identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
C5009D63FFDDF30CFF32FCB0FE20D6FD.text	C5009D63FFDDF30CFF32FCB0FE20D6FD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daedalma dinias Hewitson	<div><p>Daedalma dinias Hewitson</p> <p>Daedalma dinias Hewitson [1858]: [85], pl. 1[43], figs. 1–3.</p> <p>Remarks: This is a polymorphic species occurring in all three Colombian Cordilleras and on the eastern slopes of the Andes in Ecuador. Its subspecies can be recognised immediately by the size, shape and ventral expression of the FW orange patch. It is generally parapatric above the similarly marked D. fraudata and D. rubroreducta n. ssp. in eastern Ecuador, from which it is recognised by the fact that the FW orange patch never extends into the postdiscal area (cell M2-M3).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5009D63FFDDF30CFF32FCB0FE20D6FD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pyrcz, Tomasz W.;Greeney, Harold F.;Willmott, Keith R.;Wojtusiak, Janusz	Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Greeney, Harold F., Willmott, Keith R., Wojtusiak, Janusz (2011): 2898. Zootaxa 2898: 1-68
C5009D63FFDDF30DFF32FB30FE38D467.text	C5009D63FFDDF30DFF32FB30FE38D467.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daedalma dinias subsp. dinias Hewitson	<div><p>Daedalma dinias dinias Hewitson</p> <p>(Figs. 1A, 1B, 8A, 13A)</p> <p>Daedalma dinias Hewitson; Butler, 1868: 183; Kirby, 1871: 107; Maassen &amp; Weymer, 1890: 33; Thieme, 1906: 134; Weymer, 1912: 266, pl. 56, row f (venter), dorsum (misidentification of D. boliviana); Gaede, 1931: 509; Adams, 1986: 252–253.</p> <p>Daedalma dinias var. oenotria Weymer, 1912: 266, pl. 56, row f (venter). Syntype series, Colombia: Bogotá [not located]; Gaede, 1931: 509. n. syn.</p> <p>Material examined: COLOMBIA: LECTOTYPE female: Bogotá (Child), Rothschild Bequest, B.M. 1939-1, Type No. Rh. 4063, BMNH (designated by Adams, 1986: 252); 1 female: Bogotá (Child), Rothschild Bequest, B.M. 1939-1, BMNH; 1 female: Felder Coll., Rothschild Bequest, B.M. 1939-1, BMNH; 1 female: Bogotá, Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939-1, BMNH; 1 female: Columbien, ex coll. H. Fruhstorfer, Fruhstorfer coll. 1933-31, BMNH; 1 female: Col., 150, Joicey Bequest B. M. 1934-120, BMNH; 1 female: Interior of Colombia, J. Carder, Joicey Bequest B. M. 1934-120, BMNH; 1 male: S. Martín, Llanos of Río Meta, G. D. Child, Godman-Salvin Coll., 1904.-1, BMNH; 1 male: Pacho, Chapman, Godman-Salvin Coll., 1904.-1, BMNH; 1 male: Nouv. Grénade, de Bogotá a Buenaventura, Dr. O. Thieme, 14.Dec.[18]77 a 22.Fev.[18]78, ex Oberthür Coll., Brit. Mus. 1927-3, BMNH; 1 male: Bogotá, 89-154, BMNH; 2 males: Boyacá, Arcabuco, 2300 m, 01.VII.1990, J-F. Le Crom leg., JLCB; 4 males: Boyacá, Arcabuco, 12.VIII.1989, J-F. Le Crom leg., JFLB; 1 male: Columbia, collection W. Schaus, USNM; 3 males: Bogotá, E. A. Smyth collection 1947, USNM; 1 male: Pacho, Cundinamarca, ex coll. Staudinger &amp; Bang-Haas, TWP; 1 male: Chanchamayo, Peru [mislabeled], Rothschild Bequest 1939-1, BMNH.</p> <p>Redescription: MALE (Fig.1A): FWD dark brown; an oval reddish orange postmedian patch extending from mid-discal cell to cell Cu1-Cu2. HWD uniform dark brown. FWV blackish brown; subapical, apical and marginal area to vein Cu1 chestnut, chocolate brown and dusty yellow with two blackish rounded dots in R5-M1 and M1- M2; brick-red oval patch of FWD not visible. HWV with a nondescript pattern of chocolate brown, chestnut and dusty white patches and lines, with two prominent silver submarginal patches, one roughly triangular in M2-M3 contiguous to vein M3, and another, lunular in M3-Cu1. Genitalia (Fig. 8A): Uncus short and stout; gnathos 2/3 length of uncus, stout; valvae oblong, with a conical distal dorsal process pointing upwards; saccus very long but slightly shorter than in leticia n. ssp.; aedeagus length of valva + saccus, very slightly contorted towards apical end, smooth.</p> <p>FEMALE (Fig. 1B): FWD ground colour medium brown, lighter distally; oblique orange band, lighter and wider than in male, extending to costa; three small subapical whitish patches dusted with grey; apical area suffused with grey. HWD medium brown, slightly lighter than in male with diffused orange subapical patches. FWV ground colour slightly lighter brown than in male; oblique band showing from upperside, diffused; subapical whitish scaling not apparent in male. HWV similar to male with more prominent yellow scaling. Genitalia (Fig. 13A): Papillae anales flattened and hairy, their outer wall homogeneous without a bump; apophyses posteriores rudimentary, marked as short triangular sclerotized plates. Sinus vaginalis very deep, conical in shape in ventral view; antrum very short, connecting with sinus vaginalis through cleft-like opening; ventral wall of sinus vaginalis-lamella antevaginalis with parallel wrinkles; lamella postvaginalis with broadly bent, V-shaped batten pointing ventrally and stretching above sinus vaginalis; bursa copulatrix rounded in ventral view, with a pair of ribbon-like signa consisting of minute cuticular teeth; ductus bursae shorter than length of bursa, asymmetrically connecting with corpus bursae.</p> <p>Remarks: Pyrcz (2004) pointed out that boliviana Staudinger, considered by many (Weymer, 1912; Forster, 1964; Adams, 1986 and Lamas et al., 2004) as the southern subspecies of Daedalma dinias, actually represents a separate species. In fact, the markings of the HWV and male genital morphology of D. dinias suggest a closer affinity with the west Andean D. parvomaculata and D. eliza n. sp. than with D. boliviana. The original figures in Hewitson’s description represent a male (dorsal) and a female (dorsal and ventral) belonging to two species. Adams (1986) designated as the lectotype of D. dinias a female syntype bearing the label “ Bogotá ”. He justified his choice by indicating that Hewitson described dinias from Colombia, and that the female syntype comes from Colombia, whereas the other syntype, a male, is from Bolivia or Peru. This proves correct. Adams, however, went on to imply that the type female is from the Colombian Central Cordillera, rather than the Eastern Cordillera (Bogotá area), which is wrong. Adams held that the Bogotá population, described as D. dinias form oenotria Weymer (1912), is distinguished by an all brown FWV. He failed to notice that this is true only for males, whereas in females the orange oblique patch does show on the ventral surface. A comparison of several females, from both the Central and Eastern Cordilleras, demonstrates that the female lectotype is from the Bogotá region, as correctly indicated on the label. Consequently, oenotria is here considered a junior synonym of nominate D. dinias. Misled by the original error in the Hewitson plates, Weymer (1912) produced another synonym. He synonymized boliviana with the nominate dinias, and described the form rhomboidea of D. dinias from Bolivia (original illustration of ventral surface). This taxon was synonymized with nominate D. boliviana by Pyrcz (2004). Daedalma dinias dinias is found exclusively in the Colombian Eastern Cordillera, on both the western (Boyacá, Cundinamarca) and eastern slopes of its range (Meta, Caquetá). It flies in mid-elevation cloud forest at 2200–2600 m. It is uncommon and occurs in small, localized populations.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5009D63FFDDF30DFF32FB30FE38D467	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pyrcz, Tomasz W.;Greeney, Harold F.;Willmott, Keith R.;Wojtusiak, Janusz	Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Greeney, Harold F., Willmott, Keith R., Wojtusiak, Janusz (2011): 2898. Zootaxa 2898: 1-68
C5009D63FFDCF30EFF32F980FDFFD4F7.text	C5009D63FFDCF30EFF32F980FDFFD4F7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daedalma dinias subsp. salmoni Pyrcz 2011	<div><p>Daedalma dinias salmoni Pyrcz, n. ssp.</p> <p>(Figs. 1E, 1F, 8B, 13B, 20A, 20B, 20E, 20G, 21B)</p> <p>[Daedalma dinias; Weymer, pl. 50, row f, no. 3, verso]</p> <p>[Daedalma dinias; Adams, 1986: 252–253, partim]</p> <p>[Daedalma dinias; Vargas &amp; Salazar, 2004: 259, fig. 4.]</p> <p>Material examined: COLOMBIA: HOLOTYPE male: Antioquia, Medellín, above Envigado, 2600 m, 19.IX.2004, G. Rodríguez leg., red, rectangular label saying: Holotype, MZUJ (to be deposited in MHN-UNC); PARATYPES (36 males and 3 females): 1 male: same data as the holotype, TWP (prep. genit. 02/ 15.04.2004, T. Pyrcz); 1 male: Antioquia, Medellín, above Envigado, 2600 m, 20.XI.2002, G. Rodríguez leg., TWP; 1 male: same data but 09.XI.2002, TWP; 3 males: same data but 31.III.2002, TWP; 1 female: Antioquia, El Retiro, VII.2000, G. Rodríguez leg., GRM; 3 males: Antioquia, Envigado, 2400 m, XII.2000, G. Rodríguez leg., MBLI; 1 male: Antioquia, Santa Rosa, 2700 m, VIII.2000, G. Rodríguez leg., MBLI; 3 males: Antioquia, near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.61667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.1666665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.61667/lat 6.1666665)">Envigado</a> (6°10’N 75°37’W), 08.XII.2000, G. Rodríguez leg., MBLI; 2 males: Antioquia, Alto de las Palmas, 2600 m, 27.I.2002, G. Rodríguez leg., MBLI; 1 male: Antioquia, Envigado, 2700 m, 20.VIII.2001, G. Rodríguez leg., MBLI; 1 male: Antioquia, Belmira, 2650–3200 m, 16.IX.2001, G. Rodríguez leg., MBLI; 1 male♂: Antioquia, Belmira, 2600– 2800 m, 09.I.2002, G. Rodríguez leg., MBLI; 1 male: Antioquia, El Retiro, 23.VI.2001, G. Rodríguez leg., MBLI; 1 female: Antioquia, Envigado, 2400 m, XII.2000, G. Rodríguez leg., MBLI; 8 males: Antioquia, Loma Escobero, vía al Retiro, 2500–2900 m, 4.VIII.2007, P. Boyer leg., 06.IX.2001, PBF; Additional material: 1 female: Caldas, Manizales-Bocatoma, 2300 m, 24.VII.1982, J. Vélez leg., MHNC; 1 male: Caldas, Termales del Ruíz vers Manizales, vieille route km 4 à 6, 3000–3200 m, 7.VIII.2008, P. Boyer leg., PBF; 1 male: Caldas, Manizales-Bocatoma, 2400 m, VIII.1983, J. Vélez leg., MHNC; 1 male: same data but 28.I.1983, MHNC; 1 male: Cauca (valley), Distrito de Pereira, Roman M. Valencia, 1886, ex. Oberthür coll., 1927-3, BMNH; 1 male: Central Cordillera West (slopes), Cucarronera, 2700 m, 19.VIII.1916, E. Krüger leg., MIIZ; 2 males: Caldas, Municipio de Manizales, Bocatoma, 2400 m, IX.1982, J. H. Vélez leg., USNM; 1 male: same data but II.1982, USNM; 1 male: Antioquia, Frontino, T. K. Salmon, Godman-Salvin coll., 1904-1, BMNH; 1 male: Farallones de Citará, Bolívar, Antioquia, 23– 24.II.2006, 3100–3200 m, G. Rodríguez leg, GRM.</p> <p>Description: MALE (Fig. 1E): Head, thorax and abdomen: not differing from nominate subspecies. Wings: FW length: 26–27mm, mean: 26.9mm, n=6. FWD ground colour blackish-brown; oblique patch medium orange with a very light reddish shade, slightly lighter than nominate subspecies, larger and more elongate, reaching costal vein, covering distal 1/3 of discal cell and extending beyond vein Cu2. HWD uniform blackish brown. FWV median patch orange, lighter than on dorsal surface, but similar in shape. HWV not differing noticeably from nominate subspecies. Genitalia (Fig. 8B): Tegumen stouter than in nominate, uncus slightly longer than in other subspecies; saccus very long, longer than in nominate and emma n. ssp., about same length or just just a fraction shorter than in leticia; valvae with an apical hook pointing upwards, slightly shorter than in nominate and leticia; aedeagus longer than in emma and leticia; otherwise similar to other subspecies.</p> <p>FEMALE (Fig. 1F): Slightly larger than male (FW length: 29 mm, n=2); compared to nominate subspecies orange FWD oblique patch is slightly wider, particularly along costa, and marginally longer, entering cell Cu2-1A; subapical whitish dots are smaller; HWV colour pattern is darker, whitish patches of nominate are replaced by sandy yellow. Genitalia (Fig. 13B): Subspecies D. dinias salmoni differs from emma and from nominate by much wider and larger V-shaped batten on lamella postvaginalis that extends and bends posteriorly, tightly covering entrance to anterior part of sinus vaginalis. Corpus bursae much smaller than in emma, about same length as in nominate subspecies.</p> <p>Etymology: This subspecies is dedicated to Thomas Knight Salmon, the collector of the first known specimen of this taxon in the Colombian department of Antioquia. Salmon (1841–1879) was an English railway engineer, who abandoned his profession and dedicated his life to natural history by opening a business in Guildford. He emigrated to Medellín, Colombia, where he worked for the government of Antioquia. In his time off, he continued collecting mammals, birds and insects to send to his agent in England, Edward Gerrard Jr., who was selling them principally to Godman and Salvin. Salmon died prematurely in Guildford at the age of 38.</p> <p>Remarks: This subspecies occurs in the Colombian Central Cordillera, in both the central (Caldas, Tolima) and northern part of the range (Antioquia). Daedalma dinias salmoni is a relatively common species in mid-elevation forests around Medellín, occurring generally at 2400–2800 m. Males come to baited traps and occasionally "hilltop" in the company of Junea and Catasticta (Pieridae). Females seem loath to fly, but are most commonly observed as they fly along forest trails.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5009D63FFDCF30EFF32F980FDFFD4F7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pyrcz, Tomasz W.;Greeney, Harold F.;Willmott, Keith R.;Wojtusiak, Janusz	Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Greeney, Harold F., Willmott, Keith R., Wojtusiak, Janusz (2011): 2898. Zootaxa 2898: 1-68
C5009D63FFDFF30FFF32F93AFB8FD0E4.text	C5009D63FFDFF30FFF32F93AFB8FD0E4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daedalma dinias subsp. leticia Pyrcz 2011	<div><p>Daedalma dinias leticia Pyrcz, n. ssp.</p> <p>(Figs. 1C, 8C)</p> <p>Material examined: COLOMBIA: HOLOTYPE male: Depto. de Cauca, between Leticia &amp; Puracé, E. slopes, Cent. Cordillera, 2650 m, 10.VIII.1979, red, rectangular label saying: Holotype, BMNH; PARATYPES (2 males): 1 male: same data as the holotype but 2650–2700 m, BMNH; 1 male: same data but 11.VIII.1979, BMNH.</p> <p>Description: MALE (Fig. 1C): Head, thorax and abdomen: not differing from nominate subspecies. Wings: FW (length: 27–28 mm, mean: 27,3 mm, n=3). FWD ground colour blackish brown; oblique patch medium orange with a light reddish shade, same colour as in salmoni, but shorter, not reaching costal vein, ending in mid-discal cell. HWD uniform blackish brown. FWV median patch orange, slightly lighter than on dorsal surface with a diffused upper edge. HWV not differing noticeably from nominate subspecies or salmoni. Genitalia (Fig. 8C): Uncus slightly shorter than in other subspecies; saccus extremely long, longer than in other subspecies, even though long saccus is a distinctive character of D. dinias; valvae with a prominent apical hook curved upwards similarly to salmoni and nominate, while same structure points distally in emma; otherwise similar to other subspecies.</p> <p>FEMALE: So far unknown.</p> <p>Etymology: This subspecies is named after the town of Leticia, near the type locality.</p> <p>Remarks: D. dinias leticia is so far known only from the types collected by Michael Adams on the eastern slopes of the Puracé volcano massif, in the upper valley of the Río Magdalena. Elevational data indicate similar ecological preferences to salmoni. Its range likely does not extend much farther north, as in the Tolima range it is replaced by salmoni. So far, no specimens of D. dinias have been collected in the Huíla massif. The southern distributional limits remain to be determined, given the wide geographic gap between this and D. dinias emma. A more thorough sampling in the area east of Pasto and Tulcán would be most informative.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5009D63FFDFF30FFF32F93AFB8FD0E4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pyrcz, Tomasz W.;Greeney, Harold F.;Willmott, Keith R.;Wojtusiak, Janusz	Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Greeney, Harold F., Willmott, Keith R., Wojtusiak, Janusz (2011): 2898. Zootaxa 2898: 1-68
C5009D63FFDEF30FFF32FD0BFC70D42E.text	C5009D63FFDEF30FFF32FD0BFC70D42E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daedalma dinias subsp. romeliana Pyrcz 2011	<div><p>Daedalma dinias romeliana Pyrcz, n. ssp.</p> <p>(Figs. 1D, 8D)</p> <p>Material examined: COLOMBIA: HOLOTYPE male: Cauca, Parque Nacional Munchique, La Romelia vía Pico Santa Rosa; 2800 m, 18.VIII.2007, C. Prieto leg., red, rectangular label saying: Holotype, MZUJ (to be deposited in MHN-UNC). PARATYPES (5 males): 1 male: same data as the holotype, TWP; 1 male: same data, CPC; 2 males: Cauca, P. N. Munchique, La Romelia, 2760 m, 11.VI.2006, C. Prieto leg.; 1 male: same data but 17.IX.2005, CPC. Additional material: 1 male: Valle, P. N. Farallones, Pico de Loro, 2800 m, 02.VII.2006, C. Prieto &amp; C. Muñoz leg., CPC.</p> <p>Description: MALE (Fig. 1D): Head, thorax and abdomen: not differing from nominate subspecies. Wings: FW length: 26–27 mm, mean: 26.5 mm, n=2. FWD ground colour blackish-brown; oblique patch orange, similar to salmoni but slightly larger, particularly wider in middle, extending to base of vein Cu2 where forming a short tip. HWD uniform blackish brown. FWV median patch orange, lighter than on dorsal surface, but similar in shape. HWV not differing noticeably from salmoni. Genitalia (Fig. 8D): Tegumen stout; uncus stout and about length of tegumen; saccus long but shorter than in other subspecies except nominate; a prominent apical tooth on valvae curved apically, contrary to other subspecies, in which it is pointing upwards.</p> <p>FEMALE: Unknown.</p> <p>Etymology: This subspecies is named after the type locality, La Romelia in Munchique National Park.</p> <p>Remarks: This subspecies is only known to occur in the southern part of the Colombian Western Cordillera. It has been collected in the department of Cauca, where it is found at the highest elevations (above 2600 m) of Munchique National Park (Prieto, 2003). Specimens from further north, mentioned by Pyrcz &amp; Rodríguez (2007), are referable to salmoni but were not included in the type series. Daedalma dinias romeliana differs very slightly in facies from salmoni, mostly in the slightly wider FW orange patch. However, the Munchique and Medellín-Caldas populations cannot be considered as belonging to the same subspecies, as they are separated geographically by leticia, which is characterised by the noticeably smaller orange FWD patch.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5009D63FFDEF30FFF32FD0BFC70D42E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pyrcz, Tomasz W.;Greeney, Harold F.;Willmott, Keith R.;Wojtusiak, Janusz	Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Greeney, Harold F., Willmott, Keith R., Wojtusiak, Janusz (2011): 2898. Zootaxa 2898: 1-68
