taxonID	type	description	language	source
CB2D87E12E32FFC7FBCA47F2FEF3FA88.taxon	description	LOCALITY AND AGE. — Sherullah 9, Khordkabul basin, Afghanistan, late Miocene, Late Vallesian-basal Turolian transition. MN 10 / 11.	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E32FFC7FBCA47F2FEF3FA88.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — One fragmentary humerus (AFG 1650), 1 incomplete vertebra (AFG 1651). This material was mentioned by Roček & Rage (2000).	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E32FFC7FBCA47F2FEF3FA88.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION The humerus is represented by a distal extremity which comprises the humeral ball, ulnar epicondyle and a short part of the diaphysis (Figs 1 A; 2 A). The condyle is large and spherical. The cubital fossa is poorly limited laterally. The well-developed ulnar crest extends laterally; it is not deflected dorsally. It was likely short anteroposteriorly. The ulnar epicondyle is large whereas the radial epicondyle is damaged. A small radial crest slightly deflected ventrally is present. Because of the large size of the condyle and ulnar epicondyle, the distal extremity is widened transversely; moreover, it appears to be somewhat flattened dorsoventrally. Such a morphology recalls that of Alytidae of the Discoglossinae subfamily. The vertebra is a presacral one (Fig. 2 B). The anterior part of the centrum is damaged and covered by matrix. The vertebra is apparently opisthocoelous but this cannot be definitely confirmed. If it is really opisthoceoelous, then it probably belongs to the Alytidae. Its size is consistent with that of the humerus.	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E32FFC7FBCA47F2FEF3FA88.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS The referral of these two specimens to the Alytidae is doubtful. It is based only on the overall morphology of an incomplete humerus and on a vertebra the main characteristic of which (opisthocoely) is not certain. The Alytidae is a primitive family whose earliest representative was recovered from the middle Jurassic of England (Evans et al. 1990). Today they are known in Europe, west Asia, and northernmost Africa (Frost et al. 2006). In the Cenozoic of Asia, apart from the possible alytid of Sherullah 9, the family was reported from the early Eocene of the Vastan Lignite Mine (Bajpai & Kapur 2008) and the middle Miocene lower Siwalik deposits (Parmar & Jigmet 2014), in India; from the Miocene of Turkey (Claessens 1995; Sanchiz 1998; Rückert-Ülkümen et al. 2002) and in the Miocene of Thailand (Rage & Ginsburg 1997). However, this latter identification cannot be confirmed (Roček & Rage 2000).	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E35FFC7FEDA44B3FC0AF98A.taxon	description	Gen. et sp. indet. (Figs 1 B-D; 2 C-E) LOCALITY AND AGE. — Sherullah 9, Khordkabul basin, Afghanistan, late Miocene, Late Vallesian-basal Turolian transition, MN 10 / 11.	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E35FFC7FEDA44B3FC0AF98A.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — One coracoid (AFG 1652), 3 humeri (AFG 1653, 1654), 1 ilium (AFG 1655).	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E35FFC7FEDA44B3FC0AF98A.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION The coracoid is represented by its ventro-medial part (pars epicoracoidalis; Špinar, 1972) and its “ neck ” (corpus coracoidalis); the lateral extremity (intumescencia glenoidalis) is broken off (Figs 1 C; 2 E). The ventro-medial part expands as a broad plate (wider than in Bufonidae Gray, 1825, Alytidae and Rhacophoridae Hoffman, 1932); unfortunately, its anterior and posterior extremities are lacking. The neck is cylindrical. The diaphysis of the humeri is straight. The condyle is spherical, relatively small, and located in the prolongation of the diapophysial axis (in Alytidae, Bufonidae and Rhacophoridae, the condyle is radially shifted). The cubital fossa is small, crescentic, and well-limited laterally. The epicondyles are dissymmetrical, the radial one being reduced. A small radial crest is present. The ulnar crest extends laterally in two humeri (Figs 1 B; 2 C) which probably represent male individuals; in the third one, the crest is small (female individual). The ilium is incomplete, most of the acetabular area is broken away. A high dorsal crest is present on the ilial shaft (higher than in Discoglossinae and in most of the Rhacophoridae) (Figs 1 D; 2 D). A thickening of the posterior border of the crest forms the tuber superius. This tuber slopes steeply into the acetabular part (more steeply than in alytid Discoglossinae and Rhacophoridae).	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E35FFC7FEDA44B3FC0AF98A.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS The family “ Ranidae ” is in quotes to indicate its non-monophyly, until a consensus on its definition is reached (i. e Frost et al. 2006; Cannatella 2007 or Che et al. 2007). In this work, Rhacophoridae is considered as a family of the Ranoidea. The morphology of these bones argues for referral to the “ Ranidae ”. More specifically, the morphologies of the ventromedial part of the coracoid and that of the tuber superius of the ilium clearly point to this family. But, the poor preservation of the specimens prevents identification within the family. Today, the “ Ranidae ” are cosmopolitan; they are absent only in South America and most of Australia. The earliest representatives of the family were recovered from the late Eocene in Europe (Rage 1984). In Asia, the earliest ranids were briefly reported from the middle Oligocene of Kazakhstan (Čkhikvadze 1985), but without a description or figure it is not possible to evaluate the reliability of this identification. In Asia, “ Ranidae ” have been found in the Early Eocene of the Vastan Lignite Mine (Folie et al. 2013), in the Miocene of Anatolia, China, and Thailand, and in the Pliocene of Anatolia, Azerbaydzhan, India, and China (Roček & Rage 2000; Rage et al. 2001). Finally, Syromyatnikova (2016) mentioned in the late earliest-early middle Miocene (MN 5) of Tagay, the earliest record of the lineages of green and brown frogs (respectively Pelophylax Fitzinger, 1843: Pelophylax sp., and Rana Linnaeus, 1758: Rana sp.) in Asia.	