taxonID	type	description	language	source
C63C340FB7314A6D1292F9AE6EEB95B1.taxon	discussion	Characters refer to male and female unless specified otherwise. Refer to the generic diagnoses of Wounaan and Yekuana for more extensive diagnostic character combinations. Characters yet to be confirmed but presumed to occur in R. kovariki and T. ruschii (even if confirmed in T. aff. ruschii) are indicated by (γ) and (), respectively. The females of W. yarigui, Y. venezolensis, and Y. wanadi remain unknown.	en	Botero-Trujillo, Ricardo, Moreno-González, Jairo A., Prendini, Lorenzo (2024): Phylogeny of the Neotropical Hypoctonine Whip-Scorpions (Thelyphonida, Thelyphonidae), with Descriptions of Two New Genera and Species. Insects 15, No. 761: 1-39, DOI: 10.3390/insects15100761
C63C340FB7334A661292FF5D690B9581.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 4514 BBD 7 - 1 F 35 - 41 EB-BB 54 - 949080 F 13872 Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3 A, Figure 4 A, C, Figure 5 A, C, Figure 6 A, B, Figure 7 A, C, E, Figure 8 A, C, E, Figure 9 A, Figure 10 A, C, Figure 11 A, C, E, Figure 12 A – C; Figure 13 A, B, Figure 16 D, E, Figures 17 B, 18 C and 19 D and Table 1	en	Botero-Trujillo, Ricardo, Moreno-González, Jairo A., Prendini, Lorenzo (2024): Phylogeny of the Neotropical Hypoctonine Whip-Scorpions (Thelyphonida, Thelyphonidae), with Descriptions of Two New Genera and Species. Insects 15, No. 761: 1-39, DOI: 10.3390/insects15100761
C63C340FB7334A661292FF5D690B9581.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species. Thelyphonellus vanegasae Giupponi and Vasconcelos, 2008 [= Wounaan vanegasae (Giupponi and Vasconcelos, 2008), comb. n.], here designated.	en	Botero-Trujillo, Ricardo, Moreno-González, Jairo A., Prendini, Lorenzo (2024): Phylogeny of the Neotropical Hypoctonine Whip-Scorpions (Thelyphonida, Thelyphonidae), with Descriptions of Two New Genera and Species. Insects 15, No. 761: 1-39, DOI: 10.3390/insects15100761
C63C340FB7334A661292FF5D690B9581.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Wounaan may be separated from the other Neotropical genera of Hypoctoninae, i. e., Thelyphonellus, Ravilops, and Yekuana, as follows. The anterior margin of the carapace (♂) is slightly pointed or semi-elliptical in Wounaan (Figure 4 A), whereas it is markedly pointed in Yekuana (Figure 4 B). The fovea (at least in the ♂) is short, aligned with the trochanter of leg III, and very shallow (barely visible) to moderately shallow (distinct) in Wounaan (Figure 4 A) but elongated, aligned with the trochanter of leg III, and slightly extending beyond it anteriorly, and deep or moderate in Thelyphonellus (at least T. amazonicus and T. aff. ruschii) and Yekuana (e. g., Figure 4 B). The carapace of Wounaan bears a moderate to pronounced, longitudinally raised surface anteromedially (Figure 4 A) that is absent in the other genera (e. g., Figure 4 B). The median sternum (mesosternum) of Wounaan has two markedly sclerotized and pigmented areas, anteriorly and posteriorly, separated by a pale depigmented area medially (Figure 16 D, E), whereas the mesosternum of Yekuana is markedly sclerotized and pigmented across its entirety (Figure 16 F), and that of Ravilops (at least R. wetherbeei) is only markedly sclerotized and pigmented anteriorly, with the rest of the mesosternum being pale and depigmented (Figure 16 B). Several differences in pedipalp morphology exist between Wounaan and the other genera. The cuticle of the pedipalp dorsal and retrolateral surfaces is predominantly smooth but with fine yet distinct reticulation (visible at great magnification) in Wounaan, whereas it is entirely smooth in the other genera, except for the chela fingers, which are minutely reticulate (visible at great magnification) in Ravilops (at least R. wetherbeei) and Yekuana. The principal (fourth) prodorsal tubercle of the pedipalp trochanter (♂) is similar to or shorter than the adjacent (third and fifth) tubercles in Wounaan (Figure 7 A) but larger than the adjacent (third and fifth) tubercles in Thelyphonellus, Ravilops, and Yekuana (e. g., Figure 7 B). The proventral distal tubercle of the trochanter (♂) is moderately enlarged (about as long as broad) in Wounaan, markedly enlarged (much longer than broad) in Ravilops, and small and not enlarged in Thelyphonellus (at least T. amazonicus and T. aff. ruschii). The proventral tubercle of the pedipalp femur (♂) is large and spiniform in Wounaan (Figure 7 C) but moderate and subspiniform in Thelyphonellus (at least T. amazonicus and T. aff. ruschii) and Yekuana (e. g., Figure 7 D). The pedipalp patellar apophysis (♂) is long, its length greater than the patella width, in Wounaan (Figure 7 E) but moderate, its length slightly less than the patella width, in the other genera (e. g., Figure 7 F). The prolateral (anterior) margin of the patellar apophysis (♂) bears a row of 7 – 9 granules (not including the apex) in Wounaan (Figure 7 E) compared to a row of 4 – 5 granules in Thelyphonellus and a row of 3 – 5 granules in Yekuana (Figure 7 F). The proventral distal tubercle of the patella (♂) is moderate and distinct in Wounaan, whereas it is small in Thelyphonellus (at least T. amazonicus and T. aff. ruschii) and small or obsolete in Yekuana. The pedipalp tibia (manus) (♂) is markedly expanded dorsoventrally (subcircular in lateral aspect, not barrel-shaped) in Wounaan (Figure 8 A, C and Figure 17 B) but unmodified and not dorsoventrally expanded (barrel-shaped) in Ravilops (at least R. wetherbeei), Thelyphonellus, and Yekuana (e. g., Figure 8 B, D and Figure 17 A, C). The proventral distal tubercle of the tibia (manus) (♂) is large and spiniform in Wounaan (Figure 8 C, E) but small, rounded or subtriangular in Thelyphonellus (at least T. amazonicus and