C5009D63FFDEF308FF32F97EFCC2D485.text	C5009D63FFDEF308FF32F97EFCC2D485.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daedalma dinias subsp. emma Pyrcz & Greeney 2011	<div><p>Daedalma dinias emma Pyrcz &amp; Greeney, n. ssp.</p> <p>(Figs. 1G, 1H, 8F, 13C)</p> <p>Material examined: ECUADOR: HOLOTYPE male: Napo, Cosanga, Estación Científica Yanayacu, 2100 m, 03.I.2004, T. Pyrcz leg., red, rectangular label saying: Holotype, MZUJ; PARATYPES (19 males and 5 females): 2 males: Napo, Cuyuja, 2300 m, 02.II.2004, P. Boyer leg. PBF; 2 males: Napo, Cerro Condijua nr. Baeza, 2500 m, 16.III.1995, K. Willmott &amp; J. Hall leg., KWJH; 2 males: same data as preceding, FLMNH; 2 males: Napo, nr. Cosanga, Estación Científica Yanayacu, 2000 m, 24.XI.2006, K. Willmott leg., FLMNH; 1 male: Napo, Cord. Huacamayos, La Virgen, 2250 m, 12.X.1996, K. Willmott leg., KWJH; 1 female: Napo, Yanayacu, 2200 m, 19.IX.2004, T. Pyrcz leg., TWP; 1 male: Napo, Baeza, 2200 m, 22.XII.2000, F. Piñas leg., FPQ; 1 male: Napo, Quijos valley, Yanayacu Station, 2200 m, voucher n o 99-988, time: 11.00, 23.XI.1999, H. Greeney leg., FPQ; 1 male: Hacienda San Isidro, 08.XII.1996, 3:30PM, bamboo forest, sunny, T. Walla leg., n o. 1254, FPQ; 1 female: Napo, Yanayacu, 2100 m, 30.XI.2002, no. 8373, J-C. Petit leg., JCP; 1 male: Yanayacu Biological Station, 26.X.2007, H07-1336, MZUJ; 1 male: Yanayacu Biological Station, 24.X.2007, H07-1335, MZUJ; 1 male: Yanayacu Biological Station, 23.X.2007, H07-1332, MZUJ; 1 male: Yanayacu Biological Station, 25.X.2007, H07-1331, MZUJ; 1 male: Yanayacu Biological Station, 24.X.2007, H07-1340, MZUJ; 1 male: Yanayacu Biological Station, 25.X.2007, H07-1338, MZUJ; 1 female: Yanayacu Biological Station, 23.X.2007, H07-1337, MZUJ; 1 female: Yanayacu Biological Station, 29.X.2007, H07-1334, MZUJ; 1 female: Yanayacu Biological Station, 23.X.2007, H07-1339 (eclosed), MZUJ.</p> <p>Description: MALE (Fig. 1G): Head, thorax and abdomen: not differing from nominate subspecies. Wings: FW length: 23–25 mm, mean: 24 mm, n=7. FWD ground colour blackish brown; reddish orange patch much smaller than in nominate subspecies, romeliana and salmoni, oval, entering discal cell and touching vein Cu2; HWD ground colour blackish brown, same as in other subspecies. FWV median brick red patch narrower than on the upperside, faint and overcast with a dark brown, in some specimens heavy, suffusion, similarily to D. rubroreducta. HWV ground colour chocolate brown, darker than in salmoni or leticia. Genitalia (Fig. 8F): Uncus and gnathos stout, broader than in granadillas n. ssp. and leticia, particularly gnathos; saccus same length as in granadillas and romeliana, shorter than in leticia; dorsal surface of valvae towards apex slightly serrate, apical process blunt, compared to pointed process in other subspecies; aedeagus similar to most other subspecies but slightly shorter than in salmoni and nominate.</p> <p>FEMALE (Fig. 1H): FW length: 25–27 mm, mean: 26 mm, n=4. FWD and FWV orange patch slightly smaller, otherwise similar to other subspecies. Genitalia (Fig. 13C): Differs from the nominal subspecies by the shape of Vshaped batten on lamella postvaginalis that is more sharply bent in the middle. Anterior wall of sinus vaginalislamella antevaginalis without parallel wrinkles. Ductus bursae much shorter than the length of the bursa. Bursa copulatrix larger than in nominate subspecies. Sinus vaginalis slightly wider than in the nominal form.</p> <p>Early stages: Hostplant: Chusquea cf. scandens, Poaceae (2100 m, Yanayacu, Napo, Ecuador).</p> <p>EGGS-FOURTH INSTAR: Data not available.</p> <p>FIFTH INSTAR (Fig. 20A): Overall form similar to D. rubroreducta (Figs. 19A, 19B). Larval patterning similarly complex, but dark brown areas reduced, especially on lateral areas of abdomen where the dark patch in dinias is generally square rather than triangular as in D. rubroreducta. Daedalma dinias also has more extensive green markings on the body, especially dorsally on the thorax and subdorsally on the terminal abdominal segments. These give the larvae an overall “mossier” appearance.</p> <p>PUPA (Figs. 20B, 20C): Pupa similarly complexly sculptured as in D. rubroreducta (Figs. 19C, 19D). Most notable differences in shape are form of the head, thoracic, and abdominal projections. Head projections of dinias are slightly longer and flatter, more widely separated, curve slightly upwards, and are more strongly notched on inner margin. Thoracic projection of dinias more flattened, expanded near apex giving a clubbed appearance from side, and posterior edge of projection bears a small protrusion. Pair of abdominal projections of dinias also more flattened, projecting slightly backwards, and distinctly three-lobed. Both species show some variation in extent of metallic green patterning but overall green markings are reduced in dinias. Most notably green areas are reduced on all projections and angled green line traversing wing pads does not reach anterio-dorsal margin of wing pad.</p> <p>Etymology: This subspecies is dedicated to Emma Espinoza Carabali, from Quito.</p> <p>Remarks: Daedalma dinias emma is found on the eastern slopes of the Andes in Ecuador (Tungurahua to Napo). It is replaced further south, in Morona-Santiago, by D. d. granadillas n. ssp., described below. This uncommon subspecies is found at slightly lower elevations than its Colombian Central Cordilleran allies, generally at 2100–2200 m, where it occurs in perhumid areas of cloud forests.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5009D63FFDEF308FF32F97EFCC2D485	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pyrcz, Tomasz W.;Greeney, Harold F.;Willmott, Keith R.;Wojtusiak, Janusz	Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Greeney, Harold F., Willmott, Keith R., Wojtusiak, Janusz (2011): 2898. Zootaxa 2898: 1-68
C5009D63FFD9F309FF32F8E5FA99D15A.text	C5009D63FFD9F309FF32F8E5FA99D15A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daedalma dinias subsp. granadillas Pyrcz & Willmott 2011	<div><p>Daedalma dinias granadillas Pyrcz &amp; Willmott, n. ssp.</p> <p>(Figs. 2A, 8E)</p> <p>Material examined: ECUADOR: HOLOTYPE male: Morona-Santiago, Gualaceo-Limón road, 2200–2300 m, X.2002, I. Aldaz leg., red, rectangular label saying: Holotype, MZUJ; PARATYPES (6 males): 2 males, Morona-</p> <p>Santiago, Gualaceo-Limón road, La Antena, 2100 m, 03.I.2004, T. Pyrcz leg., TWP; 1 male: Morona-Santiago, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.78333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.78333/lat -3.2)">Gualaceo-Chigüinda Km</a> 51 (3 o 12’S, 78 o 47’W), 3150 m, 15–16.I.2004, M. Bollino and F. Vitale leg., MBLI; 2 males: Morona-Santiago, km 17 Chigüinda-Gualaceo rd., 2670 m, 14.X.2007, K. Willmott leg., FLMNH; 1 male: Granadillas, E. Ecuador, Buckley, Godman-Salvin coll. 1904-1, BMNH.</p> <p>Description: MALE (Fig. 2A): Head, thorax and abdomen: not differing from nominate subspecies. Wings: FW length: 26–27 mm, mean: 26.7 mm, n=3. FWD ground colour blackish brown; slightly reddish orange patch much smaller than in Colombian subspecies, similar to emma but more extensive, oval, entering discal cell and touching vein Cu2, with a somewhat irregular, dentate distal edge; HWD ground colour blackish brown, same as in other subspecies. FWV median patch bright orange, occasionally slightly suffused with blackish brown scales, but much "cleaner" than in D. d. emma. HWV ground colour chocolate brown, similarly patterned to emma. Genitalia (Fig. 8E): Uncus slightly thinner and longer than in salmoni; saccus shallower; distal tip on valvae pointing forward; otherwise similar to other subspecies.</p> <p>FEMALE: Unknown.</p> <p>Etymology: The name is derived from that of the village of Granadillas, an old collecting locality near the site where three paratypes were collected on the Chigüinda-Gualaceo road. This village is itself named after the "granadilla", a bright orange fruit in the genus Passiflora, similar in colour to the forewing markings of this subspecies.</p> <p>Remarks: D. dinias granadillas is found on the eastern slopes of the Andes in south-central Ecuador (Morona- Santiago). It has yet to be found further south, but its presence in Zamora-Chinchipe is possible. This subspecies is found at similar elevationas to D. d. emma, though it has been recorded exceptionally as high as 3150 m.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5009D63FFD9F309FF32F8E5FA99D15A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pyrcz, Tomasz W.;Greeney, Harold F.;Willmott, Keith R.;Wojtusiak, Janusz	Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Greeney, Harold F., Willmott, Keith R., Wojtusiak, Janusz (2011): 2898. Zootaxa 2898: 1-68
C5009D63FFD8F309FF32FC52FF28D5BB.text	C5009D63FFD8F309FF32FC52FF28D5BB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daedalma dinias subsp. radfordi Pyrcz & Willmott 2011	<div><p>Daedalma dinias radfordi Pyrcz &amp; Willmott, n. ssp.</p> <p>(Figs. 2B)</p> <p>Material examined: HOLOTYPE male: Ecuador, Zamora-Chinchipe, Yangana-Valladolid rd., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.125&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.49" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.125/lat -4.49)">Reserva Tapichalaca</a>, "mule trail arriba", 2575–2650 m, 4°29.40'S, 79°7.50'W, 12.IX.2007, J. Radford leg., FLMNH / MGCL# 143211, red, rectangular label saying: Holotype, FLMNH; PARATYPE male: Ecuador, Zamora-Chinchipe, Yangana-Valladolid rd., Reserva Tapichalaca, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.12483&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.487" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.12483/lat -4.487)">Loma Cruz Grande</a>, 2650m, 4°29.22'S, 79°7.49'W, 14.IX.2007, J. Radford leg. (to be deposited in MECN).</p> <p>Description: MALE (Fig. 2B): Head, thorax and abdomen: not differing from nominate subspecies. Wings: FW length: 28 mm, n=1. FWD ground colour blackish brown, similar to other subspecies; broad, oval median band in middle of wing from near anterior edge discal cell to within 2 mm of distal margin, larger and more elongate than in D. d. granadillas (mean ratio length/width band 2.0 [n=2] in radfordi, 1.75 [n=2] in granadillas), slightly paler than in D. d. emma HWD ground colour blackish brown, as in other subspecies. FWV median patch bright orange and "clean" of brown scales, as in D. d. granadillas, but thus differing from D. d. emma, extending to broadly terminate at anterior edge discal cell, thus differing from D. d. granadillas in which band becomes diffuse and peters out in middle of discal cell. HWV ground colour predominantly chocolate brown, similarly patterned to granadillas and emma. Genitalia (not illustrated): uncus slightly shorter and broader than in granadillas, posterior tip valva more up-turned, otherwise similar to granadillas.</p> <p>FEMALE: Unknown.</p> <p>Etymology: This subspecies is named for James Radford, the collector of the only known specimens, whose intrepid lepidopterological explorations of the Reserva Tapichalaca and other Ecuadorian cloud forest reserves have resulted in important distributional data and several new taxa.</p> <p>Remarks: D. dinias radfordi is known to date only from the eastern slopes of the Andes in southern Ecuador, and the type specimens represent the most southerly known records for this species. It apparently occurs elevationally parapatrically above D. boliviana peruviana, which is abundant in the same forest reserve from 2100–2400 m. Based on the ranges of other cloud forest pronophilines, this subspecies may also occur in the upper headwaters of the Río Zamora and perhaps south in the Cordillera de Lagunillas, near the Peruvian border.</p> <p>.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5009D63FFD8F309FF32FC52FF28D5BB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pyrcz, Tomasz W.;Greeney, Harold F.;Willmott, Keith R.;Wojtusiak, Janusz	Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Greeney, Harold F., Willmott, Keith R., Wojtusiak, Janusz (2011): 2898. Zootaxa 2898: 1-68
C5009D63FFDBF30AFF32FF4BFA28D00C.text	C5009D63FFDBF30AFF32FF4BFA28D00C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daedalma boliviana Staudinger	<div><p>Daedalma boliviana Staudinger</p> <p>[Daedalma dinias Hewitson; Staudinger, 1888: 234].</p> <p>Daedalma dinias Hewitson var. boliviana Staudinger, 1897: 139.</p> <p>Daedalma boliviana Hewitson; Pyrcz, 2004: 509.</p> <p>Remarks: This species comprises two subspecies widely distributed along the eastern slopes of the Andes in Bolivia and Peru, and on both slopes in southern Ecuador. It has long been considered as the southern subspecies of D. dinias (see above). The two can be recognised immediately by the position of the FW orange patch, which in D. boliviana extends widely into the postdiscal area (base of cells M3-M1), but is confined to the discal area in D. dinias. D. boliviana is parapatric at higher elevations, or locally sympatric with D. fraudata in northern Peru and south-eastern Ecuador. The two species differ in the shape and colour of the FW patch, which in D. fraudata is darker and more elongate dorsally with variable brownish scaling around the veins on the ventral surface, compared to D. boliviana, in which it is rhomboid and bright orange dorsally and much "cleaner" on the ventral surface.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5009D63FFDBF30AFF32FF4BFA28D00C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pyrcz, Tomasz W.;Greeney, Harold F.;Willmott, Keith R.;Wojtusiak, Janusz	Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Greeney, Harold F., Willmott, Keith R., Wojtusiak, Janusz (2011): 2898. Zootaxa 2898: 1-68
C5009D63FFDBF30BFF32FD63FE8FD137.text	C5009D63FFDBF30BFF32FD63FE8FD137.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daedalma boliviana subsp. boliviana Staudinger	<div><p>Daedalma boliviana boliviana Staudinger</p> <p>(Figs. 2C, 2D, 9D, 15A)</p> <p>Daedalma dinias Hewitson var. rhomboidea Weymer, 1912: 266, pl. 56, row f (Synonymy established by Pyrcz, 2004: 509); Gaede, 1931: 509.</p> <p>Daedalma dinias boliviana Hewitson; Forster, 1964: 178.</p> <p>Material examined: BOLIVIA: LECTOTYPE male: Río Tanampaya, Bolivia (La Paz), 1894, Garlepp, square pink label saying: Origin; rectangular red label saying: Lectotype, Daedalma dinias v. boliviana Staudinger, designated by Lee D. Miller, 1989, ZMHB (Designated herein); PARALECTOTYPE female: Cillat., Bol., Garl., square label saying: Origin; rectangular label saying: Paralectotype, Daedalma dinias v. boliviana Staudinger, designated by Lee D. Miller, 1989, ZMHB (Designated herein); 2 males: no locality, B. Mery leg., TWP; 1 male: Coroico, X.1993, TWP; 2 males: Coroico, 30.IX.1993, TWP; 20 males: Yungas de La Paz, ex. Staudinger &amp; Bang- Haas, 2 TWP, 18 SMTD; 1 male: Prov. Cochabamba, Locotal, 2200–2300 m, 13.VIII.2000, T. Pyrcz leg., TWP; 1 female: via Cochabamba, 1900 m, VIII.2000, T. Pyrcz leg., TWP; 3 males and 1 female: Prov. Cochabamba, Río Vinto, 2350 m, 15–17.II.2009, T. Pyrcz &amp; J. Wojtusiak leg., MZUJ; 1 male: 213, no other data, USNM; 1 male: col. B. Neumögen, collection Brklyn Mus., 209, USNM; 2 males: Chaparé, Prov. Cochabamba, El Limbo, 2200 m, USNM; 1 male: Cochabamba, Carrasco, Chaqui Sacha, Corte, 1835 m 16.XI.2007, A. Cespedes leg., MNKM; 1 female: [Bolivia], M85/990, M. Adams coll., BMNH; 1 male: Inca Chaca, Cochabamba, 2500 m, no. 5557, J-C. Petit leg.; 1 female: same data but 5466, JCP; PERU: 1 male: S-E Peru [Puno], Agualani, 10000 ft, 06.X.[19]02, Ockenden, Rothschild Bequest, BM 1939-1, BMNH; 1 male: Puno, Oroya to Limbani, I.1901, G. Ockenden, Rothschild Bequest, BM 1939-1, BMNH; 1 male: [Bolivia], M85/936, M. Adams coll., BMNH; 4 males: Puno, Carcel Punco, Agualanes 8 Km Nord Limbani, 2400–2700 m, 16.X.2004, P. Boyer leg., TWP; 1 male: Puno, Agualanes, Limbani, X.2004, J. Bottger leg., TWP; 3 males: Puno, Est de Pacchani, 2500–3000 m, J. Bottger leg., TWP; 1 female: Uruhuasi, S. Peru, 7000 feet, 04.V.1910, H. &amp; C. Watkins, Adams Bequest, 1912-09, BMNH.</p> <p>Redescription: MALE (Fig. 2C): Head: eyes chocolate brown; labial palpi medium brown covered with yellow and brown hair; antennae dorsally medium brown, ventrally light brown, club orangeish. Thorax: blackish brown, legs medium brown. Abdomen: dorsally and laterally blackish brown, ventrally dull brown. Wings: FWD dark brown, basal one-third slightly lighter, lustrous; a large rhomboid light orange patch extending from outer one-third of discal cell, along vein Cu2 to subapical and submarginal area; fringes alternately dark brown and milky white, latter denser in apical area. HWD uniform dark brown, lustrous; fringes alternately milky white and dark brown in apical area, elsewhere dark brown. FWV: ground colour dark brown, duller and slightly lighter in basal one-third; orange patch slightly lighter and smaller than on upperside, towards costa suffused with brown scales, in most individuals enclosing a brown dot in cell Cu1-Cu2; subapical and apical areas chocolate brown, milky white and magenta with two dark brown minute ocelli in R4-R5 and R5-M1 and a short, sinuate dark brown submarginal line. HWV: a nearly nondescript pattern of chocolate brown, crimson brown, chestnut and milky white bands and stripes with a two lunular silvery submarginal patches in M2-M3 and M3-Cu1 and a series of seven small submarginal dark brown ocelli pupiled with milky white, one in each cell and two in Cu2-1A. Genitalia (Fig. 9D): Uncus thin, long and straight; gnathos adhered to uncus, half its length; saccus intermediate in depth; valvae conical with a sharp apical tip pointing straight; aedeagus straight, smooth, slightly longer than valva.</p> <p>FEMALE (Fig. 2D): Female differs from peruviana by larger FWD red-orange patch, which extends slightly further distally; both nominate subspecies and peruviana possess a brown dot enclosed within this patch in cell Cu1-Cu2; orange markings on HWD are somewhat variable but wide submarginal band is more dusted with red and is longer than in peruviana, reaching to vein Cu2. Genitalia (Fig. 15A): Papillae anales large, their posterior edge irregular, apophyses posteriores very short, triangular, hump on lamella postvaginalis widely rounded when seen from side, almost completely filling interior of sinus vaginalis, wall of lamella postvaginalis strongly sclerotized, anteriorly smooth, with small transverse wrinkles on its posterior part. Pear-like bursa copulatrix, gradually narrowing posteriorly and transforming into ductus bursae. Ductus bursae of same length as antrum, appearing twisted.</p> <p>Remarks: Staudinger, in the orginal description of D. boliviana, refers to specimens from Bolivia and central Peru (Chanchamayo). Pyrcz (2004) recognised the populations from Amazonas and Pasco (north-central Peru) as a separate subspecies, peruviana, but did not sort out the problem of lectotype. Miller selected one male in the Staudinger collection deposited in ZMHB to be the lectotype, but did not publish this designation. We accept his selection and in order to stabilise the nomenclature, we formally designate this specimen as the Lectotype. Nominate D. boliviana is recognised primarily by a larger FWD orange patch than in the other subspecies. It occurs in southern Peru (Cuzco, affluents of the Río Madre de Dios; Puno) and Bolivia (Yungas de La Paz and Yungas de Cochabamba).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5009D63FFDBF30BFF32FD63FE8FD137	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pyrcz, Tomasz W.;Greeney, Harold F.;Willmott, Keith R.;Wojtusiak, Janusz	Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Greeney, Harold F., Willmott, Keith R., Wojtusiak, Janusz (2011): 2898. Zootaxa 2898: 1-68
C5009D63FFDAF314FF32FC77FF01D35E.text	C5009D63FFDAF314FF32FC77FF01D35E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daedalma boliviana subsp. peruviana Pyrcz	<div><p>Daedalma boliviana peruviana Pyrcz</p> <p>(Figs. 2E, 2F, 9E, 15B, 15C)</p> <p>[Daedalma dinias oenotria Weymer; Hughes, 1962: 70].</p> <p>[Daedalma dinias boliviana Staudinger; Lamas, 2003: 60, 137 (male, female dorsal)].</p> <p>Daedalma boliviana peruviana Pyrcz, 2004: 509–510, 596 (fig. 52), 508 (fig. 146).</p> <p>Material examined: PERU: HOLOTYPE male: Amazonas, Rodríguez de Mendoza, El Cedro, 2200 m, 09.VIII.1994, B. Calderón leg., MUSM; 1 male: Amazonas, Rodríguez de Mendoza, El Cedro, 2200 m, 29.IX.1995, TWP; 1 male: same data but 25.IX.1998, TWP; 1 male: same data but 2000–2200 m, IX.2002, B. Calderón leg., TWP; 2 males: Pasco, vía Huancabamba, Palcamayo, 2100–2200 m, V.2003, J. Böttger leg., TWP; 1 female: Amazonas, Rodríguez de Mendoza, El Cedro, 2200 m, B. Calderón leg., TWP (all PARATYPES); 1 male: River Tabaconas, N. Peru, 6000 ft., A. E. &amp; F. Pratt, 1912, Joicey Bequest, 1934-120, BMNH; 1 male: W. Slopes of Andes, N. Peru, 4000 ft., June, Pratt, 1912, Joicey Bequest, 1934-120, BMNH; ECUADOR: 8 males: Zamora- Chinchipe, Reserva Tapichalaca, Quebrada Honda trail, 2100–2400 m, 30.XI.2005, K. Willmott leg., FLMNH (2 to be deposited in MECN); 1 male: Zamora-Chinchipe, above Valladolid, 2000 m, 19.V.1993, A. Sourakov leg., FLMNH; 3 males: Loja, above Yangana, 2500 m, XI.2000, I. Aldaz leg., MBLI; 1 female: Zamora-Chinchipe, San Francisco, 2250–2400 m, 16.V.1996, A. Jasi ṅski leg., TWP.</p> <p>Redescription. MALE (Fig. 2E): Head, thorax and abdomen: not differing from the nominate subspecies. FWD blackish brown; a large oval orange patch extending from subcosta to vein Cu2 entering distal one third of discal cell. HWD uniform blackish brown. FWV blackish brown; the orange patch shaped as on the upperside, a shade lighter; subapical and apical areas dusted with magenta scales; two apical blackish brown dots in cells R4-R5 and R5-M1, the latter displaced basally in relation to the former. HWV pattern same as in the nominate subspecies but darker. Genitalia (Fig. 9E): Very similar to the nominate subspecies, except distal part of valvae slightly broader.</p> <p>FEMALE (Fig. 2F): Differs from the nominate boliviana by the lighter, bright orange instead of reddish orange FW and FWV patch, and the HWD markings smaller, restricted to apical area. Genitalia (Fig. 15B, 15C): Papillae anales small. Ventral side of ninth segment with long, parallel wrinkles. Lamella postvaginalis forming two concave plates that connect in the middle in a form of a crest. Hump on lamella postvaginalis dentate at middle. Bursa copulatrix elongated, with two narrow, ribbon-like, parallel signa consisting of minute teeth. Ductus bursae narrow, three times longer than antrum. Tergite of the eight segment and its lateral margins heavily sclerotized. The long axes of the ductus bursae and corpus bursae are aligned, whilst in the nominate subspecies the ductus bursae is curved.</p> <p>Remarks: This subspecies is distributed from central Peru (Huánuco, Junín, Pasco) to southern Ecuador (Loja, Zamora-Chinchipe). It is locally rather common, and occurs in mid-elevation cloud forests, generally at 2000–2400 m.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5009D63FFDAF314FF32FC77FF01D35E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pyrcz, Tomasz W.;Greeney, Harold F.;Willmott, Keith R.;Wojtusiak, Janusz	Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Greeney, Harold F., Willmott, Keith R., Wojtusiak, Janusz (2011): 2898. Zootaxa 2898: 1-68