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E35FFC6FC3E4792FD03F98A.taxon	description	LOCALITY AND AGE. — Sherullah 9, Khordkabul basin, Afghanistan, late Miocene, late Vallesian-basal Turolian transition, MN 10 / 11.	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E35FFC6FC3E4792FD03F98A.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Five fragments of toothed maxillae (AFG 1656), 1 fragment of angulosplenial (AFG 1657), 1 fragment of atlas (AFG 1658), 5 amphicoelous presacral vertebrae (AFG 1659), 7 non-amphicoelous presacral vertebrae (AFG 1660), 5 opisthocoelous sacral vertebrae (AFG 1661), 2 procoelous sacral vertebrae (AFG 1662), 5 fragments of urostyles (AFG 1663), 34 ilia (AFG 1664), 3 fragmentary humeri (AFG 1665), 3 fragments of radioulna (AFG 1666), 1 fragment of femur (AFG 1667).	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E35FFC6FC3E4792FD03F98A.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION AND COMMENTS Only the maxillae, vertebrae and ilia deserve comments. The other remains provide no information. The presence of teeth on the maxillae allows to rule out Bufonidae, where these bones are toothless. The vertebrae are only represented by their centra. Five centra of presacral vertebrae are amphicoelous, deeply biconcave, whereas seven are non-amphicoelous (it is not possible to determine their condition, procoelous or opisthocoelous). Vertebrae of Alytidae are opisthocoelous. In “ Ranidae ”, the last presacral vertebra is amphicoelous whereas the seven others are procoelous. Consequently, within the set of presacral vertebrae from Sherullah 9, the ratio amphicoelous / non-amphicoelous vertebrae is somewhat surprising. In a few anuran groups, all presacral vertebrae are amphicoelous: in the living Leiopelmatidae Mivart, 1869 (New Zealand) and Ascaphidae Fejérváry, 1923 (Western North America) the centra are clearly amphicoelous; in the Megophryidae Bonaparte, 1850 (southern Asia) and various Myobatrachidae Schlegel, 1850 (Australia) the intervertebral cartilages remain free in adults, therefore the vertebrae are amphicoelous but they are not deeply biconcave. Among extinct forms, Notobatrachus Reig, 1956 and likely Vieraella Reig, 1961 (both from the Jurassic of South America), as well as the Gobiatidae Roček & Nessov 1993 (Cretaceous of Central Asia) are amphicoelous (Báez & Basso 1996; Roček & Nessov 1993). But, comparisons between “ amphicoelous taxa ” and amphicoelous vertebrae from Sherullah 9 cannot be made because the latter specimens are known only by their centra. Based on the available specimens from Sherullah 9 a family assignment is not possible.	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E35FFC6FC3E4792FD03F98A.taxon	discussion	Sacral vertebrae, as presacral ones, are represented by centra. The posterior face of all centra is bicondylar. But, in five sacral vertebrae the anterior face is convex (opisthocoelous) while it is concave (procoelous) in two specimens. The opisthocoelous sacral vertebrae may belong to Alytidae or “ Ranidae ”. But procoelous sacral vertebrae represent another family that cannot be identified. All ilia have a dorsal crest. This morphological feature is present in Discoglossinae (Alytidae), Pipidae Gray, 1825, “ Ranidae ”, Rhacophoridae and various Leptodactylidae Werner, 1896 and Hylidae Rafinesque, 1815. The morphology of the tuber superius and dorsal crest of the fossil leads to rule out Pipidae, Rhacophoridae, Leptodactylidae and Hylidae, but the poor preservation of these bones does not permit to refer them to either the Discoglossinae (Alytidae) or “ Ranidae ”.	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E34FFC6FC3B41D7FC23FC69.taxon	description	LOCALITY AND AGE. — Hadji Rona, Sarobi basin, Afghanistan, late early Pliocene, late Ruscinian, MN 15.	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E34FFC6FC3B41D7FC23FC69.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — One fragment of maxilla (AFG 1679), 1 incomplete sacral vertebra (AFG 1680).	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E34FFC6FC3B41D7FC23FC69.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION AND COMMENTS The fragment of maxilla bears teeth typical of most of the anurans (thus, among the current Asian anurans, Bufonidae members are edentulous), but it does not provide precise information. The sacral vertebra shows two posterior condyles (Figs 1 E; 2 F). The anterior face of the centrum is concave therefore this vertebra cannot be referred to the Alytidae or “ Ranidae ”. Its sacral expansions are broken off, but their bases demonstrate that they were not widely extended anteroposteriorly. It is not possible to determine whether they were cylindrical or moderately extended. Therefore, an assignment at a family level cannot be suggested. Similarly, it is not possible to state whether this vertebra belongs to the Anura indeterminata A from Sherullah 9 that is represented by procoelous sacral vertebrae.	