identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
9EA2AE47A778A2FB9D4F6DD484AA9756.text	9EA2AE47A778A2FB9D4F6DD484AA9756.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Etmopterus	<div><p>[[ Etmopterus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:82206F20-179E-4058-83D9-ABD1190748A8" title="Lookup 'Etmopterus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> ]]</p><p>The deep-sea elasmobranchs commonly known as lanternsharks (Squaliformes: Etmopteridae: Etmopterus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:82206F20-179E-4058-83D9-ABD1190748A8" title="Lookup 'Etmopterus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span>) have received an unusual level of systematic study over the past two decades (Yamakawa et al., 1986; Yano, 1988; Last et al., 2002). Sharks of the genus Etmopterus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:82206F20-179E-4058-83D9-ABD1190748A8" title="Lookup 'Etmopterus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> are small enigmatic sharks widely distributed in temperate and tropical waters around seamounts and along continental margins. Of the 31 recognized species in the genus, Compagno et al. (2005) reports that about one half have been described within the last 20 years. It was previously thought that the genus was comprised of a few widespread members. Deepwater trawls in the Western Pacific by both research agencies and commercial fisheries have revealed new fish fauna. Unique species of etmopterids are consistently documented, suggesting that the group contains numerous, regionally restricted sister species (Last et al., 2002).</p><p>The shape and arrangement of dermal denticles are key characteristics used to divide the genus into subgroups. The “ E. pusillus group ” is described as having denticles with low, flat, concave crowns (Springer &amp; Burgess, 1985; Shirai &amp; Tachikawa, 1993). The “ E. lucifer group <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3A7559E3-1A87-43E6-8A2B-F026C8631D20" title="Lookup 'E. lucifer group' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> ” was coined after Etmopterus lucifer <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3A7559E3-1A87-43E6-8A2B-F026C8631D20" title="Lookup 'Etmopterus lucifer' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> (Yamakawa et al., 1986), a widely distributed species that is typical of the subgroup in having regular longitudinal rows of thorn-like denticles along the body. Yamakawa et al. (1986) document six members of this species complex: E. brachyurus Smith &amp; Radcliffe, 1912 <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8F7B473A-94A2-4E15-A77E-C19122CD8306" title="Lookup 'E. brachyurus Smith &amp; Radcliffe, 1912' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span>; E. bullisi Bigelow &amp; Schroeder, 1957 <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3DF7C937-B7AF-4AA1-AD81-D43928614E9C" title="Lookup 'E. bullisi Bigelow &amp; Schroeder, 1957' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span>; E. granulosus (Guenther, 1880) ; E. lucifer Jordan &amp; Snyder, 1902 <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3A7559E3-1A87-43E6-8A2B-F026C8631D20" title="Lookup 'E. lucifer Jordan &amp; Snyder, 1902' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span>; E. molleri (Whitley, 1939); and E. villosus Gilbert, 1905 <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:44AE1EB7-18DC-4326-8FAE-E9A1A4FEC1EC" title="Lookup 'E. villosus Gilbert, 1905' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span>. Later, E. splendidus Yano, 1988 <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:30ADB75B-A4AA-44F6-8C06-4F2F773F19B1" title="Lookup 'E. splendidus Yano, 1988' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> was described making a total of seven nominal members. Western North Pacific “ E. lucifer group <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3A7559E3-1A87-43E6-8A2B-F026C8631D20" title="Lookup 'E. lucifer group' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> ” members includes four species: E. brachyurus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8F7B473A-94A2-4E15-A77E-C19122CD8306" title="Lookup 'E. brachyurus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span>, E. lucifer <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3A7559E3-1A87-43E6-8A2B-F026C8631D20" title="Lookup 'E. lucifer' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span>, E. molleri and E. splendidus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:30ADB75B-A4AA-44F6-8C06-4F2F773F19B1" title="Lookup 'E. splendidus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span>. Compagno