identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
C83987BAAE45FFCFFF13CAE5AF936DEB.text	C83987BAAE45FFCFFF13CAE5AF936DEB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andraca	<div><p>Subgenus Andraca</p><p>Diagnosis. The subgenus includes most known species of middle size with short, relatively broad and strongly falcate fore wings. Both wings are usually of dark reddish-brown with violet-brown coloration depending of species with darker pattern and sometimes with silver shadows near by apex; external field usually very dark. Wing pattern well developed, consists of two more or less parallel medias, the postmedia of the forewings angles back to the costa near by apex; in dark specimens the pattern can be hardly visible. Hind wings mostly angled or dentate, in 2 species broadly rounded. In male genitalia uncus is long, strongly flattened, with basal narrowing and apical cut. Gnathos is presented as two long and narrow hooks, sometimes dentate; valvae flattened, with more or less distinct costal appendix in the middle zone of the valva; often some kind of harpa also develops; aedeagus short, tubular with numerous needle-shaped cornuti grouped in few rows; sternum 8 without characteristic notches or protuberances on caudal edge. Five species are included, two of them are described here as new. Range of the subgenus is limited to the Himalayas (India, Nepal), southern China, Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar, Palawan and Java.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C83987BAAE45FFCFFF13CAE5AF936DEB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zolotuhin, Vadim V.	Zolotuhin, Vadim V. (2012): Taxonomic remarks on Andraca Walker, 1865 (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) with descriptions of five new species. Zootaxa 3262: 22-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209755
C83987BAAE45FFCFFF13CB31AD476B30.text	C83987BAAE45FFCFFF13CB31AD476B30.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andraca Walker 1865	<div><p>Andraca Walker, 1865</p><p>List of specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum 32: 581. Type-species: Andraca bipunctata Walker, 1865, ibidem 32: 582, by monotypy.</p><p>The genus Andraca is a heterogeneous complex of species that are here grouped into two subgenera. One of these (Chrypathemola) is erected as new on the basis of morphological peculiarities as well as molecular data based on COI-5P (see below and Fig. 35).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C83987BAAE45FFCFFF13CB31AD476B30	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zolotuhin, Vadim V.	Zolotuhin, Vadim V. (2012): Taxonomic remarks on Andraca Walker, 1865 (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) with descriptions of five new species. Zootaxa 3262: 22-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209755
C83987BAAE45FFCDFF13CCAEAD1E6E4A.text	C83987BAAE45FFCDFF13CCAEAD1E6E4A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andraca bipunctata Walker 1865	<div><p>Andraca bipunctata Walker, 1865</p><p>Figs. 1–7</p><p>Andraca bipunctata Walker, 1865, List of specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum 32: 582. TL: [Darjeeling] “Hindostan”. Lectotype: ď (ZMHU) [designated below].</p><p>= Andraca angulata Kishida, 1993, syn. nov., Moths of Nepal 2: 144, fig. 308, pl. 57, figs 113, 14. Locus typicus: Nepal, Godavari. Holotype: ď (NSMT) [examined].</p><p>Description. Wingspan males 41–45 mm, females 52–60 mm, forewing length— 21–24 in males and 30–34 in females. The species is diagnosed externally as well by dark chestnut colouration and distinctly angled hind wings with outer margin festooned; the apex of the fore wing is falcate, especially in females. Hind wings in females also angled or at least festooned. Male genitalia (Figs. 23–26): uncus oar-shaped, with semicircular apical cut. Branches of gnathos infused, distinct, long, slender, almost parallel-sided, strongly bent at a middle. Valva narrow basally, with costal margin unsclerotized; costa bears near the apex a short pyramidal process situated almost on the same vertical line with papilla-like short harpe. Apex of valva tapered sclerotized and flattened without additional processes. Both valvae are slightly asymmetrical, with different development of equipment and saccular fold. Aedeagus with three groups of long, curved, spine-like cornuti often situated in one row; dorsal surface of the aedeagus covered with hair-like setae adjoining with a row of cornuti; vesica long. These characters are somewhat variable in different populations. In the Nepalese population, the caudal incision is small; in Thai moths the lobes of uncus are rounded, and in Chinese specimens the uncus is rather parallel-sided. Hence, these differences appear to be clinal and are not considered diagnostic.