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E34FFC6FE964792FCF3F82D.taxon	description	LOCALITY AND AGE. — Pul-E Charkhi, Kabul basin, Afghanistan, earliest Pliocene, early Ruscinian, MN 13 / 14.	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E34FFC6FE964792FCF3F82D.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — One fragment of tibio-fibula (AFG 1674).	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E34FFC6FE964792FCF3F82D.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS Generally, tibio-fibula provide poorly information for identification within anurans. The fragment from Pul-E Charkhi only shows that a frog was present. In any case, it forms the first evidence of frog occurence in this locality during the early Pliocene.	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E34FFC9FBE345D4FBC3F82D.taxon	description	(Fig. 3) LOCALITY AND AGE. — Sherullah 9, Khordkabul basin, Afghanistan, late Miocene, late Vallesian-basal Turolian transition. MN 10 / 11.	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E34FFC9FBE345D4FBC3F82D.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — AFG 130, left epiplastron (Fig. 3 F); AFG 131, peripheral plate, fragment without distal border (Fig. 3 J); AFG 132, pygal plate fragment (Fig. 3 A); AFG 133, peripheral plate, fragment with free border; AFG 134, peripheral plate, fragment (Fig. 3 K); AFG 135, neural 5 (Fig. 3 C); AFG 136 [+ 138 (10)], fragmentary right xiphiplastron (Fig. 3 G, H 2); AFG 137, plate fragment; AFG 138 including 10 specimens: 138 (1) and 138 (2), peripheral plate fragments with preserved distal border; 138 (3), peripheral plate fragment without the border; 138 (4) (5) (6) (7) (8), plate fragments; 138 (9), fragmentary left epiplastron (Fig. 3 D); 138 (11) fragment of a xiphiplastral anal part (Fig. 3 I, H 1).	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E34FFC9FBE345D4FBC3F82D.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION The specimens belonged to several individuals of moderate size (shells c. 17 - 19 cm long). The fragmentary right xiphiplastron AFG 136 (+ 138 [10]) (Fig. 3 G, H 2) (4.4 cm long) belonged to a plastron of the size of an extant Agrionemys horsfieldii (Gray, 1844) (specimen REP 59) from Molayan, Khordkabul basin of Afghanistan [“ Kabul, Afghanistan ”, being the type locality of the living species (Iverson 1992)], which is 15.7 cm long, and it was barely smaller than the plastron of the epiplastron AFG 130 (Fig. 3 F) (3.2 cm wide). The left epiplastral fragment AFG 138 (9) (Fig. 3 D) is barely larger than AFG 130. The fragment of xiphiplastral anal part	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E34FFC9FBE345D4FBC3F82D.taxon	description	The texture of the bones is typical for testudinines: the external surface is apparently relatively smooth with minute points and small granulations. The morphology of the best preserved scute sulci is also typical for testudinines: a fine acute groove limited on each border by a crest, which is especially clear on AFG 130 (Fig. 3 F 2) for the gularo-humeral sulcus. Most of the fragments do not provide any particular information within testudinines; their identification is inferred from their conjunction, the best preserved ones being figured, conforming to the genus Agrionemys.	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E34FFC9FBE345D4FBC3F82D.taxon	discussion	The left epiplastron AFG 130 (Fig. 3 F) is slightly broken, missing a small posterolateral angle at the suture with the hyoplastron. Its posterolateral external surface part is smooth due to a worn surface, then artificially limited by a line nearly parallel to the gularohumeral sulcus. The specimen is relatively wide for its full length. Its anterior border is transversal, with a wide gular border which is barely protruded anteriorly to the humerals. The oblique inclination of the specimen lateral border indicates the anterior lobe was trapezoid. The lateral borders are moderately converging, as in the drawing of the Fig. 3 E (drawn on the specimen REP 57 of extant A. horsfieldii from Khordkabul basin) and not rounded. The dorsal epiplastral lip is wide, slightly shorter than wide anteriorly, dorsally convex and thick (Fig. 3 F 1, F 3, F 4), and it rather abruptly overhangs the posterior epiplastral surface, with a very minute gular pocket, anterior to the entoplastral suture (Fig. 3 F 1, F 3): the wider than long posterior lip border is convex and ends in front of the entoplastron. Ventrally, the gular scute is as long as wide and it was barely prolonged on the entoplastron. The gular is not anteriorly protruding and its surface does not protrude in relation to the humeral. The gularohumeral sulcus is straight, not being anterioly slightly incurved, as it is sometimes the case on one side in Chersine and in living Agrionemys. On the whole, the anterior lobe of AFG 130 was not wide on each side of the wide entoplastron and not much anteriorly narrowed. The other left (fragmentary) epiplastron AFG 138 (9) (Fig. 3 E) is a fragment at the boundary of the gular and the humeral, at the lateral beginning of the dorsal epiplastral lip: it is thick, and the lateral beginning of the dorsal lip shows it was well elevated anterior to the entoplastron (Fig. 3 D 3) and perhaps the gular was more anteriorly protruding than in AFG 130; the anterior lobe borders were more anteriorly converging than in AFG 130. The xiphiplastron AFG 136 (Fig. 3 G) is preserved by the lateral part only. It is anteriorly limited by the hypoxiphiplastral suture which was not transformed in a hinge. It is referred to testudinines by the strong dorsal elevation of the bone below