et al. (2005) account that all four species are reported to occur in Taiwanese waters. The remaining members of the “ E. lucifer group <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3A7559E3-1A87-43E6-8A2B-F026C8631D20" title="Lookup 'E. lucifer group' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> ” are known from Hawaii, the North Atlantic, and South America and are not considered here. During surveys of the fish markets in Taiwan, one of us (DAE) collected four specimens of a linear-denticled Etmopterus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:82206F20-179E-4058-83D9-ABD1190748A8" title="Lookup 'Etmopterus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> that is distinct from the other four known species. Here we describe this new species of Etmopterus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:82206F20-179E-4058-83D9-ABD1190748A8" title="Lookup 'Etmopterus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span>, and provide a revised key for the genus in the western North Pacific.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9EA2AE47A778A2FB9D4F6DD484AA9756	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jayna A. Schaaf-da Silva;David A. Ebert	Jayna A. Schaaf-da Silva, David A. Ebert (2006): Etmopterus burgessi sp. nov., a new species of lanternshark (Squaliformes: Etmopteridae) from Taiwan. Zootaxa 1373: 53-64, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D574008E-BEE5-41BF-B9B9-2B1D88C7A7D1
344C86581FC1697BEC11A8434C953C2F.text	344C86581FC1697BEC11A8434C953C2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Etmopterus burgessi	<div><p>Etmopterus burgessi sp. nov.</p><p>Broad-snout Lanternshark</p><p>(Fig. 1, Table 1)</p><p>Holotype. CAS 223476, 355 mm TL, adult male, Ta-Chi, Taiwan, 24° 53' N, 122° 01' E, collected by David A. Ebert, 11 May 1988.</p><p>Paratypes. 3 specimens, all collected at Ta-Chi, Taiwan, 24° 53' N, 122° 01' E. CAS 223477 (Fig. 2), adult female, 406 mm TL, 22 May 2005; CAS 223478, juvenile female, 241 mm TL, 23 May 2005; CAS 223479, juvenile female, 239 mm TL, 21 May 2005 .</p><p>Diagnosis. A relatively large species of Etmopterus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:82206F20-179E-4058-83D9-ABD1190748A8" title="Lookup 'Etmopterus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> with the following combination of characters: snout broad, 8.0 (7.1-8.3)% TL; mouth broad and strongly arched; upper teeth in 2-3 series, each tooth with a median lanceolate cusp, flanked by three smaller lateral cusplets on each side; denticles short and robust, arranged in regular longitudinal rows over most of body; denticles conspicuous on ventral snout surface, and surface of second dorsal fin; second dorsal fin height short, 40.7 (34.6-36.2)% fin length; posterior branch of flank marking short, base of flank marking wide; caudal peduncle short, 11.4 (11.1-12.7)% TL; color in life charcoal grey above, darker grey to black below.</p><p>Description. Body fusiform, relatively stout; head long 22.1 (21.1-22.2)% TL, not depressed, height 0.93 (0.65-0.77) times width. Pre-orbital snout long, rounded in lateral view, width broad, 8.0 (7.1-8.3)% TL, horizontal length 2.10 (2.10-2.20) in length of eye. Eye large, oval-shaped, length 5.22 (4.57-5.03) in head, 1.65 (1.73-2.09) times height. Spiracle large, semicircular, greatest diameter 3.06 (3.62-4.11) in eye length. Nasals very large, oblique; nostril width about equal to internarial distance; nasal flaps poorly developed, anterior flap triangular. Gill openings very large, slightly oblique, subequal in size, becoming progressively smaller posteriorly, height of first gill slit 2.1 (1.6-1.9)% TL. Mouth broad, strongly arched, width 1.18 (1.22-1.45) in preoral length.</p><p>Teeth dissimilar in upper and lower jaws; upper teeth multicuspid in 2-3 series, each with a long median cusp flanked by lateral cusplets more than one half the length of median cusp; teeth in lower jaw in single series, unicuspid, interlocking, oblique, bladelike. Teeth in first row of upper jaw 26 (24-26), first row of lower jaw 40 (32-36). Vertebral count: 65.</p><p>Dermal denticles small, low, unicuspid with erect thorn-like conical crowns, recurved posteriorly; arranged in regular longitudinal rows on trunk, back, caudal fin, and second dorsal fin. Dermal denticles irregular on abdomen, flank markings above pelvic fins, and caudal markings.