</p><p>PLATE 1. Adults. 1. Andraca bipunctata Walker, 1865, ď, Lectotype, Darjeeling, coll. Atkinson (ZMHU). 2. Andraca bipunctata Walker, 1865, ď, Holotype of Andraca angulata Kishida, 1993, Nepal, Kathmandu, Godavari, 1.600 m, 7.V 1991 (NSMT). 3. Andraca bipunctata Walker, 1865, ď, Thailand, Changwat Nan, 5 km N of Bo Luang, 1000 m, 18.VIII 1999, leg. T. Csovary &amp; L. Mikus (MWM). 4. Andraca bipunctata Walker, 1865, ď, China, Yunnan, Dabingshan, Yunxian, 1.800 m, V 2000, leg. native collector (MWM). 5. Andraca bipunctata Walker, 1865, Ψ, Paratype of Andraca angulata Kishida, 1993, Nepal, Kathmandu, Mt. Phulchouki, 2.275 m, VIII 1991 (NSMT). 6. Andraca bipunctata Walker, 1865, Ψ, Nepal, Taplejung Area, Tambowa, 2125 m, 12.X 1994, leg. M. Hreblay &amp; T. Csovary (MWM). 7. Andraca bipunctata Walker, 1865, Ψ, Thailand, Changwat Chiang Mai, 20 km NW of Sop Kha, 2 km S of Kop Dong, 1800 m, 13.IX 1999, leg. A. Szabo &amp; Z. Czere (MWM). 8. Andraca trilochoides Moore, 1865, ď Holotype, Darjiling (BMNH). 9. Andraca trilochoides trilochoides Walker, 1865, ď, East-Nepal, Surke Danda, 1 km W of Kesawa, 2000 m, 16–17.VI 1998, leg. M. Hreblay &amp; B. Benedek (MWM). 10. Andraca trilochoides roepkei Bryk, 1944, ď, Thailand, Mt. Doi Phahompok, 18 km NW of Fang, 2100 m, 14.X 2000, leg. local collector (MWM). 11. Andraca trilochoides trilochoides Walker, 1865, Ψ, East-Nepal, Surke Danda, 1 km W of Kesawa, 2000 m, 16– 17.VI 1998, leg. M. Hreblay &amp; B. Benedek (MWM). 12. Andraca trilochoides roepkei Bryk, 1944, Ψ, Thailand, Chiang Mai Prov., Doi Inthanon nat. Park, km 37,3 road (N of) Chong Thong near/around checkpoint 2, 1730 m, lower mont. forest, 28– 31.XI 1998, leg. R. Brechlin (MWM). 13. Andraca chrysocollis Zolotuhin, sp. nov., ď, Holotype, Philippines, Northern Luzon, Ifugao, Banaue vic., 20 km N Lagawe, Sekundärwald/Reisfelder, 16°54’N, 121°06’E, 22.IX–16.X 1988, 1200 m, leg. Cerny &amp; Schintlmeister (MWM). 14. Andraca bipunctata Walker, 1865, mature caterpillar, Myanmar, 2002 (photo: Stefan Naumann).</p><p>Diagnosis. Readily determined in most localities because of the strongly acute hind wings; females are characterised by festooned hind wings. From externally similar A. stueningi Zolotuhin &amp; Witt, 2009, it could be separated by genitalic structures (males) or by smooth external margin of the fore wing in females (distinctly acute in stueningi). In spite of small genitalic differences of populations, no real characters distinguished them into separate subspecies were found. Therefore they all are considered within one species; quite possible, they will be separated later in a subspecies based on molecular investigations. Permanently confused with this species another congener, the A. trilochoides Moore, 1865, is generally much darker, of dark chestnut colour, with hind wings widely rounded, with smooth margin, without any tooth or festoon as well as outer margin of the fore wing is also smooth; also in females. In male genitalia, valvae of trilochoides rather symmetrical, uncus with smaller incision up to without any, and aedeagus with cornuti rarely situated in a row. For comparison, the species is also illustrated here (Figs. 8–12, 27, 28).</p><p>Bionomics. A montane species. In China and Thailand it seems to be a winter flier from late August to February, at altitudes from 1000–2300 m, but in Nepal and India there are two generations in June–July and in October-December, at altitudes from 800–2600 m. The immature stages seem to be misidentified with those of A. trilochoides Moore. Mature larvae of the species were collected in Myanmar in 2002 by Stefan Naumann (host plant? Camelia), and one is illustrated here (Fig. 14).</p><p>Distribution. Northern India (Sikkim, Darjeeling, Meghalaya), Nepal, Bhutan, northern Thailand (Chiang Mai, Nan), southern China (south of Yunnan), Myanmar (Chin State). Not known from Vietnam, where it appears to be replaced by A. stueningi Zolotuhin &amp; Witt, 2009 .</p><p>Comments. Designation of a lectotype for this taxon is necessary to promote taxonomic stability. Walker’s (1865: 582) original description states: “Hindostan. In Mr. Atkinson’s Collection,” and there is no lettered prefix to the type locality as is frequent for Walker types (Martin Honey, pers. comm. 26 Sep. 2007), suggesting a synytypic series. Four male specimens from Atkinson’s collection collected from Darjeeling are in the MHUB, and although none bear original Walker labels these are treated here as available syntypes, with one of the two males having an intact abdomen hereby designated LECTOTYPE for bipunctata . The lectotype bears the following labels: light brownish rectangle with printed “Darjeeling;” white rectangle with black frame printed “coll. Atkinson;” yellowish rectangle with printed text “Zool. Mus. / Berlin;” and