the dorsal overlap of the femoral, much raising from the external border towards the inner scute limit (Fig. 3 G 2), and from the posterior extremity up to the hypoxiphiplastral suture (Fig. 3 G 3); this elevation had to follow on the hypoplastron to end in the inguinal notch without a hinge. The xiphiplastral posterior anal extremity is angular (95 °). Associating the two xiphiplastral extremities (that of AFG 136 and that of AFG 138 [11]), which are convenient for a same individual size, the anal notch was a wide and short triangle: this is shown when superposing (Fig. 3 H) these two specimens on the xiphiplastra of the extant Agrionemys horsfieldii (specimen REP 57) of Khordkabul basin. The xiphiplastral had to be approximately anteriorly as wide (at hypoxiphiplastral suture) as long (medially), with lateral borders much converging to the anal notch, as in living Agrionemys. As in Agrionemys, the anal scute ventral overlap was less long than the femoral overlap part on the xiphiplastron. COMMENTS The specimens clearly show that the turtle from Sherullah 9 belonged to the group of Palaearctic terrestrial testudinids, the Testudininae, integrated in the past in the waste basket genus “ Testudo Linnaeus, 1758 s. l. ” (as in Broin 1977). The group includes the living – Testudo (s. s.), type-species T. graeca Linnaeus, 1758, – Chersine Merrem, 1820, type species Testudo hermanni Gmelin, 1789 [or Eurotestudo Lapparent de Broin, Bour, Parham & Perälä, 2006 (see Bour & Ohler 2008)] and Agrionemys, type species Testudo horsfieldii Gray, 1844 (see Lapparent de Broin et al. 2006 a, b, c) (among which genus are notably the species A. horsfieldii and A. kazachstanica) (Iverson 1992). Western fossil species were included in Testudo (s. l.) among which those attributed to the fossil genus Paleotestudo Lapparent de Broin, 2000. This has for type species Testudo canetotiana Lartet, 1851 from the middle Miocene of Sansan (France). Sherullah 9 material is here particularly compared with living specimens (REP and MNHN. RA coll.). It is also compared with fossil material from Maragheh (Iran, MNHN. F. MAR 2424, MAR 2425, 1905 - 10 coll.), late Miocene, early Turolian. This is approximately of the same age as Molayan (Sen 1998). Maragheh material has been attributed without comments to Agrionemys cf. bessarabica Riabinin, 1918 in Lapparent de Broin et al. (2006 b, c) and it is confirmed here as being at least an Agrionemys sp. Sherullah 9 material was already mentioned as belonging to Agrionemys in Lapparent de Broin et al. (2006 b, c) (without description). During the late Miocene, the testudinines are well diversified in the Eurasiatic area in the three genera Testudo, Chersine and Agrionemys (see Lapparent de Broin et al. 2006 a, b, c). Testudo is distinguished from both others by the derived presence of a hinge between the xiphiplastron and the hypoplastron, in males as in females, with a longer posterior lobe only composed of the xiphiplastra, being narrower with less converging lateral borders. Here, the xiphiplastron AFG 136 is clearly not hinged as in Agrionemys and Chersine. Agrionemy s has a rather wide posterior lobe at inguinal notches, as Chersine, eventually wider according to the species and subspecies and sex, and this conforms to Sherullah 9 partial xiphiplastron (Fig. 3 H); in conjunction with the wide posterior lobe at its base, the shape of the carapace of living Agrionemys is wide. It may be wider for its length according to the species or subspecies and sex but, on the whole, it is wider than in Testudo. This cannot be confirmed for Sherullah 9, the carapace plates being too poorly preserved, but the xiphiplastra are congruent for this greater width. Furthermore, Agrionemy s has a short dorsal gular lip anterior to the entoplastron and the gular pocket is always slight, as in Sherullah 9 specimens. Although also anterior to the entoplastron, the epiplastral gular lip is variably long and deep in Chersine (such a variability being known in Plio-Pleistocene Ch. hermanni spp. - subspp. group, in Lapparent de Broin et al. 2006 a, b, c). In Testudo, the pocket is most often larger and overlapped by a long dorsal epiplastral lip, often extending over the entoplastron. The discriminant character of Chersine is a derived secondary division of the supracaudal scute, either only dorsally or only ventrally (in fossil species and subspecies) or both dorsally and ventrally in living representatives. The pygal from Sherullah 9 AFG 132 does not share this character: there is only one supracaudal as in Testudo and Agrionemys (Lapparent de Broin et al. 2006 a, b, c). Conforming to Agrionemys: the neural 5 AFG 135 conforms to that observed in extant compared Agrionemys spp. specimens. It is either shorter for its width and / or more hexagono-trapezoid and less rectangular or quadratic than in Testudo and Chersine observed specimens. However, the sulcus V 3 - V 4 position is variable and here it is anterior to the middle length. The pygal is relatively long, according to males of Agrionemys (but also in males of Chersine) but it is much thicker than in living specimens. The single supracaudal ventral overlap of AFG 132 is long as in Agrionemys male specimens (Fig. 3 B: AFG 132 pygal superposed on Maragheh pygal). The lateral borders of the plastral lobes are more or less convex in Agrionemys, including the straighter condition of Sherullah 9. In the living species, the anterior lobe is always wide at its base (in relation to the wide carapace) but it may be more or less anteriorly narrowed and protruding at gular lip: there is a bony shape variability which is not yet clearly