taxonID	type	description	language	source
0A889C9CA055BEDA749A8FA85CEB3349.taxon	discussion	Simpsonichthys de Carvalho comprises 50 valid species, occurring in temporary pools formed during the rainy season, in Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay (Costa, 2005; 2006; Costa & Brasil, in press; the present paper). It has been divided into five subgenera: Xenurolebias Costa, Ophthalmolebias Costa, Simpsonichthys de Carvalho, Spectrolebias Costa & Nielsen, and Hypsolebias Costa (Costa, 2006). Hypsolebias is endemic to an area including the Tocantins, Sao Francisco, Jequitinhonha, and Jaguaribe river basins, and smaller isolated basins of northeastern Brazil (Costa, 2006). Among species of Hypsolebias, Costa (2006) recognized a clade he termed the S. antenori species group, which contains five species revised by Costa (2003): S. antenori (Tulipano) from the rio Jaguaribe basin and adjacent coastal basins of northeastern Brazil; and S. flavicaudatus (Costa & Brasil), S. flagellatus Costa, S. igneus Costa, and S. ghisolfii Costa, Cyrino & Nielsen, all from the rio Sao Francisco basin. New collections and more intensive morphological studies of material previously identified as S. flagellatus and S. ghisolfli revealed three new species, which are herein described. This group of species occurs in hills of the eastern portion of the middle Sao Francisco basin (Serra do Espinhaco), at altitudes between 550 and 680 m.	en	Wilson J. E. M. Costa (2006): Three new species of seasonal killifishes of the Simpsonichthys antenori species group (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the rio São Francisco basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 1306: 25-39, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A2296307-64C7-4599-ACCB-D83EE9A245FE
AD7DDF23590DF22413F8F11AC04F383F.taxon	description	(Figs. 1 - 2)	en	Wilson J. E. M. Costa (2006): Three new species of seasonal killifishes of the Simpsonichthys antenori species group (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the rio São Francisco basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 1306: 25-39, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A2296307-64C7-4599-ACCB-D83EE9A245FE
AD7DDF23590DF22413F8F11AC04F383F.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. UFRJ 5409, male, 39.4 mm SL; Brazil: Estado de Minas Gerais: rio Gorutuba floodplains, rio Verde Grande drainage, middle rio Sao Francisco basin, Janauba, 15 ° 48 ’ 5.9 ” S 43 ° 19 ’ 13.5 ” W, altitude 556 m; W. J. E. M. Costa, C. P. Bove & B. B. Costa, 21 Jan. 2002. Paratypes. UFRJ 5409, 2 females, 27.4 - 31.6 mm SL; UFRJ 5410, 3 males, 32.6 - 35.9 mm SL, 3 females, 28.6 - 29.7 mm SL (c & s); UFRJ 5411, 7 males, 25.8 - 43.1 mm SL, 17 females, 24.2 - 31.3 mm SL; collected with holotype. UFRJ 6076, 6 males, 24.3 - 30.0 mm SL, 4 females, 20.7 - 24.7 mm SL; MCP 40138, 3 males, 26.0 - 26.7 mm SL, 2 females, 21.1 - 21.8 mm SL; same locality and collectors, 28 Jan. 2006.	en	Wilson J. E. M. Costa (2006): Three new species of seasonal killifishes of the Simpsonichthys antenori species group (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the rio São Francisco basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 1306: 25-39, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A2296307-64C7-4599-ACCB-D83EE9A245FE
AD7DDF23590DF22413F8F11AC04F383F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Similar to S. flavicaudatus and S. flagellatus in having a unique color pattern of the anal fin in males, consisting of anterior portion of fin pink and posterior portion yellow, with iridescent dots restricted to posterior portion of fin. Differs from S. flavicaudatus and S. flagellatus in possessing elongated light blue spots along entire dorsal-fin base (vs. elongated spots restricted to the anterobasal portion of dorsal fin), a shorter anal-fin base in males (34.4 - 38.4 % SL, vs. 39.0 - 45.2 % SL), and a more slender trunk and caudal peduncle (body depth 33.9 - 38.4 % SL in males and 30.7 - 36.8 % SL in females vs. 37.8 - 41.9 % SL in males and 37.0 - 42.7 % SL in females; caudal peduncle depth 12.6 - 14.3 % SL in males and 11.7 - 13.6 % SL in females vs. 14.4 - 16.6 % SL in males and 13.4 - 16.4 % SL in females).	en	Wilson J. E. M. Costa (2006): Three new species of seasonal killifishes of the Simpsonichthys antenori species group (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the rio São Francisco basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 1306: 25-39, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A2296307-64C7-4599-ACCB-D83EE9A245FE