</p><p>Pelvic flank marking poorly defined, consisting of both an anterior and posterior branch; anterior branch long, slender, 8.1 (7.1-9.8)% TL, extending just forward of pelvicfin origin; posterior branch truncated distally, slightly shorter than anterior branch, 7.3 (8.4-9.2)% TL, terminating well past the second dorsal-fin insertion and in line with edge of free rear tip; base of flank marking wide. Caudal marking base broad, forming a saddle anteriorly, covering the entire ventral surface of posterior caudal peduncle; at about the lower caudal-lobe origin, marking extends dorsally to a level almost half of caudal peduncle height, tapering to a point forming the central caudal marking. Central caudal marking narrowly ovoid, slightly longer than eye length, 5.7 (4.7-6.4)% TL. Viewed laterally, central caudal marking is well apart from the flank marking, separated by at least one central caudal marking length. Upper caudal marking narrow, about equal to length of central caudal marking, 5.9 (6.4-7.4)% TL.</p><p>Distal margins of fins largely covered with skin, not fringed with naked ceratotrichia. Each dorsal fin with a grooved spine just anterior to the fin origin. First dorsal fin spine small, less than half the length of second dorsal spine. First dorsal fin low, slightly rounded, length 7.4 (6.5-7.0)% TL; fin-spine origin well behind pectoral-fin rear tip; insertion of base well forward of pelvic-fin origin; much smaller than second dorsal fin. Length of first dorsal fin 1.65 (1.38-1.48) in second dorsal fin; height of first dorsal fin 1.62 (1.75-2.13) in second dorsal fin. Second dorsal fin relatively small, upright, concave posterior margin, free rear tip long, spine length 0.74 (0.41-0.51) in height of second dorsal fin; fin-spine origin just behind insertion of pelvic fin; interdorsal space 0.96 (0.92-1.06) in length from snout tip to pectoral-fin origin. Dorsal -caudal space relatively short 11.4 (11.1-12.7)% TL.</p><p>Coloration. In life very darkly pigmented; charcoal gray to blackish. Dorsum, ventrum, and lateral surfaces have no obvious boundaries. Belly and flank markings may be weakly displayed; magnification shows an increased density of melanophores. Upper caudal lobe very dark; lower lobe and tips of fins sometimes lighter grey but not translucent.</p><p>Size. Maximum length at least 355 mm for adult male (holotype) and 406 mm for adult female (paratype CAS 223477).</p><p>Distribution. All four type specimens were collected on the continental slope off northeastern Taiwan at depths greater than 300 m.</p><p>Etymology. The species is named in recognition of George Burgess for his contributions to the systematics of this genus.</p><p>Discussion</p><p>Etmopterus burgessi can be separated from other western North Pacific Etmopterus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:82206F20-179E-4058-83D9-ABD1190748A8" title="Lookup 'Etmopterus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> species based on a combination of the following characters: snout width, first gill slit length, caudal peduncle length, second dorsal fin height, flank and caudal markings, tooth morphology, and dermal denticle placement. The snout width of E. burgessi increases in proportion to head length (Fig. 3) compared to the other four regional examples. Etmopterus brachyurus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8F7B473A-94A2-4E15-A77E-C19122CD8306" title="Lookup 'Etmopterus brachyurus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> and E. splendidus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:30ADB75B-A4AA-44F6-8C06-4F2F773F19B1" title="Lookup 'E. splendidus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> have snout widths that decrease slightly with increased head length. The sample size for E. lucifer <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3A7559E3-1A87-43E6-8A2B-F026C8631D20" title="Lookup 'E. lucifer' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> and E. molleri are not robust, but both cluster closely with E. brachyurus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8F7B473A-94A2-4E15-A77E-C19122CD8306" title="Lookup 'E. brachyurus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span>.</p><p>The gill slit length of E. burgessi is relatively long (Fig. 4) in proportion to head length. In the new species, as head length increases, so does the length of the first gill slit in proportion to the head length. For E. brachyurus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8F7B473A-94A2-4E15-A77E-C19122CD8306" title="Lookup 'E. brachyurus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span>, the relationship is negatively allometric, with head length increasing as the length of the first gill slit decreases proportionately.