leticia).</p><p>Measurements. Holotype male/ paratype female (mm): body length: 4.51/00; pronotal length: 3.98/00; maximum height of pronotum: 0.89/00; length of tegmina: 3.6/00; pronotal width: 1.70/00; head width: 1.78/00; vertex width: 0.96/00; vertex length: 1.12/00.</p><p>Examined material. Holotype male from COLOMBIA: Amazonas: Leticia, ‘ COLOMBIA, Amazonas / Leticia, Monifue Amena / 4.141667S 69.923256W, 70m / Marzo 2004, G.Fagua leg. / bosque de tierra firme’, ‘ MPUJ _ ENT 0010235’ (MPUJ). One paratype female from COLOMBIA: Amazonas: Leticia, ‘Columbien / Tabatinga / (Amazonas) / 180m / 25.4.1946 ’, ‘leg. L. Richter / Eing. –Nr 18/1958 / 02545’ (ZMUH).</p><p>Notes on type specimens. Holotype male (MPUJ) pinned through right side of pronotum between thorax and abdomen, in good state of preservation; abdomen dissected and pinned with specimen. Paratype female (ZMUH) minuten mounted (on a pinned card), also well preserved.</p><p>Remarks. A. colombiensis sp. nov. can be readily recognized by conspicous external features, which include the overall coloration, the shape of the head, and the outline of dorsum. Although these features are useful to distinguish this species from the morphologically similar A. alboferrugineus sp. nov., their male genitalia also differ in several respects. In the male of A. colombiensis sp. nov., the lateral plate is ovoid, and bears a small ventral tooth visible in caudal view; the aedeagus shows a single pair of elongate spines at the base of the apophysis, the arms of which are not bifurcate distally; and the subgenital plate is strongly swollen basally before the lobes separate, being much shorter than arms of aedeagal apophysis.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C0248799FFE76873FF38CE51618EFC51	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Evangelista, Olivia;Flórez-V, Camilo;Sakakibara, Albino M.	Evangelista, Olivia, Flórez-V, Camilo, Sakakibara, Albino M. (2014): The identity of the treehopper genus Dysyncritus Fowler, with descriptions of new related taxa (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Heteronotinae). Zootaxa 3847 (4): 495-532, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3847.4.2
C0248799FFE96871FF38C9996141FC51.text	C0248799FFE96871FF38C9996141FC51.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Allodrilus deitzi Evangelista	<div><p>Allodrilus deitzi Evangelista sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 15–16, 29–30, 40, 51, 95–100.</p><p>Diagnosis. Pronotum golden castaneous, mottled yellow and dark brown; two pairs of londitudinal brown bands (pair at each side of median carina), extended from base of metopidium, V-shaped in frontal view; vertex moderately concave medially; males with lateral plate inflated, excavated dorsally and medially, bearing dorsal finger-like projection, rectangular, truncate at apex; arms of apophysis unarmed, curved upwards and sideways apically.</p><p>Description. Holotype male. Color: pronotum golden castaneous, mottled yellow and dark brown; two pairs of V-shaped brown stripes (one pair at each side of median carina) extended from basal median carina towards apex, curved downwards in lateral view, one band reaching lateral margins at mid-dorsum; median carina spotted yellow and dark brown; posterior process with transverse pre-apical yellow ring. Vertex variegated with same colors as pronotum; ventral side of head brown. Forewings hyaline, slightly amber, coriaceous areas brown; veins dark brown spotted yellow along basal two-thirds, yellow on apical third. Ventral side of thorax, legs and abdomen yellow.</p><p>Head: vertex pentagonal, slightly wider than long; ocelli closer to eyes than to each other; area below ocelli distinctly concave, lower margins of suprantennal ledges straight in frontal view, strongly curved forwards in fronto-lateral view; frontoclypeus exceeding half of its length below lower margins of supra antennal ledges, tapering to acute apex.</p><p>Pronotum: median carina prominent, not strongly keeled anteriorly at metopidium; metopidium low, humeral angles triangular, well marked; in lateral view, dorsum moderately elevated, regularly arched from metopidium to apex of posterior process, highest at middle; posterior process laterally compressed past humeral angles, gradually tapering to triangular apex, narrow and acute, reaching apex of fifth apical cell (but not fourth); postocular lobes scoop-shaped, rounded apically.