T. aff. ruschii) and small and rounded in Yekuana (Figure 8 F). The ventral part of the retrolateral surface of the tibia (manus) (i. e., the retrolateral surface aligned with the movable finger) (♂) is planar to noticeably concave in Wounaan (Figure 8 A, C and Figure 17 B), whereas it is unmodified and slightly convex, like the rest of the retrolateral surface, in Ravilops (at least R. wetherbeei), Thelyphonellus (at least T. amazonicus and T. aff. ruschii), and Yekuana (e. g., Figure 8 B, D and Figure 17 A, C). The ventral row of denticles on the pedipalp fixed (tibial) finger (♂) is slightly to markedly sinuous in retrolateral aspect in Wounaan (Figures 8 A and 17 B) but linear in retrolateral aspect in Ravilops, Thelyphonellus (at least T. amazonicus and T. aff. ruschii), and Yekuana (Figures 8 B and 17 A, C). The basal lobe of the dorsal row of denticles on the pedipalp movable finger (tarsus) (♂) is obsolete in Wounaan (Figures 8 A and 17 B) but pronounced in Yekuana (Figures 8 B and 17 C). The dorsal row of denticles on the tarsus (♂) bears a distinct, shallow distal lobe in Wounaan (Figures 8 A and 17 B) that is absent in Thelyphonellus (at least T. amazonicus and T. aff. ruschii) and Yekuana (Figures 8 B and 17 A, C).	en	Botero-Trujillo, Ricardo, Moreno-González, Jairo A., Prendini, Lorenzo (2024): Phylogeny of the Neotropical Hypoctonine Whip-Scorpions (Thelyphonida, Thelyphonidae), with Descriptions of Two New Genera and Species. Insects 15, No. 761: 1-39, DOI: 10.3390/insects15100761
C63C340FB7334A661292FF5D690B9581.taxon	discussion	There are also several differences in the opisthosomal morphology between Wounaan and the other genera. Tergite I is entire, II – IV each exhibit a distinct median longitudinal suture (complete in II and III but only present anteriorly in IV), and the other tergites are undivided in Wounaan (♂) (Figure 5 A), whereas tergite I is entire, II and III each exhibit a distinct median longitudinal suture (complete), IV and to a lesser extent V only exhibit a longitudinal suture anteriorly (obsolete in both), and the other tergites are undivided in Yekuana (♂) (Figure 5 B); tergite I is entire, II and III each exhibit a distinct median longitudinal suture (complete), IV and to a lesser extent V – VIII only exhibit a longitudinal suture anteriorly (obsolete in all but IV), and the other tergites are undivided in Thelyphonellus (at least T. amazonicus and T. aff. ruschii) (♂); and tergite I is partially divided (posteriorly only) and terminating in a triangular hyaline area, II and III each exhibit a distinct median longitudinal suture (complete), IV and to a lesser extent V only exhibit a longitudinal suture anteriorly (obsolete in both), and the other tergites are undivided in Ravilops (at least R. wetherbeei) (♂). The posterior margin of sternite II (genital) (♂) is moderately expanded (enlarged and lobate) and sinuous posteromedially in Wounaan (Figure 5 C) but moderately expanded (enlarged and lobate) and semicircular along the entire margin in Yekuana (Figure 5 D) and markedly expanded (enlarged and lobate) and semicircular along the entire margin (significantly larger than in ♀) in Thelyphonellus (at least T. amazonicus and T. aff. ruschii). The opisthosomal segment XII (distal segment of pygidium) of Wounaan bears a pair of well-developed, medium-sized dorsolateral ommatoids (Figure 12 A, B) that are obsolete, very small and barely visible or absent in Thelyphonellus and absent in Yekuana (Figure 12 D, E).	en	Botero-Trujillo, Ricardo, Moreno-González, Jairo A., Prendini, Lorenzo (2024): Phylogeny of the Neotropical Hypoctonine Whip-Scorpions (Thelyphonida, Thelyphonidae), with Descriptions of Two New Genera and Species. Insects 15, No. 761: 1-39, DOI: 10.3390/insects15100761
C63C340FB7334A661292FF5D690B9581.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The new genus is named in honor of the Wounaan (a. k. a., Wauna, Waunana, Chanco, or Noanamá), a semi-nomadic indigenous tribe inhabiting the Choco biogeographical region of Colombia. The word “ Wounaan ” in the Embera dialect means “ good man, friend-people. ” The name is feminine in gender.	en	Botero-Trujillo, Ricardo, Moreno-González, Jairo A., Prendini, Lorenzo (2024): Phylogeny of the Neotropical Hypoctonine Whip-Scorpions (Thelyphonida, Thelyphonidae), with Descriptions of Two New Genera and Species. Insects 15, No. 761: 1-39, DOI: 10.3390/insects15100761
C63C340FB7334A661292FF5D690B9581.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Recorded in the Valle del Cauca and Santander departments of Colombia (Figure 2).	en	Botero-Trujillo, Ricardo, Moreno-González, Jairo A., Prendini, Lorenzo (2024): Phylogeny of the Neotropical Hypoctonine Whip-Scorpions (Thelyphonida, Thelyphonidae), with Descriptions of Two New Genera and Species. Insects 15, No. 761: 1-39, DOI: 10.3390/insects15100761
C63C340FB73A4A7C1292F9AD6FAD95DD.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: A 482587 D-BEBF- 4 FBE-A 34 D-BD 03 ECC 944 E 5 Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3 A, Figure 4 A, C, Figure 5 A, C, Figure 6 A, B, Figure 7 A, C, E, Figure 8 A, C, E, Figure 9 A, Figure 10 A, C, Figure 11 A, C, E, Figure 12 A – C, Figure 13 A, B and Figure 16 E and Table 1	en	Botero-Trujillo, Ricardo, Moreno-González, Jairo A., Prendini, Lorenzo (2024): Phylogeny of the Neotropical Hypoctonine Whip-Scorpions (Thelyphonida, Thelyphonidae), with Descriptions of Two New Genera and Species. Insects 15, No. 761: 1-39, DOI: 10.3390/insects15100761