</p><p>The length of the caudal peduncle is shorter in E. burgessi than in the other species examined. The measurement of this length is 11.4 (11.1-12.7)% TL in E. burgessi, but 13.7-15.5% TL in E. brachyurus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8F7B473A-94A2-4E15-A77E-C19122CD8306" title="Lookup 'E. brachyurus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> and 12.8% TL in E. lucifer <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3A7559E3-1A87-43E6-8A2B-F026C8631D20" title="Lookup 'E. lucifer' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span>. Etmopterus molleri has a dorsal -caudal fin space of 14.1-14.9% TL, and E. splendidus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:30ADB75B-A4AA-44F6-8C06-4F2F773F19B1" title="Lookup 'E. splendidus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> has a measurement of 12.5-14.8% TL.</p><p>The height of the second dorsal fin in E. burgessi is relatively low; its height ranges from to 34.6-40.7% of its overall length (Fig 5), and overlaps with that of E. lucifer <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3A7559E3-1A87-43E6-8A2B-F026C8631D20" title="Lookup 'E. lucifer' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> which ranges from 34.5-44.7%. This measurement in E. brachyurus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8F7B473A-94A2-4E15-A77E-C19122CD8306" title="Lookup 'E. brachyurus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> is slightly higher, with a range of 42.1-48.4% fin length. The height of the second dorsal fin in E. molleri is much higher than for its congeners, ranging from 50-60%. Yamakawa et al. (1986) reports similar range values for the three aforementioned species. Etmopterus splendidus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:30ADB75B-A4AA-44F6-8C06-4F2F773F19B1" title="Lookup 'Etmopterus splendidus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> has a second dorsal fin height to length of 31.4-47.6%. Although percentages of the height in overall length overlap between species, the second dorsal fin is generally lower in E. burgessi than in either E. molleri or E. brachyurus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8F7B473A-94A2-4E15-A77E-C19122CD8306" title="Lookup 'E. brachyurus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span>.</p><p>Etmopterus burgessi has a flank marking that is distinct from three of the four species examined; E. splendidus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:30ADB75B-A4AA-44F6-8C06-4F2F773F19B1" title="Lookup 'E. splendidus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span>, E. molleri, and E. brachyurus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8F7B473A-94A2-4E15-A77E-C19122CD8306" title="Lookup 'E. brachyurus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> (Fig. 5). Comparatively, the anterior extension of E. burgessi has a broad base, 21.9 (21.7-29.3)% of anterior extension and short anterior branch, 78.1 (70.1-78.3)% of anterior extension. Etmopterus splendidus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:30ADB75B-A4AA-44F6-8C06-4F2F773F19B1" title="Lookup 'Etmopterus splendidus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> also has a broad flank marking base (34.3-46.3% of anterior extension) and a relatively short anterior branch (53.7-65.7% of anterior extension), but lacks a posterior branch entirely. The flank marking base is relatively narrow in both E. molleri (12.3-16.7% anterior extension) and E. brachyurus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8F7B473A-94A2-4E15-A77E-C19122CD8306" title="Lookup 'E. brachyurus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> (12.1-16.8% anterior extension). The new species has a relatively short and blunt posterior branch, 41.4 (42.3-45.3)% of total flank marking length, that is similar to E. lucifer <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3A7559E3-1A87-43E6-8A2B-F026C8631D20" title="Lookup 'E. lucifer' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> (29.1-37.3%). In comparison, the flank marking length is much shorter, its base broader, and the branches shorter in E. burgessi than either E. brachyurus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8F7B473A-94A2-4E15-A77E-C19122CD8306" title="Lookup 'E. brachyurus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> or E. molleri .