</p><p>Wings: forewings with coriaceous areas occupying approximately one-fourth of clavus, R cell, and first basal cell; discoidal cell pentagonal, almost truncate distally.</p><p>Abdomen: laterotergites IV–VII distinctly lamellar, directed downwards and sideways; VIII sternite slightly wider than long, upper margin with V-shaped excavation. Subgenital plate pear-shaped: wider and emarginate basally, sinuate, constricted at basal fourth, where lobes separate; lobes very elongate and slender, gradually tapering to rounded apex. Lateral plate swollen, constricted dorsally and medially into dorsal finger-like projection, distinctly truncate apically, and slightly curved inwards in caudal view. Aedeagal shaft small in comparison to lateral plate and aedeagal apophysis, not showing tubercles or spines; aedeagal apophysis slender and elongate, lacking spines, arms of apophysis curved upwards, not bifurcated apically, apex hairy, slightly deflected sideways. Styles comma-shaped, curved upwards to truncate apex.</p><p>Paratype female: larger than male, otherwise identical, except dorsum slightly more elevated and tectiform, broadly arched in lateral view.</p><p>Distribution. ECUADOR (Pastaza: Cerros de Abitagua).</p><p>Measurements. Holotype male/ paratype female (mm): body length: 7.58/8.17; pronotal length: 6.50/6.42; maximum height of pronotum: 2.0/2.33; length of tegmina: 6.67/7.25; pronotal width: 2.58/2.83; head width: 2.33/ 2.58; vertex width: 1.42/1.58; vertex length: 1.25/1.33.</p><p>Examined material. Holotype male from ECUADOR: Pastaza: Cerros de Abitagua [Abitagua Mountain, near Parque Nacional Llanganates], ‘Abitagua, Ecuador \ 1200 Meters \ May.30.1939 \ Wm. Clark—Macintyre’ (NCSU). One paratype male with same collection data as holotype, plus two labels: ‘Deitz Research \ 72–31a ♂’, ‘ Dysyncritus \ det. L. L. Deitz NCSU 72’ (DZUP). One paratype female: ‘Abitagua, Ecuador \ 1200 Meters \ May.29.1939 \ Wm. Clark—Macintyre’ (NCSU).</p><p>Notes on type specimens. All specimens glued to a pinned paper point. Holotype lacking left hind leg, abdomen dissected and attached to the same pin, in a good state of conservation. Paratypes also in good condition.</p><p>Remarks. A. deitzi sp. nov. generally resembles A. intermedius sp. nov., but is much more robust. The female paratype of A. deitzi —the largest specimen in the genus (~ 8mm)—is identical to the holotype except for a more elevated and tectiform posterior process; its much lighter coloration could be an artifact from collecting or preservation. The species differs from other Allodrilus in a combination of features, including the variegated coloration pattern and the shape of the lateral plate in males, produced into a large finger-like process which is distinctly truncate apically.</p><p>Etymology. The male paratype, previously studied by Deitz, was included in his classification of the higher categories of Membracidae (Deitz, 1975a: 150) . Owing to the relevance of his contributions to treehopper systematics, this newly discovered species is named in his honor.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C0248799FFE96871FF38C9996141FC51	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Evangelista, Olivia;Flórez-V, Camilo;Sakakibara, Albino M.	Evangelista, Olivia, Flórez-V, Camilo, Sakakibara, Albino M. (2014): The identity of the treehopper genus Dysyncritus Fowler, with descriptions of new related taxa (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Heteronotinae). Zootaxa 3847 (4): 495-532, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3847.4.2
C0248799FFEB6877FF38C99963D3FBC3.text	C0248799FFEB6877FF38C99963D3FBC3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Allodrilus granulatus Evangelista	<div><p>Allodrilus granulatus Evangelista sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 17–18, 31, 41, 52, 101 –108.</p><p>Diagnosis. Pronotum grayish castaneous, mottled yellow and light brown, with large brown band extended from above humeral angles towards the apex, curved downwards anteriorly in lateral view, interrupted by large, irregular yellow spot near mid-length; dorsal contour line moderately elevated, broadly arched; males: lateral plate deflected inwards, with ventral margin sinuous, constricted into dorsal hook-shaped projection, curved downwards and inwards.