taxonID	type	description	language	source
C423CC1F6F6BFFC025A2F9E2FDE2FA83.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from other species of the P. i n di ca species-group by the combination of the following characters: body ground color yellow, with abundant brown and dark brown markings; female clypesus without dark spots; female paired longitudinal yellow bands on mesoscutum and paired yellow spots on T 2 absent or obscure; wings covered with short black setae; female gena not strongly swollen, in lateral view narrower than eye; antenna and legs not prominantly elongated; T 2 moderately concave sublaterally; male genital volsella apically produced.	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F6BFFC025A2F9E2FDE2FA83.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. HOLOTYPE of Polybia indica de Saussure, ♀, " La Chine " [MNHN]: Other material. CHINA: Guangdong: 1 ♀ (BPBM), Lo-fou Shan, [23 ° 40 ' N, 114 ° 36 ' E], 100 – 1000 ft., 1906, F. M.; Hong Kong: 23 ♀ (BPBM), N. T. Taipokau et al., [3 ♀, 6, 30 – 31. vi. 1964; 7 ♀, 2 – 6, 3 – 4, 10 – 14, 17, 27. vii. 1964; 1 ♀, 30. vi. 1965; 9 ♀, 2, 7, 20, 21, 27. vii. 1965; 2 ♀, 13, 17. viii. 1965; 1 ♀, 15. ix. 1965]. VIETNAM: Cao Bang: 47 ♀ 6 ♂ (IUNH, IEBR), Thanh Cong, Nguyen Binh, [21 ♀ 2 ♂, 22 ° 34 ' N, 105 ° 53 ' E, 1000 m, 9. viii. 2012, Nest # VN-NE 2012 - Pp- 12 & 13, S. D. Tran, J. Kojima & H. Nugroho; 26 ♀ 4 ♂, 22 ° 34 ' 14 '' N, 105 ° 52 ' 41 '' E, 1920 m, 10. viii. 2012, Nest # VN- NE 2012 - Pp- 09, IED-c (IEBR Insect Ecology Department collectors)]; Vinh Phuc: 2 ♀ 7 ♂ (IUNH), Tam Dao, 21 ° 27.5 ' N, 105 ° 38 ' E, 800 m, 31. viii. 2006, F. Saito & J. Kojima; 11 ♀ 6 ♂ (IEBR), Tam Dao, D. T. Tran [4 ♂, 20. ix. 2011; 11 ♀ 2 ♂, 900 – 1200 m, 30. vii – 3. viii. 2012]. LAOS: 1 ♀ (BPBM), Phon Tiou, Khammouane, 11. vi. 1965, N. Wilson. FIGURES 12 – 18. Parapolybia indica, ♂. 12. Head, frontal view. 13. Ocelli, dorsal view. 14. F 9 – F 11. 15, 16. T 1 (15. Dorsal view, 16. Lateral view). 17. Volsella and digitus. 18. Aedeagus. Scale 1 mm.	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F6BFFC025A2F9E2FDE2FA83.taxon	description	Redescription (characters for the holotype female are given in blackets). FEMALE. Body length 13.5 – 16.5 [14.0] mm; fore wing length 13.0 – 16.0 [13.0] mm. Head in frontal view 1.1 × as wide as high (Fig. 7). Ocelli close to each other (Fig. 8); distance between anterior and posterior ocelli less than half of Od; POD less than half of Od; anterior ocellus diameter 0.3 mm, slightly larger than that of posterior ocellus (about 0.25 mm); OOD 1.8 × as large as Od. Gena narrower than eye in lateral view (Fig. 9). Eyes sparsely with short fine setae. Vertex and frons densely with fine setae. Clypeus with sparse setae, anterior margin with dense short setae. Pronotum laterally with shallow furrows just behind fovea. Scutum, scutellum and metanotum densely setose. Scutellum and metanotum convex. Propodeum with dense setae, dorsolaterally distinctly striate. T 1 more or less slender, 3.2 – 4.6 [3.9] mm long (Fig. 10), posteriorly weakly swollen dorsally in lateral view (Fig. 11), 3.1 × longer than maximum height, 2.7 × as long as its own maximum width. T 2 moderately concave sublaterally. Color. Ground color yellow, with following parts dark brown and brown; dark brown: scape dorsally and F 1 – F 6, inner margin of mandible, anterior margin of clypeus, posteromedian and dorsolateral narrow bands of propodeum, median furrow of mesopleuron, posterior margin of metasomal segments, and all tarsi; brown: paired ill-defined small spots on clypeus (sometimes absent), frons, dorsolateral lines of pronotum, mesoscutum except for paired yellow longitudinal lines (often ambiguous), scutellum, metasomal segments. Wings brown, semihyaline. MALE. Body length 13.0 – 14.5 mm; fore wing length 12.5 – 14.0 mm. Head in frontal view 0.9 × as wide as high (Fig. 12). Ocelli close to each other (Fig. 13); distance between anterior and posterior ocelli less than half of Od; POD less than half of Od; anterior ocellus 0.24 – 0.32 mm in diameter, larger than posterior ocellus (0.23 – 0.28 mm in Od); OOD about equal to Od. Antenna 10.0 mm long; F 11 1.6 × as long as F 10 (0.9 – 1.0 mm long, Fig. 14). Pronotum dorsolaterally slightly ridged, laterally with shallow furrows. Propodeum drosolaterally striate. T 1 (3.6 – 4.0 mm long, Figs 15 – 16) less swollen posterodorsally than in female, 3.6 × longer than the maximum height, 3.2 × as long as its own maximum width. Parameral spine with hairy setae (Fig. 17). Volsella produced apically (Fig. 17). Digitus ventroapically slightly projected. Proximal margin of aedeagus produced (Fig. 18). Color. As in female, but mesoscutum entirely brown.	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F6BFFC025A2F9E2FDE2FA83.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Guangdong, Hong Kong), Vietnam (North Vietnam), Laos.	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F6BFFC025A2F9E2FDE2FA83.