AD7DDF23590DF22413F8F11AC04F383F.taxon	description	Description. Morphometric data appear in Table 1. Males larger than females, the largest male examined 43.1 mm SL, largest female examined 31.6 mm SL. Dorsal profile gently concave on head, convex from nape to end of dorsal-fin base, about straight to slightly concave on caudal peduncle. Ventral profile convex from lower jaw to end of analfin base, approximately straight to slightly concave on caudal peduncle. Body moderately deep, compressed, greatest body depth at level of pelvic-fin base. Snout slightly pointed. Urogenital papilla cylindrical and short in males. Tip of dorsal fin pointed in males, slightly pointed in females; tip of anal fin pointed in males, rounded in females. Tips of both dorsal and anal fins with long filamentous rays in males, the tips reaching posterior portion of caudal fin. Caudal fin subtruncate in males, round in females. Pectoral fins elliptical. Posterior margin of pectoral fins reaching vertical between base of 5 th and 7 th anal-fin rays in males, and between urogenital papilla and base of 2 nd anal-fin ray in females. Tips of pelvic fins reaching between base of 1 st and 4 th anal-fin ray in males and base of 1 st or 2 nd anal-fin ray in females. Pelvic-fin bases medially united. Dorsal-fin origin slightly anterior to anal-fin origin in males, anal-fin origin in vertical between base of 2 nd and 4 th dorsal-fin rays; dorsal-fin origin slightly anterior or slightly posterior to anal-fin origin in females, in vertical between base of 1 st and 3 rd anal-fin rays. Dorsal-fin origin between neural spines of vertebrae 6 and 8 in males, and neural spines of vertebrae 10 and 12 in females. Anal-fin origin between pleural ribs of vertebrae 7 and 8 in males, and pleural ribs of vertebrae 8 and 9 in females. Dorsal-fin rays 22 - 26 in males, 15 - 19 in females; anal-fin rays 22 - 25 in males, 20 - 22 in females; caudal-fin rays 23 - 25; pectoral-fin rays 12 - 13; pelvic-fin rays 6. Scales large, cycloid. Body and head entirely scaled, except on ventral surface of head. Trunk squamation slightly extending on middle of anal-fin base. Scales extending onto anterior fifth of caudal fin. Frontal squamation E-patterned; E-scales overlapping medially; no scales anterior to H-scale; two supraorbital scales. Longitudinal series of scales 29 - 31; transverse series of scales 13 - 14; scale rows around caudal peduncle 16. No contact organs on scales. Prominent papillate contact organs on inner surface of three dorsalmost rays of pectoral fin in males. Cephalic neuromasts: supraorbital 14 - 18, parietal 2, anterior rostral 1, posterior rostral 1, infraorbital 2 + 21 - 23, preorbital 3, otic 2, post-otic 4, supratemporal 1, median opercular 1, ventral opercular 1, preopercular 14 - 19, mandibular 14 - 18, lateral mandibular 4 - 6, paramandibular 1. One neuromast on each scale of lateral line. Two neuromasts on caudalfin base. Basihyal subtriangular, longest width about 70 % of length; basihyal cartilage about 25 % of total length of basihyal. Six branchiostegal rays. Second pharyngobranchial teeth 8 - 10. Gill-rakers on first branchial arch 4 + 11. Vomerine teeth absent. Dermosphenotic absent. Ventral process of posttemporal long. Total vertebrae 30 - 31. Coloration. Males: Sides of body pale golden, with 10 - 13 dark gray, approximately vertical and straight bars, ventral portion of bars often wider and slightly directed anteriorly. Dorsum pale brown. Venter gray. Opercular region pale greenish golden. Iris light yellow, with dark purplish gray bar through center of eye. Dorsal fin purplish pink on anterior three fourths, yellow on posterior fourth; small round light blue spots over fin, spots on basal region vertically elongated, alternating with dark gray areas on anterior portion of basal portion of fin; dorsal-fin filaments dark brownish purple. Anal fin purplish pink on anterior half to two-thirds, yellow with light blue dots on posterior portion, some dots sometimes coalescing to form elongated oblique spots; pale gray distal stripe; anal-fin filaments black. Caudal fin yellow, with light blue small spots and light blue line on posterior edge of fin. Pectoral fins hyaline. Pelvic fins pink. Females: Sides of body light gray, with 11 - 14 dark gray bars, 1 - 2 rounded black blotches on anterocentral portion of flank, and 1 - 3 rounded black blotches on caudal peduncle, these sometimes absent. Dorsum pale brown. Venter pale golden. Opercular region pale greenish golden. Iris light yellow, with gray vertical bar through center of eye. Unpaired fins hyaline, with faint, longitudinally elongated gray spots; small, iridescent blue spot on posterior portion of anal fin close to caudal peduncle. Paired fins hyaline.	