</p><p>Description. Holotype female. Color: pronotum greyish castaneous, variegated with yellow and brown; in frontal view, three pairs of V-shaped brown bands extended from basal median carina in frontal view, one pair at each side: two bands closer to humeral angles less distinct, curved downwards in lateral view, reaching lateral margins; the third band, much larger and darker, extending over dorsum, widened posteriorly, occupying most of posterior process, interrupted by irregular yellow patch at middle; median carina mottled yellow, with large yellow spot on apical third; apex of posterior process yellow. Vertex with same colors as pronotum, slightly darker at lower margins. Forewings hyaline, with transverse brown macula at R1 and adjacent area of discoidal cell; coriaceous areas brown; veins yellow spotted brown along basal two-thirds. Ventral side of thorax and abdomen dull castaneous, legs yellow spotted brown.</p><p>Head: vertex pentagonal, wider than long; ocelli closer to eyes than to each other; area below ocelli moderately concave, lower margins of supra antennal ledges straight in frontal view, distinctly curved forwards in frontolateral view; frontoclypeus exceeding half of its length below lower margins of suprantennal ledges, tapering to acute apex.</p><p>Pronotum: median carina prominent, keeled at metopidium in frontal view; humeral angles triangular, slender; dorsum moderately elevated, regularly arched from metopidium to apex of posterior process, highest at middle; posterior process laterally compressed past humeral angles, gradually tapering to triangular apex, narrow and acute, reaching apex of fifth apical cell (but not fourth); postocular lobes triangular, scoop-shaped.</p><p>Wings: forewings with coriaceous areas occupying approximately one-third of clavus, R cell, and first basal cell; discoidal cell pentagonal.</p><p>Paratype male: smaller than female, otherwise identical. Laterotergites IV–VII distinctly lamellar, directed downwards and sideways; VIII sternite wider than long, heart-shaped (upper margin with U-shaped excavation). Subgenital plate slightly wider and emarginate basally, constricted at basal fourth or fifth, where lobes separate; lobes elongate, slender, dorsally folded to accommodate branches of aedeagal apophysis, narrowed to rounded apex. Lateral plate ovoid, deflected inwards in caudal view, ventral margin sinuous, constricted into dorsal hookshaped projection, directed downwards and inwards, apex rounded. Aedeagus U-shaped, lacking tubercles or spines; aedeagal apophysis slender and elongate, arms of apophysis directed upwards, not bifurcate, slightly enlarged pre-apically, apex acute and hairy, deflected sideways. Styles comma-shaped, with small curved ventral projection.</p><p>Distribution. ECUADOR (Napo: Reserva Etica Waorani).</p><p>Measurements. Paratype male/ holotype female (mm): body length: 6.58/6.83; pronotal length: 5.92/5.92; maximum height of pronotum: 1.92/2.00; length of tegmina: 5.75/5.83; pronotal width: 2.58/2.83; head width: 2.42/2.58; vertex width: 1.42/1.67; vertex length: 1.17/1.33.</p><p>Examined material. Holotype female from ECUADOR: Napo: Reserva Etica Waorani, ‘ ECUADOR: Napo, Tran- \ sect Ent. 1km S Onkonegare \ Camp, Reserva Etnica Waorani \ 00°39’10”S, 076°26’00”W’, ‘ 21-Jun-1994, T. L. Erwin. \ et al., fogging, terre firme \ forest, lot#697’ (USNM). Paratype male: same collection data as holotype, except for lot number in the second label: ‘lot#709’ (USNM).</p><p>Notes on type specimens. Holotype and paratype glued to a pinned paper point, in excellent state of preservation. Left forewing of paratype anomalous, with an extra r-m crossvein basad of R1, delimiting a rectangular cell above the regular pentagonal discoidal cell.</p><p>Remarks. A. granulatus sp. nov. can be distinguished from other Allodrilus species in having a combination of features that include its general coloration, variegated with brown and yellow, with a large brown patch over the dorsum, and the shape of the lateral plate in the males, strongly curved inwards, hook-shaped in caudal view. In the paratype male, the dorsal contour line is less elevated than in the female.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet ‘ granulatus ’, derived from the Latin word ‘ granulate ’, refers to the markedly variegate pronotal coloration.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C0248799FFEB6877FF38C99963D3FBC3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Evangelista, Olivia;Flórez-V, Camilo;Sakakibara, Albino M.	Evangelista, Olivia, Flórez-V, Camilo, Sakakibara, Albino M. (2014): The identity of the treehopper genus Dysyncritus Fowler, with descriptions of new related taxa (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Heteronotinae). Zootaxa 3847 (4): 495-532, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3847.4.2