C5009D63FFC5F315FF32FE4EFD0FD7C6.text	C5009D63FFC5F315FF32FE4EFD0FD7C6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daedalma fraudata Pyrcz	<div><p>Daedalma fraudata Pyrcz</p> <p>(Figs. 3A, 3B, 9B, 9F, 14B, 23C, 24A, 24B)</p> <p>Daedalma fraudata Pyrcz, 2004: 510, 596 (Figs. 63, 64), 608 (Fig. 147).</p> <p>Remarks: D. fraudata resembles D. boliviana and D. rubroreducta n. sp. It can be distinguished from D. boliviana, almost immediately, by the smaller and darker FW orange patches in D. fraudata which are usually slightly obscured by brown scaling on the ventral surface. D. rubroreducta and D. fraudata can also be separated by comparing their FW orange patches: in D. rubroreducta the patch is dull red, overcast with brown, faint or occasionally barely noticeable on the ventral surface, contrary to D. fraudata, whose patch is bright orange and well marked on both surfaces.</p> <p>Material examined: PERU: HOLOTYPE male: Amazonas, Alto <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.53333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6166668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.53333/lat -2.6166668)">Río Nieva</a>, 2200–2500 m, VI.2002, B. Calderón leg., MUSM: 2 males: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.53333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6166668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.53333/lat -2.6166668)">Amazonas</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.53333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6166668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.53333/lat -2.6166668)">Alto Río Nieva</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.53333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6166668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.53333/lat -2.6166668)">Abra Pardo Miguel</a>, 2200–2300 m, M. Tafur leg., TWP; 5 males: Dept. Amazonas, 1889, M. de Mathan leg., BMNH; 1 female: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.53333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6166668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.53333/lat -2.6166668)">Amazonas</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.53333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6166668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.53333/lat -2.6166668)">Alto Río Nieva</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.53333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6166668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.53333/lat -2.6166668)">Abra Pardo Miguel</a>, 2200–2300 m, no date, M. Tafur leg., TWP; 1 female: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.53333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6166668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.53333/lat -2.6166668)">Amazonas</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.53333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6166668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.53333/lat -2.6166668)">Alto Rio Nieva</a>, 2500 m, VIII.2003, B. Calderón leg., PBF; ECUADOR: 1 male: Zamora-Chinchipe, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.53333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6166668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.53333/lat -2.6166668)">San Francisco</a>, 2000–2100 m, 14.I.2002, I. Aldaz leg., (prep. genit. 03- 10.05.2004), TWP; 1 male: 24.III.(19)03, F.A.H., Hewitson coll. 79-69, BMNH; 1 male: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.53333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6166668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.53333/lat -2.6166668)">Eastern Side</a> Ecuador, C. Buckley, 1879, ex. Oberthür coll, 1927-3, BMNH; 3 males: Granadillas, E. Ecuador, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.53333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6166668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.53333/lat -2.6166668)">Buckley</a>, Godman-Salvin coll., 1904-1, BMNH (all PARATYPES); 1 male: Tungurahua, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.53333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6166668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.53333/lat -2.6166668)">Baños area</a>, XII.1995, I. Aldaz leg., (prep. genit. 04– 15.04.2004), TWP; 1 male: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.53333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6166668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.53333/lat -2.6166668)">Baños</a>, I.1991, (prep. genit. 05– 19.08.2008), TWP; 1 male: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.53333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6166668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.53333/lat -2.6166668)">Baños</a>, (prep. genit. G-?), TWP; 1 male: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.53333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6166668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.53333/lat -2.6166668)">Baños</a>, XII.1995, TWP; 3 males: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.53333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6166668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.53333/lat -2.6166668)">Baños</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.53333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6166668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.53333/lat -2.6166668)">Río</a> Pastaza, E. Ecuador, 5–7000 feet, M. G. Palmer, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.53333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6166668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.53333/lat -2.6166668)">Joicey Bequest</a> 1934-120, BMNH; 4 males: Env. d’Ambato, R. P. Irenée Blanc, ex. Oberthür coll., 1927-3, BMNH; 2 males: Granadillas, E. Ecuador, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.53333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6166668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.53333/lat -2.6166668)">Buckley</a>, Godman-Salvin coll. 1904- 1, BMNH; 1 male:? <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.53333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6166668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.53333/lat -2.6166668)">Bogotá</a>, white rectangular label “ Hewitson coll. 79-69, Daedalma dinias Hew I ”; white rectangular label “BMType No. Rh. 4062, Daedalma dinias, male Hew.”; white rectangular label “ Daedalma dinias male Hew., agrees with figure 2, ex. Butt II, Daedalma, patch not quite as big as in fig.”; rounded red and white label “?Type Daedalma dinias Hew. ”; 1 male: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.53333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6166668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.53333/lat -2.6166668)">Río Blanco</a>, 16.V.1966, USNM; 1 female: Tungurahua, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.53333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6166668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.53333/lat -2.6166668)">Vizcaya</a>, 2000 m, IV.1997, P. Boyer leg., PBF; 1 male: Zamora-Chinchipe, km 24 <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.53333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6166668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.53333/lat -2.6166668)">Loja-Zamora rd.</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.53333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6166668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.53333/lat -2.6166668)">San Francisco</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.53333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6166668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.53333/lat -2.6166668)">Reserva Arcoiris</a>, 2100 m, 15.II.2002, R. Aldaz leg., KWJH; 5 males: Azuay, road <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.53333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6166668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.53333/lat -2.6166668)">Méndez-Guarumales</a> (~ 2°37’S 78°32’W), 2200 m, X.2001, I. Aldaz leg., ex MBLI, TWP; 3 males: same data, MBLI; 1 male: Pichincha, La Viudilla [mislabeled], 3500 m, VII.1971, R. de Lafebre, A. C. Allyn Acc. 1971-31, FLMNH 117210, genitalic vial KW-08-23 K. R. Willmott, FLMNH; 1 male: same data [mislabeled], FLMNH 117207, genitalic vial KW-08-15 K. R. Willmott, FLMNH; 1 male: Bolívar, San Pablo [mislabeled], 3200 m, VIII.1975, R. de Lafebre, A. C. Allyn Acc. 1976-2, FLMNH 117219, genitalic vial KW-08-22 K. R. Willmott, FLMNH; 1 male: Bolívar, San Pablo [mislabeled], 3900 m, IX.1971, R. de Lafebre, A. C. Allyn Acc. 1971-46, FLMNH 117222, genitalic vial KW-08-16 K. R. Willmott, FLMNH; 1 male: Cotopaxi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.53333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6166668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.53333/lat -2.6166668)">Río Mulatos</a> [mislabeled], 3800 m, IV.1971, R. de Lafebre, FLMNH 117223, genitalic vial KW-08-17 K. R. Willmott, FLMNH; 1 male: Oriente, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.53333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6166668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.53333/lat -2.6166668)">Río Blanco</a>, 1600 m, 20.IV.1968, R. de Lafebre, A. C. Allyn 1968-8, FLMNH 117198, genitalic vial KW-08-14 K. R. Willmott, FLMNH; 1 male: Runtún, Tungurahua, X.2008, 2700 m, J-C. Petit leg., JCP.</p> <p>Redescription: MALE (Fig. 3A): FWD blackish brown; a large postdiscal dark orange oval patch extending from distal corner of discal cell to median part of cell Cu1-Cu2. HWD uniform blackish brown. FWV blackish brown; postdiscal orange patch reflected from upperside but slightly smaller and with diffused edges; subapical area along costa with magenta and grey scales; two black apical dots in R5-M1 and M1-M2, latter displaced basally in relation to former; apical area and outer margin to vein M3 dusted with chocolate brown and yellow scales. HWV predominant colour chocolate brown with an extremely complex mosaic of black, brown and beige with traces of magenta, and three elongate milky white submarginal patches in cells M2-M3, M3-Cu1 and Cu1- Cu2. Genitalia: (Figs. 9B, 9F, 24B): Uncus long, moderately thin and straight; gnathos thin, 2/3 length of uncus; valvae gradually narrowing towards apex, with a short, sharp tip pointing distally; saccus moderately long; aedeagus slightly curved in middle and contorted towards distal end.</p> <p>FEMALE (Fig. 3B): FWD dark brown; postdiscal orange patch as in male. HWD dark brown; an elongate apical orange patch with diffused edges enclosing three dark brown spots. FWV colour pattern as in male except that dark brown ground colour slightly lighter. HWV colour pattern as in male except that slightly lighter with more conspicuous milky white elements especially in postmedian area. Genitalia (Fig. 14B, 24A): Sinus vaginalis very large, a part of it forms a gutter-pipe-like wall covering antrum anteriorly. Lamella postvaginalis, large, wide, consisting of two concave plates with a large central part protruding ventrally, tightly covering entrance to sinus vaginalis. Long axis of ductus bursae positioned dorso-ventrally, perpendicularly to the long axis of the abdomen. This is a unique anatomical arrangement of the bursa and the ductus within the genus Daedalma. Papillae anales each with small flattened lobe on ventral part and a small bump on outer surface. Setae stretching on posterior surface of papillae anales and on their edges originate from very small warts. Apophyses posteriores reduced and sclerotized. Eighth segment wide, sclerotization of its tergite extending laterally to sinus vaginalis. Bursa copulatrix with two ribbon-like signa, consisting of minute teeth arranged in rows.</p> <p>Remarks: Pyrcz (2004) considered D. fraudata and D. boliviana as specifically distinct based both on morphological differences as well as the overlap of their geographic ranges in northern Peru (Amazonas). They were, however, not found sympatrically in the same locality (except for one unconfirmed report from Rodríguez de Mendoza), but parapatrically, with D. fraudata occurring at slightly lower elevations and in more easterly localities. The same pattern occurs in southern Ecuador; while both species are broadly sympatric, D. boliviana is the only species known to date from the Valladolid region where it reaches its northerly limit, whereas D. fraudata is known from the upper Río Zamora (one unconfirmed report of a female of D. boliviana) and occurs as far north as central Ecuador (Tungurahua). Specimens in the FLNHM labeled as from Bolívar, Cotopaxi and Pichincha come from the Lafebre collection which is notorious for erroneous data. Apart from these, there are no reports of Daedalma fraudata from the western slopes of the Andes. Throughout central eastern Ecuador (Morona-Santiago, Tungurahua) the range of D. fraudata overlaps with D. rubroreducta n. sp. Again, the two species are mostly elevationally parapatric, with D. fraudata at slightly higher elevations than D. rubroreducta, with an admittedly wide zone of overlap. D. fraudata has been recorded from Zamora-Chinchipe, southern Morona-Santiago and Tungurahua, and D. rubroreducta from central Morona-Santiago, Azuay, Napo and Sucumbíos. They are apparently elevationally parapatric in the Pastaza valley. Differences in male genitalia between D. rubroreducta and D. fraudata are slight and mostly quantitative, but there are apparently consistent differences in the female genitalia. The anatomical arrangement of female genital structures described above suggests that in this species the copulatory position, allowing the aedeagus to successfully penetrate into ductus bursae, differs from all other species of Daedalma. Nevertheless, the systematic arrangement proposed here is tentative. Since reliable and exact collecting data for all three of these species are few, their relative status may be subject to modification in the future, and study of their affinities based on molecular sequence data would also be valuable.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5009D63FFC5F315FF32FE4EFD0FD7C6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pyrcz, Tomasz W.;Greeney, Harold F.;Willmott, Keith R.;Wojtusiak, Janusz	Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Greeney, Harold F., Willmott, Keith R., Wojtusiak, Janusz (2011): 2898. Zootaxa 2898: 1-68
C5009D63FFC4F317FF32FA30FC77D637.text	C5009D63FFC4F317FF32FA30FC77D637.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daedalma rubroreducta Pyrcz & Greeney & Willmott & Wojtusiak 2011	<div><p>Daedalma rubroreducta Pyrcz &amp; Willmott, n. sp.</p> <p>(Figs. 3C, 3D, 9C, 14C, 18A–E, 19A–E, 23B)</p> <p>Material examined: ECUADOR: HOLOTYPE male: Morona-Santiago, Macas, Loma Tigrillo, 1700–1750 m, X.2002, I. Aldaz leg., red, rectangular label saying: Holotype, MZUJ; PARATYPES (9 males and 2 females), 4 males: same data as the holotype, TWP; 1 female: Ecuador, no further data, (prep. genit. 07- 01.07.2005), TWP; 1 female: Napo, Yanayacu, 2000 m, H. Greeney (ex larva), TWP; 1 male: same locality data as preceding but 24.XI.2006, K. Willmott leg., FLMNH; 1 male: Napo, Baeza-Tena km 10, "1600" [=1850] m, 12.XII.1996, P. Boyer leg., PBF; 1 male: Sucumbíos, km 2 La Bonita-Tulcán rd., 2100 m, 01.I.2002, K. Willmott leg., KWJH; 1 male: Tungurahua, Río Topo [mislabeled], ex. Grose-Smith, 1910, BMNH; 1 male: Sarayacu, Eastern Side Ecuador [mislabeled], C. Buckley 1879, ex. Oberthür coll., 1927-3, BMNH.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Differs from D. dinias by the FW orange patch extending into postdiscal area, similar to D. boliviana and D. fraudata, but differing from those species in the patch being slightly smaller and darker. On the underside, the FW orange patch is considerably fainter than in D. boliviana or D. fraudata, in most individuals obsolete, heavily overcast with brown and barely marked, in this respect being most similar to D. dinias emma.</p> <p>Description: MALE (Fig. 3C): Head: Eyes chocolate brown covered with dense setae; palpi twice the length of head, yellowish covered with chocolate brown hair; antennae 2/5 length of costa, dorsally brown, ventrally yellowish, club darker than shaft. Thorax: Dorsally and ventrally blackish, legs sandy yellow. Abdomen: Dorsally and laterally blackish, ventrally lighter dull brown. Wings: FW (length: 25-27 mm; 25.6 mm; n=5) costa slightly arched, outer margin protruded at vein M1 and slightly undulate. HW costa protruded at apex, outer margin undulate with two tail-like extensions at veins Cu1 and Cu2. Wings: FWD ground colour blackish brown; orange patch oval, smaller and slightly darker than in D. fraudata, with faint edges. HWD uniform blackish brown. FWV patch faint and diffuse, reddish, overcast with brown to such an extent that it is barely noticeable in some individuals. HWV overall darker than in D. fraudata with a heavier chocolate brown overcast, milky white postdiscal and submarginal patches smaller than in D. fraudata or obsolete. Genitalia (Fig. 9C): Similar to D. fraudata except for the thinner uncus, considerably broader valvae in distal half, and a slightly deeper saccus.</p> <p>FEMALE (Fig. 3D): Differs from D. fraudata in fainter and slightly smaller FW orange patch, suffused along edges with some brown scaling. Genitalia (Fig. 14C): Papillae anales small, with prominent bump on lateral side, slightly wrinkled wall of tuba analis. Lamella postvaginalis as a concave plate with a small protrusion pointing posteriorly. Bursa copulatrix pear-like, with two narrow and parallel signa consisting of minute teeth. Ductus bursae narrow, same length as the length of bursa copulatrix, connected with ductus seminalis in the middle. Lamella antevaginalis concave and shallow. Coliculum absent. Apophyses posteriores reduced.</p> <p>Early stages: Host plant: Chusquea cf. scandens Poaceae (2100 m, Yanayacu, Napo, Ecuador).</p> <p>EGGS: Data on morphology are not available, but newly emerged first instars were found in the field (see below) along a small road cut at the edge of an extensive patch of Chusquea (ca. 2 ha). The remains of the clutch (Fig. 18B) were on the underside of a mature (fully expanded) leaf located at the tip of a small isolated shoot draping over the road.</p> <p>FIRST INSTAR (Figs. 18A): Head capsule shining black, nearly round but slightly broader at base; epicranial suture weak; body elongate, parallel-sided with little or no constriction behind the head, roughly round in cross section; body colour dull olive-green with a red-brown cast anteriorly and posteriorly, becoming all red-brown later in instar; body with sparse, pale setae, prothoracic shield poorly developed and dark brown. First instars originally rested in a tightly packed group on the underside of the food plant leaf, near where the eggs were laid. Later, prior to molt, larvae aggregate at the apex of the skeletonized food plant leaf, rearing back and regurgitating when disturbed. The first instar lasted at least 5 days.</p> <p>SECOND INSTAR (Figs. 18C, 18F): Early 2 nd second instar head capsule similar to first instar, but with a pair of small, rounded, bump-like scoli anterio-dorsally; immediately after molting head capsule dark olive-green, paler dorsally, but darkening to shiny black later in instar; head and body with sparse dark setae; body nearly parallel sided, tapering slightly posteriorly to small, dark-brown bifid tail, roughly square in cross section; dorsum redbrown, sides and venter dark brown to black; a faint mid-dorsal stripe extends from T1 to around A3, T1 extended subdorsally into two individual fleshy lobes. Late 2 nd Instar: Overall colour pattern similar but shape becoming more elongate and nearly round in cross section, fleshy protuberances on T1 disappearing; a pair of thin creamcoloured stripes develop dorsolaterally and extend back from T1, gradually fading posteriorly; bifid tail and margins of anal plate become cream coloured. Second instars remain aggregated along the skeletonized mid-vein of the leaf. The larvae measured 8 mm at premolt. The second instar lasted 9 days.</p> <p>THIRD INSTAR (Figs. 18D): Early 3 rd instar head capsule dull black with scoli becoming more prominent and light brown to cream coloured, appearing as an extension of dorsolateral cream stripes on T1. Otherwise similar in colour to late second instars, but with bifid tail more prominent, and setae becoming slightly denser and longer, especially on head scoli. Late 3 rd Instar: As described for early third instar, but abdomen laterally developing a complex pattern of cream coloured stripes surrounding narrow red-brown areas. This pattern fades anteriorly and sides of thorax remain dark brown, spiracles, especially posteriorly develop small green areas surrounding them. Overall, appearing like a dead stick. Third instar larvae remain along the skeletonized leaf mid-vein. The larvae measured 13 mm at premolt. The third instar lasted 10 days.