en	Wilson J. E. M. Costa (2006): Three new species of seasonal killifishes of the Simpsonichthys antenori species group (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the rio São Francisco basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 1306: 25-39, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A2296307-64C7-4599-ACCB-D83EE9A245FE
AD7DDF23590DF22413F8F11AC04F383F.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. Known only from a temporary pool in the floodplains of the middle rio Gorutuba, rio Verde Grande drainage, rio Sao Francisco basin, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brazil (Fig. 3).	en	Wilson J. E. M. Costa (2006): Three new species of seasonal killifishes of the Simpsonichthys antenori species group (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the rio São Francisco basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 1306: 25-39, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A2296307-64C7-4599-ACCB-D83EE9A245FE
AD7DDF23590DF22413F8F11AC04F383F.taxon	biology_ecology	In the first collection (21 January 2002), the pool surface was about 200 m × 30 m, and the depth about 0.50 - 1.00 m. The pool was situated in a typical semi-arid Caatinga area, containing many aquatic plants. The water was slightly turbid, with a pH of 7.0. However, due to urban expansion of the city of Janauba, we found the original pool partly destroyed on the second trip (18 January 2005), reduced to small (about 10 m x 10 m) and shallow (about 0.50 m deep) isolated pools with all aquatic and marginal vegetation removed.	en	Wilson J. E. M. Costa (2006): Three new species of seasonal killifishes of the Simpsonichthys antenori species group (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the rio São Francisco basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 1306: 25-39, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A2296307-64C7-4599-ACCB-D83EE9A245FE
AD7DDF23590DF22413F8F11AC04F383F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name janaubensis is an allusion to the occurrence of the new species in Janauba, Minas Gerais, Brazil.	en	Wilson J. E. M. Costa (2006): Three new species of seasonal killifishes of the Simpsonichthys antenori species group (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the rio São Francisco basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 1306: 25-39, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A2296307-64C7-4599-ACCB-D83EE9A245FE
83FE0C731FA894E0F9A34A95BFE6017D.taxon	description	(Figs. 4 - 6)	en	Wilson J. E. M. Costa (2006): Three new species of seasonal killifishes of the Simpsonichthys antenori species group (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the rio São Francisco basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 1306: 25-39, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A2296307-64C7-4599-ACCB-D83EE9A245FE
83FE0C731FA894E0F9A34A95BFE6017D.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. UFRJ 5406, males, 40.3 mm SL; Brazil: Estado da Bahia, temporary pool 8 km S of Pindai, rio Sao Domingos drainage, a tributary to the Rio Verde Pequeno, itself a tributary of rio Verde Grande, rio Sao Francisco basin, 14 ° 33 ’ 36.7 ” S 42 ° 42 ’ 9.8 ” W, altitude 628 m; W. J. E. M. Costa, C. P. Bove & B. B. Costa, 23 Jan. 2002. Paratypes. UFRJ 5408, 2 males, 40.8 - 40.9 mm SL, 7 females, 32.0 - 38.2 mm SL; UFRJ 5407, 1 male, 43.4 mm SL, 2 females, 32.5 - 36.7 mm SL (c & s); collected with holotype. UFRJ 6064, 8 males, 26.9 - 30.1 mm SL, 4 females, 23.6 - 24.8 mm SL; UFRJ 6074, 2 males, 28.0 - 30.5 mm SL, 2 females, 22.9 - 23.4 mm SL; MCP 40139, 3 males, 27.7 - 28.9 mm SL; same locality and collectors, 15 - 16 Jan. 2005.	en	Wilson J. E. M. Costa (2006): Three new species of seasonal killifishes of the Simpsonichthys antenori species group (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the rio São Francisco basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 1306: 25-39, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A2296307-64C7-4599-ACCB-D83EE9A245FE