C0248799FFED6875FF38CEEE606BFCCC.text	C0248799FFED6875FF38CEEE606BFCCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Allodrilus horizontalis Evangelista	<div><p>Allodrilus horizontalis Evangelista sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 19, 32, 42, 53, 109 –114.</p><p>Diagnosis. Pronotum yellow mottled brown, with pair of large brown bands from basal median carina towards posterior process, anterior band fading before reaching humeral angles, and second enlarged posteriorly, interrupted by large irregular white transversal ring at mid-length; lower margins of vertex distinctly sinuous in frontal view; pronotum contour line feebly arched, almost straight, suddenly constricted apically; branches of aedeagal apophysis curved downwards apically.</p><p>Description. Holotype male. Pronotum mostly yellow mottled brown, with pair of V-shaped brown bands extended from basal median carina towards posterior process, curved downwards in lateral view, not reaching lateral margins, anterior band fading slightly past humeral angles, the second band enlarged posteriorly, interrupted by large irregular transverse white ring at mid-length; apex of posterior process brown spotted yellow, with preapical yellow band. Vertex yellow variegated ferruginous and dark brown. Forewings hyaline, with dark macula at apex of basal cell and adjacent area of discoidal cell; coriaceous areas brown and yellow, veins brown spotted yellow along basal two-thirds, lighter on apical third. Ventral side of head brown; ventral side of thorax, abdomen and legs yellow, legs spotted with brown.</p><p>Head: vertex pentagonal, wider than long; ocelli closer to eyes than to each other; area below ocelli strongly concave, lower margins of supra antennal ledges sinuose in frontal view, distinctly curved forwards in frontolateral view; frontoclypeus exceeding more than half of its length below lower margins of supra antennal ledges, tapering to rounded apex.</p><p>Pronotum: median carina prominent, keeled at metopidium humeral angles triangular, well-marked; in lateral view, dorsum low, arched from metopidium to above humeral angles, nearly straight along mid-dorsum; posterior process laterally compressed past humeral angles, gradually tapering towards apex, distinctly constricted preapically; apex triangular, narrow and acute, reaching the apex of fifth apical cell (but not fourth); postocular lobes triangular, scoop-shaped.</p><p>Forewings with coriaceous areas occupying approximately one-fourth to one-fifth of clavus, R cell, and first basal cell; discoidal cell pentagonal.</p><p>Laterotergites IV–VII distinctly lamellar, directed downwards and sideways (VIII sternite not observed). Subgenital plate slightly wider and emarginate at base, constricted at basal fourth or fifth, where lobes separate; lobes elongate, slender, dorsally folded to accommodate branches of aedeagal apophysis, internal margins sinuous in ventral view, curved to rounded apex. Lateral plate ovoid, deflected inwards, medially constricted into small tubercle, mostly visible in caudal view. Aedeagus U-shaped, shaft small in comparison to lateral plates and aedeagal apophysis, lacking tubercles or spines; apophysis slender and elongate, arms of apophysis directed upwards, not bifurcated distally, narrowed to setose apex, strongly deflected downwards. Styles comma-shaped, deflected upwards to nearly truncate apex, with small ventral lobe, curved sideways.</p><p>Female unknown.</p><p>Distribution. BOLIVIA (Santa Cruz: San Rafael).</p><p>Measurements. Holotype male (mm): body length: 7.08; pronotal length: 6.08; maximum height of pronotum: 1.83; length of tegmina: 6.25; pronotal width: 2.67; head width: 2.50; vertex width: 1.50; vertex length: 1.33.