</p> <p>FOURTH INSTAR: As described for late third instar but with head scoli and bifid tails becoming more prominent and paler brown; anterior portion of head becoming dark red-brown with indistinct pale crescent-shaped spots on either side of clypeal suture; lateral patterning becoming more distinct and dorsolateral cream stripes becoming less distinct, especially posteriorly. Fourth instar larvae break into groups of 2–5 individuals but remain fairly clumped on the host plant. The larvae measured 20.5 mm at premolt. The fourth instar lasted 11–12 days.</p> <p>FIFTH INSTAR (Figs. 19A, 19B): Overall appearance much like a mossy stick, body roughly square in cross section, narrowing slightly from A1-A6, T2-T3 and A3 with small fleshy triangular protuberances dorsolaterally; larvae develop many small swellings at setal bases, especially on head and bifid tails; head patterning becoming stronger; early in instar larvae are patterned in various shades of brown with well defined pair of dark brown triangles subdorsally on A3; sides of thorax and A3-A4 dark brown with abdominal brown patch tapering posteriorly and supraspiracularly to A5 forming a distinct and roughly triangular patch laterally; dorsum of T1, A4–A5, and bifid tails becoming pale brown; late instar larvae develop mossy green highlights, especially on dorsal thorax, dorsum of A3, and around spiracles. Fifth instar larvae disperse and do not remain aggregated. The larvae measured a maximum of 35 mm before the prepupal stage (estimated from photographs). The fifth instar lasted 14–16 days.</p> <p>PUPA (Figs. 19C, 19D). All larvae were removed from the field before pupation and it is unknown where pupation occurs in the wild. Pupa heavily sculptured with a distinct forward curved thoracic keel, abdomen with subdorsal pairs of protrusions, progressively smaller towards cremaster; thorax laterally projected into two pairs of roundly triangular keels; head with a pair of dorso-ventrally flattened projections; overall colour dark brown with large bright metallic-green patches. The pupal length was not measured. The pupal stage lasted 28–30 days. Freshly emerged female (Fig. 19E).</p> <p>Etymology: The epithet of this species is an allusion to the diagnostic reduction of the reddish FW patch.</p> <p>Remarks: This species is known to occur in the area between Macas (Morona-Santiago) and La Bonita (Sucumbíos), along the eastern slopes of the Andes in Ecuador. We initially considered it as a subspecies of D. fraudata, from which it differs mostly in the expression of the FW orange patch, but the two taxa, if not strictly sympatric, have ranges that overlap over a broad region, in Tungurahua and Morona-Santiago, and both appear to occur in the Pastaza valley. Although the single specimen of D. rubroreducta from "Río Topo" is probably mislabelled and was presumably collected at higher elevations, the scant available elevational data do suggest that D. rubroreducta may in general inhabit slightly lower elevations than D. fraudata, which occurs in the Pastaza valley around and above Baños, as high as 2500 m. Other specimens of D. rubroreducta come from elevations slightly below 2000 m. Daedalma rubroreducta and D. boliviana are apparently allopatric but there is no good reason to regard them as conspecific, since the characters that distinguish D. rubroreducta from D. fraudata all apply to an even greater extent to distinguishing D. rubroreducta from D. boliviana.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5009D63FFC4F317FF32FA30FC77D637	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pyrcz, Tomasz W.;Greeney, Harold F.;Willmott, Keith R.;Wojtusiak, Janusz	Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Greeney, Harold F., Willmott, Keith R., Wojtusiak, Janusz (2011): 2898. Zootaxa 2898: 1-68
C5009D63FFC6F310FF32FB70FE64D5CE.text	C5009D63FFC6F310FF32FB70FE64D5CE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daedalma eliza Pyrcz & Greeney & Willmott & Wojtusiak 2011	<div><p>Daedalma eliza Pyrcz &amp; Willmott, n. sp.</p> <p>(Figs. 4C, 4D, 9A, 13D)</p> <p>[Daedalma adamsi d’Abrera; Salazar, 2004: 255 (misidentification).]</p> <p>Material examined: ECUADOR: HOLOTYPE male: Carchi, Las Golondrinas, 2400 m, 19.VI.1999, T. Pyrcz &amp; J. Wojtusiak leg., red, rectangular label saying: Holotype, MZUJ; PARATYPES (19 males and 2 females), 1 male: same data as the holotype, TWP; 1 male: same data but 20.VI.1999, 2400–2500 m, BMNH; 1 male: same data but 22.VI.1999, 2200 m, PUCE; 1 male: same data but 2250 m, TWP; 1 male: same data but 2450 m, TWP; 2 males: same data but 01.VII.1999, 2250 m, TWP; 1 male: same data but 2350 m, TWP; 1 male: same data but 02.VII.1999, 2400 m, TWP; 1 male: same data but no altitude, 19.VI.1999, TWP; 4 males: same data but 2100 m, 27.xi.1996, K. Willmott leg., KWJH (1 to be deposited in MECN, 1 to be deposited in FLMNH); 2 males: Carchi, above Las Juntas, 1600–2000 m, VIII.2001, I. Aldaz leg., MBLI; 1 female: same data as the holotype 2450 m, TWP; 1 female: same data as the holotype but 15.IX.1997, K. Willmott leg., KWJH; COLOMBIA: 1 male: Nariño, Cumbitará, 23.IX.1996, G. Rodríguez leg., GRM. Additional material: 1 male: Pichincha, km 13 Nanegalito-Quito rd., Reserva El Pahuma, 2400 m, 26.X.1997, K. Willmott leg., KWJH.</p> <p>Diagnosis: This species and D. parvomaculata are both recognised from D. dinias by the small size of the FWD postmedian patch in males, orange in D. parvomaculata and dark crimson in D. eliza. In the females of D. dinias and D. eliza the FWD orange patch is wide and extends to the costa, whereas in D. parvomaculata it ends in mid-discal cell. The female of D. parvomaculata has no trace of orange or red on the HWD contrary to D. eliza and D. dinias, which have a well marked patch along the costa and at the apex, while in D. eliza some orange markings are also apparent in the median area (cell M2-M3). Daedalma eliza is also similar in appearance to the central Peruvian D. adamsi, whose FWD patch is the same colour as in D. eliza, but is situated more distally, and does not enter the discal cell.</p> <p>Description: MALE (Fig. 4C): Head: Eyes dark brown, covered with short and dense setae; palpi, twice length of head, light brown covered with chestnut hair; antennae 2/5 length of costa, slender, club only slightly thicker than shaft, chestnut ventrally, dark brown dorsally. Thorax: Dorsally and ventrally blackish, legs light brown. Abdomen: Dorsally and laterally blackish, ventrally lighter dull brown. Wings: FW (length: 27–30 mm; 28,16 mm; n=12) costa slightly arched, outer margin protruded at vein M1 and slightly wavy. HW costa protruded at apex, outer margin undulate with two tail-like extensions at veins Cu1 and Cu2. FWD blackish; a faint dark crimson oval patch with inner 1/3 third inside discal cell and outer 2/ 3 in cell M3-Cu1, slightly extending in some individuals into cell Cu1-Cu2. HWD uniform blackish. FWV blackish grey-brown; a lighter grey median patch in same position as upperside crimson patch but extending further across discal cell and reaching costal vein; a whitish subapical elongate patch with scaling and a dark brown spot distally; a marginal band in apical area composite of olive and shades of brown. HWV ground colour chocolate brown with a complex mosaic of silver, milky white and brown patches typical for genus; postdiscal milky white patch in cell M2-M2 triangular. Genitalia (Fig. 9A): Uncus stout, curved downwards in middle; gnathos thin, 2/3 length of uncus; saccus deep and widening in basal area; valvae elongate with a smooth ampulla, and nearly as wide at apex as in median part, with a small apical tip curved upwards; aedeagus straight and smooth, shorter than valva + saccus.</p> <p>FEMALE (Fig. 4D): Head: Eyes chocolate brown covered with dense, short setae; palpi twice length of head, pale yellow covered with sandy yellow hair; antennae 2/5 length of costa, slender, orangeish dorsally and ventrally, club only slightly thicker than shaft, slightly darker. Thorax: dorsally and ventrally medium brown, legs sandy yellow. Abdomen: dorsally and laterally medium brown, ventrally beige. Wings: FW (length: 32 mm) and HW shape same as in male. FWD ground colour dark brown, slightly lighter in basal area; an oblique, elongate orange patch across discal cell and vein Cu1, whitish along costal cell; three connected whitish subapical patches along costa, in M1-M2 and M2-M3; fringes alternately milky white and brown. HWD ground colour dark brown; a diffuse postdiscal patch extending from costa to vein Cu1, enclosing darker brown patches in M1-M2 and M2-M3; fringes yellowish in costal area, orange on “tails”. FWV colour pattern reflected from dorsal surface but lighter; subapical and apical area sandy yellow. HWV pattern typical for genus consisting of a complex mosaic of yellow, chestnut and chocolate brown elements; ground colour sandy yellow; darker, chocolate brown in median area and in cell M2-M3 along distal margin; magenta scaling along zigzagging brown median line. Genitalia (Fig. 13D): Sinus vaginalis small and shallow. V-shaped batten on lamella postvaginalis large, and heavily sclerotized. Hump in middle of lamella postvaginalis sharp in lateral view, pointing posteriorly. Heavy sclerotization of eighth segment limited to dorsal most part of tergum and to lateral slats connecting with sinus vaginalis. Posterior part of lamella postvaginalis slightly sclerotized and wrinkled. Ductus bursae with delicate parallel wrinkles, gradually narrowing toward posterior. Antrum very short, and bent, opens to sinus vaginalis at its very bottom. Colliculum absent. Papillae anales flattened, separated on ventral side by wide, slightly wrinkled wall of tuba analis. Strongly sclerotized cuticular slat connects eighth tergite with lamella postvaginalis. Apophyses posteriores reduced. Bursa copulatrix asymmetric, ductus bursae gradually narrowing towards ostium, with parallel wrinkles, bent at site where it meets with ductus seminalis. Two ribbon-like signa in middle of bursa slightly bent.</p> <p>Etymology: This species is dedicated to Miss María Eliza Manteca Oñate, the president of the Las Golondrinas Foundation, which established the reserve where most of the type specimens were collected.</p> <p>Remarks: Daedalma eliza is most closely related to D. parvomaculata. The two species share common features of the male genitalia, in particular a noticeably stout uncus. In D. parvomaculata, sexual dimorphism is slight, and the female barely differs from the male except for a larger and better marked FW orange patch, whereas D. eliza is strongly sexually dimorphic, as are D. boliviana or D. fraudata, and the female has a wide oblique reddish orange patch on the FW. Given that these differences in wing pattern are much more marked than others that separate other sympatric species (e.g. D. boliviana, D. fraudata and D. rubroreducta), we believe D. eliza is best treated as a distinct species. Daedalma eliza is endemic to the west Andean Cordillera of Ecuador (Carchi) and Colombia (Nariño). Its northern distributional limit appears to be the Río Patía valley, while specimens have been collected from as far south as Pichincha province in western Ecuador. Quantitative sampling with baited traps showed a narrow altitudinal range, 2250–2450 m, occasionally as low as 2100 m. Other data, indicating collections below 2000 m, are unreliable. It is not uncommon in its habitat, undisturbed mid-elevation montane forests, being encountered most often along ridge tops.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5009D63FFC6F310FF32FB70FE64D5CE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pyrcz, Tomasz W.;Greeney, Harold F.;Willmott, Keith R.;Wojtusiak, Janusz	Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Greeney, Harold F., Willmott, Keith R., Wojtusiak, Janusz (2011): 2898. Zootaxa 2898: 1-68
C5009D63FFC0F312FF32FF4BFB3DD35E.text	C5009D63FFC0F312FF32FF4BFB3DD35E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daedalma parvomaculata Kruger	<div><p>Daedalma parvomaculata Krüger</p> <p>(Figs. 4A, 4B, 10F, 14A, 23A)</p> <p>Daedalma parvomaculata Krüger, 1924: 47.</p> <p>Daedalma dinias parvomaculata Krüger; Adams, 1986: 253; d’Abrera, 1988: 844; Salazar, 1993: 39.</p> <p>Daedalma dinias form parvomaculata Krüger, 1924: 47.</p> <p>Daedalma parvomaculata Krüger; Pyrcz, 1999: 228; Pyrcz &amp; Wojtusiak, 1999: 206; Prieto, 2003: 209, fig.1; Pyrcz, 2004: fig. 2; Vargas &amp; Salazar, 2004: 253.</p> <p>Remarks: D. parvomaculata is currently considered monotypic. It most closely resembles D. eliza in wing shape and HWV colour pattern, but is immediately recognised by the brighter orange FW patch, which is dark brick red in D. eliza, and by significant differences in the female (see under D. eliza).</p> <p>Material examined: COLOMBIA: LECTOTYPE male: Cauca, Western Cordillera, West slopes, La Paz, 2000 m, 22.IX.1917, E. Krüger leg., MIIZ (Designated by Pyrcz, 1999: 228); PARALECTOTYPE male: same data but 21.IX.1917; 1 female: same data but 20.IX.1917; 1 male: Cauca, Reserva Forestal Tambito, 2050 m, 14.II.1997, T. Pyrcz leg., MZUJ; 1 male: same data but 2400 m, 04.II.1997; 1 male: same data but 1900 m, 09.II.1997; 1 male: same data but 1950 m, 09.II.1997; 1 male: same data but 2000 m, 09.II.1997; 1 male: same data but 2250 m, 09.II.1997; 1 male: same data but 2300 m, 09.II.1997; 1 male: same data but 1950 m, 10.II.1997; 1 male: same data but 2000 m, 10.II.1997; 1 male: same data but 2300 m, 10.II.1997; 1 male: same data but 2000 m, 12.II.1997; 1 male: same data but 2150 m, 12.II.1997; 1 male: same data but 2300 m, 12.II.1997; 1 male: same data but 2400 m, 12.II.1997; 2 males: same data but 2300 m, 13.II.1997; 1 male: same data but 2000 m, 14.II.1997; 1 male: same data but 2150 m, 14.II.1997; 1 male: same data but 2250 m, 14.II.1997; 1 male: same data but 1950 m, 01.III.1997; 1 male: same data but 2000 m, 01.III.1997; 1 male: same data but 2050 m, 01.III.1997; 2 males: same data but 2300 m, 01.III.1997; 1 male: same data but 2400 m, 01.III.1997; 1 male: same data but 2000 m, 02.III.1997; 1 male: same data but 2300 m, 02.III.1997; 1 male: same data but 1900 m, 03.III.1997; 1 male: same data but 1950 m, 03.III.1997; 1 male: same data but 2400 m, 03.III.1997; 1 male: same data but 1950 m, 04.III.1997; 1 male: same data but 1950 m, 05.III.1997; 2 males: same locality but no other data, MZUJ; 1 male: Cauca, P. N. Munchique, La Romelia, 2800 m, 20.I.2001, C. Prieto leg.; 1 male: same data but 09.VI.2006; 2 males: Cauca, P. N. Munchique, Veinte de Julio, 2700 m, 15.V.2006, C. Prieto leg.; 1 female: Valle del Cauca, Queremal, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.4666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.7/lat 3.4666667)">Cerro Tokio</a>, 3º 28' 00 N, 76º 42' 00 W, 2000 m, 25.X. 2008, C. Prieto leg., CPC.</p> <p>Redescription: MALE (Fig. 4A): Head: Eyes dark brown; palpi rufous brown; antennae dorsally medium brown, ventrally orange brown. Thorax: blackish brown; legs medium brown. Abdomen: dorsally blackish brown, laterally and ventrally slightly lighter and duller. Wings: FW length 25–27 mm, mean: 25.8 mm, n=39; FWD blackish brown; oval orange patch at base of space M3-Cu1 entering marginally discal cell and space Cu1-C2. HWD uniform blackish brown. FWV: steely brown, lustrous; orange patch slightly smaller than on upperside; subapical and apical area chocolate brown and with short, irregular milky white lines; three minute blackish brown spots in R4-R5, R5-M1 and M1-M2. HWV: predominantly crimson brown with some orange speckling, silvery and postbasal, postmedian and submarginal irregular and discontinuous lines; a row of dark brown ocelli in postmedian to submarginal area. Genitalia (Fig. 10F): Characterised by a particularly stout uncus, a feature which strongly suggests an affinity with D. eliza. Valvae are shortened in apical half and terminated with a prominent tip pointed upwards, ampulla has a slightly serrate surface.</p> <p>FEMALE (Fig. 4B): Differs from male in lighter, medium brown FW and HWD, and in having orange FWD patch twice as large and equally conspicuous on ventral surface (faint and suffused with brown on male FWV); HWV colour pattern much lighter than in male. Genitalia (Fig. 14A): Sinus vaginalis small. Marginal parts of Vshaped batten on lamella postvaginalis constitute a heavily sclerotized, very characteristic trapezoidal frame. Papillae anales each with small flattened lobe on ventral part and a bump on outer surface. Apophyses posteriores as short triangular plates. Ductus bursae four times longer than antrum, with delicate parallel wrinkles, attached to corpus bursae asymmetrically. Colliculum well developed, wall of lamella postvaginalis posterior to opening of antrum with few wrinkles. Hump in middle of lamella postvaginalis slightly concave when viewed ventrally. Bursa copulatrix with two ribbon-like, parallel signa consisting of minute teeth.</p> <p>Remarks: Daedalma parvomaculata is a species endemic to the Colombian Chocó, and is known to occur in the departments of Cauca, Valle del Cauca, Chocó, and Risaralda (Vargas &amp; Salazar, 2004). Described originally as a form of D. dinias, it was considered by Adams (1986) as a subspecies of D. dinias. Daedalma parvomaculata and D. dinias are, in fact, widely parapatric on the Pacific slopes of the Colombian Western Cordillera, the latter occurring at higher elevations, and D. parvomaculata was therefore treated as a valid species by Pyrcz (1999). It is apparently most closely related to D. eliza, from which it is separated geographically by the Río Patia Valley. Daedalma parvomaculata occurs in low to mid-elevation perhumid cloud forests between 1800–2200 m (Pyrcz &amp; Wojtusiak, 1999). Sexual dimorphism appears less pronounced than in other species of the “ dinias group", with the female differing from the male only in having a wider FW orange patch and lighter HWV.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5009D63FFC0F312FF32FF4BFB3DD35E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pyrcz, Tomasz W.;Greeney, Harold F.;Willmott, Keith R.;Wojtusiak, Janusz	Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Greeney, Harold F., Willmott, Keith R., Wojtusiak, Janusz (2011): 2898. Zootaxa 2898: 1-68
C5009D63FFC3F312FF32FE4EFB9BD087.text	C5009D63FFC3F312FF32FE4EFB9BD087.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daedalma Hewitson 1858	<div><p>Daedalma vertex Pyrcz</p> <p>Daedalma vertex Pyrcz, 2004: 511–512, 596 (Figs. 55, 56), 608 (Fig. 148).</p> <p>Remarks: This species currently comprises two subspecies found in central and northern Peru, on the eastern slopes of the Andes. It shares with D. dinias the character of the FWD orange patch never extending distally from the discal cell, but this is where the similarity between the two species ends. Daedalma vertex is considerably larger, the orange patch is more elongate, with somewhat irregular edges, and always indented at the base of vein Cu1. In most specimens D. vertex has a blackish postmedian spot enclosed by orange in cell Cu1-Cu2. The HWV pattern is also darker, more similar in this respect to D. fraudata and D. boliviana.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5009D63FFC3F312FF32FE4EFB9BD087	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pyrcz, Tomasz W.;Greeney, Harold F.;Willmott, Keith R.;Wojtusiak, Janusz	Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Greeney, Harold F., Willmott, Keith R., Wojtusiak, Janusz (2011): 2898. Zootaxa 2898: 1-68