C63C340FB73A4A7C1292F9AD6FAD95DD.taxon	materials_examined	Type Material. Holotype ♂ (IAvH I 2831), COLOMBIA: Santander Department: Carmen de Chucurí, Vereda La Belleza, 06 ◦ 34 ′ 13 ′′ N 73 ◦ 34 ′ 15 ′′ W, 844 m, tropical humid forest, pitfall, 22. ii. 2018, J. C. Neita, E. Torres, and M. I. Castro.	en	Botero-Trujillo, Ricardo, Moreno-González, Jairo A., Prendini, Lorenzo (2024): Phylogeny of the Neotropical Hypoctonine Whip-Scorpions (Thelyphonida, Thelyphonidae), with Descriptions of Two New Genera and Species. Insects 15, No. 761: 1-39, DOI: 10.3390/insects15100761
C63C340FB73A4A7C1292F9AD6FAD95DD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Wounaan yarigui differs from Wounaan vanegasae as follows. The anterior margin of the carapace (♂) is semi-elliptical in W. yarigui (Figure 4 A) but slightly pointed in W. vanegasae. The anteromedian raised surface of the carapace (i. e., anterior to the median ocular area) is pronounced, obscuring the anteromedian epistome in dorsal aspect, in W. yarigui (at least in the ♂) (Figure 4 A) but moderate, not obscuring the epistome, in W. vanegasae. The fovea is very shallow and barely visible in W. yarigui (at least in the ♂) (Figure 4 A) but moderately shallow and distinct in W. vanegasae. The posterior pigmented area of the median sternum (mesosternum), which is typically infolded and not exposed, is divided longitudinally in W. yarigui (Figure 16 E), but entire in W. vanegasae (Figure 16 D). The pedipalp chela has a conspicuous scabrose surface retrolaterally and, to a lesser extent, dorsally in W. yarigui (at least in the ♂) (Figure 8 A, C and Figure 9 A), whereas the chela is predominantly smooth in W. vanegasae (Figure 17 B). The ventral part of the retrolateral surface of the pedipalp chela manus (i. e., the retrolateral surface aligned with the movable finger) (♂) is noticeably concave in W. yarigui (Figure 8 A, C) but planar in W. vanegasae (Figure 17 B). The retrolateral surface of the pedipalp fixed finger (♂) is planar in W. yarigui (Figure 8 A, C) but slightly convex, like the retrolateral surface of manus, in W. vanegasae (Figure 17 B). The ventral row of denticles on the pedipalp fixed finger (♂) is markedly sinuous in retrolateral aspect in W. yarigui (Figure 8 A) but slightly sinuous in W. vanegasae (Figure 17 B).	en	Botero-Trujillo, Ricardo, Moreno-González, Jairo A., Prendini, Lorenzo (2024): Phylogeny of the Neotropical Hypoctonine Whip-Scorpions (Thelyphonida, Thelyphonidae), with Descriptions of Two New Genera and Species. Insects 15, No. 761: 1-39, DOI: 10.3390/insects15100761
C63C340FB73A4A7C1292F9AD6FAD95DD.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition honoring the Yariguí indigenous people, a tribe that once inhabited the cloud forests of the Serranía de los Yariguíes, where the new species was collected.	en	Botero-Trujillo, Ricardo, Moreno-González, Jairo A., Prendini, Lorenzo (2024): Phylogeny of the Neotropical Hypoctonine Whip-Scorpions (Thelyphonida, Thelyphonidae), with Descriptions of Two New Genera and Species. Insects 15, No. 761: 1-39, DOI: 10.3390/insects15100761
C63C340FB73A4A7C1292F9AD6FAD95DD.taxon	description	Description. Based on the holotype male (IAvH I 2831). Female unknown. Total length: Adult length, measured from anterior margin of carapace to posterior margin of pygidium (segment XII), 20.6 mm (Figure 3 A, Table 1). Color: Carapace and tergites dark reddish brown (Figures 4 A and 5 C). Sternites yellowish to brown, II – VIII each paler, yellow medially, brown laterally (Figure 5 C); IX entirely brown. Pygidium yellowish brown (Figure 12 A – C). Flagellum reddish brown, covered with reddish macrosetae, segments with anterior and posterior margins yellow (Figure 13 A, B). Pedipalp trochanter, femur, patella, tibia, and tarsus reddish chestnut (Figure 7 A, C, E and Figure 8 A, C, E); coxae paler (Figure 4 C). Legs yellowish to reddish brown, becoming progressively paler distally with tibia and tarsi yellow (Figures 3 A and 10 A, C). Chelicerae: Movable finger longer than fixed finger, hinged along dorsal margin, prolateral surface with dense brush of long, curved, reddish macrosetae (Figure 6 A, B); distal half of manus, prolateral, ventral, and to a lesser extent retrolateral surfaces each with dense brush of sublinear, reddish macrosetae; fixed finger with two well-developed teeth of similar size. Prosoma: Carapace surface scabrose, with shallow granules (Figure 4 A); anterior margin semi-elliptical; fovea short, very shallow, aligned with leg III trochanter; anteromedian epistome pronounced, acute; anterior third of carapace with distinct, smooth W-shaped area, without anterolateral oblique carinae between median and lateral ocelli; part of carapace anterior to median ocular surface raised medially, obscuring anteromedian epistome in dorsal aspect (Figure 4 A); median ocular area without superciliary carina between ocelli; lateral ocular tubercle with three (anterior, median, and posterior) medium to large, yellow peripheral ocelli surrounding two (anterodorsal and posteroventral) minute, darkened central ocelli (similar to Figure 15 A). Anterior sternum (prosternum) without median longitudinal suture (Figures 4 C and 16 E); posterior stylet-like part relatively broad, arrow-shaped, and completely exposed, not obscured by coxae of legs II. Median sternum (mesosternum) infolded, not completely exposed; markedly sclerotized, pigmented areas anteriorly (exposed) and posteriorly (obscured), separated by pale, depigmented area medially (Figure 16 E); posterior pigmented area longitudinally divided. Pedipalps: Surfaces predominantly smooth and shiny, but with fine yet distinct reticulation (visible at great magnification) (Figure 7 A, C, E and Figure 8 A, C, E). Coxa smooth ventrally; apophysis densely covered with macrosetae, terminating anteriorly in tubercle. Trochanter smooth dorsally and retrolaterally (Figure 7 A), coarsely granular prolaterally, and sparsely granular ventrally; prodorsal surface with five tubercles; principal (fourth) tubercle