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Van der Vecht (1966) examined the de Saussure’s holotype of Polybia indica [= Parapolybia indica], and stated that it “ agrees better with De Saussure’s figure than with his description. … The general appearance of the body suggests that the aberrant coloration is very probably due to poor preservation. … I have therefore treated the richly maculated common Chinese form as “ typical ”, even though it does not agree well with the original description. ” This interpretation has been followed by most researchers, including Yamane et al. (1995), who synonymized Parapolybia takasagona Sonan 1944 under P. indica. As van der Vecht (1966) pointed out, the holotype specimen of Polybia indica agrees better with de Saussure’s (1854) figure (pl. 26, fig. 3) than with his text description, which does not refer to the yellow markings on the mesosoma. However, it is not rare that not only de Saussure (1853 – 1858) but also even modern works seldom refer to details of all the color markings in text descriptions, and thus this cannot be a reason to consider that the holotype of P. indica had “ aberrant colorations due to poor preservation ” and the richly yellow-marked Chinese form was treated as “ typical ”. In fact, specimens of yellow-ground-colored Parapolybia species sometimes become “ blackish ” brown or greenish-brown or even blackish brown possibly due to a short period from the emergence to the time being killed (Figs 3 – 4), but such the discoloration can be recognized with careful observation. Furthermore, we collected a colony of which all the resident female wasps had the live coloration agreeing with the holotype of P. indica in the locality where we also collected the other colonies with all the resident females being richly yellow-marked. These findings strongly suggest that the holotype of P. i nd i ca deserves its original coloration and richly-yellow-marked Parapolybia wasps belong to species different from P. indica (de Saussure, 1854) that are described in this paper as new to science.	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F6CFFC325A2FA03FA7AF80A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species can be easily distinguished from other species of Parapolybia by the following characters: in both sexes, second and following metasomal segments nearly entirely black but paired large and small yellow spots respectively on T 2 and T 3; anntena and legs, especially in male, prominently elongated.	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F6CFFC325A2FA03FA7AF80A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. HOLOTYPE and PARATYPE of Parapolybia indica bioculata, 2 ♀, MYANMAR: Tenasserim: Haundraw Valley, April and October 1894, C. T. Bingham [BMNH]. Other material. VIETNAM: Lai Chau: 27 ♀ (IUNH), Huoi Long, 22 ° 30 ' N, 103 ° 15 ' E, 1500 m, 23. viii. 2006, L. T. P. Nguyen, F. Saito & J. Kojima, Nest # VN-Pp- 2006 - 6; Dien Bien: 4 ♀ 40 ♂ (IUNH), Muong Phang, 21 ° 27.5 ' N, 103 ° 07 ' E, 700 m, 25. viii. 2006, L. T. P. Nguyen, F. Saito & J. Kojima, Nest # VN-Pp- 2006 - 12; 1 ♀ (IUNH), Muong Phang, 23. vii. 2009, J. Kojima; 6 ♀ (IUNH), Muong Nhe, 22. vii. 2009, J. Kojima; Cao Bang: 5 ♀ (IUNH), Thanh Cong, Nguyen Binh, 22 ° 32.5 ' N, 105 ° 53 ' E, 8. viii. 2012, J. Kojima, H. Nugroho & IED-c; 1 ♀ (IEBR), Thanh Cong, Nguyen Binh, vi. 2014, T. V. Hoang; Bac Kan: 1 ♀ (IUNH), Kim Hy NP, Bach Thong, Vu Muon, 22 ° 13 ' N, 105 ° 59 ' E, 5. viii. 2012, J. Kojima, H. Nugroho & IED-c; 3 ♂ (IUNH), Lang Ngam, Ngan Son, 22 ° 19.5 ' N, 105 ° 54.5 ' E, 300 m, 5. viii. 2012, J. Kojima & H. Nugroho, Nest # VN-NE 2012 - Pp- 03; Phu Tho: 5 ♀ (IUNH / IEBR), Xuan Son NP, [1 ♀, 500 m, 6 – 9. xii. 2003, L. X. Truong; 2 ♀, 300 – 400 m, 11. vi. 2004, L. T. P. Nguyen; 2 ♀, 300 – 400 m, 25. ix. 2005, L. T. P. Nguyen]; Vinh Phuc: 14 ♀ (IUNH / IEBR), Tam Dao, 800 m, 1 – 4. vii. 2003, L. T. P. Nguyen; 4 ♀ (IUNH / IEBR), Tam Dao, 900 m, L. T. P. Nguyen [2 ♀, 8. ix. 2000; 1 ♀, 9. ix. 2000; 1 ♀, 1. vii. 2003]; 3 ♀ (IUNH / IEBR), Ngoc Thanh, Me Linh, 11. v. 2000, L. T. P. Nguyen; 1 ♀ (IUNH), Tam Dao, 900 m, 20. viii. 2005, L. T. P. Nguyen & J. Kojima; 1 ♀ (IUNH), Tam Dao, 21 ° 26 ' N, 105 ° 37 ' E, 400 m, 20. viii. 2005, J. Kojima; 124 ♀ (IUNH), Tam Dao, 21 ° 26.5 ' N, 105 ° 38.5 ' E, 700 m, 30. viii. 2006, F. Saito & J. Kojima, Nest # VN-Pp- 2006 - 20; 5 ♀ (IUNH) Tam Dao, 30. vii. 2009, J. Kojima; Hoa Binh: 2 ♀ (IUNH), Pa Co, Mai Chau, 20 ° 44.5 ' N, 104 ° 56 ' E, 1350 m, 28. viii. 2006, L. T. P. Nguyen, F. Saito & J. Kojima; Ha Tay: 1 ♀ (IUNH / IEBR), Suoi Mo, Yen Bai, Ba Vi, 100 m, 1. vi. 2001, L. T. P. Nguyen; Hai Phong: 1 ♀ (IUNH / IEBR), Cat Ba, 10. vi. 2003, K. D. Long; Thanh Hoa: 1 ♀ (IUNH), Xuan Lien NR, Hon Can, Van Xuan, Thuong Xuan, 19 ° 52.5 ' N, 105 ° 14.5 ' E, 24. viii. 2012, L. T. P. Nguyen; Nghe An: 1 ♀ (IUNH / IEBR), Chau Cuong, Quy Hop, 19. vii. 2004, X. H. Le; Ha Tinh: 1 ♀ (AMNH), 17 km South East Huong Son, 18 ° 22 ' N, 105 ° 13 ' E, 180 m, 19 – 23. iv. 1998, J. M. Carpenter; 1 ♀ (IUNH / IEBR), Son Kim, Huong Son, 3. v. 2004, L. X. Truong; Thua Thien Hue: 4 ♀ (IUNH / IEBR), Phong My, Phong Dien, 600 m, 1 – 5. iv. 2001, L. X. Truong; 1 ♀ 8 ♂ (IUNH), Bach Ma, 16 ° 11 ' N, 107 ° 50 ' E, 13. viii. 2005, L. T. P. Nguyen & J. Kojima, Nest # VNM-Pp- 2005 - 1; 2 ♀ (IUNH), Bach Ma, 1350 – 1450 m, 14. viii. 2005, L. T. P. Nguyen & J. Kojima; 1 ♀ (IUNH) Bach Ma, 1200 m, 17. v. 2012, L. T. P. Nguyen. LAOS: Vientiane: 5 ♀ (BPBM), Ban Van Eue, native collector [1 ♀, 28. ii. 1966; 1 ♀, 29. ii. 1966; 1 ♀, 2. iii. 1966; 2 ♀, 30. ii. 1967].	