defined in its relation to sex, individual and speciation. The epiplastron AFG 130 indicates an anterior lobe with moderately converging lateral borders anteriorly, and it is anteriorly straight with wide gulars but without a protruding lip in relation to Agrionemys specimens. However, AFG 138 (9) gulars might have been slightly protruding in relation to humerals at least as in some living specimens (Fig. 3 E). The lateral posterior lobe borders of AFG 136 are barely rounded with a small femoroanal indentation as in the specimen of A. horsfieldii of Khordkabul basin REP 57. AFG 136 is superposed on extant REP 57 in Fig. 3 H, this being presented with its scutes: the scutes are visible lateroposteriorly exceeding the bone, in black. Sherullah 9 AFG 136 and 138 (11) share with A. horsfieldii a short and straight anal notch. Other characters which can allow Agrionemys and Chersine to be distinct from Testudo, such as femur trochanter junction (Lapparent de Broin & Antunes 2000) are not represented here. Similarly discriminant, but not fully preserved here, is the carapace shape which is rounded and wide in living Agrionemys, and which is particularly short for its length in known A. horsfieldii specimens (type species of the genus). Also discriminant is the fact the Agrionemys shell is much higher than in Chersine and Testudo, with a higher bridge and a more elevated anterior lobe extremity. However, the shell is lower in A. horsfieldii than in A. kazachstanica (Lapparent de Broin et al. 2006 a: fig. 11 c).	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E34FFC9FBE345D4FBC3F82D.taxon	description	Agrionemys sp. (or previously cf. bessarabica) is considered as present at Maragheh, Iran (late Miocene, early Turolian), by the specimen MNHN. F. MAR 2424, MAR 2425 (coll. Mecquenem-Morgan 1905 - 10) (Lapparent de Broin et al. 2006 c). In this country, as in Afghanistan, lives A. horsfieldii and not Chersine. The fossil is preserved by a part of posterior carapace of a male with the curved suprapygal-pygal area (Fig. 3 L), and a fragment of hypoplastron; this specimen shows the inguinal notch bears a triangular medial inguinal scute which is well separated from the sulcus abdominofemoral, itself well separated from the hypoxiphiplastral suture (Fig. 3 M). As Chersine, A. bessarabica and living Agrionemys, the Maragheh specimen differs from Testudo by the primitive absence of hypoxiphiplastral hinge, the suture being well separated from the abdominofemoral sulcus. It also conforms to A. bessarabica and living Agrionemys males by the obliquely much elevated, curved and protuding posterior border of the carapace (Fig. 3 L 2). This border was elevated above the plastral ventral level due to high bridge, at the difference with Chersine. Maragheh specimen is notably different from Chersine, as Sherullah 9 specimen and Agrionemys, by the absence of supracaudal division. Sherullah 9 and Maragheh male specimens share the long arched pygal with a long ventral supracaudal overlap (Fig. 3 B), while the pygal is shorter for its length in observed living Agrionemys female specimens. In Sherullah 9 species, the epiplastral gular dorsal lip overhangs the dorsal epiplastral surface vertically (Fig. 3 D 3) or nearly (Fig. 3 F 3, F 4) and it does not overlap the entoplastron, as in living Agrionemys and Ch. hermanni (which is a primitive character), and there is no gular pocket (also a primitive character): this feature is unknown in the not prepared A. bessarabica Riabinin’s specimens; it is not preserved in the Maragheh form. In fine, as seen above, the size of the species from Sherullah 9 is similar to that of extant individuals of Agrionemys. It agrees by the conjunction of the following characters: neural 5 shape and length, male pygal shape and proportions with long ventral unique supracaudal overlap, dorsal epiplastral lip anterior to entoplastron and weak to absent gular pocket, suitable xiphiplastral shape and proportions, and short and straight anal notch. The species from Sherullah 9 is different from the living Agrionemys compared species and from A. bessarabica, a least by its ventrally shortest gular part on the entoplastron. However, it is morphologically closer to various Agrionemys extant specimens than to A. bessarabica by the character of wider and few projected gulars. It is similar to A. bessarabica and part of extant specimens by the xiphiplastral general morphology (those specimens with straighter lateral borders) and similar to A. bessarabica by the narrower anterior lobe on each side of the entoplastron. As living Agrionemys, Sherullah 9 species had a shorter anal notch than in A. bessarabica.	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E34FFC9FBE345D4FBC3F82D.taxon	discussion	The presence of Agrionemys in Moldavia and Afghanistan is perhaps not its only fossil witness in Europe. The question is raised for Testudo brevitesta Vlachos & Tsoukala, 2015, from the Pliocene of Milia (Greece): beside the absence of indication of a hypoxiphiplastral hinge (the hypoplastron being broken anterior to the posterior lobe and not at a hinge), Vlachos & Tsoukala 2015 figure a wide shell in a “ rounded at angles-rectangular ” shape (as in some living Testudo and overall some Agrionemys specimens), a wide anterior lobe with rounded converging borders with narrow anteriorly rounded and few protruding gulars, an elevated anterior lobe extremity, an epiplastral dorsal gular lip anterior to the entoplastron which is very large. These characters are found in specimens of Agrionemys, particularly the large entoplastron, and they particularly agree with the shell of