round, shorter than adjacent (third and fifth) tubercles (Figure 7 A); proventral surface with two tubercles, proximal tubercle small, distal tubercle moderately enlarged. Femur smooth dorsally (Figure 7 C), retrolaterally, and ventrally, predominantly smooth prolaterally; prodorsal surface with or without obsolete tubercle; proventral surface with large spiniform tubercle (Figure 7 C). Patella smooth dorsally (Figure 7 E), retrolaterally, and ventrally, predominantly smooth prolaterally; proventral surface with moderate distal tubercle, distinct. Patellar apophysis longer than patella width (Figure 7 E and Table 1); anterior margin with serrate row of 7 or 8 granules; posterior margin without granules. Tibia bulky (not barrel-shaped), manus markedly expanded dorsoventrally, subcircular in lateral aspect (Figure 8 A, C, E); retrolateral surface and to a lesser extent dorsal surface with conspicuous scabrose surface covering large part of manus and extending onto fixed finger (Figure 8 A, C and Figure 9 A), prolateral surface sparsely granular, ventral surface smooth; manus prodorsal margin with row of prominent granules extending onto fixed finger (Figure 8 C); proventral surface with large, spiniform distal tubercle (Figure 8 C, E); ventral part of retrolateral surface of manus (i. e., retrolateral surface aligned with movable finger) noticeably concave (Figure 8 A, C). Fixed finger, ventral margin with serrate row of denticles; retrolateral surface planar (Figure 8 A, C); row of denticles markedly sinuous in retrolateral aspect (Figure 8 A). Tarsus (movable finger), dorsal margin with serrate row of denticles and obsolete basal lobe (Figure 8 A); distal lobe shallow (possibly produced by subtle median emargination of denticle row); proventral margin with serrate row of denticles progressively increasing in size distally (Figure 8 C, E); prolateral surface with smooth longitudinal carina between denticle rows. Legs: Leg I tarsus, first tarsomere shortest, shorter than wide, fourth to sixth about as long as wide, seventh and eighth slightly longer than wide, and second, third, and ninth about three times longer than wide (Figure 10 A, C); ninth tarsomere terminating in single claw (or clawlike seta) (Figure 10 C). Legs II – IV basitarsi each with proventral and retroventral spurs distally; telotarsi each with ventral macrosetae setiform and arranged irregularly, not in rows. Leg IV tibia with proventral spur distally. Tibia dorsal surface with one (legs II – IV) or two (leg I) trichobothria distally. Opisthosoma: Tergites surface scabrose, densely granular (Figure 5 A); I undivided (entire), II – IV each with distinct median longitudinal suture, complete (II and III) or partial, anteriorly only (IV), V – IX undivided (entire); II and III unmodified, each similar in length to IV, or II slightly longer; II – VIII, posterior margins unmodified, linear (not emarginate). Pleural membranes densely covered with markedly sclerotized, elongated granules (similar to Figure 9 B). Sternites densely punctate, lateral margins scabrose (Figure 5 C); II (genital) undivided (entire), dorsal (internal) surface with genital sclerites relatively simple (Figure 11 A, C, E), posterior margin moderately enlarged and lobate (dilate), especially medially, border sinuous (Figure 5 C); III and IV each with median longitudinal suture, weakly defined on III, complete on IV, otherwise unmodified; V – VIII each with median longitudinal suture vestigial (anteriorly only); IX undivided (entire); V – IX unmodified. Segments X – XII forming narrow, annular pygidium (Figure 12 A – C); XII (anal segment), dorsal surface slightly angular posteriorly, dorsolateral ommatoids well developed, medium-sized, circular (Figure 12 A, B). Pygidial flagellum comprising at least 13 segments (additional segments may be missing); each segment with numerous macrosetae (some missing), without ventromedian ommatoids; segment length usually three to five times the maximum width but up to eight or ten times the maximum width in some cases (Figure 13 A, B); similar to or shorter than posterior segment of pygidium (XII); basal (first) segment unmodified, linear in lateral aspect. Male gonopods: Chitinized arches and gonopods as in Figure 11 A, C, E. LoD circular, flat, and membranous; Fi medium, subtriangular, with sclerotized lateral tips; LoL 1 1.5 times broader than long, trapezoidal, membranous, globose, with vestigial sclerotized wrinkles and rounded posterior margin not extending beyond posterior margin of chitinized arch; LoL 2 membranose, flat, covered by LoL 1; Me 2.2 times longer than wide, subcylindrical, sclerotized laterally and becoming thinner posteriorly; LaM, Fu, and Pi absent. Chitinized arches of LoD and LoL 1 / LoL 2 fused; arches separate, not fused anteromedially and posteromedially; chitinized arch of LoD broad anteromedially; anterior and lateral margins of chitinized arch of LoL 1 / Lol 2 thin, posterior margin thicker.	en	Botero-Trujillo, Ricardo, Moreno-González, Jairo A., Prendini, Lorenzo (2024): Phylogeny of the Neotropical Hypoctonine Whip-Scorpions (Thelyphonida, Thelyphonidae), with Descriptions of Two New Genera and Species. Insects 15, No. 761: 1-39, DOI: 10.3390/insects15100761
C63C340FB73A4A7C1292F9AD6FAD95DD.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Wounaan yarigui is known only from the type locality, Carmen de Chucurí, in the Santander Department of Colombia (Figure 2).	en	Botero-Trujillo, Ricardo, Moreno-González, Jairo A., Prendini, Lorenzo (2024): Phylogeny of the Neotropical Hypoctonine Whip-Scorpions (Thelyphonida, Thelyphonidae), with Descriptions of Two New Genera and Species. Insects 15, No. 761: 1-39, DOI: 10.3390/insects15100761