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F6CFFC325A2FA03FA7AF80A.taxon	description	Redescription. FEMALE. Body length 15.0 – 17.5 mm; fore wing length 11.5 – 16.5 mm. Head in frontal view 1.1 × as wide as high (Fig. 19). Ocelli close to each other (Fig. 20); distance between anterior and posterior ocelli shorter than Od; POD less than their Od; anterior ocellus 0.28 – 0.34 mm in diameter, slightly larger than posterior ocellus (0.25 – 0.30 mm in Od); OOD 1.5 × as large as Od. Propodeum finely and shallowly striate anteriorly, deeply striate posteriorly. T 1 more or less slender and long (3.2 – 4.6 mm long, Figs 21 – 22), 2.9 × longer than the maximum height, 2.6 × as long as its own maximum width. T 2 moderately concave sublaterally. Color. Ground color of head to metasomal segment 1 yellow to light yellow (Fig. 76), with following parts brown to dark brown: antenna (gradually paler towards apex), pair of obscure spots of clypeus, frons, vertex, mesoscutum except paired yellow markings and black median lines, posterodorsal face of propodeum except paired yellow markings, basal one third of femurs, dorsal side of mid and hind tibiae, mid and hind tarsi; and following parts black: scape dorsally, supraclypeal area, anterior margin of clypeus, teeth of mandible, margins of ocelli, anterior and dorsolateral markings of pronotum, margins and median longitudinal line of mesoscutum, dorsal marking and ventral line of mesopleuron, anterior side of metapleuron, anterolateral margin of propodeum, and dorsal face of T 1. Second to terminal metasomal segments black, with large and small paired yellow spots respectively on T 2 and T 3. MALE. Body length 13.5 – 15.0 mm; fore wing length 13.5 – 15.0 mm. Head in frontal view 1.1 × higher than wide (Fig. 23). Eyes enlarged. Ocelli close to each other (Fig. 24); distance between anterior and posterior ocelli less than half of Od; POD less than one-third of Od; anterior ocellus diameter 0.31 – 0.35 mm, larger than that of posterior ocellus (0.28 – 0.31 mm); OOD about equal to Od. Antenna extremely thin and long, 13 mm in length; F 11 1.6 × as long as F 10 (0.9 – 1.0 mm long, Fig. 25). Pronotal carina dorsolaterally bluntly angled. Metanotum anteriorly acutely angled and posteriorly bluntly angled. Propodeum finely striate between sparse distinct striae. T 1 not robust and long (3.6 – 3.9 mm, Figs 26 – 27), 3.4 × longer than its maximum height, 2.9 × as long as its own maximum width. Legs extremely thin and long (Fig. 28), hind tibia more than 5.0 mm. Volsella elongate. Digitus broadly bulged (Fig. 29). Parameral spine short, with rather sparse fine setae. Proximal margin of aedeagus ventrally produced (Fig. 30). Color. As in female, but face entirely brown.	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F6CFFC325A2FA03FA7AF80A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Myanmar (Tenasserim), Vietnam (North and Central Vietnam), Laos.	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F6CFFC325A2FA03FA7AF80A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Van der Vecht (1966) described P. indica bioculata based on two females from “ Tenasserim ”. Not only because its characteristic coloration and marking pattern (second and following metasomal segments nearly black, with paired large and small yellow spots respectively on T 2 and T 3) are stable among all the specimens including those collected from several colonies, but also because the male antennae and legs are prominently elongated in Parapolybia wasps, bioculata can be reasonably treated as a good species.	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F6EFFCD25A2F9EBFA24FDAB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species can be easily distinguished from other species of the P. i n di ca species-group by the following characters: body ground color orenge; wings covered with yellow setae.	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F6EFFCD25A2F9EBFA24FDAB.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. INDIA: LECTOTYPE of Icaria fulvinerva Cameron, ♀, type no. 2074, Khasia [OUM]; PARALECTOTYPES of I. fulvinerva, 6 ♀, Khasia, G. A. J. Rothney [OUM]; 1 ♀ 1 ♂, Khasia Hills, Assam [IUNH]; 1 ♀, Khasia, P. Cameron coll, 1914 - 10 [BMNH].	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F6EFFCD25A2F9EBFA24FDAB.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Body length (based on the specimens deposited in the IUNH) 15.0 mm; fore wing length 16.0 mm. MALE. Body length 10.5 mm; fore wing length 12.0 mm. Male antenna length 8.0 mm; F 11 1.6 × as long as F 10 (0.6 mm long).	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F6EFFCD25A2F9EBFA24FDAB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. India (Assam).	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F6EFFCD25A2F9EBFA24FDAB.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Designating the lectotype and a paralectotype of Icaria fulvinerva, van der Vecht (1966) remarked “ this [fulvinerva] will prove to be the worker of tinctipennis, but the status of both forms remains doubtful until nest populations have become available … ” We examined the types and found that the body coloration (Fig. 77, mesosoma and metasomal segment 1 orange-colored, metasomal segments 2 – 6 dark brown) and, as pointed out by van der Vecht (1966: 26), the wings with pronounced yellow tinge (wing setae yellow, Fig. 31; wing setae black in other species, Fig. 32) are distinct enough to diagnose this taxon as a good species.	