83FE0C731FA894E0F9A34A95BFE6017D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Distinguished from all other species of the S. antenori group in having a median neuromast on the posterior rostral series (Fig. 6) (vs. median rostral neuromast absent). Similar to S. ghisolfii, and distinguished from the other species of the S. antenori group, by possessing a long (vs. short) urogenital papilla in males (Fig. 6), zigzag shaped bars on caudal peduncle in males (vs. bars straight or slightly curved), and a distinctive narrow subdistal bright yellowish orange stripe on anal fin in males (vs. never a similar color pattern). Also distinguished from S. ghisolfii by the absence of contact organs on the flanks of males (vs. minute contact organs present on posterior border of anteroventral portion of flanks).	en	Wilson J. E. M. Costa (2006): Three new species of seasonal killifishes of the Simpsonichthys antenori species group (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the rio São Francisco basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 1306: 25-39, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A2296307-64C7-4599-ACCB-D83EE9A245FE
83FE0C731FA894E0F9A34A95BFE6017D.taxon	description	Description. Morphometric data appear in Table 1. Males larger than females, the largest male examined 43.4 mm SL, largest female examined 38.2 mm SL. Dorsal profile nearly straight on head, convex from nape to end of dorsal-fin base, nearly straight on caudal peduncle. Ventral profile convex from lower jaw to end of anal-fin base, approximately straight on caudal peduncle. Body deep, compressed, greatest body depth at level of pelvic-fin bases. Urogenital papilla cylindrical and long in males. Tip of dorsal fin pointed in males, slightly pointed in females; tip of anal fin pointed in males, rounded in females. Tips of dorsal and anal fins with filamentous rays in males, tips reaching posterior portion of caudal fin. Caudal fin subtruncate in males, round in females. Pectoral fin elliptical. Posterior margin of pectoral fins reaching to vertical between base of 6 th and 8 th anal-fin rays in males, and between urogenital papilla and base of 1 st analfin ray in females. Tip of each pelvic fin reaching to base of 3 rd or 4 th anal-fin ray in males and between urogenital papilla and base of 1 st anal-fin ray in females. Pelvic-fin bases medially united. Dorsal-fin origin on vertical between base of 3 rd and 4 th anal-fin rays in males, and between base of 4 th and 6 th anal-fin rays in females; dorsal-fin origin between neural spines of vertebrae 7 and 8 in males, and neural spines of vertebrae 11 and 12 in females. Anal-fin origin between pleural ribs of vertebrae 7 and 8 in males, and pleural ribs of vertebrae 9 and 11 in females. Dorsal-fin rays 20 - 23 in males, 15 - 17 in females; anal-fin rays 21 - 23 in males, 19 - 21 in females; caudal-fin rays 22 - 24; pectoralfin rays 12; pelvic-fin rays 6. Scales large, cycloid. Body and head entirely scaled, except on ventral surface of head. Trunk squamation slightly extending onto middle of anal-fin base. Scales extending onto anterior fifth of caudal fin. Frontal squamation E-patterned; E-scales overlapping medially; no scales anterior to H-scale; two or three supraorbital scales. Longitudinal series of scales 28 - 30; transverse series of scales 12 - 13; scale rows around caudal peduncle 16. No contact organs on scales. Small papillate contact organs on inner surface of three dorsalmost rays of pectoral fin in males. Cephalic neuromasts: supraorbital 14 - 17, parietal 2 - 3, anterior rostral 1, posterior rostral with one lateral neuromast and middle neuromast, infraorbital 2 + 22 - 24, preorbital 3, otic 2, post-otic 3, supratemporal 1, median opercular 1, ventral opercular 1, preopercular 16 - 18, mandibular 13 - 15, lateral mandibular 4, paramandibular 1. One neuromast on each scale of lateral line. Two neuromasts on caudal-fin base. Basihyal subtriangular, longest width about 80 % of length; basihyal cartilage about 25 % of total length of basihyal. Six branchiostegal rays. Second pharyngobranchial teeth 9. Gill-rakers on first branchial arch 4 + 11. Vomerine teeth absent. Dermosphenotic absent. Ventral process of posttemporal long. Total vertebrae 29 - 30. Coloration. Males: Sides of body light bluish gray, with