</p><p>Examined material. Holotype male from BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz [José Miguel de Velasco Province]: San Rafael [village of San Fermin], ‘S[an]. Fermin / Boliv[ia].’, ‘N. Holmgren [col.]’, ‘Riksmuseum / Stockholm’ (NHRS).</p><p>Notes on type specimen. Holotype pinned through right side of pronotum between thorax and abdomen, in good state of preservation.</p><p>Remarks. A. horizontalis sp. nov. can be readily recognized by its external morphology, i.e. the shape of the vertex (strongly convex with lower margins of suprantennal ledges sinuous), and the outline of dorsum in lateral view (nearly straight, and constricted pre-apically). This species also shows distinctive features of male genitalia, especially the branches of aedeagal apophysis, strongly curved downwards apically.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet, derived from the Latin ‘ horizontalis ’ meaning ‘horizontal’, refers to the orientation of the dorsum, feebly arched from above humeral angles to apex of posterior process, and appearing amost parallel to longitudinal body axis.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C0248799FFED6875FF38CEEE606BFCCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Evangelista, Olivia;Flórez-V, Camilo;Sakakibara, Albino M.	Evangelista, Olivia, Flórez-V, Camilo, Sakakibara, Albino M. (2014): The identity of the treehopper genus Dysyncritus Fowler, with descriptions of new related taxa (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Heteronotinae). Zootaxa 3847 (4): 495-532, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3847.4.2
C0248799FFEF684BFF38C9EF60BDFD39.text	C0248799FFEF684BFF38C9EF60BDFD39.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Allodrilus intermedius Evangelista	<div><p>Allodrilus intermedius Evangelista sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 20–21, 33–34, 43, 54, 115 –122.</p><p>Diagnosis. Pronotum golden castaneous, mottled brown and yellow, with pair of large, irregular brown bands from basal median carina towards posterior process, anterior band fading before reaching humeral angles, second band enlarged posteriorly, interrupted by large irregular white transversal ring at mid-length; males: lateral plate excavated medially, strongly curved inwards, swollen, bearing small dorsal tubercle, mostly visible in caudal view.</p><p>Description. Holotype male. Color: pronotum golden castaneous, mottled brown and yellow, with pair of irregular V-shaped bands extended from basal median carina, curved towards posterior process, anterior band fading slightly past humeral angles, posterior band gradually enlarged along the dorsum, interrupted by large irregular spot at about mid-length; apex of posterior process brown spotted yellow, with pre-apical yellow ring. Vertex yellow, variegated with same colors as pronotum. Forewings hyaline, with transverse brown band at apex of basal cell and adjacent area of discoidal cell; coriaceous areas brown and yellow, veins brown spotted yellow for about basal two-thirds, yellow along apical third. Ventral side of head brown; ventral side of thorax, abdomen and legs yellow, legs spotted with brown.</p><p>Head: vertex pentagonal, wider than long; ocelli closer to eyes than to each other; area below ocelli strongly concave, lower margins of supra antennal straight in frontal view, distinctly curved forwards in fronto-lateral view; frontoclypeus exceeding half of its length below lower margins of suprantennal ledges, tapering to acute apex. Pronotum: median carina prominent, not strongly keeled at metopidium; humeral angles triangular, well-marked; dorsum slightly elevated, regularly arched; posterior process laterally compressed past mid-dorsum, tapering apically, apex narrow and acute, reaching apex of fifth apical cell (but not fourth); postocular lobes triangular, scoop-shaped.</p><p>Forewings: coriaceous areas occupying approximately one-third of clavus and first basal cell, and one-fourth of R cell.</p><p>Abdomen: laterotergites IV–VII distinctly lamellar, directed downwards and sideways; VIII sternite slender, wider than long, upper margin with U-shaped excavation. Subgenital plate strongly emarginate basally, sinuate, constricted at basal third or fourth, where lobes separate; lobes elongate, slender, dorsally folded to accommodate branches of aedeagal apophysis, curved to rounded apex. Lateral plate distinctly swollen, with strong medial excavation, strongly curved inwards, dorsal margin constricted into small lobe (visible only in caudal view). Aedeagus U-shaped, lacking tubercles or spines; apophysis slender and elongate, unarmed, arms of apophysis directed upwards, not bifurcate, apex hairy, deflected sideways. Styles comma-shaped, directed upwards to nearly truncate apex, with small ventral projection curved sideways.