C5009D63FFC3F313FF32FCF1FF6AD0E4.text	C5009D63FFC3F313FF32FCF1FF6AD0E4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daedalma Hewitson 1858	<div><p>Daedalma vertex vertex Pyrcz</p> <p>(Figs. 3E, 3F, 10A, 15D)</p> <p>Material examined: PERU: HOLOTYPE male: Amazonas, Molinopampa-Granada, 3065 m, 03.VII.1998, T. Pyrcz &amp; J. Wojtusiak leg., MUSM; 1 male: Amazonas, Molinopampa-Granada, 2915 m, 29.VIII.1998, T. Pyrcz &amp; J. Wojtusiak leg., TWP; 1 male: same data but 2800–3100 m, 20.VIII.1998, TWP; 1 male: same data but 3000– 3050 m, B. Calderón leg., TWP; 17 males: same data but 3100–3250 m, M. Tafur leg., 10 TWP, 7 MUSM; 1 male: Peña Blanca, Río Chido, 2800 m, 29.VI.1999, B. Calderón leg., TWP; 3 males: Road Leimebamba-Balsas, 3550– 3650 m, 1–15.XII.2001, B. Calderón leg., MBLI; 1 male: Molinopampa-Granada trail, 2500 m, X.2000, B. Calderón leg., MB; 1 male: same data but 3050 m, MBLI; 4 males: same data but 3150–3250 m, MBLI; 1 male: same data but 3400 m, MBLI; 1 male: Molinopampa 2900–3000 m, IX.2000, B. Calderón leg., PBF; 1 male: Pomacochas, La Sonada, IX–X.2000, B. Calderón leg., PBF; 1 female: Molinopampa-Granada, 3100–3250 m, III.2003, M. Tafur leg., TWP; 1 female: Peña Blanca, Río Chido, 2500–2900 m, VI.2002, B. Calderón leg., TWP; 1 female: Peña Blanca, Laguna de Pomacochas, 2900–3050 m, VI.2000, B. Calderón leg., MBLI; 1 female: Pueblo María, Luya, 3200 m, XI.1998, B. Calderón leg., MBLI; 1 female: Molinopampa-Granada trail, 3150–3250 m, X. 2000 m, B. Calderón, MBLI; 1 female: same data, PBF; 1 female: Molinopampa, 2900–3100 m, I.2001, B. Calderón leg., PBF; 1 female: Pomacochas, 3200 m, 13.VI.2000, B. Calderón leg., PBF; 1 female: Amazonas, Molinopampa- Granada, 3100–3250 m, III.2003, M. Tafur leg., TWP (all PARATYPES); 1 female: La Sonada, Pomacochas, IX– X.2000, B. Calderón leg., PBF; 1 female: Molinopampa, 2900–3100 m, I.2001, B. Calderón leg., PBF; 1 female: Pomacochas, 3200 m, 13.VI.2000, B. Calderón leg., PBF.</p> <p>Redescription: MALE (Fig. 3E): FWD dark chocolate-brown, lustrous; transverse oblong, median patch extending from near costa, across discal cell to mid-cell Cu1-Cu2, with a triangular incision at base of vein Cu1 and a dot enclosed within orange patch in cell Cu1-Cu2; faint, barely visible postdiscal orange line from vein M1 to M3; fringes brown and yellowish in interspaces. HWD uniform dark chocolate-brown, lustrous, except for a pale orange costal lightening before apex; fringes brown and yellowish in apical one-third. FWV dark chocolate-brown; orange elements reflected from upperside, but post-discal line slightly better marked; distally, apical brown area lighter and suffused with magenta and a fine brown submarginal line; two brown faint ocelli in cells R5-M1 and M1-M2. HWV pattern an extremely complex mosaic of black, brown and beige with traces of magenta and a series of triangular, shining yellow submarginal patches, similar to D. boliviana except that two submarginal shining yellow triangular patches are less elongated and slightly larger; postmedian line edged basally with black; ocellus in cell Cu1-Cu2 black, without white pupil. Genitalia (Fig. 10A): Uncus moderately stout; gnathos stout in basal, thin in distal half; valvae slightly narrower in distal than in medial part, with a blunt apex and a sharp tip pointing upwards; dorsal surface smooth; saccus intermediate in length; aedeagus slightly contorted in distal one-third, similar in length to valva.</p> <p>FEMALE (Fig. 3F): FWD patch light orange. HWD orange patches extending from costa towards vein Cu 2 in postmedian to submarginal area, gradually darkening, becoming rusty orange, and fading away. Genitalia (Fig. 15D): Sinus vaginalis wide. V-shaped batten on lamella postvaginalis wide and heavily sclerotized, with widely rounded central hump. Papillae anales trapezoidal in lateral view, ventrally separated by a narrow gap. Apophyses posteriores short, triangular and well sclerotized. Cuticular slat connecting eighth tergite with sinus vaginalis strongly sclerotized along its posterior edge. Bursa copulatrix small and elongated. Ductus bursae very short. Antrum short, its diameter larger than that of ductus bursae. Ductus seminalis very short, connecting with antrum posteriorly at colliculum near ostium. Long axes of bursa copulatrix and ductus bursae not aligned, bursa directed ventrally. Bursa copulatrix with two ribbon-like, parallel signa consisting of minute teeth.</p> <p>Remarks: The nominate subspecies of D. vertex was described from the highlands of Chachapoyas in northern Peru, and later found in the area of Abra Barro Negro in the Central Cordillera, also in Amazonas. The latter individuals differ in having a slightly narrower FW subapical orange band, that is, however, not as narrow as in milleri n. ssp. Daedalma vertex is a high elevation species, usually found above 2600 m, and often above 3000 m (Pyrcz, 2004).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5009D63FFC3F313FF32FCF1FF6AD0E4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pyrcz, Tomasz W.;Greeney, Harold F.;Willmott, Keith R.;Wojtusiak, Janusz	Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Greeney, Harold F., Willmott, Keith R., Wojtusiak, Janusz (2011): 2898. Zootaxa 2898: 1-68
C5009D63FFC2F313FF32FD0BFAA9D546.text	C5009D63FFC2F313FF32FD0BFAA9D546.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daedalma Hewitson 1858	<div><p>Daedalma vertex milleri Pyrcz, n. ssp.</p> <p>(Figs. 3G, 3H, 10B)</p> <p>Material examined: PERU: HOLOTYPE male: Huánuco, Carpish, 2700–3000 m, 08.VI.1995, 0943/7606, G. Lamas leg., red, rectangular label saying: Holotype, MUSM; PARATYPES (9 males and 1 female): 3 males: Huánuco, Carpish, 2800–3000 m, 26.X.2004, P. Boyer leg., 2 PBF, 1 TWP; 1 male: same locality but 19.II.2003, TWP; 1 male: same data but 19.II.2003, PBF; 3 males: Huánuco, Carpish, 2700–2800 m, 08.VI.1995, G. Lamas leg., MUSM; 1 male: Huánuco, au dessus de Huanacaure, km 43 de Pachachupan, est de Acomayo, 3000–3100 m, P. Boyer leg., PBF; 1 female: Huánuco, 2 km au dessus de Huanacaure, route Pachachupan-Huanacaure km 42, 3000 m, 22.X.2009, P. Boyer leg., PBF.</p> <p>Description: MALE (Fig. 3G): Head, thorax and abdomen: not differing from nominate subspecies. Wings: FW length: 26–27 mm (mean: 26.2 mm, n=7), shorter than in nominate subspecies (mean: 28,6 mm); FWD ground colour blackish brown; orange patch a shade darker and smaller than in nominate subspecies, only slightly shorter distally but nearly half as wide; blackish postmedian patch in cell Cu1-Cu2 situated at edge of orange area, rather than enclosed by orange as in nominate subspecies. HWD uniform blackish brown, same as in nominate subspecies. New subspecies differs from nominate subspecies on FWV in shape and size of patch, and brick red colour, markedly darker in milleri. HWV pattern similar to nominate subspecies but ground colour chocolate brown instead of blackish brown. Genitalia (Fig. 10B): As compared to nominate subspecies, uncus same length but stouter, especially in basal part; gnathos similar; valvae narrowing gradually towards apex; saccus and aedeagus not differing noticeably from nominate subspecies.</p> <p>FEMALE (Fig. 3H): FWD patch wider than in the male; a shade lighter orange. HWD with orange reddish patches along costal margin to apical area, gradually darkening basally, some faint reddish markings in the submarginal and marginal area of M3-Cu1 and Cu1-Cu2. FWV similarly patterned as in the male except for more prominent orange markings. HWV patterned as in the male but with more prominent sandy yellow basal, postbasal and postdiscal markings, a dark brown median band, and olive scaling denser in postmedian and marginal areas. Genitalia: not examined.</p> <p>Etymology: This subspecies in dedicated to Lee D. Miller, eminent American entomologist, who contributed significantly to the knowledge of Pronophilina.</p> <p>Remarks: Daedalma vertex milleri is apparently confined to central Peru, where it occurs in Huánuco, and most probably in Pasco and Junín. Daedalma vertex milleri apparently occurs at slightly lower elevations than the nominate subspecies (Pyrcz, 2004), with available data indicating an altitudinal range of 2600–3100 m.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5009D63FFC2F313FF32FD0BFAA9D546	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pyrcz, Tomasz W.;Greeney, Harold F.;Willmott, Keith R.;Wojtusiak, Janusz	Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Greeney, Harold F., Willmott, Keith R., Wojtusiak, Janusz (2011): 2898. Zootaxa 2898: 1-68
C5009D63FFCDF31CFF32FF4BFAEED4D5.text	C5009D63FFCDF31CFF32FF4BFAEED4D5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daedalma adamsi d'Abrera	<div><p>Daedalma adamsi d’Abrera</p> <p>(Figs. 4E, 12F)</p> <p>Daedalma adamsi d’Abrera, 1988: 844, 845.</p> <p>Remarks: This monotypic Peruvian species is similarly patterned to the Ecuadorian D. eliza, both bearing a faint brick red FW median patch. Its highly distinctive male genitalia, however, separate it from congeners.</p> <p>Material examined: PERU: HOLOTYPE male: Huánuco, Río Palcazu, W. Hoffmanns, Rothschild Bequest B.M 1939-1, BMNH; 3 males: same data as the holotype, BMNH; 1 male: SO Peru, 1908, Staudinger &amp; Bang- Haas, (prep. genit. TWP-06 / 25.05.2008), SMTD, 2 males: Pasco, P. N. Yanachaga-Chemillén, San Alberto, ca. Abra Esperanza, 2814 m, 14.V.2008, J. Grados, S. Carbonal, C. Calderón leg., MUSM.</p> <p>Redescription: MALE (Fig. 4E): Head: eyes chocolate brown, palpi two and a half times length of head, covered with chocolate brown hair; antennae slender, club formed gradually, slightly thicker than shaft, dark brown dorsally, orange brown ventrally. Thorax: dorsally and ventrally blackish brown. Abdomen: dorsally blackish brown, laterally and ventrally lighter dull brown. Wings: forewing outer margin slightly truncated below apex, produced at vein M1. Hindwing forming two prominent tail-like extensions along veins Cu1 and Cu2. FWD fuscous brown, lustrous, a faint crimson red roughly oval submarginal patch in cell M3-Cu1. HWD fuscous brown, lighter brown along costa. FWV olive brown, a lighter, faint diffused subapical patch extending from costa to cell M2-M3, apical area suffused with chocolate brown and magenta scales, three minute subapical dark brown dots in R4-R5, R5-M1 and M1-M2, a dirty yellow shade in cell Cu1-Cu2 and along outer margin. HWV ground colour dark chocolate brown with a complex marble-like pattern composed of blackish and milky white scales, not differing from other species of genus, with two prominent submarginal milky white roughly triangular patches in cells M2-M3 and M3-Cu1, plus two similar small patches in cell Cu1-Cu2. Genitalia (Fig. 12F): Tegumen with an irregular, dorsal surface and basal side deeply curved basally, in this respect very reminiscent of genus Apexacuta Pyrcz; gnathos long, nearly as long as uncus; saccus relatively shallow; tip of valvae not in apical position but displaced basally.</p> <p>FEMALE: Unknown.</p> <p>Remarks: Daedalma adamsi was described from specimens presumably collected by Hoffmanns in Palcazu, north of Oxapampa in central Peru (Pasco). It was known until recently only from the holotype and three other specimens from the same locality (not designated as paratypes by d’Abrera). During our research a male of D. adamsi was located in the Staudinger collection in Dresden (SMTD), collected in 1908, apparently earlier than the type, and labelled as from "SE Peru ". Even though the area of Oxapampa in Central Peru and several localities in southern Peru have been rather well sampled in recent years by the senior author and other lepidopterists (Boyer, Grados, Wojtusiak, Bottger), few additional specimens have been obtained, suggesting that D. adamsi may be very local or highly seasonal. A population of D. adamsi was very recently discovered (2008), in the Yanachaga-Chemillén National Park, near the presumed type locality. The elevation at which the two individuals were collected indicate that D. adamsi is an upper cloud forest species. The phyletic affinities of D. adamsi are unclear, with the male genitalia showing some unusual characters in comparison with other species of the “ dinias group”, as described above. The colour pattern suggests that it is related to the northern allopatric D. fraudata, particularly that of the HWV, and the size and placement of the FWD patch, which in the case of D. adamsi is crimson and faint. The species also resembles D. eliza from northern Ecuador (see under that species). The male genitalia of D. adamsi are, however, unlike any other superficially similar congener. Daedalma adamsi may replace D. boliviana parapatrically at lower elevations, though the two species have yet to be collected along the same elevational transect.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5009D63FFCDF31CFF32FF4BFAEED4D5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pyrcz, Tomasz W.;Greeney, Harold F.;Willmott, Keith R.;Wojtusiak, Janusz	Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Greeney, Harold F., Willmott, Keith R., Wojtusiak, Janusz (2011): 2898. Zootaxa 2898: 1-68
C5009D63FFCDF31CFF32F8DEFD64D58C.text	C5009D63FFCDF31CFF32F8DEFD64D58C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daedalma dognini Pyrcz & Greeney & Willmott & Wojtusiak 2011	<div><p>Daedalma dognini Pyrcz, n. sp.</p> <p>[Daedalma drusilla n. ssp. Lamas; Lamas et al., 2004: 208.]</p> <p>Remarks: This species is currently comprised of two recognised subspecies, occurring in the south-eastern Peruvian Andes. The dorsal surface is grey-brown and similar to that of D. inconspicua, but the wing shape and ventral colour patterns are more reminiscent of D. adamsi.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5009D63FFCDF31CFF32F8DEFD64D58C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pyrcz, Tomasz W.;Greeney, Harold F.;Willmott, Keith R.;Wojtusiak, Janusz	Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Greeney, Harold F., Willmott, Keith R., Wojtusiak, Janusz (2011): 2898. Zootaxa 2898: 1-68
C5009D63FFCCF31DFF32FF4BFAA0D534.text	C5009D63FFCCF31DFF32FF4BFAA0D534.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daedalma dognini subsp. dognini Pyrcz	<div><p>Daedalma dognini dognini Pyrcz</p> <p>(Figs. 4G, 4H, 11A, 14D)</p> <p>Material examined: PERU: HOLOTYPE male: Cuzco, Ollantaytambo-Alfamayo, Qda. San Luís, Carrizales, 3100–3150 m, 20.V.2003, T. Pyrcz leg., red, rectangular label saying: Holotype, MZUJ (to be deposited in MUSM); PARATYPE female: same data but 3200–3250 m, TWP.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Recognised from the only sympatric congener, D. boliviana, by the uniform brown upperside; very similar to the Colombian species D. drusilla, except for the slightly lighter upperside, wider wings and a reddish suffusion of the FWV.</p> <p>Description: MALE (Fig. 4G): Head: eyes blackish brown, hairy; labial palpi covered with dense, short, brown hair; antennae extending to 2/5 length of costa, orange, shaft slender, club twice as thick and flattened. Thorax: blackish brown; legs light beige. Abdomen: blackish brown. Wings: FW length 27 mm; outer margin sharply produced at vein M1; fringes yellowish. HW with two tail-like extensions along veins Cu1 and Cu2, former slightly longer; fringes very short, brown, except at apex where yellowish and slightly longer. FWD: uniform medium brown, with a very faint, barely noticeably lighter postdiscal area reflecting shape of reddish patch from underside. HWD: uniform medium brown. FWV: ground colour medium brown; a faint reddish suffusion in postbasal area, and a red-brown, irregular patch in discal cell; a wide red-light brown area covering most of postdiscal to submarginal area, reddish suffusion fading away towards subapical area giving place to light brown, and some white scaling along costa, with a deep notch pointing distally along its basal edge between veins M1 and M3; subapical area chocolate brown with some silver and magenta scaling forming a zigzagging submarginal line extending as far as vein M3; three minute subapical ocelli in R4-R5, R5-M1 and M1-M2. HWV: ground colour chocolate brown with some red-brown and milky white scaling forming a complex, nondescript mosaic typical of genus; two milky white submarginal patches in M2-M3 and M3-Cu1, latter noticeably bigger and reminiscent in shape and position of that of D. drusilla. Genitalia (Fig: 11A): Uncus stout, longer than dorsum of tegumen; gnathos 2/3 length of uncus, gradually thinner from a wide base to a fine apical part; saccus deep, about length of uncus; pedunculus prominent, especially compared to D. inconspicua; valvae wide and solid in basal half, gradually narrowing towards apex, terminated with a rather short hook curved upwards; aedeagus about length of valvae, smooth, slightly arched in middle.</p> <p>FEMALE (Fig. 4H): FW length 29 mm; FWD and HWD lighter than in male, with lighter patches showing more conspicuously from underside; FWV reddish suffusion lighter and much fainter, concentrated along basal edge of light orange-brown postmedian area. HWV colour pattern lighter, otherwise similar to male. Genitalia (Fig. 14D): Sinus vaginalis wide and shallow. Marginal parts of V-shaped batten on lamella postvaginalis consisting of heavily sclerotized slats that narrow slightly laterally. Papillae anales posteriorly close to each other. Apophyses posteriores as short triangular plates sharply pointing anteriorly. Posterior wall of lamella postvaginalis concave, with delicate wrinkles. Ductus bursae curved, with few pronounced wrinkles, twice length of antrum. Posteriorly to well developed colliculum, another ring-like cuticular thickening on wall of antrum. Hump in middle of lamella postvaginalis very small, triangular. Bursa copulatrix with two ribbon-like and narrow, parallel signa consisting of minute teeth.</p> <p>Etymology: This species is dedicated to Paul Dognin, the French naturalist who, by the end of 19th century, had described several species and subspecies of Pronophilina, including Daedalma (inconspicua) palacio.</p> <p>Remarks: This species superficially resembles the northern Andean D. drusilla and D. inconspicua, particularly in the uniform dorsal brown pattern. However, their ventral patterns, showing some distinctive characters such as the wide reddish FW patch (conspicuous in the nominate subspecies), and the male genitalia, are sufficiently distinct to treat D. dognini as a species. Furthermore, any closer association of D. dognini with D. inconspicua would be unjustified from a biogeographical standpoint, considering that their ranges are widely disjunct. D. dognini has no known close relatives in central Peru. D. adamsi, which occurs at similar elevations in central Peru, has very different male genitalia, which rules out any closer affinity (see under D. adamsi). Available elevational data (3100–3250 m) indicate that D. dognini is an uppermost forest species occurring near the treeline.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5009D63FFCCF31DFF32FF4BFAA0D534	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pyrcz, Tomasz W.;Greeney, Harold F.;Willmott, Keith R.;Wojtusiak, Janusz	Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Greeney, Harold F., Willmott, Keith R., Wojtusiak, Janusz (2011): 2898. Zootaxa 2898: 1-68
C5009D63FFCFF31EFF32FF4BFE29D156.text	C5009D63FFCFF31EFF32FF4BFE29D156.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daedalma dognini subsp. mirianae Pyrcz 2011	<div><p>Daedalma dognini mirianae Pyrcz, n. ssp.</p> <p>(Fig. 4F, 11B)</p> <p>Material examined: PERU: HOLOTYPE male: Cuzco, P. N. Manu, Acjanaco, 3200–3450 m, 05.VII.1991, M. Medina leg., red, rectangular label saying: Holotype, MUSM; PARATYPES (3 males): 2 males: same data as HT but 07.VII.1991, MUSM; 1 male: Cuzco, Abra Acjanaco vers Pillcopata km 10, 3000–3100 m, 24.II.2005, P. Boyer leg., PBF.</p> <p>Description: MALE (Figs. 4F): Head, thorax and abdomen not differing from nominate subspecies. FW length 27 mm. FWD and HWD dark brown, a shade darker than in nominate subspecies; FWV differs immediately from that of nominate subspecies in totally lacking any trace of red suffusion in wide, light brown postmedian patch. HWV ground colour lighter brown with an olive shade, otherwise similar to nominate. Genitalia (Fig. 11B): Uncus longer than in nominate; gnathos and saccus similar; valvae also longer than in nominate with a wider apical half, apical spine-like process slightly shorter; aedeagus longer than in nominate, otherwise similar.</p> <p>FEMALE: Unknown.</p> <p>Etymology: This subspecies is dedicated to Mirian Medina Hay-Roe, Peruvian entomologist and first collector of this taxon.</p> <p>Remarks: D. dognini mirianae is known so far exclusively from the upper valley of Kosñipata, but its range is most probably much wider. The parallel and more southerly valleys of Marcapata and Ollachea have barely been sampled for butterflies.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5009D63FFCFF31EFF32FF4BFE29D156	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pyrcz, Tomasz W.;Greeney, Harold F.;Willmott, Keith R.;Wojtusiak, Janusz	Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Greeney, Harold F., Willmott, Keith R., Wojtusiak, Janusz (2011): 2898. Zootaxa 2898: 1-68
C5009D63FFCFF31EFF32FC56FD5BD7BC.text	C5009D63FFCFF31EFF32FC56FD5BD7BC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daedalma drusilla Hewitson	<div><p>Daedalma drusilla Hewitson</p> <p>Daedalma drusilla Hewitson, 1858: 86, pl. 1, fig. 7. Colombia, New Granada.</p> <p>Remarks: This is a polytypic species, whose subspecies are best separated by their females, which differ in the contrasting, orange, yellow or reddish upperside colour patterns. The males have few, if any, distinctive colour patterns, all being blackish brown on the upperside and differing, slightly, in the FWV subapical markings. Comparative material from Colombia is, unfortunately, poor, particularly for females. Moreover, most examined females from Cundinamarca do not bear precise collecting locality data, hindering our understanding of the distribution of D. drusilla subspecies. The systematic arrangement presented below should therefore be considered preliminary. Adams (1986) claimed that D. drusilla is restricted to the Colombian Eastern Cordillera, but this is incorrect, as this species is found in other Colombian ranges as well, certainly in the Central Cordillera and, possibly, also in the Western Cordillera (Pyrcz &amp; Rodríguez, 2007). It also occurs in northern Ecuador and south-western Venezuela (Pyrcz &amp; Viloria, 2007). Daedalma drusilla is closely related to D. inconspicua and the two are locally sympatric and/or parapatric along an elevational gradient in the Colombian Central Cordillera and northern Ecuador, supporting their separate species status. D. drusilla is generally smaller than D. inconspicua, with males darker, blackish brown on the upperside, and with shorter HW “tails”.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5009D63FFCFF31EFF32FC56FD5BD7BC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pyrcz, Tomasz W.;Greeney, Harold F.;Willmott, Keith R.;Wojtusiak, Janusz	Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Greeney, Harold F., Willmott, Keith R., Wojtusiak, Janusz (2011): 2898. Zootaxa 2898: 1-68