white dots and 13 - 19 approximately straight and wide gray bars, more conspicuous and zigzag shaped on caudal peduncle. Dorsum pale brown. Venter light gray. Opercular region pale greenish blue. Iris light yellow, with dark purplish gray bar through center of eye. Dorsal fin greenish yellow, dark purplish pink on distal portion, with white dots; dorsal-fin filaments dark purple. Anal fin greenish yellow, with bluish white dots; subdistal zone bright yellowish orange, to light blue near fin tip; distal zone black; anal-fin filaments black. Caudal fin dark greenish yellow, with bluish white dots; broad bright blue zone on posterior margin of fin. Pectoral fins hyaline. Pelvic fins yellow, with black tips. Females: Sides of body light gray, with 13 - 16 dark gray bars; venter pale golden; 1 - 3 rounded black blotches on anterocentral portion of flank; 1 - 7 irregularly arranged rounded black blotches on caudal peduncle. Dorsum pale brown. Venter light gray. Opercular region pale greenish golden. Iris light yellow, with gray bar through center of eye. Unpaired fins hyaline, with faint, longitudinally elongated gray spots; small, iridescent blue spot on posterior portion of anal fin close to caudal peduncle. Paired fins hyaline.	en	Wilson J. E. M. Costa (2006): Three new species of seasonal killifishes of the Simpsonichthys antenori species group (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the rio São Francisco basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 1306: 25-39, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A2296307-64C7-4599-ACCB-D83EE9A245FE
83FE0C731FA894E0F9A34A95BFE6017D.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. Known from closely approximate, isolated temporary pools in the Caatinga, in the Rio Verde Grande drainage, Rio Sao Francisco basin, Estado da Bahia, Brazil (Fig. 3).	en	Wilson J. E. M. Costa (2006): Three new species of seasonal killifishes of the Simpsonichthys antenori species group (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the rio São Francisco basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 1306: 25-39, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A2296307-64C7-4599-ACCB-D83EE9A245FE
83FE0C731FA894E0F9A34A95BFE6017D.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Latin medium (middle) and papillatus (with papillae), referring to the unique possession of a neuromast on middle of the posterior rostral series.	en	Wilson J. E. M. Costa (2006): Three new species of seasonal killifishes of the Simpsonichthys antenori species group (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the rio São Francisco basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 1306: 25-39, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A2296307-64C7-4599-ACCB-D83EE9A245FE
5760A25994831FF9F98800D9DCE68778.taxon	description	(Figs. 7 - 8)	en	Wilson J. E. M. Costa (2006): Three new species of seasonal killifishes of the Simpsonichthys antenori species group (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the rio São Francisco basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 1306: 25-39, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A2296307-64C7-4599-ACCB-D83EE9A245FE
5760A25994831FF9F98800D9DCE68778.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. UFRJ 6385, male, 38.6 mm SL; Brazil: Estado da Bahia, temporary pool near Macaubas, rio Paramirim drainage, rio Sao Francisco basin, about 13 ° 00 ’ S 42 ° 30 ’ W, altitude about 680 m; R. Suzart, Feb. 2003. Paratypes. UFRJ 6105, 1 female, 28.4 mm SL; UFRJ 6106, 6 males, 35.6 - 38.7 mm SL, 6 females, 27.2 - 33.7 mm SL (c & s); collected with holotype.	en	Wilson J. E. M. Costa (2006): Three new species of seasonal killifishes of the Simpsonichthys antenori species group (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the rio São Francisco basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 1306: 25-39, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A2296307-64C7-4599-ACCB-D83EE9A245FE