C63C340FB72C4A711292FB146E6A9124.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 68003 E 41 - 7 E 5 F- 4829 - 8884 - B 88080 CCAE 31 Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3 B, Figure 4 B, D, Figure 5 B, D, Figure 6 C, D, Figure 7 B, D, F, Figure 8 B, D, F, Figure 9 B, Figure 10 B, D, Figure 11 B, D, Figure 12 D – F, Figures 13 C, 14, 16 F and 17 C and Table 1	en	Botero-Trujillo, Ricardo, Moreno-González, Jairo A., Prendini, Lorenzo (2024): Phylogeny of the Neotropical Hypoctonine Whip-Scorpions (Thelyphonida, Thelyphonidae), with Descriptions of Two New Genera and Species. Insects 15, No. 761: 1-39, DOI: 10.3390/insects15100761
C63C340FB72C4A711292FB146E6A9124.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species. Yekuana wanadi, sp. n., here designated.	en	Botero-Trujillo, Ricardo, Moreno-González, Jairo A., Prendini, Lorenzo (2024): Phylogeny of the Neotropical Hypoctonine Whip-Scorpions (Thelyphonida, Thelyphonidae), with Descriptions of Two New Genera and Species. Insects 15, No. 761: 1-39, DOI: 10.3390/insects15100761
C63C340FB72C4A711292FB146E6A9124.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Yekuana may be separated from the other Neotropical genera of Hypoctoninae, i. e., Wounaan, Thelyphonellus, and Ravilops, as follows. The anterior margin of the carapace (♂) is markedly pointed in Yekuana (Figure 4 B), whereas it is slightly pointed in Thelyphonellus (at least T. amazonicus and T. aff. ruschii) and slightly pointed or semi-elliptical in Wounaan (Figure 4 A). The fovea (at least in the ♂) is elongated, aligned with the trochanter of leg III and slightly extending beyond it anteriorly, and deep in Yekuana (Figure 4 B) but short, aligned with the trochanter of leg III, and very shallow (barely visible) to moderately shallow (distinct) in Ravilops (at least R. wetherbeei) and Wounaan (e. g., Figure 4 A). The carapace of Yekuana does not possess a longitudinal raised surface anteromedially (Figure 4 B), as in Wounaan (Figure 4 A). The median sternum (mesosternum) of Yekuana is markedly sclerotized and pigmented across its entirety (Figures 4 D and 16 F), whereas the mesosternum of Thelyphonellus (at least T. amazonicus and T. aff. ruschii) (Figure 16 C) and Wounaan (Figure 16 D, E) has two markedly-sclerotized and pigmented areas, anteriorly and posteriorly, separated by a pale depigmented area medially, and that of Ravilops (at least R. wetherbeei) (Figure 16 B) is only markedly sclerotized and pigmented anteriorly, with the rest of the mesosternum being pale and depigmented. Several differences in pedipalp morphology exist between Yekuana and the other genera. The cuticle of the pedipalp dorsal and retrolateral surfaces is entirely smooth, except for the chela fingers, which are minutely reticulate (visible at great magnification) in Yekuana, whereas it is entirely smooth in Thelyphonellus (at least T. amazonicus and T. aff. ruschii) and predominantly smooth but with fine yet distinct reticulation (visible at great magnification) in Wounaan. The principal (fourth) prodorsal tubercle of the pedipalp trochanter (♂) is larger than the other tubercles in Yekuana (Figure 7 B), whereas the tubercle is similar to or shorter than the adjacent (third and fifth) tubercles in Wounaan (Figure 7 A). The proventral distal tubercle of the trochanter (♂) is moderately enlarged (about as broad as long) or slightly enlarged (slightly longer than broad) in Yekuana but markedly enlarged (much longer than broad) in Ravilops and small and not enlarged in Thelyphonellus (at least T. amazonicus and T. aff. ruschii). The proventral tubercle of the pedipalp femur (♂) is moderate and subspiniform in Yekuana but large and spiniform in Ravilops (at least R. wetherbeei) and Wounaan (Figure 7 C). The pedipalp patellar apophysis (♂) is moderate, its length slightly less than the patella width, in Yekuana (Figure 7 F) but long, its length greater than the patella width, in Wounaan (Figure 7 E). The prolateral (anterior) margin of the patellar apophysis (♂) bears a row of 3 – 5 granules (not including the apex) in Yekuana (Figure 7 F) compared to a row of 6 – 9 granules in Ravilops and 7 – 9 granules in Wounaan (Figure 7 E). The patella proventral distal tubercle (♂) is small or obsolete in Yekuana (Figure 8 F), whereas it is moderate and distinct in Ravilops (at least R. wetherbeei) and Wounaan (e. g., Figure 8 E). The pedipalp tibia (manus) (♂) is unmodified and not dorsoventrally expanded (barrel-shaped) in Yekuana (Figure 8 B, D and Figure 17 C) but markedly expanded dorsoventrally (subcircular in lateral aspect, not barrel-shaped) in Wounaan (Figure 8 A, C and Figure 17 B). The proventral distal tubercle of the pedipalp tibia (manus) (♂) is small and rounded in Yekuana (Figure 8 F) but large and spiniform in Ravilops and Wounaan (e. g., Figure 8 C, E). The ventral part of the retrolateral surface of the tibia (manus) (i. e., the retrolateral surface aligned with the movable finger) (♂) is unmodified and slightly convex, like the rest of the retrolateral surface, in Yekuana (Figure 8 B, D and Figure 17 C), whereas it is planar to noticeably concave in Wounaan (Figure 8 A, C and Figure 17 B). The ventral row of denticles on the pedipalp fixed (tibial) finger (♂) is linear in retrolateral aspect in Yekuana (Figures 8 B and 17 C) but slightly to markedly sinuous in retrolateral aspect in Wounaan (Figures 8 A and 17 B). The basal lobe of the dorsal row of denticles on the pedipalp movable finger (tarsus) (♂) is pronounced in Yekuana (Figures 8 B and 17 C) but obsolete or absent in Ravilops, Thelyphonellus (at least T. amazonicus and T. aff. ruschii), and Wounaan (e. g., Figures 8 A and 17 A, B). The dorsal row of denticles on the tarsus (♂) lacks a distal lobe in Yekuana (Figures 8 B and 17 C) that is present (though small or shallow) in Ravilops (at least R. wetherbeei) and Wounaan (e. g., Figures 8 A and 17 B).	en	Botero-Trujillo, Ricardo, Moreno-González, Jairo A., Prendini, Lorenzo (2024): Phylogeny of the Neotropical Hypoctonine Whip-Scorpions (Thelyphonida, Thelyphonidae), with Descriptions of Two New Genera and Species. Insects 15, No. 761: 1-39, DOI: 10.3390/insects15100761