C5009D63FFCFF318FF32F9F3FE10D637.text	C5009D63FFCFF318FF32F9F3FE10D637.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daedalma drusilla subsp. drusilla Hewitson	<div><p>Daedalma drusilla drusilla Hewitson</p> <p>(Figs. 7A, 7B, 7C, 7D, 10C, 10D, 16A)</p> <p>Daedalma drusilla Hewitson, 1858: 86, pl. 1, fig. 7; Adams, 1986: 253; Pyrcz, 1999a: 228; Pyrcz &amp; Viloria, 2007: 29.</p> <p>Daedalma dora Staudinger, 1897: 138, pl. 5, fig. 7, (Colombia, “Paramos bei Bogotá, Río Dagua”); Thieme, 1907: 137; Weymer, 1912: 206, pl. 56, row f; Krüger, 1924: 47; Gaede, 1931: 510; Adams, 1986: 253 (synonymy with D. drusilla proposed); d’Abrera, 1988: 844, 845 (venter, dorsum); Pyrcz, 1999a: 228 (latter three as synonym of D. drusilla).</p> <p>Material examined: COLOMBIA: 1 male: white rectangular label: N. Granada, Hewitson coll., 79-69, Daedalma drusilla, Hew. 1; white rectangular label: B.M.Type, No. Rh.4061, Daedalma drusilla ♂ Hew.; rounded red and white label: Type; rectangular label: drusilla, 1-39 Hew. [LECTOTYPE of Daedalma drusilla Hewitson, herein designated], BMNH; 1 male: Colombia, Cundinamarca, La Calera, 2800–3100 m, 22.IX.2002, G. Rodríguez leg., TWP; 2 males: Cundinamarca, La Calera, 3000–3400 m, 08.III.2003, G. Rodríguez leg., GRM; 1 male: Cundinamarca, Páramo Cruz Verde, 3200 m, 29.III.1999, J-F. Le Crom leg., TWP, (prep. genit. 01/ 28.05.2008); 1 male: Cundinamarca, Chingaza road, 3000 m, 28.X.2007, H. Warren-Gash leg., HWG; 1 female: white rectangular label: Río Dagua, Klbr.; violet label: origin; blue label: lecto-paratype, female, Daedalma dora Staudinger des. Lee D. Miller 1989 [LECTOTYPE of Daedalma dora Staudinger, herein designated], ZMHB; 1 female: same data, [PARALECTOTYPE of Daealma dora Staudinger, herein designated], ZMHB; 2 females: Colombie, Env. Bogotá, Frère Apollinaire-Marie, 1918; BMNH; 1 female: Cundinamarca, Choachí, 2800 m, 21.I.2007, H. Warren-Gash leg., HWG; VENEZUELA: 1 male: Táchira, Tamá N. P., Betania-vía La Línea, 2700–3000 m, 17.IV.1996, T. Pyrcz leg., TWP; 2 males: Táchira, Tamá N. P., Betania-vía La Línea, 2900–3000 m, II.2008, T. Pyrcz leg., (prep. genit. TWP- 02/ 28.05.2008), MZUJ.</p> <p>Redescription: MALE (Figs. 7A, 7C): Head: Antennae dorsally chestnut, ventrally orange brown, club flattened laterally, slightly darker than shaft; eyes chocolate brown, lustrous; palpi medium brown covered with sparse, greyish and brown hair. Thorax blackish; legs beige; abdomen dorsally and laterally blackish, ventrally dull dark brown. Wings: FW length 23–24 mm, mean: 23.3 mm, n=4; FW fringes alternately sandy yellow and chocolate brown. FWD chocolate brown, a shade lighter and duller in distal half, greyish along outer margin. HWD chocolate brown, uniform. FWV dull grey brown with lighter, diffused patches in discal cell, subapical and submarginal areas, a double apical-postdiscal patch in subapical area lighter than surroundings, whitish; apical area suffused with chocolate brown; three black costal streaks in subapical area; three black subapical dots with white pupils in R4-R5, R5-M1 and M1-M2 and further three, brownish, diffused submarginal dots in M2-M3, M3-Cu1 and Cu1- Cu2. HWV ground colour medium brown liberally dusted with sandy yellow scales and decorated with a nondescript pattern of crimson red bands and lines dusted with silver scales in postbasal, postdiscal and submarginal area, with roughly triangular silver submarginal patch along vein M3, invariably larger than remainder; a row of seven submarginal whitish dots ringed with black parallel to outer margin. Genitalia (Figs. 10C, 10D): Uncus stout, longer than dorsum of tegumen; gnathos 2/3 length of uncus; saccus deep, about same length as uncus; valvae slender, elongate with a smooth ampulla and an apical hook curved upwards; aedeagus smooth, about same length as valvae, terminal 1/3 slightly curved.</p> <p>FEMALE (Fig. 7B, 7D): FWD dark brown in median half, chestnut in apical area and along outer margin; a wide pale orange area extending from postmedian to submarginal area and from Sc to anal margin, overcast with brown in subapical area (in some specimens orange markings are faint and diffused), with a sharp distal intrusion of brown along vein M3, and extending basally into discal cell reaching costa, within discal cell becoming progressively darker due to suffusion of brown, enclosing a single brown dot in cell Cu1-Cu2; fringes alternately yellow and dark brown on vein ends. HWD ground colour dark brown progressively lighter and duller distally; a wide pale orange band extending from postmedian to submarginal area and from costa towards anal margin, fading away in cell Cu2-1A, with basal edge bent at a right-angle in cell M2-M3, and a dentate outer margin produced distally along veins, enclosing a series of six brown dots, largest of which in Cu1-Cu2, smallest in M2-M3; fringes alternately yellow and dark brown at vein ends. FWV ground colour lighter brown than on upperside, chocolate brown only in discal cell; light orange markings shaped as on upperside except that patch in discal cell is disconnected from wide postdiscal band; only two black subapical dots apparent, in R5-M1 and M1-M2; light beige diffuse subapical and apical patches. HWV colour pattern similar to other subspecies, but with a somewhat stronger whitish and silver pattern overcast. Genitalia (Fig. 16A): Sinus vaginalis with narrow entrance, flattened anteriorly with strongly marked wrinkles on its lateral walls; antrum opens to sinus vaginalis posteriorly, not at its base; ductus bursae connects with bursa copulatrix acentrically; colliculum developed as a widened, posterior part of ductus bursae; batten on lamella postvaginalis "W" shaped, with rounded central part; outer walls of papillae anales at base of rudimentary apophyses posteriores set off as well marked bumps; bursa copulatrix with two ribbon-like, parallel signa consisting of minute teeth; surface of bursa with long parallel wrinkles.</p> <p>Remarks: Daedalma drusilla was described from an indefinite locality in Colombia. The comparison of the male lectotype with recently collected individuals suggests that the former comes from the Eastern Cordillera, almost certainly from the area of Bogotá, which was the only source of cloud forest butterflies from that range during the mid 19 th century (Adams, 1986). It is, however, impossible to ascertain whether it comes from the eastern or western slopes of the Cordillera. This is an important issue since most species of Pronophilina have distinct eastern and western subspecies in that range. Most examined individuals of D. drusilla from the Eastern Cordillera come from the eastern slopes in the department of Cundinamarca, and El Tamá in the far north of the Cordillera. Males from these two areas do not appear to differ. Only a few females were examined, and only one with precise data.</p> <p>Staudinger (1897) described Daedalma dora, based on one male and three females. Adams (1986: 253), and subsequently Lamas et al. (2004), considered D. dora as a junior synonym of D. drusilla. Adams (op. cit.) did not examine the four syntypes and based his judgement on the fact that the description of the male of D. dora “tallies exactly” with Hewitson’s D. drusilla. This is correct and, indeed, one of Staudinger’s (1897) syntypes, the male collected at 3000 m near Bogotá, agrees with the nominate drusilla. However, the original illustration of D. dora shows a female. Two females were examined in ZMHB, including one bearing an old label “origin,” identifying it as syntype, and another labelled by L. D. Miller in 1989 (unpublished) as the “ lectotype ”. Although we agree with the selection of the lectotype, having not been published, it is not valid, and we thus formally designate this female as the lectotype here. Staudinger claimed that the three females of dora were collected in Río Dagua, which is west of Cali in the Western Cordillera. However, there are serious doubts about the veracity of these data. First of all, the presence of D. drusilla in the Western Cordillera has never been confirmed, despite numerous collections made throughout the range and particularly in the Río Dagua area. Although Pyrcz &amp; Rodríguez (2007) did list it from the range, this was based solely on Staudinger’s report. Secondly, there have always been doubts about the true origin of the butterflies collected by Kalbreyer, presumably in the Western (Küsten) Cordillera. Adams (1986) suggested that some of them may actually have come from Ocaña, which is in the north of the Eastern Cordillera (Norte de Santander). In fact, most of the individuals of the genus Pedaliodes (sensu lato) collected by Kalbreyer, and deposited in the BMNH, represent endemic species or subspecies found in the area of Bogotá or from other Eastern Cordillera localities. On the other hand, Kalbreyer collected no endemic Western Cordillera taxa. It is therefore plausible that the female types of dora also came from the Eastern Cordillera.</p> <p>There are three known phenotypes of Eastern Cordillera females of D. drusilla. Besides the “dora form” phenotype, with conspicuous yellow markings, there is a “faint form” with barely noticeable orange markings, and an “intermediate form” with orange markings somewhat suffused with brown. These may well prove to represent local subspecies when more material with reliable and precise data becomes available. The “intermediate” type is found on the eastern slopes, immediately East of Bogotá. The “faint form” is known to occur in El Tamá, which is the northern extremity of the range, and possibly also on the western slopes in Cundinamarca. The locality of the “dora form” females is unknown but we hypothesise that they may have come from the southern part of Cundinamarca (Facatativá area).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5009D63FFCFF318FF32F9F3FE10D637	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pyrcz, Tomasz W.;Greeney, Harold F.;Willmott, Keith R.;Wojtusiak, Janusz	Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Greeney, Harold F., Willmott, Keith R., Wojtusiak, Janusz (2011): 2898. Zootaxa 2898: 1-68
C5009D63FFC9F319FF32FB70FBEED174.text	C5009D63FFC9F319FF32FB70FBEED174.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daedalma drusilla subsp. tinta Pyrcz 2011	<div><p>Daedalma drusilla tinta Pyrcz, n. ssp.</p> <p>(Figs. 7G, 7H, 10E)</p> <p>Material examined: COLOMBIA: HOLOTYPE male: Antioquia, San Felix, 2800–3000 m, 29.III.2003, G. Rodríguez leg., red, rectangular label saying: Holotype, MZUJ (to be deposited in MHN-UNC); PARATYPES (10 males and 1 female): 1 male: same data as the holotype, GRM; 1 male: Antioquia, San Felix, 2800–3000 m, 29.III.2003, G. Rodríguez leg., TWP; 1 male: Antioquia, San Felix, 2900–3100 m, 07.VIII.2000, G. Rodríguez leg., GRM; 1 male: Antioquia, San Felix, 2900–3100 m, 07.VIII.2000, G. Rodríguez leg., TWP, (prep. genit. TWP-03 / 28.05.2008); 6 males: same data, MBLI; 1 female: Antioquia, San Felix, 2900 m, 10.VIII.2000, G. Rodríguez leg., GRM.</p> <p>Description: MALE (Fig. 7G): Head, thorax and abdomen: not differing from nominate subspecies. Wings (FW length: 24–25.5 mm, mean: 25.2 mm, n=8): FWD and HWD uniform blackish brown, a shade darker than in nominate subspecies. FWV ground colour blackish brown, noticeably darker than chestnut of nominate; patches in distal part of discal cell and submarginal area fainter than in nominate, barely lighter than ground colour. HWV ground colour also darker than in nominate subspecies, chocolate brown; submarginal milky white patches slightly larger, particularly one in M2-M3 more elongated. Genitalia (Fig. 10E): Uncus stout, longer than dorsum of tegumen, slightly thicker than in nominate subspecies; gnathos 2/3 length of uncus, thin, curving upwards; saccus deep, about same length as uncus; valvae elongated, wider than in nominate subspecies, with a smooth ampulla and a prominent apical hook curved upwards; aedeagus smooth, about same length as valvae, gently arched in middle.</p> <p>FEMALE (Fig. 7H): FW length: 26 mm; FWD ground colour dark brown; wine-red patches suffused with brown covering most of distal half: an irregular patch in distal corner of discal cell, an elongate subapical patch, and a large, roughly rectangular patch extending in postmedian to submarginal area between vein M3 and anal margin; apical area dusted with light brown scales. HWV ground colour medium brown, slightly lighter than on FW; reddish markings slightly lighter than on FW with an orange sheen, forming a diffuse mid discal cell patch and covering area between postdiscal and submarginal line, a series of five brown postdiscal patches, three of which in Rs- M1, M1-M2 and M2-M3 oval, two in M3-Cu1 and Cu1-Cu2 lunular and much larger. FWV colour pattern same as on dorsal surface, with a magenta patch on costa near apex, three minute blackish subapical ocelli, a chocolate brown area on distal margin between veins M1 and M2, turning into a yellowish distal margin gradually narrowing towards tornus. HWV colour pattern not differing noticeably from females of other subspecies. Genitalia: Not examined.</p> <p>Etymology: The epithet of this subspecies derives from the noun tinto, which in Spanish means red wine, and refers to the diagnostic colour of the upperside patches of the female.</p> <p>Remarks: This subspecies differs from other races of D. drusilla, mostly by the unusual wine-red markings on the dorsal surface of the female. Moreover, the blackish pattern in the male is darker than in other subspecies. All known individuals were collected on locally isolated mountain ridges, ascending to 3100 m around the city of Medellín, the capital of Antioquia, in the northern part of the Colombian Central Cordillera. Daedalma drusilla tinta occurs sympatrically with a local population of D. inconspicua, associated provisionally with the widespread subspecies orientalis n. ssp. Daedalma drusilla tinta is most commonly found slightly below the top of the San Felix peak at 2800–3000 m, whereas D. inconspicua was collected on the summit. Daedalma inconspicua is found consistently above 3000 m throughout its range, whereas all known individuals of D. drusilla were collected below 3000 m, suggesting a parapatric elevational replacement pattern for these two species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5009D63FFC9F319FF32FB70FBEED174	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pyrcz, Tomasz W.;Greeney, Harold F.;Willmott, Keith R.;Wojtusiak, Janusz	Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Greeney, Harold F., Willmott, Keith R., Wojtusiak, Janusz (2011): 2898. Zootaxa 2898: 1-68
C5009D63FFC8F31AFF32FCBBFEF7D157.text	C5009D63FFC8F31AFF32FCBBFEF7D157.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daedalma drusilla subsp. krugeriana Pyrcz 2011	<div><p>Daedalma drusilla krugeriana Pyrcz, n. ssp.</p> <p>(Figs. 7E, 7F, 16B)</p> <p>[Daedalma drusilla Hewitson; Pyrcz, 1999: 228]</p> <p>Material examined: COLOMBIA: HOLOTYPE female: Tolima, Albania, Central Cordillera, East slopes, 14.VIII.1916, 2800 m, E. Krüger leg., red, rectangular label saying: Holotype, MIIZ; ECUADOR: PARATYPE male: Carchi, Tulcán-Maldonado km 40–50, 2800–3200 m, 07.V.1999, P. Boyer leg., PBF.</p> <p>Description: MALE (Fig. 7E): Head, thorax and abdomen: not differing from nominate subspecies. Wings (FW length: 26 mm): FWD blackish brown, a shade lighter in distal one-third, as compared to uniform blackish brown in nominate. FWD uniform blackish brown, lustrous, same as in nominate. FWV ground colour blackish brown; patches in distal part of discal cell and submarginal area barely lighter than ground colour, same as in some specimens of nominate, somewhat variable in this respect. HWV with more prominent chestnut and chocolate brown pattern than in other subspecies, especially in subapical and marginal area; submarginal milky white patches slightly larger than in nominate, similar as in tinta; three subapical-apical ocelli in Sc-Rs, Rs-M1 and M1-M2 form an arch pointing distally at costa, similarly to tinta and contrary to the nominate whose ocelli form a straight line.</p> <p>Genitalia: Not examined.</p> <p>FEMALE (Fig. 7F): Head, thorax and abdomen: not differing from nominate subspecies. Wings: FW length: 27.5 mm; FWD dark brown in basal half, light brown along outer margin; an irregular yolk-yellow patch in distal 2/3 of discal cell connected through base of cell M3-Cu1 to a large lighter yellow patch covering most of wing surface from postmedian to submarginal area except for an incision of brown along vein M3, gradually turning into light brown in subapical area, enclosing a faint brownish spot in M1-M2; fringes alternately brown and yellow, dark brown at vein ends. HWD medium brown, slightly darker in basal one-third; traces of rich yellow forming faint submarginal streaks in cells M1-M2 and M2-M3; fringes yellow in apical area, turning orange towards apex, vein ends brown. FWV ground colour slightly lighter brown and duller than on upperside; yellow markings as on upperside except that discal cell patch is disconnected from yellow postmedian area; subapical and apical area dusted with milky white scales, and different shades of brown; two dark brown subapical ocelli in R5-M1 and M1- M2; a zigzagging subapical line gradually turning into a wider area of brown in M2-M3. HWV ground colour light brown with a nondescript pattern of brown, chestnut and milky white lines and bands, similar to other taxa, with a somewhat better marked dark brown median diffused band and a milky white roughly triangular submarginal patch contiguous to vein M3. Genitalia (Figs. 16B): This subspecies differs from nominate by significantly longer ductus bursae and narrowly bent central part of batten on lamella postvaginalis. Sinus vaginalis with narrow entrance, flattened anteriorly, with wrinkles on lateral and ventral walls. Antrum opens to sinus vaginalis posteriorly, not at its base. Ductus bursae connects with bursa copulatrix centrally. Central part of lamella postvaginalis widely concave. Coliculum well developed at posterior part of ductus bursae. Narrow central part of a batten on lamella postvaginalis well pronounced. Outer walls of papillae anales at base of reduced apophyses posteriores set off as well marked bumps. Cuticule around anus with pronounced wrinkles. Bursa copulatrix with two ribbon-like, parallel signa consisting of minute teeth.</p> <p>Remarks: This subspecies of D. drusilla is described based on a female, which bears some resemblance to the "dora type " form of the nominate subspecies, with its wide yellow markings on the FWD. However, contrary to that form and other females of D. drusilla, there is no trace of yellow on the HWD. The only known individual was collected by Edwin Krüger at Albania in Tolima on the eastern slopes of the Colombian Central Cordillera (Pyrcz, 1999). Available data indicate that Central and Eastern Cordillera populations of most species of Pronophilina, especially inhabiting high elevations, belong to separate subspecies (Adams, 1986), and Pyrcz &amp; Rodríguez (2007) confirm that the valley of Magdalena is an important zoogeographic barrier. Given the distinctive wing pattern of the only known female and biogeographic data from other pronophilines, we feel justified in describing it here as a new subspecies. Curiously, Krüger (1924) lists a male of " D. dora " (= D. drusilla), collected in the area of Bogotá, and states that he did not collect any individual of D. drusilla, yet mentions no female of either. Daedalma drusilla is apparently a rare species in the central departments of the Central Cordillera, as it was not collected by Adams (1986) who sampled extensively in Tolima, and it was not listed as occurring in Tolima or Caldas by Vargas &amp; Salazar (2004).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5009D63FFC8F31AFF32FCBBFEF7D157	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pyrcz, Tomasz W.;Greeney, Harold F.;Willmott, Keith R.;Wojtusiak, Janusz	Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Greeney, Harold F., Willmott, Keith R., Wojtusiak, Janusz (2011): 2898. Zootaxa 2898: 1-68