</p><p>Female unknown.</p><p>Distribution. ECUADOR (Napo: Reserva Etica Waorani; Sucumbios: Shushufindi; Orellana: Parque Nacional Yasuni).</p><p>Measurements. Holotype male (mm): body length: 6.17; pronotal length: 5.25; maximum height of pronotum: 1.50; length of tegmina: 5.25; pronotal width: 2.42; head width: 2.25; vertex width: 1.42; vertex length: 1.17.</p><p>Examined material. Holotype male from ECUADOR: Napo: Reserva Etica Waorani [near Parque Nacional Yasuni], ‘ ECUADOR: Napo: Reserva Étnica Waorani; 00°39'10"S, 076°26'00"W; 03.vii.1994 T. L. Erwin et al. col.’, ‘MEM 190: DNA Voucher \ Allodrilus intermedius \ Evangelista \ Evangelista det.’ (USNM). Paratypes from: ECUADOR: Sucumbios: Shushufindi, ‘ ÉQUATEUR \ VERSANT AMAZONIEN’, ‘SHUSHUFINDI \ 8.X.1985 \ B PERTHUIS REC’ (one male paratype) (MNHN); Orellana: Parque Nacional Yasuni, ‘ Ecuador, Orellana, Estacion \ Cientifica Yasuni; to UV &amp; \ merc[ury]. vap[or]. Lights \ 20–21 Oct. 2003 \ D. Robacker, W. Warfield &amp; \ M.H. Evans’ (one male paratype) (USNM).</p><p>Notes on type specimens. Holotype minuten mounted, in excellent state of preservation; DNA has been extracted from the whole type specimen (except the abdomen). Paratypes glued to a pinned paper point, in good state of preservation.</p><p>Remarks. A. intermedius sp. nov. differs from other Allodrilus species in features of male genitalia, especially the shape of lateral late, which is strongly excavated and swollen in lateral view, bearing a small dorsal tubercle visible in caudal view.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet, derived from the Latin ‘ intermedius ’ meaning ‘ intermediate ’, indicates that the species is morphologically similar to A. deitzi sp. nov. and A. granulatus sp. nov., except for being smaller, and having a less elevated and tectiform dorsum.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C0248799FFEF684BFF38C9EF60BDFD39	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Evangelista, Olivia;Flórez-V, Camilo;Sakakibara, Albino M.	Evangelista, Olivia, Flórez-V, Camilo, Sakakibara, Albino M. (2014): The identity of the treehopper genus Dysyncritus Fowler, with descriptions of new related taxa (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Heteronotinae). Zootaxa 3847 (4): 495-532, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3847.4.2
C0248799FFD16849FF38C9716735FD04.text	C0248799FFD16849FF38C9716735FD04.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Allodrilus similis Evangelista	<div><p>Allodrilus similis Evangelista sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 1–2, 22, 35, 44, 55, 123–129.</p><p>Diagnosis. Brown mottled yellow, with discreet longitudinal yellow lines on pronotum, from above humeral angles to mid-dorsum in lateral view; two yellow spots on median carina at about apical third; vertex strongly concave, apex of frontoclypeus blunt; lateral plate of pygofer medially excavated in males, with dorsal triangular projection, hook-shaped in caudal view; branches of aedeagal apophysis bearing ventral spine-like projection.</p><p>Description. Holotype male. Color: pronotum ferruginous brown, mottled yellow, discreet V-shaped yellow stripes from metopidium towards the posterior process, fading past middle; median carina with two yellow spots on posterior process: anterior spot (on apical third) larger, second spot near apex. Vertex yellow, spotted black; ventral side of head dark brown. Forewings amber hyaline, coriaceous areas concolorous with pronotum; veins dull brown, spotted yellow on basal two-thirds, and slightly lighter at apical third. Ventral side of thorax, legs and abdomen yellow.</p><p>Head: vertex pentagonal, as wide as long; ocelli closer to eyes than to each other; area below ocelli strongly concave, lower margins of supra antennal ledges sinuous in frontal view, distinctly curved forwards in frontolateral view; frontoclypeus exceeding slightly more than half of its length below lower margins of supra antennal ledges, tapering to rounded apex.