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F61FFCD25A2FDEBFF86F915.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species similar to P. i nd i ca, P. nana sp. nov., P. crocea sp. nov., but differs in nodulated T 1.	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F61FFCD25A2FDEBFF86F915.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. HOLOTYPE of P. takasagona Sonan 1944, 1 ♀ Tamaru, Rato [= Tianwan, in Datong Township, Yilan County, 24 ° 39 ' N, 121 ° 27.5 ' E, 1090 m], 30. viii. 1923, J. Sonan [TARI]; PARATYPES of P. takasagona, 3 ♀ 5 ♂, [3 ♂, Kobayashi, Rato (=? no modern name, 24 ° 39 ' N, 121 ° 30.5 ' E, 670 m, Datong Township, Yilan County), 28. viii. 1923, J. Sonan; 1 ♀, Taiheizan (Taipingshan or Taiping Mountain, Yilan County, 24 ° 30 ' N, 121 ° 32 ' E, 1900 m), ii. 1930, S. Minowa; 1 ♀, Kobayashi, Rato, 29. viii. 1923, J. Sonan; 1 ♀, Arisan (= Alishan, 23 ° 32 ' N, 120 ° 48 ' E), 2. v. 1917, T. Shiraki; 1 ♂, Taiheizan, 26. viii. 1923, J. Sonan] [TARI]. Other material. 3 ♂ (TARI), Lienhuachih, 650 m, Nantou Hsien, xii. 1984, K. S. Lin & K. C. Chou; 2 ♀ (NTM; both identified as “ Parapolybia indica ” by Sk. Yamane in 1994), 159 K, Central Cross Highway, Hualien, [9. ix. 1989, C. C. Chiou; 12. viii. 1989, J. T. Chao]; 1 ♀ (NTM), Yangmingshan [25 ° 09 ' N, 121 ° 33 ' E, 450 – 550 m], Taipei, 31. v. 1994, H. Y. Wang.	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F61FFCD25A2FDEBFF86F915.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Body length 14.0 – 15.0 mm (holotype, 14.0 mm); fore wing length 12.0 – 13.5 mm (holotype, 13.0 mm). MALE. Body length 12.0 – 13.0 mm; fore wing length 10.0 – 11.5 mm. Male antenna length 9.0 mm; F 11 about 0.8 mm long, 1.8 × as long as F 10.	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F61FFCD25A2FDEBFF86F915.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Taiwan.	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F61FFCD25A2FDEBFF86F915.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Starr (1992), having examined the holotype of P. takasagona, concluded that P. takasagona was a valid species and the senior synonym of Parapolybia nodosa van der Vecht, 1966; this synonymy, however, has not been accepted (see Yamane et al. 1995; Kojima et al. 2011). Yamane et al. (1995) examined the holotype of P. takasagona and concluded that P. takasagona was a junior synonym of P. indica (de Saussure 1854). Their synonymy, however, as pointed out by Kojima et al. (2011), was not based on a robust taxonomic considaration. Not only based on differences in coloration (Fig. 78) but also morphological differences [less developed female gena (Fig. 33), club-shaped T 1 (Figs. 34 – 35)], we have concluded that P. takasagona is a good species and might be endemic to Taiwan.	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F61FFCF25A2F97EFB5DF9BB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from other Parapolybia species by dark body color, by large body size, by strong striation on the propodeum, by strongly swollen T 1 posteriorly.	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F61FFCF25A2F97EFB5DF9BB.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. LECTOTYPE of Icaria tinctipennis Cameron, 1900 (designate here, see Remarks). INDIA: 1 ♀, Khasia [Meghalaya] [OUM]; PARALECTOTYPES of Icaria tinctipennis, 4 ♀, Khasia, G. A. J. Rothney [OUM]. 1 ♀, Khasia [BMNH]. Other material. CHINA: Fujian, 1 ♀ (AMNH), Yen-ping [26 ° 38 ' 42 '' N, 118 ° 10 ' 25 '' E], 8. ix. 1917, Ac. 5148. VIETNAM: Bac Kan: 4 ♀ (IUNH), 4 ♀ (IEBR), Kim Hy NP, Lang San, Na Ri, 22 ° 14 ' N, 106 ° 05 ' E, 600 – 700 m, 4. viii. 2012, L. T. P. Nguyen & IED-c, Nest # VN-NE 2012 - Pp- 01; 1 ♀ (IEBR), Kim Hy NP, Yen Binh, Na Ri, 200 m, 4. vi. 2014, L. T. P. Nguyen, D. D. Tran & D. D. Nguyen; Phu Tho: 3 ♀ (IUNH / IEBR), Xuan Son NP, 600 m, 16. vi. 2004, L. T. P. Nguyen; Vinh Phuc: 1 ♀ (IUNH / IEBR), Tam Dao, 1000 m, 8. ix. 2000, L. T. P. Nguyen; 8 ♀ (IUNH / IEBR), Tam Dao NP, 800 m, 1 – 4. vii. 2003, L. T. P. Nguyen; 3 ♀ (IUNH / IEBR), Tam Dao, 800 m, 1. vii. 2003, L. T. P. Nguyen; 1 ♀ (IEBR), Tam Dao, 900 – 1200 m, 30. vii – 3. viii. 2012, D. T. Tran; 1 ♀ (IEBR), Tam Dao, 10. v. 2013, D. D. Nguyen; Ha Tinh: 1 ♀ (AMNH), Huong Son, 18 ° 21 ' N, 106 ° 15 ' E, 600 m, 22. IV – 1. V. 1998, Malaise trap, J. M. Carpenter et al.; 4 ♀ (AMNH), Huong Son, 18 ° 22 ' N, 106 ° 13 ' E, Malaise trap, J. M. Carpenter et al. [2 ♀, 15 – 21. iv. 1998, 600 m; 2 ♀, 5. v. 1998, 900 m]. LAOS: 1 ♀ (BPBM), Pakkading, Borikhane Prov., 22. iii. 1965, native collector.	