some MNHN. RA Agrionemys female specimens, those which are less short for their width than others. The more curved gular lip differs. The rounded posterior peripheral half collar presented as characteritisc of the species is of a female: it is similar to living compared female specimens of A. horsfieldii, although the Greek pygal is slightly more expanded medioposteriorly: this, really, can correspond to a specific difference. It is clearly different from the living Agrionemys species by the humeropectoral sulcus position which is primitively posterior to the entoplastron as in one of the four A. bessarabica ventrally figured specimen (being at its contact in the others). A larger entoplastron in the anterior lobe is also seen in other testudinines such as “ Ergilemys ” bruneti Broin, 1977 and Centrochelys sulcata (Miller, 1779) (see figures in Broin 1977; Lapparent de Broin 2003). This is a homoplastic character, because observed in these different lineages but noting the width of the anterior lobe on each side of the entoplastron varies, according to each form. Nevertheless, no described Testudo species share together so many characters with Testudo brevitesta. It is interesting to notice here this possible European expansion of the genus Agrionemys before present times, tending to do a link with the more western living Agrionemys population (which is known in Georgia), but more material is necessary. In Afghanistan, Sherullah 9 indetermined species is the first fossil representative of the Agrionemys lineage of the country and, also, the first described fossil turtle of the country. It belongs to the oldest representatives of the genus at late Miocene, early Turolian.	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E3AFFCEFE4B4733FD4AF96A.taxon	description	(Figs 4 - 6) LOCALITY AND AGE. — Molayan, Khordkabul basin, late Miocene, middle Turolian in age, MN 12.	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E3AFFCEFE4B4733FD4AF96A.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Three trunk vertebrae (MOL 1853, MOL 1895, MOL 4126). 1 incomplete humerus, MOL 1854.	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E3AFFCEFE4B4733FD4AF96A.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Trunk vertebrae (Figs 4 A, B; 5)	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E3AFFCEFE4B4733FD4AF96A.taxon	discussion	They show the morphology that is characteristic of Varanus. The neural arch slopes anteriorly. In the anterior half of the vertebra it forms a marked triangular depression on either side of the neural spine. The pars tectiformis that roofs the anteriormost part of the neural canal is a typical feature of Varanus, but it is broken off in all specimens from Molayan. The condyle and cotyle are elliptical in outline. Their axis is markedly oblique: the condyle faces posterodorsally whereas the axis of the cotyle is directed anteroventrally (i. e., the cotyle is largely exposed in ventral aspect). The centrum is constricted anterior to the condyle (i. e., precondylar constriction). Apart from these features which are common to all Varanus species and it is worth mentioning that the vertebrae from Molayan are depressed, the cotyle and condyle are strongly depressed, and the ventral face of the centrum is hardly convex.	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E3AFFCEFE4B4733FD4AF96A.taxon	description	Humerus MOL 1854 (Fig. 4 C). Distal end of a right humerus, the ulnar and radial condyles are lacking. It is tentatively referred to Varanus sp. based on size and varanid features. The diaphysis appears mediodistally enlarged. Laterally, the ectepicondyle is broken but it seems prolonged proximally by a small ascending crest A B D C (ectepicondylar crest). The entepicondyle is projected medially. In ventral view, a large triangular, shallow depression is present, just proximal to the condyles and a small foramen opens on the proximal rim of the depression.	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E3AFFCEFE4B4733FD4AF96A.taxon	discussion	The possible presence of an ectepicondylar crest is consistent with referral of this humerus to varanids, as well as the enlarged diaphysis (Lécuru 1969). In addition, the large, shallow, triangular depression above the condyles, pierced by a small foramen that opens on the proximal rim of the depression are characteristic of varanid lizards. According to Lécuru (1969) and Smith (2009) this foramen is observed in nearly all limbed squamates, but it is quite reduced or even absent in Varanus. Georgalis et al. (2018) described an humerus from the late Miocene of Ravin de la Pluie (Greece). The authors state that Miocene European Varanus had short and robust limbs. Unfortunately, the humerus studied here is too fragmentry to allow thorough comparisons with the material from Greece. However, the diaphysis, as preserved, seems robustly built like the humerus described by Georgalis et al. (2018). COMMENTS The referral of these specimens to the genus Varanus appears to be unquestionable (at least for the vertebrae) but assignment at species level would require comparisons with all living species, which is not possible. Here, preliminary comparisons are made only with extinct species the vertebrae of which are known.	