</p><p>Pronotum: median carina prominent, sharp from basal metopidium, distinctly keeled superiorly; humeral angles triangular, well-marked; in lateral view, dorsum moderately elevated, broadly arched from metopidium to apex of posterior process, highest before mid-dorsum; posterior process laterally compressed from above humeral angles, tapering to triangular apex, narrow and acute, reaching apex of fifth apical cell; postocular lobes scoopshaped.</p><p>Forewings: coriaceous areas occupying approximately one-third of clavus, and one-third to one-fourth of R and first basal cell.</p><p>Abdomen: laterotergites IV–VII distinctly lamellar, directed downwards and sideways; VIII sternite wider than long, heart-shaped (upper margin with U-shaped excavation). Subgenital plate pear-shaped: emarginate at base, constricted at basal fifth, where lobes separate; lobes of subgenital plate elongate, slender, dorsally folded to accommodate branches of aedeagal apophysis, strongly sinuous in ventral view, narrowed to rounded apex. Lateral plate swollen, with strong medial excavation, delimiting dorsal triangular projection deflected downwards amd strongly curved inwards in caudal view. Aedeagus U-shaped, lacking tubercles or spines; aedeagal apophysis slender and elongate, with minute ventral spine on each branch, approximately at apical third, arms of apophysis directed upwards, not bifurcate, apex hairy, deflected sideways. Styles comma-shaped, curved into truncate apex, with indistinct ventral projection.</p><p>Female unknown.</p><p>Distribution. PERU (Madre de Dios: Reserva Nacional Tambopata).</p><p>Measurements. Holotype male (mm): body length 7.0; pronotal length 5.67; maximum height of pronotum 2.08; length of tegmina 5.83; pronotal width 2.50; head width 2.33; vertex width 1.42; vertex length 1.33.</p><p>Examined material. Holotype male from PERU: Madre de Dios: Reserva Nacional Tambopata, ‘ PERU: Madre de Dios: Tambopata \ River, S13 0 8 18.0 W 69 36 29.7 \ IX.2004; J.R. Cryan &amp; J.M. Urban’, ‘MEM 149: DNA Voucher \ Allodrilus similis Evangelista \ Evangelista det.’ (NCSU).</p><p>Notes on type specimen. Holotype minuten mounted, in excellent state of preservation. DNA has been extracted from the whole specimen (except the abdomen).</p><p>Remarks. A. similis sp. nov. is mainly distinguished from other Allodrilus species by its pronotal shape and coloration: the dorsum is more elevated and tectiform, ferruginous with discreet V-shaped yellow bands on metopidium. This species is nearly identical to A. nitidipennis, from which it differs in having a prominent triangular dorsal process in the lateral plate of males (strongly curved inwards if seen from caudal view), and branches of aedeagal apophysis bearing a spine-like projection at apical third. Additionally, the vertex in A. similis sp. nov. is markedly concave, and the frontoclypeus is slightly more elongated, with a blunt apex. Nevertheless, the type-series consists of a single specimen, and such characters may be subject to intraspecific variation. Divergences in mithocondrial and nuclear loci were also observed between the aforementioned taxa (Evangelista et al., in preparation). The holotype is the male voucher specimen from which those sequences were obtained.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C0248799FFD16849FF38C9716735FD04	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Evangelista, Olivia;Flórez-V, Camilo;Sakakibara, Albino M.	Evangelista, Olivia, Flórez-V, Camilo, Sakakibara, Albino M. (2014): The identity of the treehopper genus Dysyncritus Fowler, with descriptions of new related taxa (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Heteronotinae). Zootaxa 3847 (4): 495-532, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3847.4.2