C5009D63FFCBF31AFF32FC50FE06D4B4.text	C5009D63FFCBF31AFF32FC50FE06D4B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daedalma inconspicua Butler	<div><p>Daedalma inconspicua Butler</p> <p>Daedalma inconspicua Butler, 1866: 77.</p> <p>Daedalma inconspicua Butler; Butler, 1868: 183; Kirby, 1871: 107; Thieme, 1906: 137; Weymer, 1912: 266.</p> <p>Remarks: Daedalma inconspicua is very similar to D. drusilla, and characters useful for distinguishing the two species are discussed under the latter species. Daedalma inconspicua is a polytypic species. Males of the various subspecies can be recognised by size and by the amount and shape of the pale yellow on the FWV. Females differ more markedly by their dorsal reddish or yellow patterns, similar to the females of D. drusilla. Locally occurring subspecies distributed throughout Ecuador, extreme northern Peru and Colombia show intricate distributional patterns. Pacific and Amazonian slope faunas of cloud forest butterflies, including populations of Daedalma, are geographically widely isolated in northern and central Ecuador by the Andes, with ridges rising above 4000–5000 m covered with páramo grassland vegetation and a dry inter-Andean valley at 2500–3000 m. However, in southern Ecuador the Andean Cordillera is lower and there is no inter-Andean plateau, but instead a complex system of relatively low and narrow ranges descending below 2500 m at some of the lowest passes. The orography is highly complicated and it is difficult to identify the main Andean ridge. The lowest point between the watersheds of the Amazon and the Pacific Ocean some kilometres south of Loja is situated at merely 2450 m. Such a topography affects the distribution patterns of Daedalma taxa, with otherwise isolated populations potentially coming into contact in southern Ecuador. Such contact is facilitated by the behaviour of Daedalma species, which are less sedentary than most other pronophilines. They may sometimes fly over long distances, with some specimens having been collected over páramo, some distance from the nearest cloud forest. Occasional dispersal may lead to gene flow between western and eastern slopes populations, and indeed there are specimens whose phenotypes suggest that hybridisation at the subspecific level does occur. This phenomenon is particularly clear in D. inconspicua, an uppermost forest species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5009D63FFCBF31AFF32FC50FE06D4B4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pyrcz, Tomasz W.;Greeney, Harold F.;Willmott, Keith R.;Wojtusiak, Janusz	Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Greeney, Harold F., Willmott, Keith R., Wojtusiak, Janusz (2011): 2898. Zootaxa 2898: 1-68
C5009D63FFCBF31BFF32F8FBFAF6D4C4.text	C5009D63FFCBF31BFF32F8FBFAF6D4C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daedalma inconspicua subsp. inconspicua inconspicua Butler 2011	<div><p>Daedalma inconspicua inconspicua Butler, stat. rev.</p> <p>(Figs. 5C, 5D, 11E, 16D)</p> <p>Material examined: ECUADOR: 1 male: white, square label: Quito, coll. By M. Bourcier, 50-111, white square label: B.M. Type, No. Rh. 70-64, red and white rounded label: Daedalma inconspicua Butler, type, [LECTOTYPE of Daedalma inconspicua Butler, herein designated], BMNH; 1 male: Pichincha, Quito vers Chiriboga km 12–15, 3300–3400 m, 01.II.2004, P. Boyer leg., PBF; 1 male: Pichincha, Chillogallo vía a Chiriboga, 3000 m, 10.I.1998, I. Aldaz leg., PBF; 1 male: Pichincha, Volcán Pichincha, San Juan-La Victoria, 3300–3350 m, II.2002, I. Aldaz leg., MZUJ; 2 males: Pichincha, Quito-La Victoria rd., Loma La Palmira, 3300–3500 m, 25.VIII.1999, K. Willmott leg., KWJH; 1 male: Pichincha, Volcán Pichincha, Yanacocha, 3500 m, 18.IX.1997, K. Willmott leg., KWJH; 1 male: Pichincha, nr. Amaguaña, Volcán Pasochoa, 3500 m, 7.X.1997, K. Willmott leg., KWJH; 1 female: Ecuador, Pichincha, Chillogallo-San Juan, vía La Victoria, 3300–3350 m, 05.II.2002, T. Pyrcz leg., MZUJ; 1 male: Pichincha, Pasochoa, 3200 m, no, 9078, J-C. Petit leg, JCP.</p> <p>Redescription: MALE (Fig. 5C): Head: chocolate brown; labial palpi chestnut covered with dark brown hair; antennae dorsally dark brown, ventrally lighter, chestnut brown, club dark brown. Thorax: black; legs chestnut. Abdomen: dorsally and laterally black, ventrally chestnut. Wings: FW length: 24–27 mm, mean: 25.3 mm, n=4; FW and HWD medium greyish brown, same as in blancae n. ssp., slightly lighter than in orientalis n. ssp. and tapichalaca n. ssp.; FWV lighter area in cells M3-Cu1 and Cu1-Cu2, variably or without any reddish suffusion, similar to variegata n. ssp. and blancae but in contrast to onorei n. ssp.; FWV lighter area in cells M3-Cu1 and Cu1-Cu2 widely connected to similarly coloured bar in discal cell, similar to orientalis, in contrast to nominate, onorei and tapichalaca, in which discal cell pale marking is small and restricted to distal edge of discal cell. HWV ground colour varying between chocolate brown and chestnut. Genitalia (Fig. 11E): Uncus slightly shorter than in nominate; gnathos similar to other subspecies; saccus similar in length and width to nominate; valvae slightly thinner than in blancae, with a slightly irregular dorsal surface; aedeagus not differing from other subspecies.</p> <p>FEMALE (Fig. 5D): FW length: 32 mm; with faint, light reddish orange markings on FWD, in contrast to orientalis, which is only patterned in lighter and darker shades of grey-brown, and to variegata, which has extensive and intense light orange patches in distal half (females of onorei and blancae unknown). Genitalia (Fig. 16D): Lamella postvaginalis large, concave in middle. Bottom part of sinus vaginalis delicately ribbed. V-shaped batten on lamella postvaginalis sharply bent in middle. Additional, smaller group of setae at ventral side of papille anales complementing main group of setae. Sinus vaginalis shallow and wide. Antrum long, slightly shorter that ductus bursae. Combined length of antrum and ductus bursae same as length of bursa copulatrix. This subspecies differs from other subspecies by the lack of colliculum, very shallow sinus vaginalis and by having ductus bursae and antrum of same length. In all other subspecies antrum is much shorter than ductus bursae. Sclerotized lateral parts of eighth segment that connect tergum with sinus vaginalis narrow.</p> <p>Remarks: The identity of the nominate population of D. inconspicua is crucial for the systematics of this highly polytypic species. The type locality specified in the original description is “Quito, Chimborasso”. “Quito” often referred, in the 19 th century, to any Ecuadorian locality (as did “Bogotá” for any Colombian locality), not necessarily the capital city situated in the inter-Andean valley in the north of the country. In our experience, however, most specimens labelled “Quito” come from the western slopes of the Andes in Pichincha, central Ecuador. The locality “Chimborasso”, however, suggests the slopes of Volcán Chimborazo, or, more broadly, the province of Bolívar, further south. An examination of the syntype specimen, simply labelled “Quito,” shows that it corresponds with individuals known from both these regions, such as specimens collected along the Guaranda-Balzapamba road, south-west of Chimborazo, or those from the south-western slopes of Volcán Pichincha in the Quito area. Unfortunately, these localities are apparently inhabited by two separate subspecies of D. inconspicua, differing slightly in colour patterns but distinguished mostly by biogeographical factors, namely the presence of a third subspecies in between their respective ranges, onorei n. ssp. Although it is impossible to unequivocally associate the syntype with either population, the original label stating “Quito”, and the fact that the syntype's collector, M. Bourcier, lived in Quito and would therefore have had greater access to its environs than to regions further south, suggest the name should be applied to the Pichincha population, which is considered herein as topotypical.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5009D63FFCBF31BFF32F8FBFAF6D4C4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pyrcz, Tomasz W.;Greeney, Harold F.;Willmott, Keith R.;Wojtusiak, Janusz	Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Greeney, Harold F., Willmott, Keith R., Wojtusiak, Janusz (2011): 2898. Zootaxa 2898: 1-68
C5009D63FFCAF324FF32F8DDFCE7D621.text	C5009D63FFCAF324FF32F8DDFCE7D621.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daedalma inconspicua subsp. blancae Pyrcz 2011	<div><p>Daedalma inconspicua blancae Pyrcz, n. ssp.</p> <p>(Figs. 5A, 11C)</p> <p>Material examined: ECUADOR: HOLOTYPE male: Bolívar, Balzapamba, Río Alcacer (above Santa Lucía, old Guaranda road), 2700 m, 04.XI.1996, S. Attal leg., red, rectangular label saying: Holotype, MZUJ; 3 males: same data as HT, TWP (1 male to be deposited in MECN).</p> <p>Description: MALE (Fig. 5A): Head, thorax and abdomen: not differing from nominate subspecies. Wings: FW length: 24.5–27 mm, mean: 25.9 mm n=4. FWD pale brown, with a yellowish overcast somewhat more noticeable along costa; faint, dark brown rounded submarginal spots in M1-M2 and Cu1-Cu2. HWD medium brown, slightly darker than on FW; barely noticeable (in some individuals indistinct) rounded dark brown submarginal spots from M1-M2 to Cu1-Cu2; some red-orange submarginal scaling from Rs-M1 to Cu1-Cu2. FWV grey brown; a wide, lighter pale brown band in postmedian to submarginal area extending from costa to anal margin near tornus, connected to a short transversal discal band of same colour, enclosing faint blackish brown rounded submarginal spots, including two small blackish brown subapical ocelli in R5-M1, M1-M2 pupilled with white; diffuse chocolate brown patches at apex and on outer margin in M1-M2; outer margin from apex to M3 yellowish olive green. HWV covered with an almost nondescript pattern of blackish, chocolate brown, chestnut, rusty-brown and milky white patches and lines; a series of submarginal ocelli pupilled with white and a roughly triangular whitish submarginal patch contiguous to vein M3. Genitalia (Fig. 11C): Uncus stout, slightly arched, about same length as shoul- der of tegumen; gnathos over half length of uncus; saccus wide and deep; valvae elongate, gradually narrowing towards apex, ampulla smooth, a prominent apical spine-like process; aedeagus slightly longer than valvae, gently bent in middle, smooth.</p> <p>FEMALE: Unknown.</p> <p>Etymology: This subspecies is dedicated to Blanca Huertas, a Colombian entomologist and currently the curator of butterflies at the Natural History Museum in London.</p> <p>Remarks: This subspecies is known to occur on the western slopes of Volcán Chimborazo. Although admittedly morphologically barely distinguishable from the nominate subspecies, it is attributed a separate subspecific status for biogeographical reasons explained under nominate D. inconspicua. It is not the only case among Ecuadorian Pronophilina satyrines with such a distributional pattern, where two morphologically nearly identical subspecies are geographically separated by a third subspecies. Notably, Lymanopoda nivea Staudinger has three subspecies in the Western Cordillera: L. nivea bingo Pyrcz occurs in Bolívar and Cotopaxi provinces, a phenotypically similar undescribed subspecies (Pyrcz, m/s) occurs in Imbabura, and the nominate subspecies, with markedly different wing colour pattern, occurs in between, in Pichincha.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5009D63FFCAF324FF32F8DDFCE7D621	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pyrcz, Tomasz W.;Greeney, Harold F.;Willmott, Keith R.;Wojtusiak, Janusz	Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Greeney, Harold F., Willmott, Keith R., Wojtusiak, Janusz (2011): 2898. Zootaxa 2898: 1-68
C5009D63FFF5F325FF32FB49FCA9D3CD.text	C5009D63FFF5F325FF32FB49FCA9D3CD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daedalma inconspicua subsp. variegata Pyrcz 2011	<div><p>Daedalma inconspicua variegata Pyrcz, n. ssp.</p> <p>(Figs. 5E, 5F, 11F, 16C)</p> <p>Material examined: ECUADOR: HOLOTYPE female: Imbabura, Parque Nacional Cotacachi-Cayapas, vía Cuicocha-Chacras, 3150–3200 m, 30.VIII.2004, T. Pyrcz leg., red, rectangular label saying: Holotype, MZUJ; PARA- TYPES (1 male and 1 female): 1 male: Pichincha, Pela Gallo vía Nanegalito, 3200 m, 29.I.2002, T. Pyrcz leg., MZUJ, (prep. genit. 03/ 29.05.2008); 1 female: same data as the holotype, TWP (to be deposited in MECN).</p> <p>Description: MALE (Fig. 5E): Head, thorax and abdomen: not differing from nominate subspecies. FW length: 26.5 mm. HWV without any reddish suffusion typical of nominate subspecies and orientalis, dirty yellowish olive green patches slightly larger than in nominate. HWV ground colour lighter than in the nominate; light patches pale yellow, not cream-white of nominate, and more extensive than in the nominate. Genitalia (Fig. 11F): Uncus stout, slightly arched, about same length as shoulder of tegumen; gnathos over 2/3 length of uncus; slightly longer than in nominate; saccus, valvae and aedeagus not differing from nominate subspecies.</p> <p>FEMALE (Fig. 5F): Head, thorax and abdomen: not differing from nominate subspecies. Wings: FW length: 30–32 mm, mean: 31 mm, n=2; differs from other subspecies by extensive, light orange markings on FWD and HWD, covering most of distal half of wings, whereas nominate subspecies only shows some reddish scaling. Genitalia (Fig. 16C): Ductus bursae bent ventrally, so that the long axis of corpus bursae points ventro-anteriorly, ventrally with a few pronounced transverse wrinkles. Antrum very short, colliculum well pronounced. In lateral view, the entire eighth segment elongated, its large lateral parts widely separating heavily sclerotized plates of tergite and sternite. Papillae anales with lobe-like extensions bearing setae on their edges that point toward each other. Outer walls of papillae anales opposite to base of rudimentary apophyses posteriores set off as bumps. Ventral surface of ninth segment with parallel anterio-posterior wrinkles. V-shaped batten on lamella postvaginalis well sclerotized, roundly bent in middle and pointing posteriorly. Lateral parts of antrum with few pronounced sclerotized wrinkles.</p> <p>Etymology: The epithet of this subspecies, variegata is Latin for 'colourful', and refers to the brightly coloured dorsal surface of the female.</p> <p>Remarks: This subspecies is so far known only from the Volcán Cotacachi and Pululahua massifs, situated north-west of Quito on the western slopes of the Cordillera. The single male is associated with this subspecies based on known distribution patterns of high elevation Pronophilina satyrines in this part of the Ecuadorian Andes. In several polytypic species, the populations occurring in Pululahua and Cotacachi areas belong to the same subspecies (e.g. Lymanopoda nivea). Daedalma inconspicua is not known to occur in the well-sampled area of western Ecuador north of the Río Mira valley (Pyrcz et al., 2009).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5009D63FFF5F325FF32FB49FCA9D3CD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pyrcz, Tomasz W.;Greeney, Harold F.;Willmott, Keith R.;Wojtusiak, Janusz	Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Greeney, Harold F., Willmott, Keith R., Wojtusiak, Janusz (2011): 2898. Zootaxa 2898: 1-68
C5009D63FFF4F325FF32FDDCFE5ED74F.text	C5009D63FFF4F325FF32FDDCFE5ED74F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daedalma inconspicua subsp. onorei Pyrcz 2011	<div><p>Daedalma inconspicua onorei Pyrcz, n. ssp.</p> <p>(Figs. 5B, 11D)</p> <p>Material examined: ECUADOR: HOLOTYPE male: Cotopaxi, Pilaló, Carretera Nueva, 3000–3050 m, 03.IX.2004, T. Pyrcz leg., red, rectangular label saying: Holotype, MZUJ.</p> <p>Description: MALE (Fig. 5B): Head, thorax and abdomen: not differing from nominate subspecies. Wings: FW length: 28 mm; HW costal lobe more prominent than in nominate and other subspecies; FWD and HWD dark greyish brown, same as in orientalis, lighter than in other west Andean subspecies; FWV lighter postdiscal area in M3-Cu1, Cu1-Cu2 connected to a small lighter discal cell patch by a narrow neck, similar to nominate and cuencana n.ssp. a faint reddish suffusion in median area along discal cell vein, somewhat reminiscent of nominate subspecies; HWV ground colour distinctively olive green, differing from other subspecies, with a wide, rather uniform median area, devoid of any pattern of black or brown lines apparent in other subspecies. Genitalia (Fig. 11D): Uncus gently arched, about the length of the dorsum of tegumen; gnathos half the length of uncus; saccus wide, shallower than in other subspecies except in orientalis; valvae the length of tegumen + uncus, ampulla smooth, a prominent apical spine-like process; aedeagus not differing from other subspecies.</p> <p>FEMALE: Unknown.</p> <p>Etymology: This subspecies is dedicated to Giovanni Onore, an Italian entomologist and professor of entomology and director of the Museo de Entomología for many years at the Universidad Católica in Quito, a great promoter of conservation of natural Andean environments, and a friend of the authors.</p> <p>Remarks: Daedalma inonspicua onorei is known so far only from the type specimen collected above Pilaló. Despite that, in our opinion it is justified to consider this specimen as representing a separate subspecies in view of apparently important differences in the wing colour pattern, especially the highly distinctive olive green HWV, not found in any other subspecies.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5009D63FFF4F325FF32FDDCFE5ED74F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pyrcz, Tomasz W.;Greeney, Harold F.;Willmott, Keith R.;Wojtusiak, Janusz	Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Greeney, Harold F., Willmott, Keith R., Wojtusiak, Janusz (2011): 2898. Zootaxa 2898: 1-68
C5009D63FFF4F326FF32FA5FFAADD467.text	C5009D63FFF4F326FF32FA5FFAADD467.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daedalma inconspicua subsp. orientalis Pyrcz 2011	<div><p>Daedalma inconspicua orientalis Pyrcz, n. ssp.</p> <p>(Figs. 2G, 5G, 5H, 12A, 17A, 21C, 21D, 21F, 21H, 22A, 23D)</p> <p>Material examined: ECUADOR: HOLOTYPE male: Tungurahua, Tungurahua volcano, above Pondoa, 3200– 3250 m, I.2002, J. Wojtusiak, R. Garlacz and I. Aldaz leg., red, rectangular label saying: Holotype, MZUJ; PARA- TYPES (53 males and 6 females): 6 males: Tungurahua, Tungurahua volcano, above Runtún, 2600–3000 m, 06.VIII.1998, T. Pyrcz leg., TWP (4 males to be deposited in MECN) 1 male: same locality, 3000 m, VIII.1998, I. Aldaz leg., TWP; 1 male: Tungurahua, Baños, V.1998, I. Aldaz leg., TWP; 1 male: Tungurahua, Tungurahua volcano, above Pondoa, 3300 m, 12.I.2002, J. Wojtusiak leg., TWP; 1 male: same data but 3200–3250 m, I. Aldaz leg., TWP; 5 males: Tungurahua, Morogacho, 3400–3500 m, IX.2004, O. Velástegui leg., TWP; 1 male: Tungurahua, El Tablón, 3050–3100 m, 17.II.2004, T. Pyrcz leg., TWP; 1 male: same locality, I.2005, O. Velástegui leg., TWP; 2 males: same locality, I.1999, I. Aldaz leg., TWP; 1 male: same locality, II.1999, I. Aldaz leg., TWP; 1 male: same locality, 2600–3000 m, TWP; 1 male: same locality, VIII.1998, I. Aldaz leg., TWP; 1 male: Tungurahua, Triunfo-Patate, 26 km de Baños, 3000 m, 21.XI.1998, P. Boyer leg., TWP; 2 males: Tungurahua, El Tablón, Triunfo-Patate, 26 km de Baños, 3000 m, VIII.1998, E. Aldaz leg., PBF; 1 male: Tungurahua, El Tablón, Baños vers Patate km 18, 3000 m, 13.II.2004, P. Boyer leg., PBF; 1 male: Tungurahua, La Cima, km 28 Ulba-Patate rd., 3200 m, xii.1997, I. Aldaz leg., KWJH; 2 males: Tungurahua, Runtún, 3000 m, VIII.1998, E. Aldaz leg., PBF; 1 female: Tungurahua, Volcán Tungurahua, above Pondoa, 3200–3250 m, I.2002, I. Aldaz leg., TWP; 1 female: same locality, 19.I.2001, J. Wojtusiak leg., TWP; 1 female: Tungurahua, Tungurahua volcano, above Runtún, 3100 m, 06.VIII.1998, T. Pyrcz leg., TWP; 1 female: Tungurahua, El Tablón, 3050–3100 m, 17.II.2004, T. Pyrcz leg., TWP; 10 ♂: Tungurahua, Baños, Runtún, 3000 m, VIII.1998, E. &amp; I. Aldaz leg., MBLI; 5 males: same data but III.1999, MBLI; 2 males: Tungurahua, Baños, El Tablón, 3000 m, VIII.1988, I. Aldaz leg., MBLI; 5 males: Tungurahua, Pondoa, 3200–3400 m, I.2002, I. Aldaz leg., MBLI; 1 female: Tungurahua, Tungurahua volcano, above Pondoa, 3200–3250 m, I.2002, I. Aldaz leg., TWP. Additional material: 1 male: Sucumbíos, Julio Andrade, Huaca-La Bonita km 45, 2500–2700 m, 09.V.2000, P. Boyer leg., PBF; 1 female: Morona-Santiago, Chigüinda-Sigsig road, 3000 m, 03.XII.1998, P. Boyer leg., PBF; 2 males: Morona-Santiago, km 17 Chigüinda-Gualaceo rd., 2670 m, 14.X.2007, K. Willmott leg., FLMNH; 1 female: Morona-Santiago, km 51.5 Cebadas-Macas rd., Quebrada Galgalán, 23.X.2007, K. Willmott leg., FLMNH. COLOMBIA: 1 male: Antioquia, San Felix, II.2002, 3050 m, G. Rodríguez leg., GRM; 1 male: Colombia, Tolima, La Línea, 1987, G. Rodríguez leg., GRM; 1 male: Tolima, La Línea, 3100 m, 03.V.1974, S. &amp; L. Steinhauser leg., FLMNH.</p> <p>Description: MALE (Fig. 5G): Head, thorax and abdomen: not differing from nominate subspecies. Wings: FW (length: 26–28 mm, mean: 27.4 mm, n=30); differs from nominate subspecies by darker FW and HWD, and slightly larger size; FWV without any reddish suffusion contrary to nominate; lighter postdiscal area in M3-Cu1 and Cu1-Cu2 widely connected to lighter area, of similar colour, covering distal half of discal cell; HWV ground colour dark cholocate brown, lighter than in nominate and other west Andean subspecies, similar to tapichalaca n. ssp. Genitalia (Fig. 12A): Uncus stout and nearly straight; gnathos half length of uncus, very stout basally, gradually narrowing to a sharply ended tip; saccus shorter than in other subspecies, except for onorei, similar in this respect; valvae shorter than in most other subspecies, similar to cuencana, with a smooth ampulla; aedeagus not differing from other subspecies.</p> <p>FEMALE (Fig. 5H): FW length: 28–32 mm, mean: 29.8 mm, n=5; FWD without any reddish or orange markings, contrary to variegata or nominate; HWD with reddish suffusion covering postdiscal to submarginal area, somewhat variable. Genitalia (Fig. 17A): Sinus vaginalis widely rounded. Long axes of ductus bursae and antrum running under wide angle in relation to each other, so that corpus bursae points anterio-ventrally. Antrum short. Colliculum well pronounced, with two ring-like sclerotizations. Ventral wall of ninth segment posteriorly to papillae anales with strongly marked, parallel wrinkles. Sclerotized lateral parts of eighth segment that connects tergum with sinus vaginalis wide. Posterior surface of V-shaped batten on lamella postvaginalis covering entrance to anterior parts of sinus vaginalis, wide, with triple bends. Bursa copulatrix with two ribbon-like signa, consisting of minute teeth. This subspecies differs from D. inconspicua palacio and D. inconspicua variegata by sharply bent central part of hump on lamella postvaginalis.</p> <p>Etymology: The name orientalis (eastern) refers to the distribution of this subspecies in the eastern Andes of Ecuador.</p> <p>Remarks: This subspecies has the widest distribution of all D. inconspicua taxa, being known in Colombia in both the Cordilleras Occidental (Nariño and Caldas) (Salazar, 2004) and Central as far north as Antioquia, and in eastern Ecuador from Sucumbíos to Morona-Santiago. The few known Colombian individuals do not appear to differ from east Ecuadorian orientalis, but nevertheless were not included in the type series, as further collecting may prove that they do in fact represent distinct subspecies. An individual from Tolima is shown in Fig. 2G.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5009D63FFF4F326FF32FA5FFAADD467	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pyrcz, Tomasz W.;Greeney, Harold F.;Willmott, Keith R.;Wojtusiak, Janusz	Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Greeney, Harold F., Willmott, Keith R., Wojtusiak, Janusz (2011): 2898. Zootaxa 2898: 1-68