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F61FFCF25A2F97EFB5DF9BB.taxon	description	Redescription. FEMALE. Body length 16.5 – 19.5 mm; fore wing length 15.5 – 17.0 mm. Head in frontal view 1.1 × as wide as high (Fig. 36). Gena developed, swollen laterally, in frontal view of head visible in its nearly entire height (Fig. 36), in lateral view slightly narrow than eye (Fig. 37). Ocelli close to each other (Fig. 38); both POD and distance between anterior and posterior ocelli shorter than Od; anterior ocellus diameter 0.29 – 0.33 mm, slightly larger than that posterior ocellus (0.26 – 0.30 mm); OOD 2.0 × as large as Od. Propodeum with prominantly strong transverse striae (sometimes only slightly weaker). T 1 relatively short and strongly swollen posterodorsally (4.0 – 4.9 mm long, Figs 39 – 40), 2.6 × as long as its maximum height, 2.4 × longer than its own maximum width. T 2 weakly concave sublaterally. Color. Body ground color brown to dark reddish brown (Fig. 79), usually with following black and yellow markings (sometimes entirely dark reddish brown): black: teeth of mandible, apical margin of clypeus, central spot on clypeus, anterior margin of scutum, groove on metapleuron, dorsolateral lines on pronotum, T 2 – T 6; yellow: central spot on pronotal collar, paired basal spots on T 2 and T 3 [not confirmed in the lectotype due to the basal part of T 3 being covered by T 2]. Antenna brown to yellow, usually darker beneath. Wings brown, semi-hyaline. MALE. Unknown.	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F61FFCF25A2F97EFB5DF9BB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. India (Meghalaya), China (Fujian, new record), Vietnam (North Vietnam, new record), Laos (new record).	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F61FFCF25A2F97EFB5DF9BB.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Despite that Cameron (1900) neither mentioned nor gave any indication that he examined more than one specimen, his description of Icaria tinctipennis was certainly based on several female specimens as mentioned by van der Vecht (1966) “ the typical specimens in the Oxford University Museum … a female of this form in the British Museum, belonging to the type series (ex coll. Cameron). ” (p. 29). The female specimen in the OUM labeled “ Icaria tinctipennis Cam, type Khasia ”, “ TYPE HYME 2073 Icaria tinctipennis Cameron, 1900 HOLOTYPE ♀ ” “ HOPE ENT COLL., OUMNH ” and “ type no. 2073 ” is herewith designated as the lectotype of Icaria tinctipennis Cameron, 1900. Other four female specimens (labeled “ Khasia Coll. G. A. J. Rothney ” and “ G. A. J. Rothney Coll. Donated 1910 ”) in the OUM and one female specimen (labeled “ 1 ♀ Icaria tinctipennis Cam Khasia ” “ P. Cameron Coll. 1914 - 110 ” and “ Para-type ”) in the BMNH are paralectotypes. Based only on the presence of the complete female occipital carina, van der Vecht (1966) “ Provisionally … regard tinctipenis as a subspecies of P. indica ” (P. 29), but he also mentioned that “ It would be desiable to compare the male of this form with that of typical indica. ” (P. 29) and “ the status of the two forms … fulvinerva and tinctipennis is doubtful; they may represent different species, but it seems as well possible that they are castes or colour variations of one and the same species ” (P. 26). No male specimens were available to us, but we have concluded that P. tinctipennis can be diagnosed as a good species by the combination of the following characters: dark body color, large body size, strong striation on the propodeum and the posteriorly strongly swollen T 1.	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F63FFC925A2F9DBFC9DFC16.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from other species of the P. i n di ca species-group by the combination of the following characters: female gena well developed, swollen posterolaterally; in both sexes, T 2 distinctly concave on both sides of median line.	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F63FFC925A2F9DBFC9DFC16.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE: ♀, VIETNAM: Thanh Cong, Nguyen Binh, Cao Bang Prov., 22 ° 32.5 ' N, 105 ° 52 ' E, 700 m, 7. viii. 2012, J. Kojima & H. Nugroho, nest # VN-NE 2012 - Pp- 10 ” [IUNH, long-term loan from IEBR], PARATYPES: VIETNAM: Cao Bang: 7 ♀ 2 ♂ [IUNH], Thanh Cong, Nguyen Binh, J. Kojima & H. Nugroho, [5 ♀ 2 ♂, 22 ° 32.5 ' N, 105 ° 52 ' E, 700 m, 7. viii. 2012, nest # VN-NE 2012 - Pp- 10; 3 ♀, 22 ° 34 ' N, 105 ° 52.5 ' E, 1000 m, 9. viii. 2012, nest # VN-NE 2012 - Pp- 11]; 6 ♀ [IUNH], Nguyen Binh, Thanh Cong, J. Kojima, H. Nugroho & IED-c [4 ♀, 22 ° 34 ' N, 105 ° 53 ' E; 1 ♀, 22 ° 32.5 ' N, 105 ° 52 ' E]; Bac Kan: 4 ♀ 1 ♂ [IUNH], Na Ri, 22 ° 12 ' 51 '' N, 105 ° 58 ' 42 '' E, 550 m, 5. viii. 2012, J. Kojima & H. Nugroho, nest # VN-NE 2012 - Pp- 09; Ha Tinh: 700 m, 30. v. 2004, L. T. P. Nguyen.	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F63FFC925A2F9DBFC9DFC16.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Body length 15.0 – 18.0 mm; fore wing length 14.0 – 15.5 mm. Head in frontal view 1.1 × as wide as high (Fig. 41). Gena developed, swollen laterally, in frontal view of head visible in its entire height (Fig. 41), in lateral view about as wide as eye (Fig. 42). Ocelli close to each other (Fig. 43); distance between anterior and posterior ocelli shorter than Od; POD less than their Od; anterior ocellus diameter 0.20 – 0.24 mm, posterior ocellus diameter 0.20 – 0.24 mm; OOD 2.0 × as large as Od. Propodeum finely and shallowly striate in anterior half, deeper posteriorly. T 1 posteriorly swollen (4.0 – 5.0 mm long, Figs 44 – 45), 3.0 × longer than the maximum height, 3.0 × as long as its own maximum width. T 2 distinctly depressed sublaterally (Fig. 46). Color. Body yellow (Fig. 80), with following parts brown to dark brown: dorsal part of scape, pedicel, basal half of flagellum (varying between individuals), paired ill-defined spots on clypeus, frons, vertex, anterior spot and line along posterodorsal margin of pronotum, median longitudinal band of mesoscutum, scutellum, tegula, median longitudinal band of propodeum, anterodorsal half of T 1, anterior half of S 1, S 2 – S 6 except for dorsal yellow markings (remarkably varying in size and shape), basal spot of mid and hind femerora, basal half of mid and hind tibiae. Following parts black: anterior margin of clypeus, teeth of mandible, margin of ocelli, anterior margin and posterior line of mesoscutum, groove of mesopleuron, mid and hind tarsi. MALE. Body length about 13.0 mm; fore wing length 12.0 mm. Head in frontal view 1.1 × higher than wide (Fig. 47). Eye enlarged. Ocelli close to each other (Fig. 48); distance between anterior and posterior ocelli less than half of Od; POD about half of their Od; anterior ocellus diameter 0.24 – 0.26 mm, posterior ocellus diameter 0.22 – 0.24 mm; OOD 1.3 × as Od. Antenna thin and long, F 11 2.0 × as long as F 10. T 1 not robust (about 3.5 mm, Figs 49 – 50), 3.0 × longer than its maximum height, 3.0 × as long as its own maximum width. T 2 distinctly depressed sublaterally (Fig. 46). Legs thin and long, hind tibia 4 mm. Volsella elongate. Digitus broadly bulged, strongly bend inward. Parameral spine short, with dense hairy setae (Fig. 51). Proximal margin of aedeagus ventrally produced (Fig. 52). Color. Body light yellow (Fig. 80); following parts light brown to orange: mesoscutum and scutellum; following parts brown to dark brown: dorsal part of scape, pedicel, dorsal side of flagellum (darker basally), frons, vertex, anterial mark and dorsolateral line of pronotum, median line and anterior margin of mesoscutum, median line of scutellum, median and dorsolateral lines of propodeum, groove on mesopleuron, dorsal mark of T 1, T 2 except for paired large yellow spots, tarsi.	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F63FFC925A2F9DBFC9DFC16.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name originates from a Latin flavus with reference to the body coloration.	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F63FFC925A2F9DBFC9DFC16.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Vietnam (North Vietnam).	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F65FFCB25A2FC70FDE6FB76.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species is similar to P. indica, but distinguished from the latter by the following characters: female paired longitudinal yellow band on mesoscutum and paired yellow spots on T 2 distinct; male genital volsella apically rounded.	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F65FFCB25A2FC70FDE6FB76.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE: ♀, JAPAN: Shimonomiya, Daigo, Ibaraki, 15. ix. 2014, 36 ° 49 ' 15 '' N, 140 ° 23 ' 07 '' E, 190 m, F. S. - Morooka [IUNH]. PARATYPES. JAPAN: Ibaraki: 2 ♀ [IUNH], Mito, 24. vii. 2008, S. Nohara; 4 ♀ 2 ♂ [IUNH], Daigo, 24 – 27. viii. 2010, J. Kojima; 2 ♂ [IUNH], Diago, 15. ix. 2014, F. S. - Morooka; 3 ♀ [IUNH] Shimonomiya, Daigo, 36 ° 49 ' 15 '' N 140 ° 23 ' 07.5 '' E, 190 m, 30. vii. 2014, J. Kojima; 1 ♂ [NIAES], Kouyadai, Tsukuba, 15 – 26. ix. 1993, T. Matsumura; Tokyo: 14 ♂ [NIAES], Mt. Takao, J. Minamikawa, [6 ♂, 9. ix. 1963; 1 ♂, 15. ix. 1963; 6 ♂, 22. ix. 1963; 1 ♂, 29. ix. 1963]; Chiba: 2 ♀ [NIAES], Godaibata, Kimitsu, M. Nitta et al. [1 ♀, 2 – 9. vii. 1997; 1 ♀, 25. vi. – 2. vii. 1997]; Yamanashi: 2 ♂ [NIAES], Shiotu, 14. ix. 1964. KOREA: Seoul: 20 ♀ (IUNH), 37 ° 28 ' N, 126 ° 57 ' E, Seoul National Univ., 12. viii. 2010, J. Kojima, [10 ♀, Nest # Pp-K- 2010 - 2; 10 ♀, Nest # Pp-K- 2010 - 3]. CHINA: Guangdong (= Kwangtung): 1 ♀ (BPBM), N. Kwangtung, Loh-Chang Dist., 11. ix. 1947, J. L. Gressitt. VIETNAM: Vinh Phuc: 2 ♀ 1 ♂ (IUNH), Tam Dao, 900 – 1200 m, 30. vii – 3. viii. 2012, D. T. Tran. Other material. JAPAN: Akita: 3 ♀ (IUNH), Yuse SA, Kazuno, 40 ° 07 ' 33 '' N 140 ° 50 ' 06 '' E, ca. 275 m, 6. ix. 2014, J. Kojima; 10 ♀ (IUNH), Kosaka PA, Kosaka, 40 ° 20 ' 40 '' N 140 ° 43 ' 53 '' E, ca. 260 m, 5. x. 2014, J. Kojima; Iwate: 3 ♀ (IUNH), Kinshuko SA, Nishiwaga, 39 ° 17 ' 56 '' N 140 ° 50 ' 35 '' E, ca. 310 m, 5. ix. 2014, J. Kojima; Fukushima: 1 ♀ (IUNH), Ishikawa-machi, 37 ° 08 ' 26.90 '' N 140 ° 27 ' 39.46 '' E, ca. 400 m, 14. viii – 25. xi. 2013, Bait Traps, F. S. - Morooka; Saitama: 1 ♀ (IUNH), Kumagaya, 36 ° 06 ' N; 139 ° 22 ' E, 50 m, 9 – 17. viii. 2012, Bait Traps, F. S. - Morooka; 1 ♀ (IUNH), Nourin park, Fukaya, 36 ° 06 ' N; 139 ° 17 ' E, 90 m, F. S. - Morooka; Tokyo: 1 ♀ (SEHU), Mt. Mitake, 23. vi. 1962, K. Kondo; 2 ♂, Mt. Takao, 27. viii. 1966, M. Suwa; Toyama: 1 ♀ (SEHU), Ooiwa, Toyama, 27. vii. 1983, S. Takagi; Gifu: 1 ♀ (SEHU), Dachi, Tokishi, 8. x – 8. xii. 2007, Malaise Trap, S. Tsukamoto; Shizuoka: 3 ♀ 4 ♂ (SEHU), Shizuoka, Hirano, T. Hattori, (3 ♀ 3 ♂, 18. ix. 1977, 1 ♂, 14. ix. 1977); Wakayama: 1 ♂ (SEHU), Kozagawa, Wakayama-shi, 21. ix. 1974, T. Kumata; 2 ♀ 1 ♂ (SEHU), Kiiohshima, Kushimoto-cho, E. Ikeda [2 ♀, 29. iv. 1991, 1 ♂, 6. ix. 1990]; 1 ♀ (IUNH), Megurogawa, Wakayama, 24. vii. 2000, J. Kojima; Kochi: 1 ♀ (SEHU), Kochi-shi, 16. ix. 1934, K. Oike; Nagasaki: 2 ♀ (IUNH), Mine, Tsushima, 34 ° 27 ' 41 '' N 129 ° 18 ' 42 '' E, 26. vii. 2014, J. Kojima; Fukuoka: 3 ♀ (SEHU), [2 ♀, Hisayama, Fukuoka, 2. vii. 1992, E. Ikeda; Kyoto: 1 ♀, Daimonjiyma, Sakyo, Kyoto [- shi], 28. vii. 1992]; Kumamoto: 1 ♂ (SEHU), Neko-Dake, Takamori-cho, 12. ix. 2006, S. Imamura; 1 ♀, Otogase, chouyou-son, 30. iv. 2007, S. Imamura; Kagoshima: 1 ♀ (SEHU), Mt. Takakuma, 26. iv. 1967, T. Kocha; 1 ♀ (SEHU), Kirishima jingu, 500 – 900 m, 10 – 12. vi. 1980, M. Suwa; 2 ♀ (SEHU), 31 ° 53 ' N, 130 ° 50 ' E, Kirishima onsen, Makizono-cho, 24 – 25. viii. 2002, T. Yoshida; 3 ♀ (SEHU), Y. Rokusawa [1 ♀, vi. 2004; 1 ♀, Oyamda-cho, Kagoshima-shi, 3. vii. 2004; 1 ♀, Kenminno-mori, Aira-cho, 14. v. 2004]; 4 ♀ (SEHU), Isa, Okujissou, 28. vii. 2007, T. Yamasaki. CHINA: Fujian: 1 ♀ (BPBM), Foochow, vii. 1924, J. F. Illingworth; Hong Kong: 1 ♀ (BPBM), N. T. Taipokau, 15. vi. 1964, W. J. Voss & W. M. Hui. TAIWAN: Taipei: 1 ♀ (NMNS), Yangminshan, 27 – 28. vii. 1998, M. M. Yang & M. L. Chan; Yilan: 1 ♀ (TARI, PARATYPE of Paraplybia takasagona Sonan), Taiheizan [= Taipingshan], ii. 1930, S. Minowa, 84; Taoyuan: 1 ♀ (NMNS), No. 07 Prov. RD, 43 – 57 km, 11 – 12. ix. 1999, M. M. Yang; Nantou: 1 ♀ (NMNS), Lienhuachin, 2. v – 12. vi. 2001, C. S. Lin & W. T. Yang. VIETNAM: Cao Bang: 2 ♀ (IUNH), Thanh Cong, Nguyen Binh, J. Kojima et al. [1 ♀, 22 ° 32.5 ' N, 105 ° 52 ' E, 7. viii. 2012; 1 ♀, 22 ° 34 ' N, 105 ° 53 ' E, 9. viii. 2012]; Hoa Binh: 8 ♀ (IUNH / IEBR), Pa Co, Mai Chau, 20 ° 44.5 ' N, 104 ° 53.5 ' E, 1450 m, 27. viii. 2006, L. T. P. Nguyen, F. Saito & J. Kojima, Nest # VN-Pp- 2006 - 16. LAOS: Vientiane: 4 ♀ (BPBM), Ban Van Heue, [2 ♀, 14 – 15. iv. 1965, J. L. Gressitt; 1 ♀, 20 km E of Phou-know-kuei, 15 – 31. iv. 1965, native collector; 1 ♀, 20 km E of Phou-know-kuei, 1 – 15. iv. 1965, J. A. Rondon]. THAILAND: Chon Buri: 1 ♀ (BPBM), Ban Bang Phra, 6. iii. 1968, D. E. Hardy.	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F65FFCB25A2FC70FDE6FB76.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Body length 12.0 – 15.0 mm; fore wing length 10.5 – 14.5 mm. Head in frontal view, about as wide as high (Fig. 53). Gena developed, somewhat swollen laterally, but hardly visible in frontal view of head (Fig. 53), in lateral view about as wide as eye (Fig. 54). Ocelli close to each other (Fig. 55); distance between anterior and posterior ocelli rarely longer than half of Od; POD less than Od; anterior ocellus diameter 0.25 – 0.28 mm, larger than Od (0.22 – 0.27 mm); OOD 1.9 × as large as Od. Eyes with sparse, short setae. T 1 long (2.9 – 3.9 mm long, Figs 56 – 57), posteriorly swollen dorsally, 3.0 × longer than the maximum height, 2.5 × as long as its own maximum width. Color. Body ground color yellow (Fig. 3); following parts brown to dark brown: scape and pedicel dorsally, anterior margin of clypeus, teeth of mandible, narrow ill-defined band in bottom of supraclypeal area, spot above antennal socket, vertex, median spot on pronotal collar, narrow band along posterodorsal margin of pronotum, median furrow of mesopleuron, anterior margin of mesoscutum, mesoscutum except for paired longitudinal yellow bands, anterior margin, median line and dorsolateral lines of propodeum, dorsal side of T 1, T 2 – T 6 except for paired large basal yellow spots, posterior margin of S 2 – S 5. Legs yellow; mid and hind trochanters, dorsal line of femur, apical one-third of tibia, brown. Wings semihyaline, pale brown (Figs 3 – 4). MALE. Body length 12.0 – 13.0 mm; fore wing length 12.0 – 13.0 mm. Head in frontal view 0.9 × as wide as high (Fig. 58). Ocelli close to each other (Fig. 59); distance between anterior and posterior ocelli less than Od; POD less than Od; anterior ocellus diameter 0.24 – 0.29 mm, larger than Od (0.21 – 0.26 mm); OOD about equal to Od. F 11 1.6 × as long as F 10 (0.7 – 0.8 mm, Fig. 60). T 1 less swollen than in female (3.1 – 3.4 mm long, Figs 61 – 62), 3.3 × longer than the maximum height, 2.8 × as long as its own maximum width. Parameral spine with dense hairy setae (Fig. 63). Digitus apically slightly bulged. Proximal margin of aedeagus ventrally produced (Fig. 64). Color. Similar to female, but narrow brown band at bottom of supraclypeal area and small spot above antennal socket absent.	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F65FFCB25A2FC70FDE6FB76.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name originates from a Latine croceus (yellow, golden) with reference to the body coloration.	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F65FFCB25A2FC70FDE6FB76.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Japan (except Hokkaido and south of Kuchino-jima island in the Nansei Islands) (Yamane et al. 1999, Takamizawa 2005, cited as “ Parapolybia indica ”), South Korea, China (Guangdong, Fujian, Hong Kong), Taiwan, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam (North Vietnam).	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F65FFCB25A2FC70FDE6FB76.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In addition to the references listed in the synonimies, all of the refernces describing biological aspects of the Japanese population under “ Parapolybia indica ”, such as Sekijima et al. (1981), Sugiura et al. (1983 a, b), Kojima (1992 a, b) and Saito-Morooka (2014), are of this species.	