</p><p>The upper tooth morphology of E. burgessi consists of a single medial cusp, flanked on each side by three lateral cusplets, a condition similar to E. splendidus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:30ADB75B-A4AA-44F6-8C06-4F2F773F19B1" title="Lookup 'E. splendidus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> (Yano, 1988). However, the upper tooth morphology of E. brachyurus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8F7B473A-94A2-4E15-A77E-C19122CD8306" title="Lookup 'E. brachyurus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> (Smith and Radcliffe, 1912; Compagno et al., 2005; direct observation), E. lucifer <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3A7559E3-1A87-43E6-8A2B-F026C8631D20" title="Lookup 'E. lucifer' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> (Compagno et al., 2005; direct observation), and E. molleri (Whitley, 1939; Compagno et al., 2005) consists of a medial cusp flanked by two cusplets on each side.</p><p>The dermal denticles of E. burgessi are present over most of the body surface, and are useful for identification. Indeed, dermal denticles are present on the second dorsal fin surface of the new species. All of the other species examined have denticles on this surface except E. molleri, for which this area is relatively smooth (Yamakawa et al., 1986; direct observation). The ventral surface of the snout of E. burgessi has a thick grouping of dermal denticles, but in contrast, E. brachyurus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8F7B473A-94A2-4E15-A77E-C19122CD8306" title="Lookup 'E. brachyurus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> displays a pattern where denticles are lacking around the nasals and along the medial section of the snout. The ventral snout of E. lucifer <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3A7559E3-1A87-43E6-8A2B-F026C8631D20" title="Lookup 'E. lucifer' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> and E. molleri is sparsely covered with denticles.</p><p>The known distribution of Etmopterus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:82206F20-179E-4058-83D9-ABD1190748A8" title="Lookup 'Etmopterus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> species in the western North Pacific is problematic given the apparent high degree of endemism within this group. At the present, E. burgessi is known only from off the east coast of Taiwan. The other four “ E. lucifer group <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3A7559E3-1A87-43E6-8A2B-F026C8631D20" title="Lookup 'E. lucifer group' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> ” etmopterids, E. brachyurus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8F7B473A-94A2-4E15-A77E-C19122CD8306" title="Lookup 'E. brachyurus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span>, E. lucifer <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3A7559E3-1A87-43E6-8A2B-F026C8631D20" title="Lookup 'E. lucifer' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span>, E. molleri, and E. splendidus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:30ADB75B-A4AA-44F6-8C06-4F2F773F19B1" title="Lookup 'E. splendidus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> have variously been reported from Taiwanese waters. However, despite extensive field sampling and examination of museum specimens, we can only confirm the presence of E. brachyurus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8F7B473A-94A2-4E15-A77E-C19122CD8306" title="Lookup 'E. brachyurus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> and E. splendidus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:30ADB75B-A4AA-44F6-8C06-4F2F773F19B1" title="Lookup 'E. splendidus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span>, both of which were quite commonly observed at Taiwanese fish markets. Etmopterus brachyurus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8F7B473A-94A2-4E15-A77E-C19122CD8306" title="Lookup 'Etmopterus brachyurus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span>, originally described from the Philippines (Smith &amp; Radcliffe, 1912), has been reported throughout the western Pacific from Japan to Australia (Compagno et al., 2005). Etmopterus splendidus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:30ADB75B-A4AA-44F6-8C06-4F2F773F19B1" title="Lookup 'Etmopterus splendidus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> was originally described from southern Japan (Yano, 1988) and has since been found in Taiwan and possibly Java, Indonesia (Compagno et al., 2005). Although we did not collect E. lucifer <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3A7559E3-1A87-43E6-8A2B-F026C8631D20" title="Lookup 'E. lucifer' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> or E. molleri both have variously been reported by several authors (Teng, 1959; Chen, 1963; Joung &amp; Chen, 1992; Compagno et al. 2005) as occurring in Taiwanese waters. Shen and Ting (1972) documented two forms of E. lucifer <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3A7559E3-1A87-43E6-8A2B-F026C8631D20" title="Lookup 