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E3AFFCEFE4B4733FD4AF96A.taxon	discussion	Many varanid vertebrae have been described and several species have also been named but now serious doubts are raised about the possibility of alpha taxonomy based on isolated vertebrae. Varanus rusingensis Clos, 1995 from the Orleanian of Kenya (Clos 1995), V. hofmanni Roger, 1898, from the early (Orleanian), middle (Astaracian) and perhaps late (Vallesian) of western Europe (Estes 1983), V. mokrensis Ivanov, Ivanov, Ruta, Klembara & Böhme, 2018, from the early Miocene (Orleanian, MN 4) of Czech Republic, V. pronini Zerova & Čkhikvadze, 1986 (from middle Miocene of Kazakhstan), V. tyrasiensis Zerova & Čkhikvadze, 1983 in Lungu, Zerova & Čkhikvadze, 1983, and V. lungui Zerova & Čkhikvadze, 1983 from the late Miocene (Sarmatian) of Moldova (Zerova & Čkhikvadze 1983, 1986), V. semjonovi Zerova & Čkhikvadze, 1986 from the late Miocene (Meotian) of Ukraine, V. amnhophilis Conrad, Balcarcel & Mehling, 2012 from the late Miocene (Turolian) of Samos, Greece, V. marathonensis Weithofer, 1888 from the middle (Gaudry 1862 - 1867; Villa et al. 2018) to late Miocene, early Pliocene (Ruscinian), and from the early Pliocene (Ruscinian) of Anatolia (Rage & Sen 1976), and V. bolkayi Fejérváry, 1935 from the Pleistocene of Indonesia. Fossils from the middle Pleistocene of Greece represent the last occurence of varanid lizards in Europe (Georgalis et al. 2017). In addition, in Asia, rare vertebrae belonging to Varanus have been recovered from the Siwalik beds; one of these vertebrae, of presumed Pliocene age, was referred to the extinct species V. sivalensis Falconer, 1868 that is based on a humerus. The assignment of this vertebra to V. sivalensis is not justified. Another vertebra, from the late Miocene of Siwalik deposits has been referred to as Varanus sp. (Rage et al. 2001). In addition, Čerňanský et al. (2018) described vertebrae of Varanus sp. from the late Miocene of Solnechnodolsk (Russia). Iberovaranus catalaunicus (Hoffstetter, 1969) comes from the early Miocene (MN 3 / MN 4) of Spain; it has been synonymized with Varanus and the species V. catalaunicus is now regarded as a nomen dubium (Delfino et al. 2013). (See a revision of the fossil record of the genus Varanus in Molnar (2004 )). Ivanov et al. (2018) retained only four valid species (V. rusingensis, V. hofmanni, V. amnhophilis and V. marathonensis) in addition to the new species V. mokrensis and Villa et al. (2018) suggest that V. amnhophilis is a synonym of V. marathonensis. Many nominal fossil varanid species are based on insufficient material (isolated vertebrae) and are regarded as nomina dubia by several authors and the status of these taxa awaits a thorough revision.	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E3AFFCEFE4B4733FD4AF96A.taxon	description	As recognized by previous authors, isolated vertebrae are poorly diagnostic, at least at the species rank, their identification is hindered by poor knowledge of their variability (intra or inter specific). (See discussion in Georgalis et al. 2018 about the problematic status of vertebral based varanid taxa).	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E3AFFCEFE4B4733FD4AF96A.taxon	discussion	The strongly depressed condyle and cotyle represent the main distinctive feature of the vertebrae from Molayan. Cursory comparison shows that the Afghan fossil is clearly distinguished from the purported Varanus species listed above, except V. tyrasiensis and V. semjonovi. Comparisons between the cotyle / condyle of the vertebrae from Molayan and those of V. tyrasiensis cannot be made. However, the vertebrae of the latter species appear to be less depressed than the specimens from Molayan. The cotyle and condyle of V. semjonovi are similar to those of the Molayan specimens; nevertheless, the latter vertebrae differ from those of V. semjonovi in being more depressed and in having a deeper interzygapophyseal constriction. Finally, the fossil from Molayan differs from all extinct species. Nevertheless, the possibility that this Varanus pertains to an extant species cannot be definitely excluded.	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E3CFFCEFC774453FBE9F82A.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Two incomplete vertebrae (AFG 1670).	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E3CFFCEFC774453FBE9F82A.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION AND COMMENTS The neural arch and zygapophyses of the two specimens are damaged. The centrum is narrow with a convex ventral surface. The subcentral ridges are not prominent, they slightly diverge anteriorly. The haemal keel is thin, blunt, and not very prominent. The centrum is similar to that of snakes belonging to the “ colubrine type ” (sensu Szyndlar 1991 a). Today, the Colubridae represent about three-fourth of the snake species. The earliest colubrid was recovered from the late (latest: Benammi et al. 2001) Eocene of Thailand (Rage et al. 1992). Since the early Miocene, colubrids have been the dominant constituents of snake faunas (Rage 1987).	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E3CFFCEFECC47F2FAD2FBA8.taxon	description	Gen. et sp. indet. A LOCALITY AND AGE. — Sherullah 9, Khordkabul basin, Afghanistan, late Miocene, late Vallesian-basal Turolian transition, MN 10 / 11.	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E3CFFCEFECC47F2FAD2FBA8.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — One fragment of bone with teeth (AFG 1668), 1 incomplete vertebra (AFG 1669).	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E3CFFCEFECC47F2FAD2FBA8.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS A small fragment of bone bears two teeth. The implantation of the teeth is clearly, although not deeply, pleurodont. The second specimen is a fragmentary vertebra which provides no information.	