5760A25994831FF9F98800D9DCE68778.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Distinguished from all other species of the S. antenori group by the following combination of characters: contact organs on ventral portion of flanks in males (vs. contact organs absent in S. mediopapillatus, S. flavicaudatus, S. flagellatus, and S. janaubensis); dorsal and anal-fin filaments slightly long, posteriorly reaching central portion of caudal fin in males (vs. short, reaching caudal-fin base in S. antenori, or long, surpassing posterior margin of caudal fin in S. igneus, S. flavicaudatus, S. flagellatus, and S. janaubensis); urogenital papilla short in males (vs. long in S. ghisolfii and S. mediopapillatus); caudal fin yellow in males (vs. bluish gray in S. antenori); anal fin yellow, with distal black stripe, and iridescent dots over entire anal fin in males (vs. anal fin pink anteriorly and yellow posteriorly, with gray distal stripe and iridescent dots restricted to the posterior portion of fin in S. flavicaudatus, S. flagellatus, and S. janaubensis); no red pigmentation on anal fin in males (vs. subdistal reddish orange in S. antenori and S. igneus); caudal peduncle bars slightly curved in males (vs. zigzag shaped in S. ghisolfii and S. mediopapillatus).	en	Wilson J. E. M. Costa (2006): Three new species of seasonal killifishes of the Simpsonichthys antenori species group (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the rio São Francisco basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 1306: 25-39, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A2296307-64C7-4599-ACCB-D83EE9A245FE
5760A25994831FF9F98800D9DCE68778.taxon	description	Description. Morphometric data appear in Table 1. Males larger than females, the largest male examined 38.7 mm SL, largest female examined 33.7 mm SL. Dorsal profile approximately straight on head, convex from nape to end of dorsal-fin base, nearly straight on caudal peduncle. Ventral profile convex from lower jaw to end of anal-fin base, approximately straight on caudal peduncle. Body deep, compressed, greatest body depth at level of pelvic-fin base. Snout blunt. Urogenital papilla cylindrical and short in males. Tip of dorsal fin pointed in males, slightly pointed in females; tip of anal fin pointed in males, rounded in females. Tip of both dorsal and anal fins with short filamentous rays in males, in both cases reaching vertical through center of caudal fin. Caudal fin subtruncate in males, rounded in females. Pectoral fins elliptical. Posterior margin of pectoral fins reaching vertical between base of 6 th and 9 th anal-fin rays in males, and between base of 1 st and 3 rd anal-fin rays in females. Tip of each pelvic fin reaching base of 3 rd anal-fin ray in males and between base of 1 st and 3 rd anal-fin rays in females. Pelvic-fin bases medially united. Dorsal-fin origin in vertical through base of 2 nd or 3 rd anal-fin ray in males, and between base of 5 th and 6 th anal-fins ray in females; dorsal-fin origin between neural spines of vertebrae 7 and 9 in males, and neural spines of vertebrae 11 and 12 in females. Anal-fin origin between pleural ribs of vertebrae 6 and 8 in males, and pleural ribs of vertebrae 8 and 9 in females. Dorsal-fin rays 21 - 23 in males, 14 - 16 in females; anal-fin rays 21 - 23 in males, 19 in females; caudal-fin rays 21 - 22; pectoral-fin rays 12 - 13; pelvic-fin rays 6. Scales large, cycloid. Body and head entirely scaled, except on ventral surface of head. Trunk squamation slightly extending onto middle of anal-fin base. Scales extending on anterior fifth of caudal fin. Frontal squamation E-patterned; E-scales overlapping medially; no scales anterior to H-scale; two or three supraorbital scales. Longitudinal series of scales 27 - 29; transverse series of scales 12 - 13; scale rows around caudal peduncle 16. Contact organ on posterior margin of each scale of ventral portion of flank in males. Small papillate contact organs on inner surface of dorsal-most ray of pectoral fin in males. Cephalic neuromasts: supraorbital 14, parietal 2, anterior rostral 1, posterior rostral 1, infraorbital 2 + 18, preorbital 3, otic 2, post-otic 3, supratemporal 1, median opercular 1, ventral opercular 2, preopercular 15, mandibular 13, lateral mandibular 3, paramandibular 1. One neuromast on each scale of lateral line. Two neuromasts on caudal-fin base. Basihyal subtriangular, greatest width about 75 - 80 % of length; basihyal cartilage about 30 - 35 % of total length of basihyal. Six branchiostegal rays. Second pharyngobranchial teeth 7 - 9. Gill-rakers on first branchial arch 4 + 11. Vomerine teeth absent. Dermosphenotic absent. Ventral process of posttemporal long. Total vertebrae 27 - 29. Coloration. Males. Sides of body light gray, with 13 - 15 approximately straight faint gray stripes, more conspicuous on caudal peduncle, and