'E. lucifer' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> from the waters around Taiwan. However, based on the illustrations of Shen and Ting (1972: Fig 2-A &amp; 2-B) the two E. lucifer <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3A7559E3-1A87-43E6-8A2B-F026C8631D20" title="Lookup 'E. lucifer' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> forms are actually examples of E. molleri and E. splendidus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:30ADB75B-A4AA-44F6-8C06-4F2F773F19B1" title="Lookup 'E. splendidus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span>, respectively. Furthermore, according to Joung and Chen (1992), the description of E. lucifer <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3A7559E3-1A87-43E6-8A2B-F026C8631D20" title="Lookup 'E. lucifer' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> by Chen (1963) is actually that of E. molleri; an observation with which we concur. Compagno et al. (2005) commented that the presence of E. lucifer <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3A7559E3-1A87-43E6-8A2B-F026C8631D20" title="Lookup 'E. lucifer' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span>, originally described from Japan, needed confirmation from some western Pacific localities. Etmopterus molleri, originally described from Australian waters, has been reported to occur throughout the western Pacific, including New Zealand, Taiwan, and Japan (Compagno et al., 2005). Although this species has been illustrated (Shen &amp; Ting 1972) and reported (Joung &amp; Chen, 1992) as occurring in Taiwanese waters, we could not confirm its occurrence.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/344C86581FC1697BEC11A8434C953C2F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jayna A. Schaaf-da Silva;David A. Ebert	Jayna A. Schaaf-da Silva, David A. Ebert (2006): Etmopterus burgessi sp. nov., a new species of lanternshark (Squaliformes: Etmopteridae) from Taiwan. Zootaxa 1373: 53-64, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D574008E-BEE5-41BF-B9B9-2B1D88C7A7D1
B40770E80B6D0806E95EB676BF72E98B.text	B40770E80B6D0806E95EB676BF72E98B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Etmopterus	<div><p>[[ Etmopterus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:82206F20-179E-4058-83D9-ABD1190748A8" title="Lookup 'Etmopterus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> ]]</p><p>Key to the Etmopterus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:82206F20-179E-4058-83D9-ABD1190748A8" title="Lookup 'Etmopterus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> species of Western North Pacific</p><p>1a. Dermal denticles not arranged in longitudinal rows ..................................................... 2</p><p>1b. Dermal denticles arranged in longitudinal rows ........................................................... 3</p><p>2a. Upper teeth with 4-5 cusplets, gill openings very short .................... E. decacuspidatus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AF42C87F-ED09-4245-88E5-6DCEE277F46E" title="Lookup 'E. decacuspidatus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span></p><p>2b. Upper teeth usually 2 cusplets, gill openings fairly large ............................. E. unicolor</p><p>3a. Pelvic-fin flank marking without a posterior branch ................................. E. splendidus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:30ADB75B-A4AA-44F6-8C06-4F2F773F19B1" title="Lookup 'E. splendidus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span></p><p>3b. Pelvic-fin flank marking with a posterior branch 4 ..................................................... 11</p><p>4a. Second dorsal fin surface lacking dermal denticles. Central caudal marking &lt;5% TL .. ......................................................................................................................... E. molleri</p><p>4b. Second dorsal fin surface with dermal denticles present. Central caudal marking usually&gt;5% TL .................................................................................................................. 5</p><p>5a. Caudal peduncle relatively long, 13.7-15.5% TL. Branches of flank marking very long; posterior branch extending well past the second dorsal fin ............ E. brachyurus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8F7B473A-94A2-4E15-A77E-C19122CD8306" title="Lookup 'E. brachyurus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span></p><p>5b. Caudal peduncle relatively short, 11.1-12.8% TL. Branches of flank marking short; posterior branch not extending past second dorsal fin .................................................. 