C0248799FFD36849FF38CEC9677DFA42.text	C0248799FFD36849FF38CEC9677DFA42.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Smiliorachis discrepans (Goding 1930) Goding 1930	<div><p>Smiliorachis discrepans (Goding, 1930) comb. nov.</p><p>Dysyncritus discrepans Goding, 1930b: 14; Funkhouser, 1951a: 84; Metcalf &amp; Wade, 1965a: 645; McKamey, 1998a: 162.</p><p>Examined material. Holotype male from BRAZIL: Mato Grosso: Chapada dos Guimarães, ‘Chapada’, ‘Nov’, ‘Am[erican]. Mus[eum]. [of] Nat[ural]. Hist[ory]. \ Dep[ar]t[ment]. [of] Invert[erbrate]. Zool[ogy]. \ No.’, ‘[handwritten] Ac. 23739’, ‘[handwritten] Dysyncritus \ discrepans \ type God[in]g’, ‘[red label] HOLOTYPE \ DYSYNCRITUS \ DISCREPANS \ GODING’, ‘[handwritten] DEITZ RESEARCH \ 72–81a ♂’ (AMNH).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C0248799FFD36849FF38CEC9677DFA42	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Evangelista, Olivia;Flórez-V, Camilo;Sakakibara, Albino M.	Evangelista, Olivia, Flórez-V, Camilo, Sakakibara, Albino M. (2014): The identity of the treehopper genus Dysyncritus Fowler, with descriptions of new related taxa (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Heteronotinae). Zootaxa 3847 (4): 495-532, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3847.4.2
C0248799FFD36849FF38CC6767A7F877.text	C0248799FFD36849FF38CC6767A7F877.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Smiliorachis nubilis (Goding 1930) Goding 1930	<div><p>Smiliorachis nubilis (Goding, 1930) comb. nov.</p><p>Dysyncritus nubilis Goding, 1930b: 13; Funkhouser, 1951a: 84; Metcalf &amp; Wade, 1965a: 645; McKamey, 1998a: 162.</p><p>Examined material. Holotype female from BRAZIL: Mato Grosso: Chapada dos Guimarães, ‘Nov.’, ‘Chapada’, ‘Ac-23739’, ‘Am[erican]. Mus[eum]. [of] Nat[ural]. Hist[ory]. \ Dep[ar]t[ment]. [of] Invert[erbrate]. Zool[ogy]. \ No.’, ‘Deitz Research \ 72–81c’, ‘Dysncritus \ nubilis \ Type Godg.’, ‘ Holotype \ Dysyncritus \ nubilis \ Goding’ (AMNH). Additional material from BRAZIL: Goiás: Leopoldo de Bulhões, ‘ XII.1933 Goyaz \ Leop-Bulhões \ Coll. R. Spitz’, ‘Coleção \ Pinto da \ Fonseca’ 0 1 female (MZSP). Minas Gerais: Uberaba, ‘Uberaba \ Bresil’, ‘Le Moult’, ‘Deitz Research \ 70–201i ♀’, ‘ Dysyncritus \ nubilis \ God. \ det. Z.P.M.’ (01 female) (NCSU); ‘Brésil—Uberaba \ Minas Geraes \ Coll. Le Moult’, ‘ Dysyncritus \ nubilis \ God. \ det. Z.P.M.’ (01 male) (NCSU).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C0248799FFD36849FF38CC6767A7F877	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Evangelista, Olivia;Flórez-V, Camilo;Sakakibara, Albino M.	Evangelista, Olivia, Flórez-V, Camilo, Sakakibara, Albino M. (2014): The identity of the treehopper genus Dysyncritus Fowler, with descriptions of new related taxa (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Heteronotinae). Zootaxa 3847 (4): 495-532, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3847.4.2
C0248799FFD4684EFF38CAF960B6FD5F.text	C0248799FFD4684EFF38CAF960B6FD5F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Smiliorachis octilinea Stal 1869	<div><p>Smiliorachis octilinea Stål, 1869</p><p>Smiliorachis octilinea Stål, 1869c: 260; Berg, 1883c: 293 [comparative notes]; Funkhouser, 1927f: 156 [catalogued]; Goding, 1929e [sic]: 225 [key, catalogued]; Funkhouser, 1951a: 82, Pl. III, Fig. 36 [illustrated, catalogued]; Metcalf &amp; Wade, 1965a: 647 [catalogued]; McKamey, 1998a: 169 [catalogued].</p><p>Dysyncritus lineatus Goding, 1930b: 12 [original description], 14 [key, comparative notes]; Metcalf &amp; Wade, 1965a: 645 [catalogued]; McKamey, 1998a: 162 [catalogued]. Syn. nov</p><p>Procyrta lineatus; Funkhouser, 1951a: 84 [catalogued in Darnini: error].</p><p>Examined material. Smiliorachis octilinea Stål, 1869 . Holotype male from BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Lagoa Santa, ‘[handwritten] Lagoa \ Santa’, ‘[handwritten] M. Havn’, ‘[handwritten] octilinea \ Stål’, ‘[red label] Typus’ (NHRS). Dysyncritus lineatus Goding, 1930 . Holotype male from BRAZIL: Mato Grosso: Chapada dos Guimarães, ‘Chapada’, ‘Oct’, ‘Am[erican]. Mus[eum]. [of] Nat[ural]. Hist[ory]. \ Dep[ar]t[ment]. [of] Invert[erbrate]. Zool[ogy]. \ No.’, ‘[handwritten] Ac: 23739’, ‘[handwritten] 541’, ‘[handwritten] Dysyncritus \ lineatus \ type God[in]g’, ‘[red label] HOLOTYPE \ DYSYNCRITUS \ LINEATUS \ GODING’, ‘[handwritten] DEITZ RESEARCH \ 72–81b ♂’ (AMNH).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C0248799FFD4684EFF38CAF960B6FD5F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Evangelista, Olivia;Flórez-V, Camilo;Sakakibara, Albino M.	Evangelista, Olivia, Flórez-V, Camilo, Sakakibara, Albino M. (2014): The identity of the treehopper genus Dysyncritus Fowler, with descriptions of new related taxa (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Heteronotinae). Zootaxa 3847 (4): 495-532, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3847.4.2