bluish white dots. Dorsum pale brown. Venter light gray. Opercular region pale green. Iris light yellow, with dark purplish gray bar through center of eye. Unpaired fins yellow with white to bluish white dots; dorsal-fin filaments dark yellow; anal-fin filaments black; black distal stripe on anal fin. Pectoral fins hyaline. Pelvic fins yellow. Females. Sides of body light gray, with 14 - 18 narrow dark gray bars; 2 - 3 black small spots on anterocentral portion of flanks; 1 - 7 irregularly arranged rounded black blotches on caudal peduncle. Dorsum dark gray. Venter light gray. Opercular region pale greenish golden. Iris light yellow, with gray bar through center of eye. Unpaired fins hyaline with faint, longitudinally elongated gray spots. Paired fins hyaline.	en	Wilson J. E. M. Costa (2006): Three new species of seasonal killifishes of the Simpsonichthys antenori species group (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the rio São Francisco basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 1306: 25-39, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A2296307-64C7-4599-ACCB-D83EE9A245FE
5760A25994831FF9F98800D9DCE68778.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. Temporary pools in the Caatinga, rio Paramirim drainage, rio Sao Francisco basin, Estado da Bahia, Brazil (Fig. 3).	en	Wilson J. E. M. Costa (2006): Three new species of seasonal killifishes of the Simpsonichthys antenori species group (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the rio São Francisco basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 1306: 25-39, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A2296307-64C7-4599-ACCB-D83EE9A245FE
5760A25994831FF9F98800D9DCE68778.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Name in reference to the occurrence of the new species in Macaubas, Bahia, northeastern Brazil.	en	Wilson J. E. M. Costa (2006): Three new species of seasonal killifishes of the Simpsonichthys antenori species group (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the rio São Francisco basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 1306: 25-39, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A2296307-64C7-4599-ACCB-D83EE9A245FE
7F1556EFB786A0864DA7CBF8BB8D1272.taxon	discussion	Discussion The present study reveals a great diversity of species of the Simpsonichthys antenori group in the upper sections of eastern tributaries of the middle rio Sao Francisco in serra do Espinhaco, including rio Verde Grande, rio Carnaiba de Dentro, and rio Paramirim. The species inhabiting this area, S. janaubensis, S. mediopapillatus, S. ghisolfii, and S. macaubensis, were not found in other places during recent intensive field studies in the region, suggesting that they are geographically restricted to short sections of the river drainages. In the lower portions of the rio Verde Grande and rio Carnaiba de Dentro, they are replaced by S. flagellatus, a species widespread throughout the rio Sao Francisco basin (Fig. 3). This suggests that species endemic to the upper sections are effectively isolated from congeners inhabiting the lower sections. The species endemic to upper tributaries of the rio Sao Francisco draining the serra do Espinhaco do not constitute a monophyletic assemblage. Among them, S. janaubensis is a member of a clade defined by Costa (2006), including S. flavicaudatus and S. flagellatus, which are diagnosed by the derived color patterns of the anal fin in males: anterior portion pink, posterior portion yellow; bright blue or white dots on posterior part of fin, but not on anterior part; and presence of a light gray distal stripe. Simpsonichthys janaubensis is therefore considered more closely related to S. flavicaudatus and S. flagellatus than to other species from the Serra do Espinhaco (i. e., S. mediopapillatus, S. ghisolfii, and S. macaubensis). On the other hand, S. mediopapillatus and S. ghisolfii are sister species, since both share an apomorphic long urogenital papilla in males, a condition not found elsewhere among species of Hypsolebias (Costa, 2006).	en	Wilson J. E. M. Costa (2006): Three new species of seasonal killifishes of the Simpsonichthys antenori species group (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the rio São Francisco basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 1306: 25-39, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A2296307-64C7-4599-ACCB-D83EE9A245FE