C63C340FB72C4A711292FB146E6A9124.taxon	discussion	There are also several differences in the opisthosomal morphology between Yekuana and the other genera. Tergite I is entire, II and III each exhibit a distinct median longitudinal suture (complete), IV and to a lesser extent V only exhibit a longitudinal suture anteriorly (obsolete in both), and the other tergites are undivided in Yekuana (♂) (Figure 5 B), whereas tergite I is partially divided (posteriorly only) and terminating in a triangular hyaline area, II and III each exhibit a distinct median longitudinal suture (complete), IV and to a lesser extent V only exhibit a longitudinal suture anteriorly (obsolete in both), and the other tergites are undivided in Ravilops (at least R. wetherbeei) (♂); tergite I is entire, II and III each exhibit a distinct median longitudinal suture (complete), IV and to lesser extent V – VIII only exhibit a longitudinal suture anteriorly (obsolete in all but IV), and the other tergites are undivided in Thelyphonellus (at least T. amazonicus and T. aff. ruschii) (♂); and tergite I is entire, II – IV each exhibit a distinct median longitudinal suture (complete in II and III and only present anteriorly in IV), and the other tergites are undivided in Wounaan (♂) (Figure 5 A). The posterior margin of sternite II (genital) (♂) is moderately expanded (enlarged and lobate) and semicircular along the entire margin in Yekuana (Figures 5 D and 11 B) but moderately expanded (enlarged and lobate) and sinuous posteromedially in Wounaan and Ravilops (e. g., Figures 5 C and 11 A) and markedly expanded (enlarged and lobate) and semicircular along the entire margin (significantly larger than in ♀) in Thelyphonellus (at least T. amazonicus and T. aff. ruschii). The opisthosomal segment XII (distal segment of pygidium) of Yekuana lacks dorsolateral ommatoids (Figure 12 D, E), unlike Ravilops and Wounaan, in which a pair of well-developed, medium-sized ommatoids is present (e. g., Figure 12 A, B).	en	Botero-Trujillo, Ricardo, Moreno-González, Jairo A., Prendini, Lorenzo (2024): Phylogeny of the Neotropical Hypoctonine Whip-Scorpions (Thelyphonida, Thelyphonidae), with Descriptions of Two New Genera and Species. Insects 15, No. 761: 1-39, DOI: 10.3390/insects15100761
C63C340FB72C4A711292FB146E6A9124.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The new genus is named in honor of the Ye’kuana, an indigenous tribe inhabiting the tropical forests of the Orinoco Basin in southern Venezuela (Bolívar State) and a small part of northern Brazil. The name is feminine in gender.	en	Botero-Trujillo, Ricardo, Moreno-González, Jairo A., Prendini, Lorenzo (2024): Phylogeny of the Neotropical Hypoctonine Whip-Scorpions (Thelyphonida, Thelyphonidae), with Descriptions of Two New Genera and Species. Insects 15, No. 761: 1-39, DOI: 10.3390/insects15100761
C63C340FB72C4A711292FB146E6A9124.taxon	materials_examined	An unidentified, adult male of Yekuana from Sifontes, a municipality in the Bolívar State of Venezuela, was examined during the study. The specimen is significantly smaller than the holotype of Y. venezolensis and resembles the holotype of Y. wanadi in several respects, including its smaller size (although slightly larger than the holotype of Y. wanadi) and similar shape of the anterior margin of the carapace and development of the pedipalp tubercles. Unfortunately, the specimen lacks the flagellum (apparently severed when the specimen was alive based on the presence of a scar), which could have enabled its identification to species, given the marked differences in flagellar morphology between the two species of Yekuana. The locality at which the unidentified specimen was collected is near the type locality of Y. venezolensis and far from that of Y. wanadi.	en	Botero-Trujillo, Ricardo, Moreno-González, Jairo A., Prendini, Lorenzo (2024): Phylogeny of the Neotropical Hypoctonine Whip-Scorpions (Thelyphonida, Thelyphonidae), with Descriptions of Two New Genera and Species. Insects 15, No. 761: 1-39, DOI: 10.3390/insects15100761
C63C340FB72C4A711292FB146E6A9124.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the state of Bolívar, Venezuela (Figure 2).	en	Botero-Trujillo, Ricardo, Moreno-González, Jairo A., Prendini, Lorenzo (2024): Phylogeny of the Neotropical Hypoctonine Whip-Scorpions (Thelyphonida, Thelyphonidae), with Descriptions of Two New Genera and Species. Insects 15, No. 761: 1-39, DOI: 10.3390/insects15100761
C63C340FB72E4A771292FC2B6F2E966B.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 5 E 94 C 048 - 6 BB 1 - 45 AF-B 8 B 7 - 2 A 23 CA 67296 C Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3 B, Figure 4 B, D, Figure 5 B, D, Figure 6 C, D, Figure 7 B, D, F, Figure 8 B, D, F, Figure 9 B, Figure 10 B, D, Figure 11 B, D, Figure 12 D – F, Figures 13 C, 14 and 16 F and Table 1	en	Botero-Trujillo, Ricardo, Moreno-González, Jairo A., Prendini, Lorenzo (2024): Phylogeny of the Neotropical Hypoctonine Whip-Scorpions (Thelyphonida, Thelyphonidae), with Descriptions of Two New Genera and Species. Insects 15, No. 761: 1-39, DOI: 10.3390/insects15100761
C63C340FB72E4A771292FC2B6F2E966B.taxon	materials_examined	Type Material. Holotype ♂ (AMNH IZC 325050), VENEZUELA: Edo. Bolívar: St. Elena de Uairén [Santa Elena de Uairén, 04 ◦ 36 ′ 23.2 ′′ N 61 ◦ 06 ′ 19.4 ′′ W], km 315, 14. xi. 2005 – ii. 2006, C. Seiderman.	en	Botero-Trujillo, Ricardo, Moreno-González, Jairo A., Prendini, Lorenzo (2024): Phylogeny of the Neotropical Hypoctonine Whip-Scorpions (Thelyphonida, Thelyphonidae), with Descriptions of Two New Genera and Species. Insects 15, No. 761: 1-39, DOI: 10.3390/insects15100761