6</p><p>6a. Gill openings moderately long, snout narrow. Ventral surface of snout lacking dermal denticles. Color in life brown above, black below........................................... E. lucifer <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3A7559E3-1A87-43E6-8A2B-F026C8631D20" title="Lookup 'E. lucifer' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span></p><p>6b. Gill openings very long, snout broad. Ventral surface of snout covered with thick dermal denticles. Color in life dark gray above, black below............................ E. burgessi</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B40770E80B6D0806E95EB676BF72E98B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jayna A. Schaaf-da Silva;David A. Ebert	Jayna A. Schaaf-da Silva, David A. Ebert (2006): Etmopterus burgessi sp. nov., a new species of lanternshark (Squaliformes: Etmopteridae) from Taiwan. Zootaxa 1373: 53-64, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D574008E-BEE5-41BF-B9B9-2B1D88C7A7D1
3C9E18003123290EBF222BFC9D216E2C.text	3C9E18003123290EBF222BFC9D216E2C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Etmopterus brachyurus	<div><p>Etmopterus brachyurus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8F7B473A-94A2-4E15-A77E-C19122CD8306" title="Lookup 'Etmopterus brachyurus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span>,</p><p>17 specimens (8 males, 267-305 mm TL and 9 females, 261-325 mm TL), all collected by David A. Ebert, Ta-Chi, Taiwan (24°53' N, 122° 01' E), April-May 1988, by trawler between 100-300 m deep.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3C9E18003123290EBF222BFC9D216E2C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jayna A. Schaaf-da Silva;David A. Ebert	Jayna A. Schaaf-da Silva, David A. Ebert (2006): Etmopterus burgessi sp. nov., a new species of lanternshark (Squaliformes: Etmopteridae) from Taiwan. Zootaxa 1373: 53-64, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D574008E-BEE5-41BF-B9B9-2B1D88C7A7D1
8AD7A3A23E49F420C4B5B878F7EE866C.text	8AD7A3A23E49F420C4B5B878F7EE866C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Etmopterus lucifer	<div><p>Etmopterus lucifer <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3A7559E3-1A87-43E6-8A2B-F026C8631D20" title="Lookup 'Etmopterus lucifer' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span>,</p><p>2 specimens - Holotype. CAS-SU 6863, male, 278 mm TL, Misaki, Japan; CAS 23662, male, 308 mm TL, off Sandai, Japan .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8AD7A3A23E49F420C4B5B878F7EE866C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jayna A. Schaaf-da Silva;David A. Ebert	Jayna A. Schaaf-da Silva, David A. Ebert (2006): Etmopterus burgessi sp. nov., a new species of lanternshark (Squaliformes: Etmopteridae) from Taiwan. Zootaxa 1373: 53-64, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D574008E-BEE5-41BF-B9B9-2B1D88C7A7D1
1B3A4C50E236EE50FC40AC80461DE366.text	1B3A4C50E236EE50FC40AC80461DE366.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Etmopterus molleri	<div><p>Etmopterus molleri,</p><p>3 specimens - CAS-SU 23779, female, 347 mm TL, off Sagami Nada; CAS 11225, female, 293 mm TL; CAS 11225, female, 265mm TL, off Misaki, Japan .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1B3A4C50E236EE50FC40AC80461DE366	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jayna A. Schaaf-da Silva;David A. Ebert	Jayna A. Schaaf-da Silva, David A. Ebert (2006): Etmopterus burgessi sp. nov., a new species of lanternshark (Squaliformes: Etmopteridae) from Taiwan. Zootaxa 1373: 53-64, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D574008E-BEE5-41BF-B9B9-2B1D88C7A7D1
62A75C0EAC4946EC7586D2C4B8A613B0.text	62A75C0EAC4946EC7586D2C4B8A613B0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Etmopterus splendidus	<div><p>Etmopterus splendidus <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:30ADB75B-A4AA-44F6-8C06-4F2F773F19B1" title="Lookup 'Etmopterus splendidus' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span>,</p><p>22 specimens (9 males, 195-225 mm TL and 13 females, 206-259 mm TL), all collected by David A. Ebert, Ta-Chi, Taiwan (24° 53' N, 122° 01' E), April-May 1988, by trawler between 100-300 m deep.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/62A75C0EAC4946EC7586D2C4B8A613B0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jayna A. Schaaf-da Silva;David A. Ebert	Jayna A. Schaaf-da Silva, David A. Ebert (2006): Etmopterus burgessi sp. nov., a new species of lanternshark (Squaliformes: Etmopteridae) from Taiwan. Zootaxa 1373: 53-64, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D574008E-BEE5-41BF-B9B9-2B1D88C7A7D1