C5009D63FFF7F327FF32F980FE40D174.text	C5009D63FFF7F327FF32F980FE40D174.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daedalma inconspicua subsp. cuencana Pyrcz 2011	<div><p>Daedalma inconspicua cuencana Pyrcz, n. ssp.</p> <p>(Figs. 2H, 12B)</p> <p>Material examined: ECUADOR: HOLOTYPE male: Azuay, Barabón, 24.V.1994, F. Piñas leg., red, rectangular label saying: Holotype, MZUJ; PARATYPES (5 males): 1 male: Azuay, Gualaceo, vía Plan de Milagro Km 16, 3300–3400 m, 22.XI.1998, P. Boyer leg., TWP (1 male to be deposited in MECN) 2 males: Ecuador, Azuay, Cabogana, 3000 m, 09.II.2004, P. Boyer leg., PBF; 1 male: Azuay, Girón, 02.X.1994, F. Piñas leg., FPQ; 1 male: Azuay, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.145&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.1566668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.145/lat -3.1566668)">Girón</a>, 79 o 08’42’’W, 03 o 09’24’’S, 2090 m, 02.X.1994, F. Piñas leg., FPQ. Additional material: 1 male: Azuay, Tarqui, 3000 m, 26.V.2007, S. Padrón leg., SPC.</p> <p>Description: MALE (Fig. 2H): Head, thorax and abdomen: not differing from nominate subspecies. Wings: FW length: 22–24 mm, mean: 22.75 mm, n=6. The subspecies differs from nominate and other races in its considerably smaller size; dorsal surface of wings grey-brown as in nominate, considerably lighter than in orientalis; FWV has no reddish median suffusion apparent in nominate; lighter, pale yellow patch in distal border of discal cell is disconnected from wide lighter chestnut postdiscal area in cells M3-Cu1 and Cu1-Cu2, contrary to nominate, variegata and orientalis; HWV ground colour is considerably lighter than in orientalis, which has a noticeable chocolate brown pattern, and similar to nominate. Genitalia (Fig. 12B): Uncus length of tegumen dorsum, stout, slightly arched; gnathos half length of uncus, stout basally, gradually narrowing to a sharp tip, similar to onorei and orientalis; saccus about same depth as palacio and tapichalaca; valvae about length of tegumen + uncus, slender, gradually narrowing from middle to apex, similar to onorei; aedeagus not differing from other subspecies.</p> <p>FEMALE: Unknown.</p> <p>Etymology: This subspecies is named after the Cuenca valley, where it occurs.</p> <p>Remarks: This subspecies, recognised immediately from other races of D. inconspicua by its smaller size, is apparently endemic to the environs of Cuenca, where it has been recorded on both east and west Andean slopes. It occurs in the uppermost forest, where it is most frequently observed while hilltopping in the company of Junea doraete and Steremnia species. A single male specimen collected by Sebastián Padrón in the hills southeast of Río Tarqui, just south of Cuenca, is tentatively associated with this taxon. This specimen differs from typical cuencana in having the pale markings of the FWV a pale orange colour, rather than pale grey. In addition, the pale dusting of scales at the distal end of the discal cell and subapex of the FWD seen in the figured cuencana appears in this specimen orange, rather than white.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5009D63FFF7F327FF32F980FE40D174	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pyrcz, Tomasz W.;Greeney, Harold F.;Willmott, Keith R.;Wojtusiak, Janusz	Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Greeney, Harold F., Willmott, Keith R., Wojtusiak, Janusz (2011): 2898. Zootaxa 2898: 1-68
C5009D63FFF6F320FF32FCBBFDD2D717.text	C5009D63FFF6F320FF32FCBBFDD2D717.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daedalma inconspicua subsp. palacio (Dognin 1891) Dognin 2011	<div><p>Daedalma inconspicua palacio Dognin, n. stat.</p> <p>(Figs. 6A, 6B, 6D, 12D, 17B)</p> <p>Daedalma palacio Dognin, 1891: 125.</p> <p>Daedalma palacio Dognin; Thieme, 1906: 137; Weymer, 1912: 266; d’Abrera, 1988: 844, 845 (male, dorsal, ventral); Racheli &amp; Racheli, 2001: 331.</p> <p>Material examined: ECUADOR: 2 males: Loja, Saraguro, vía Las Antenas, 3100–3200 m, 15.IX.2004, T. Pyrcz leg.; 2 males: same locality, 2900–2950 m, 02.II.2004, T. Pyrcz leg. TWP; 2 males: same locality, 1997, I. Aldaz leg., TWP; 1 male: Loja (dept.), XII.1997, I. Aldaz leg., TWP; 3 males: Loja, Loja-Cuenca Km 27, 2800 m, 26.XI.1998, P. Boyer leg., TWP; 1 male: Loja, Zenén, 2800–2850 m, IV.2002, I. Aldaz leg., TWP; 1 male: Loja, Zenén, 2900 m, XI.2000, I. Aldaz leg., MBLI; 4 males: Loja, km 27 Loja-Cuenca rd., Cerro Palma [=Cerro Viña Mano], 2800–2950 m, 7.IV.1995, K. Willmott leg., KWJH; 1 female: Loja, Loja-Cuenca Km 27, 3000 m, 3.XII.2002, P. Boyer leg., PBF; 1 female: Loja, Les Antennes, 3 km sud de Saraguro, 3000–3200 m, 10.II.2004, P. Boyer leg., PBF; 1 male: Ecuador, Loja, Lagunillas, 3200 m, V.1998, A. Jasi ṅski leg., TWP; 3 males: Loja, old road Loja-Zamora, 2500 m, XI.2000, I. Aldaz leg., ex MBLI, TWP; 1 male: Loja, Loja, road Loja-Zamora, 2500– 2700 m, II.1999, I. Aldaz leg., ex MBLI, TWP; 2 males: Loja, old road Loja-Zamora, 2600 m, XI.1999, I. Aldaz leg., ex MBLI, TWP; 1 male: environs de Loja, 1890, collection W. Schaus, USNM; 1 male: Loja, El Monje près Loja, 1893, 32.21, ex coll. Dognin, 1921, BMNH; 1 male: Loja, Jimbura-vía Laguna Negra, 3000–3200 m, 15.V.1998, A. Jasi ṅski leg., TWP.</p> <p>Redescription: MALE (Figs. 6A, 6B): Head, thorax and abdomen: not differing from nominate subspecies. FW length: 23–26 mm, mean: 24.3 mm, n=12; FWD dark greyish brown with a milky white oblique postmedian band extending from costa to tornus, considerably variable in size and shape, in some individuals approximately 2– 3 mm wide, in other nearly twice as wide; faint milky white subapical patches, in some individuals barely noticeable. HWD brown, a shade darker than on FW; some individuals with two faint, dirty yellow postdiscal streaks, suffused with brown, accompanied by a third in cell M2-M3. FWV ground colour lighter than on upperside; milky white band extending slightly further distally between veins Cu1 and 1A, enclosing a brown submarginal dot in Cu1-Cu2; subapical and apical area mottled with chocolate brown, whitish and chestnut; a zigzagging black subapical line; two blackish brown subapical ocelli in R5-M1 and M1-M2. HWV predominantly chocolate brown with a nondescript pattern of blackish brown, chestnut, magenta and silver, similar to other subspecies. Genitalia (Fig. 12D): Uncus stout, hooked downwards; gnathos less than half length of uncus, basally stout, and with distal half thin; saccus deep and wide, longer than uncus; valvae elongate, gradually thinner towards apical part, ampulla very slightly undulated, apical hook prominent; aedeagus marginally longer than valvae, slightly arched in middle.</p> <p>FEMALE (Fig. 6D): Head, thorax and abdomen: not differing from other subspecies. FW length: 28 mm; FWD dark brown, a shade darker than in male; a wide oblique yolk-yellow postmedian band reaching from costa to tornus and anal margin, extending further distally than in male between veins Cu1 and 1A; two yolk-yellow small, elongated postdiscal patches. HWD dark brown, lighter brown towards distal and anal margin; a yolk-yellow band in postmedian to submarginal area gradually overcast with brown from apex, fading away before reaching vein Cu2, enclosing a series of dark brown oval or rounded dots well marked between apex and vein M2, others faint and merging with background colour; fringes yellow and dark brown along vein ends. FWV patterned as on the upperside, except that subapical and apical area olive green with two, milky white patches and two small blackish ocelli with white pupils in R5-M1 and M1-M2. HWV patterned as in male but all white or silver elements replaced with sandy yellow, whereas brown elements with olive green. Genitalia (Fig. 17B): Sinus vaginalis small and rounded; ductus bursae straight pointing dorso-ventrally; antrum short, its wall at bottom wrinkled; coliculum well pronounced, concave at area where ductus seminalis leaves ductus bursae; lateral parts of eighth segment large and wide; lamella postvaginalis wide, grooved at centre; left and right arms of V-shaped batten on lamella postvaginalis twisted and rounded in central part; papillae anales with bumps on their outer surface opposite to base of rudimentary apophyses posteriores; strongly developed setae on edges of anterior part of papillae analis pointing toward themselves; ductus bursae smaller than length of bursa; bursa copulatrix with two ribbon-like, parallel signa consisting of minute teeth. Female genitalia differs from those of D. inconspicua variegata primarily by bent ductus bursae so that bursa copulatrix points ventrally.</p> <p>Remarks: This taxon was originally described as a separate species and, indeed, the FWD pattern characterised by the wide median pale band is markedly different from nominate D. inconspicua. However, similiarities in the HWV colour pattern, wing shape, and male genitalia, coupled with ecological similarities and allopatric distribution, strongly favour considering palacio as yet another subspecies of the highly polytypic D. inconspicua. The subspecies palacio occurs in uppermost cloud forest, locally quite common at 2800–3200 m. Males can be observed in the late morning perching on higher trees, and occasionally keeping territories where they may fight with conspecifics. Females are only rarely seen in the field.</p> <p>Daedalma i. palacio is the western subspecies of D. inconspicua in south-western Ecuador, and typical individuals occur from Saraguro to Jimbura. In at least two areas palacio possibly locally hybridizes with the eastern subspecies, as individuals presenting intermediate phenotypes were found. It is relatively easy to detect a possible hybrid between palacio and tapichalaca n. ssp. or petitia n. ssp. because of their sharply different FWD colour patterns, marked by the presence of a wide whitish band in palacio. An individual collected in El Monje (south of Loja) (Fig. 6C) does not have a complete FW band but a series of disconnected pale yellow patches heavily suffused with brown. It is phenotypically intermediate between tapichalaca n. ssp. and palacio, and until additional specimens are available for study it is considered as a subspecific hybrid. Further south, one specimen collected in the Cordillera de Lagunillas (above Jimbura) (Fig. 6G) has a faint, dirty orange FW band and is phenotypically intermediate between palacio and petitia.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5009D63FFF6F320FF32FCBBFDD2D717	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pyrcz, Tomasz W.;Greeney, Harold F.;Willmott, Keith R.;Wojtusiak, Janusz	Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Greeney, Harold F., Willmott, Keith R., Wojtusiak, Janusz (2011): 2898. Zootaxa 2898: 1-68
C5009D63FFF1F321FF32FA62FD44D687.text	C5009D63FFF1F321FF32FA62FD44D687.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daedalma inconspicua subsp. tapichalaca Pyrcz & Willmott 2011	<div><p>Daedalma inconspicua tapichalaca Pyrcz &amp; Willmott, n. ssp.</p> <p>(Figs. 6E, 6F, 12C)</p> <p>Material examined: HOLOTYPE male: Ecuador, Zamora-Chinchipe, Yangana-Valladolid rd., Reserva Tapichalaca, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.12483&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.487" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.12483/lat -4.487)">Loma Cruz Grande</a>, 2650m, 4°29.22'S, 79°7.49'W, 14.IX.2007, J. Radford leg., FLMNH / MGCL# 143210, red, rectangular label saying: Holotype, FLMNH (to be deposited in MECN). PARATYPES (5 males, 1 female): 2 males: same data as HT except 01.XII.2005, K. Willmott leg., FLMNH / MGCL# 111174, 111175, FLMNH; 1 male, same data as HT except 13.IX.2007, JR (to be deposited in MZUJ); 1 male, 1 female: Ecuador, Zamora-Chinchipe, Yangana-Valladolid rd., Reserva Tapichalaca, trail to páramo (sector <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.14933&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.486" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.14933/lat -4.486)">Ventanillas</a>), 2770 m, 4°29.16'S, 79°8.96'W, 18.IX.2007, J. Radford leg., FLMNH / MGCL# 143213, 143214, FLMNH; 1 male, same data as previous except 19.IX.2007, JR. Additional material (8 males and 1 female): 1 male: Ecuador, Zamora-Chinchipe, Loja-Zamora Old Road, 2500 m, 31.V.2000, S. Attal leg., MZUJ; 5 males: Old road Loja-Zamora, 2500 m, XI.2000, I. Aldas leg., 3 TWP, 2 MBLI; 1 male: same data but XI–XII.1999, MBLI; 1 male: same data but 2600 m, XI.1999, MBLI; 1 female: Zamora-Chinchipe, old Loja-Zamora rd., 2640 m, 23.IX.2007, K. Willmott leg., FLMNH.</p> <p>Description: MALE (Fig. 6E): Head, thorax and abdomen: not differing from nominate subspecies. Wings: FW length: 24–27 mm, mean: 25.7, n=4. FW and HWD ground colour dark grey-brown, similar to orientalis or onorei; FWV with a light, milky white submarginal oblique, elongated patch, and a smaller patch of same colour in discal cell, thus differing from orientalis and other subspecies in which these patches are pale greyish, discal cell patch narrowly connected to pale grey postmedian area in cells M3-Cu1 and Cu1-Cu2; HWV variable in overall appearance, ranging from olive brown (as in palacio), to rufous orange (as in the holotype), to variegated dark brown, black and rufous, as in orientalis. Genitalia (Fig. 12C): Uncus slightly curved downwards; gnathos roughly 2/3 length of uncus, markedly stouter than in other subspecies; saccus long, similar to palacio; valvae length of tegumen + uncus, narrowing gradually from middle to apex, similar to cuencana or orientalis; aedeagus not differing from other subspecies.</p> <p>FEMALE (Fig. 6F): Head, thorax and abdomen: not differing from other subspecies. Wings: FW length: 29 mm. Dorsal ground colour dark brown with tinge of rufous scales, similar to orientalis; FW with dark reddish orange irregular discal band from costal edge discal cell to near tornus, considerably broader in cells Cu2-Cu1 and Cu1-M3, tapering in discal cell and in cell 2A-Cu2, similar in shape to palacio, paler at costa, black dot in middle of band in cell Cu2-Cu1; FW with dark reddish orange subapical band from costa to vein M3 c. 2mm in width, paler at costa; HW with dark reddish orange irregular postdiscal band enclosing single black spot in each cell from costa to vein Cu2, similar in shape to palacio but more strongly marked in cells Cu2-M3; HW "tails" medium brown; ventral surface similar to palacio, except for colour of FW discal band, rufous in cells 2A-M3 and posterior half discal cell, cream in anterior half discal cell, pale subapical band much broader than in palacio and cream, not orange.</p> <p>Etymology: This subspecies is named for the type locality, the Reserva Tapichalaca, established by the Fundación de Conservación Jocotoco (www.fjocotoco.org) to protect the faunistically unique forests of the Valladolid region.</p> <p>Remarks: A series of specimens from the upper Zamora valley, collected along the old Loja-Zamora road, is currently associated with this subspecies but excluded from the type series. These specimens share with those from the type locality the broad and pale FWV subapical band and pale discal band in the discal cell, thus being distinct from orientalis to the north (uniform greyish discal and subapical bands) and palacio to the west. In addition, the only known female is similar to that from the type locality in having much more extensive pale dorsal markings than orientalis, but these markings are orange, similar to palacio. It shares the broad FWV subapical band with the female from the type locality, thus differing from both orientalis and palacio. The phenotypic characteristics of the female and the variation observed among males from the Zamora-Loja road, and the fact that this region is not isolated by any geographic barrier from sites where typical palacio occurs, suggest that some introgression might occur in this region between palacio and tapichalaca.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5009D63FFF1F321FF32FA62FD44D687	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pyrcz, Tomasz W.;Greeney, Harold F.;Willmott, Keith R.;Wojtusiak, Janusz	Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Greeney, Harold F., Willmott, Keith R., Wojtusiak, Janusz (2011): 2898. Zootaxa 2898: 1-68
C5009D63FFF0F322FF32FAE0FDADD3CC.text	C5009D63FFF0F322FF32FAE0FDADD3CC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daedalma inconspicua subsp. petitia Pyrcz 2011	<div><p>Daedalma inconspicua petitia Pyrcz, n. ssp.</p> <p>(Figs. 6H, 12E)</p> <p>Material examined: ECUADOR: HOLOTYPE male: Loja, Cord. de Lagunillas, 3000 m, XI.2000, I. Aldaz leg., red, rectangular label saying: Holotype, MZUJ; PARATYPES (3 males): 1 male: Loja, Cord. de Lagunillas, 3000 m, XI.2000, I. Aldaz leg., MBLI; PERU: 1 male: Cajamarca, Santuario Natural Tabaconas-Namballe, Lagunas Arrebiatadas, S 05º14´05" W 79º17´18", 3122 m, 03.X.2009 E. Huamani leg., MHN-SA; 1 male: Cajamarca, Sanctuario Nacional Tabaconas-Namballe, Sector Miraflores, S 05º10´02" W 79º12´06", 2983 m, 19.X.2009 E. Huamani leg., MHN-SA.</p> <p>Description: MALE (Figs. 6H): Head, thorax and abdomen: not differing from nominate subspecies. Wings: FW length: 25–26 mm, n=4, mean: 25.8 mm, n=2. FWD postdiscal band dark orange with a brown suffusion along a diffused distal edge, compared to milky white in palacio with a sharp distal edge. HWD with a faint, irregular postdiscal dark orange line, milky white in nominate. FWV postdiscal band light orange, milky white in nominate, otherwise similar. HWV not differing noticeably from other subspecies. Genitalia (Fig: 12E): Uncus slightly longer than in tapichalaca, similar in length and shape to palacio; gnathos approximately half length of uncus, thinner than in palacio but longer than in tapichalaca; saccus slightly longer than in other subspecies (however, length of saccus is generally subject to noticeable individual variation); valvae elongated, narrowing gradually towards apex, most similar to onorei, apical hook prominent; aedeagus not differing from other subspecies.</p> <p>FEMALE: Unknown.</p> <p>Etymology: This subspecies is dedicated to Jean-Claude Petit, a French lepidopterist, in recognition of his efforts in studying the butterflies of Sangay National Park in Ecuador.</p> <p>Remarks: Daedalma inconspicua petitia is so far known exclusively from the type locality, the Lagunillas massif, on the Ecuador-Peru border. It is replaced in the Nudo de Sabanillas portion of Podocarpus National Park by ssp. tapichalaca. Two individuals were collected while hilltopping on higher bushes at the edge of páramo (I. Aldaz, pers. comm.). Among other species of Pronophilina occurring in the same habitat are Pedaliodes arturi Pyrcz &amp; Viloria, Lasiophila palades limes Pyrcz, Lymanopoda hazelana summa Pyrcz, Willmott &amp; Hall, and Steremnia umbracina misella Thieme.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5009D63FFF0F322FF32FAE0FDADD3CC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pyrcz, Tomasz W.;Greeney, Harold F.;Willmott, Keith R.;Wojtusiak, Janusz	Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Greeney, Harold F., Willmott, Keith R., Wojtusiak, Janusz (2011): 2898. Zootaxa 2898: 1-68