C63C340FB72E4A771292FC2B6F2E966B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Yekuana wanadi differs from Y. venezolensis as follows. Yekuana wanadi is considerably smaller than Y. venezolensis (at least the ♂) (Table 1). The anterior margin of the carapace (♂) of Y. wanadi is less markedly pointed (Figure 4 B) than that of Y. venezolensis. The proventral distal tubercle on the pedipalp trochanter (♂) is moderate, about as long as broad in Y. wanadi but slightly enlarged and longer than broad in Y. venezolensis. The anterior margin of the pedipalp patellar apophysis (♂) is armed with five granules in Y. wanadi (Figure 7 F) but with three or four in Y. venezolensis. The first segment of the pygidial flagellum (♂) is very long, noticeably longer than the posterior segment of the pygidium (XII), and the other segments are short, about one-quarter the length of the first flagellar segment or less, in Y. wanadi (Figures 12 E and 13 C), whereas all segments of the flagellum are moderately elongated, similar to or shorter than the posterior segment of the pygidium, in Y. venezolensis. The first segment of the pygidial flagellum (♂) is sinuous and broadens posteriorly in lateral aspect in Y. wanadi (Figure 12 E) but linear and unmodified in lateral aspect in T. venezolensis.	en	Botero-Trujillo, Ricardo, Moreno-González, Jairo A., Prendini, Lorenzo (2024): Phylogeny of the Neotropical Hypoctonine Whip-Scorpions (Thelyphonida, Thelyphonidae), with Descriptions of Two New Genera and Species. Insects 15, No. 761: 1-39, DOI: 10.3390/insects15100761
C63C340FB72E4A771292FC2B6F2E966B.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition inspired by the Venezuelan myth of the “ Wanadi ”, the Creator, which tells a story of the Wanadi’s wish to make good people on Earth.	en	Botero-Trujillo, Ricardo, Moreno-González, Jairo A., Prendini, Lorenzo (2024): Phylogeny of the Neotropical Hypoctonine Whip-Scorpions (Thelyphonida, Thelyphonidae), with Descriptions of Two New Genera and Species. Insects 15, No. 761: 1-39, DOI: 10.3390/insects15100761
C63C340FB72E4A771292FC2B6F2E966B.taxon	description	Description. Based on the holotype male (AMNH IZC 325050). Female unknown. Total length: Adult length, measured from anterior margin of carapace to posterior margin of pygidium (segment XII), 19.95 mm (Figure 3 B, Table 1). Color: Carapace dark brown to blackish (Figure 4 B); tergites dark reddish brown (Figure 5 B). Sternites dark red, II – VIII each with medial part paler, orange-brown (Figure 5 D). Pygidium dark reddish brown (Figure 12 D – F). Flagellum reddish brown, covered with reddish macrosetae, segments with basal and distal margins yellow (Figures 12 E and 13 C). Pedipalp trochanter, femur, patella, tibia, and tarsus dark reddish brown (Figure 7 B, D, F and Figure 8 B, D, F); coxae paler, reddish brown (Figure 4 D). Legs dark red, becoming progressively paler distally with tarsi yellowish (Figures 3 B and 10 B, D). Chelicerae: Movable finger longer than fixed finger, hinged along dorsal margin, prolateral surface with dense brush of long, curved, reddish macrosetae (Figure 6 C, D); distal half of manus, prolateral, ventral, and to a lesser extent retrolateral surfaces each with dense brush of sublinear reddish macrosetae; fixed finger with two well-developed teeth of similar size. Prosoma: Carapace surface scabrose, punctate with shallow granules (Figure 4 B); anterior margin markedly pointed; fovea elongated, deep, aligned with leg III trochanter and extending slightly anteriorly; anteromedian epistome pronounced, acute; anterior third of carapace with distinct, smooth W-shaped area, without anterolateral oblique carinae between median and lateral ocelli; part of carapace anterior to median ocular surface not raised anteromedially (Figure 4 B); median ocular area without superciliary carina between ocelli; lateral ocular tubercle with three (anterior, median, and posterior) medium to large, yellow peripheral ocelli surrounding two (anterodorsal and posteroventral) minute, darkened central ocelli (similar to Figure 15 A). Anterior sternum (prosternum) without median longitudinal suture (Figures 44 D and 16 F); posterior stylet-like part relatively broad, arrow-shaped, and completely exposed, not obscured by coxae of legs II. Median sternum (mesosternum) infolded, not completely exposed (posterior part obscured), markedly sclerotized and entirely pigmented (Figure 16 F). Pedipalps: Surfaces predominantly smooth and shiny (Figure 7 B, D, F and Figure 8 B, D, F). Coxa smooth ventrally; apophysis densely covered with macrosetae, terminating anteriorly in tubercle. Trochanter smooth dorsally and retrolaterally (Figure 7 B), coarsely granular prolaterally, and sparsely granular ventrally; prodorsal surface with five tubercles plus small supernumerary tubercle basally on dextral pedipalp; principal (fourth) tubercle largest, spiniform (Figure 7 B); proventral surface with two tubercles, proximal tubercle small, distal tubercle moderately enlarged. Femur smooth dorsally (Figure 7 D), retrolaterally, and ventrally, coarsely granular prolaterally; prodorsal surface with obsolete tubercle; proventral surface with moderate, subspiniform tubercle. Patella smooth dorsally (Figure 7 F), retrolaterally, and ventrally, coarsely granular prolaterally; proventral surface with small distal tubercle. Patellar apophysis slightly shorter than patella width (Figure 7 F, Table 1); anterior margin with serrate row of five granules; posterior margin without granules. Tibia unmodified (Figure 8 