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E3CFFCEFECC47F2FAD2FBA8.taxon	description	These specimens demonstrate that lizards are present, but their fragmentary nature excludes all other statement. To be fair, agamid and anguimorph lizards have, respectively, acrodont and subpleurodont dentition (sensu Hoffstetter 1954) but members of these taxa often exhibit pleurodont teeth on the anterior part of the jaw (Augé 1997, 2005). Gen. et sp. indet. B LOCALITY AND AGE. — Pul-E Charkhi, Kabul basin, Afghanistan, earliest Pliocene, early Ruscinian, MN 13 / 14.	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E3CFFCEFECC47F2FAD2FBA8.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Two fragments of bones with teeth (AFG 1675, AFG 1676), 1 fragmentary vertebra (AFG 1677).	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E3CFFCEFECC47F2FAD2FBA8.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS The two fragments of bones bear a few teeth. The teeth are pleurodont on both bones, but they are thick on one specimen whereas they are slender on the other fragment. Therefore, two distinct lizards are probably present, yet further identification would be unwise given the poor preservation of the jaws (see above). The fragment of vertebra is not diagnostic within lacertilians.	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E3FFFCDFECF44F3FE50F8AA.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Three fragmentary vertebrae (AFG 1678).	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E3FFFCDFECF44F3FE50F8AA.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS The vertebrae are represented by centra. On one of them, the haemal keel is well-preserved; its elongate, spatulate shape suggests that this fragment of vertebra belongs to a colubrid snake. The two other fragments apparently belong to the same taxon.	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E3FFFCCFC6144F3FCFCFBC8.taxon	description	LOCALITY AND AGE. — Sherullah 9, Khordkabul basin, Afghanistan, late Miocene, late Vallesian-basal Turolian transition, MN 10 / 11.	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E3FFFCCFC6144F3FCFCFBC8.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Eight vertebrae (AFG 1671).	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E3FFFCCFC6144F3FCFCFBC8.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION The vertebrae are mainly characterized by the morphology of their centrum. The ventral face is clearly delimited laterally by prominent subcentral ridges. The ridges slightly diverge anteriorly; consequently, the centrum is narrow. A hypapophysis was present (broken off on all specimens). A deep keel prolongs it anteriorly. The ventral surface is flat or slightly concave between the keel and subcentral ridges. The cotyle and condyle are comparatively large.	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E3FFFCCFC6144F3FCFCFBC8.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS Narrow centra, with a hypapophysis and well-delimited, flat or concave ventral face characterize “ natricine ” Colubridae (sensu Szyndlar 1991 b) and Elapidae of the Naja group. In the specimens from Sherullah 9, no character permits assignment within this morphological assemblage. Therefore, this snake may be regarded as either a Colubridae or an Elapidae.	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E3EFFCCFEC54554FC09FA68.taxon	description	LOCALITY AND AGE. — Sherullah 9, Khordkabul basin, Afghanistan, late Miocene, late Vallesian-basal Turolian transition, MN 10 / 11.	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E3EFFCCFEC54554FC09FA68.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Two incomplete vertebrae (AFG 1672, AFG 1673)	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E3EFFCCFEC54554FC09FA68.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION These vertebrae are poorly preserved (Figs 6; 7). They show a well-marked abrasion with rounded and polished surfaces affecting all vertebral structures: zygapophysis, neural spine and hypapophysis, most likely as a consequence of a water transport. These vertebrae display the bases of lateral laminae. These laminae originate from the interzygapophyseal ridges and anterolateral borders of the postzygapophyses. They extended horizontally; unfortunately, their shape and extent are unknown. The laminae do not contact the prezygapophyses. The vertebrae are rather depressed. The centrum seems to have a very worn hypapophysis.	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
CB2D87E12E3EFFCCFEC54554FC09FA68.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS Such lateral laminae are present in rare snakes; among colubroids they occur only in a few colubrid genera (e. g. in the African genus Mehelya and some American dipsadids (Bogert 1964; Hoffstetter & Gasc 1969; Sánchez-Martinez 2011) and in certain species of the elapid Bungarus (Hoffstetter 1939; Slowinski 1994). Within Asian colubrids, only Xenodermus (now in Xenodermatidae a basal caenophidian Family placed ouside Colubridae [e. g. Vidal et al. 2007; Zaher et al. 2009; Pyron et al. 2011]) has vertebrae similar to those from Sherullah (Bogert 1964). On the basis of the two available specimens, referral to either Xenodermus or Bungarus is difficult. However, the Sherullah vertebrae are depressed and the posterior median notch of the neural arch is well pronounced, which is more reminiscent of Bungarus. As a result, this snake might be referred to either Xenodermus (Colubridae s. l.) or Bungarus (Elapidae).	en	Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis, Rage, Jean-Claude (2020): Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan. Geodiversitas 42 (22): 409-426, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22