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F67FFCA25A2FA90FC9DFF4B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species is similar in the external morphology to P. i n di c a and P. c ro c ea sp. nov., but can be easily distinguished from the latters by the female vertex behind the posterior ocelli sloping down to the occipital carina after a narrower flat area.	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F67FFCA25A2FA90FC9DFF4B.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE: ♀, VIETNAM: Mai Chau, Pa Co, Hoa Binh Prov., 20 ° 44.5 ' N, 104 ° 53.5 ' E, ca. 1450 m, 27. viii. 2006, L. T. P. Nguyen, F. Saito & J. Kojima, nest # VN-Pp- 2006 - 16 ” [IUNH, long-term loan from IEBR]. PARATYPES: VIETNAM: Hoa Binh: 7 ♀ with same data as holotype [IEBR, IUNH].	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F67FFCA25A2FA90FC9DFF4B.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Body length about 14.0 mm; fore wing length 12.5 – 14.0 mm. Head in frontal view 1.1 × as wide as high (Fig. 65). Gena barely swollen laterally, in frontal view of head invisible (Fig. 65), in lateral view 0.7 × as wide as eye (Fig. 66). Vertex behind posterior ocelli sloping down to occipital carina after narrow flat area (Fig. 82). Ocelli close to each other (Fig. 67); distance between anterior and posterior ocelli shorter than Od; POD less than their Od; anterior ocellus diameter 0.25 mm, Od 0.20 mm; OOD 2.0 × as large as Od. Propodeum with fine shallow transverse striae in anterior one third, striation stronger and deeper posteriorly. T 1 thin and long (about 3.8 mm long, Figs 68 – 69), 3.5 × longer than the maximum height, 3.0 × as long as its own maximum width. Color. Similar to P. crocea, but ambiguous paired brown spots on clypeus and metasoma distinctly darker (Fig. 81) as follows: segments 2 – 6 brown to dark brown, with paler colored lateral spots on T 2. MALE. Unknown.	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F67FFCA25A2FA90FC9DFF4B.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name originates from a Latin nanus with reference to the appearance. Distribution. Vietnam (North Vietnam).	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F78FFD425A2FF10FC9DFBC8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species is similar in the external morphology with P. nana sp. nov., but can be easily distinguished from other species of the P. i nd i c a species-group by the presence of paired dark brown spots on female clypeus (Fig. 70) and ivory white body ground color.	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F78FFD425A2FF10FC9DFBC8.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE: ♀, VIETNAM: Thanh My, Thanh Chuong, Nghe An Prov., 28. v. 2008, L. T. P. Nguyen [IEBR]. PARATYPES: VIETNAM: Vinh Phuc: 1 ♀ [IEBR], Ngoc Thanh, Me Linh, 13 – 14. v. 2013, L. T. P. Nguyen; Lang Son: 1 ♀ [IEBR / IUNH], Na Tan, Binh Gia, 3. vi. 2014, L. T. P. Nguyen; Hai Phong: 2 ♀ [IEBR], Cat Ba, Cat Hai, 20 ° 47 ' 36 '' N, 106 ° 59 ' 25 '' E, 25. vii. 2013, L. T. P. Nguyen & D. D. Nguyen; Nahe An: 6 ♀ [IEBR], same collection data as holotype.	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F78FFD425A2FF10FC9DFBC8.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Body length 13.5 mm; fore wing length 12.5 mm. Head in frontal view slightly wider than high (Fig. 71). Gena narrow, invisible in frontal view of head (Fig. 71), in lateral view 0.7 × as wide as eye (Fig. 72). Ocelli close to each other (Fig. 73); distance between anterior and posterior ocelli rarely longer than half of Od; POD less than Od; anterior ocellus diameter 0.2 mm, as large as Od; OOD 1.5 × as large as Od. T 1 slender (about 3.5 mm long, Figs 74 – 75), posteriorly weakly swollen, 3.0 × longer than the maximum height, 3.0 × as long as its own maximum width. Color. Ground color ivory white. Following parts brown to dark brown: scape and pedicel dorsally, anterior margin of clypeus, paired spots on clypeus (Fig. 70), teeth of mandible, narrow U-shaped mark in suproclypeal area, frons (light brown), vertex, dosal area of pronotal collar, narrow band along posterodorsal margin of pronotum, median furrow of mesopleuron, mesoscutum except for paired longitudinal yellow bands, anterior margin, median line and dorsolateral lines of propodeum, dorsal side and posterior margin of T 1, margin and arrow-shaped mark on T 2, margin and posteromedial area of T 3 – T 6, posterior margin and posteromedial spot of S 2 – S 5. Legs grey; dorsal half of mid and hind trochanters, dorsobasal one-third of hind femur, tarsi, brown to dark brown. Wings semi-hyaline, pale brown. MALE. Unknown.	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F78FFD425A2FF10FC9DFBC8.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name is a Latin adjective albidus, with reference to the body coloration.	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
C423CC1F6F78FFD425A2FF10FC9DFBC8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Vietnam (North Vietnam).	en	Saito-Morooka, Fuki, Nguyen, Lien T. P., Kojima, Jun-Ichi (2015): Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 215-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.5