B, D, F); smooth dorsally, retrolaterally, and ventrally, coarsely granular prolaterally; manus barrel-shaped, prodorsal margin with row of prominent granules extending onto fixed finger (Figure 8 D); proventral surface with small, rounded distal tubercle (Figure 8 F); retrolateral surface unmodified, convex (Figure 8 B, D). Fixed finger, ventral margin with serrate row of denticles; retrolateral surface unmodified, slightly convex like retrolateral surface of manus (Figure 8 B, D); row of denticles linear in retrolateral aspect (Figure 8 B). Tarsus (movable finger), dorsal margin with serrate row of denticles and pronounced basal lobe (Figure 8 B); distal lobe absent; proventral margin with serrate row of denticles progressively increasing in size distally; prolateral surface with smooth longitudinal carina between denticle rows. Legs: Leg I tarsus, first tarsomere shortest, shorter than wide, fifth to eighth slightly longer than wide, fourth more than twice as long as wide, and second, third, and ninth about three times longer than wide (Figure 10 B, D); ninth tarsomere terminating in single claw (or clawlike seta) (Figure 10 D). Legs II – IV basitarsi each with proventral and retroventral spurs distally; telotarsi each with ventral macrosetae setiform and arranged irregularly, not in rows. Leg IV tibia with proventral spur distally. Tibia dorsal surface with one (legs II – IV) or two (leg I) trichobothria distally. Opisthosoma: Tergites surface scabrose, densely granular (Figure 5 B); I undivided (entire), II and III each with distinct median longitudinal suture, complete, IV and to a lesser extent V each with median longitudinal suture anteriorly only (obsolete in both), VI – IX undivided (entire); II and III unmodified, each similar in length to IV, or II slightly longer; II – VIII, posterior margins unmodified, linear (not emarginate). Pleural membranes with abundant, markedly sclerotized, elongated granules (Figure 9 B). Sternites densely punctate (Figure 5 D); II (genital) undivided (entire), dorsal (internal) surface with genital sclerites relatively simple (Figure 11 B, D), posterior margin moderately enlarged and lobate (dilate), semicircular (Figure 5 D); III and IV each with median longitudinal suture nearly complete (III) or complete (IV), otherwise unmodified; V – VIII each with median longitudinal suture vestigial (anteriorly only); IX undivided (entire); V – IX unmodified. Segments X – XII forming narrow, annular pygidium (Figure 12 D – F); XII (anal segment), dorsal surface slightly angular posteriorly, dorsolateral ommatoids absent (Figure 12 D, E). Pygidial flagellum comprising at least 25 segments (some may be missing); each segment with numerous macrosetae, without ventromedian ommatoids; first segment very long (length five times the maximum width), distinctly longer than distal segment of pygidium (XII), sinuous in lateral aspect, broadening distally (Figures 12 E and 13 C); other segments short, about one-quarter length of first segment or less. Male gonopods: Chitinized arches and gonopods as in Figure 11 B, D. LoD circular, flat, and membranous; Fi small, subtriangular, with sclerotized lateral tips; LoL 1 1.7 times broader than long, trapezoidal in shape, membranous, globose, with few sclerotized wrinkles and rounded posterior margin extending beyond posterior margin of chitinized arch; LoL 2 membranose, flat, covered by LoL 1; Me subcylindrical, short, 1.8 times longer than wide, sclerotized with unsclerotized anteromedian notch; LaM sclerotized, extending posteriorly; Fu and Pi absent. Chitinized arches of LoD and LoL 1 / LoL 2 fused; arches separate, not fused anteromedially but fused posteromedially; chitinized arch of LoD width regular; anterior, lateral, and posterior margins of chitinized arch of LoL 1 / Lol 2 similar in width.	en	Botero-Trujillo, Ricardo, Moreno-González, Jairo A., Prendini, Lorenzo (2024): Phylogeny of the Neotropical Hypoctonine Whip-Scorpions (Thelyphonida, Thelyphonidae), with Descriptions of Two New Genera and Species. Insects 15, No. 761: 1-39, DOI: 10.3390/insects15100761
C63C340FB72E4A771292FC2B6F2E966B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Yekuana wanadi is known only from the type locality, Santa Elena de Uairén, in the state of Bolívar, Venezuela (Figure 2).	en	Botero-Trujillo, Ricardo, Moreno-González, Jairo A., Prendini, Lorenzo (2024): Phylogeny of the Neotropical Hypoctonine Whip-Scorpions (Thelyphonida, Thelyphonidae), with Descriptions of Two New Genera and Species. Insects 15, No. 761: 1-39, DOI: 10.3390/insects15100761
C63C340FB72B4A7412DAF8BB68F595F4.taxon	materials_examined	COLOMBIA: Valle del Cauca Department: 28 km E of Buenaventura [03 ◦ 51 ′ N 76 ◦ 49 ′ W], 50 m, ii. 1970, 1 ♂ (MCZ 64455); near Queremal [03 ◦ 31 ′ N 76 ◦ 42 ′ W], 74 km on new road Cali – Buenaventura, 12 – 13. ii. 1976, under rock, 1 juv. (MCZ 64451); San Francisco, Buenaventura [03 ◦ 52 ′ N 77 ◦ 02 ′ W], xii. 1988, 80 m, E. Flórez, 1 ♀ (IMCN 9931).	en	Botero-Trujillo, Ricardo, Moreno-González, Jairo A., Prendini, Lorenzo (2024): Phylogeny of the Neotropical Hypoctonine Whip-Scorpions (Thelyphonida, Thelyphonidae), with Descriptions of Two New Genera and Species. Insects 15, No. 761: 1-39, DOI: 10.3390/insects15100761
C63C340FB7144A4B12DAFEF96F9A93F7.taxon	materials_examined	VENEZUELA: Edo. Bolívar: San Isidro [06 ◦ 09 ′ N 61 ◦ 25 ′ W], 88 km on road to Guiana upland (southern periphery of San Isidro), iii. 2008, V. Šejna, holotype ♂, 1 subad. ♂ paratype (ZMB 48289).	en	Botero-Trujillo, Ricardo, Moreno-González, Jairo A., Prendini, Lorenzo (2024): Phylogeny of the Neotropical Hypoctonine Whip-Scorpions (Thelyphonida, Thelyphonidae), with Descriptions of Two New Genera and Species. Insects 15, No. 761: 1-39, DOI: 10.3390/insects15100761