white rectangular handwritten in blue pen “ Andraca / bipunctata Wlk.;’ red printed label (framed with black) “ LECTOTYPE. Andraca / bipunctata Walker / 1865 List Spec. Lepid. Insects / Colln. Br. Mus. 32: 582. / V. Zolotuhin des.” The other males are supplied with paralectotype labels, and since two females from the same location were not enumerated by Walker and therefore were not considered as syntypes (specimens in the type series are smaller than other topotypical specimens, and may have been reared). Kishida’s Andraca angulata fully corresponds to A. bipunctata both externally and genitalically and therefore falls into synonymy. Recently, Wang et al. (2011) stated “On the Andraca species, Zolotuhin &amp; Witt (2009) considered “ A. bipunctata ” reported by previous entomologists as A. trilochoides without explanation in detail. Here, we retain the scientific name A. bipunctata to the moth which is a serious pest of tea trees, and …. all the specimens from Yunnan Province in this study belong to the real species A. bipunctata .” The male figured therein was true trilochoides (Fig. 1A), and so it will be important to determine whether pest status should be applied to trilochoides, bipunctata or both species. Note that both bipunctata and trilochoides can now be considered as reliably listed from China.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C83987BAAE45FFCDFF13CCAEAD1E6E4A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zolotuhin, Vadim V.	Zolotuhin, Vadim V. (2012): Taxonomic remarks on Andraca Walker, 1865 (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) with descriptions of five new species. Zootaxa 3262: 22-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209755
C83987BAAE47FFC9FF13CF07AC926FA8.text	C83987BAAE47FFC9FF13CF07AC926FA8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andraca draco Zolotuhin	<div><p>Andraca draco Zolotuhin, sp. nov.</p><p>Figs. 15, 16</p><p>Type material. Holotype: ď, Indonesia, Java, Mt. Pangrange, 1625 m, 30 km SE Bogor, 16–20.II 1996, 6°30’S, 107°10’E, Primärurwald, leg. Siniaev &amp; Afonin (MWM). Paratypes: Ψ, Java occ., Gede, 6’47’S, 107°E, Pangrango Nat. Park., 1250 m, IV–VII.1996 (MWM); 95 ďď from different localities of Java (MWM); ď, Indonesia, W. Java, 1.000 m, E. Gunung Gede, 22.III 2000, leg. S. Naumann (SMFL).</p><p>Description. Expanse ɗɗ 44–45 mm, Ψ 59 mm, forewing length— 22–23 in ɗɗ and 30 in the single Ψ known. Forewings in ɗɗ with sharpened apex and slightly festooned outer edge; hind wings distinctly shortly angled with dentate outer margin. Ground colour very dark brown, with brown wavy and concave transversal fasciae. Because of the distinct whitish to bluish suffusion they are very prominent, especially in apical field. Discal spot very small, point-like, suffused with light scales. The hind wing lighter, with dark yellowish-brown costal zone and indistinct yellowish shadows in anal field.</p><p>PLATE 2. Adults. 15. Andraca draco Zolotuhin, sp. nov., ď, Holotype, Indonesia, Java, Mt. Pangrange, 1625 m, 30 km SE Bogor, 16–20.II 1996, 6°30’S, 107°10’E, Primärurwald, leg. Siniaev &amp; Afonin (MWM). 16. Andraca draco Zolotuhin, sp. nov., Ψ, Paratype, Java occ., Gede, 6’47’S, 107°E, Pangrango Nat. Park., 1250 m, IV–VII 1996 (MWM). 17. Andraca paradisea Zolotuhin, sp. nov., ď, Holotype, Philippines, Mindanao, Prov. Bukidnon, Mt. Dalongdong, Talakag, 40 km NW Maramag, 1200 m, 9–17.IX 1999 (MWM). 18. Andraca paradisea Zolotuhin, sp. nov., Ψ, Paratype, Philippines, Mindanao, Mt. Apo, SE-route via Kapatagan, 8.VII 1996, 2230 m, leg. Dr. R. Brechlin (MWM). 19. Andraca lawa Zolotuhin, sp. nov., ď, Holotype, Palawan, Mt. Mantalingajan, 600–800 m, 2–12.VII 2000, leg. D. Mohagan (MWM). 20. Andraca lawa Zolotuhin, sp. nov., Ψ, Paratype, Palawan, Mt. Magcasaw, Mainit, Brook’s point, 600–900 m, 3–6.X 1996, leg. Bal (MWM). 21. Andraca nobilorum Zolotuhin, sp. nov., ď, Holotype, Central Vietnam, Prov. Kon Tum, Distr. Kom Plong, Mang Canh, 1250 m, 1–10.VI 2006, leg. V. Zolotuhin (MWM). 22. Andraca nobilorum Zolotuhin, sp. nov., ď, China, Guangxi, Dayao Shan, Jingxiu, 100 km SE of Liuzhou, 23°45’N, 109°45’E, 1200 m, IV 2005, leg. Siniaev &amp; his team (MWM).</p><p>Ψ with sickle-shaped apex, smooth and round outer margin of the wing acutely angled in M-zone; the rest of the wing edge of the fore wing is smooth and rounded; the hind wings somewhat triangular, with short angle in Mzone, the outer margin is slightly festooned. Ground color red-brown, external and antemedial lines well developed, the postmedia is reduced to indistinct shadow. Bluish suffusion is very typical, black discal dot small but prominent. Hind wings lighter, with lunated brownish pattern in anal field by postmedia. Male genitalia (Figs 29, 30). Uncus is oar-shaped, with semicircular apical cut and with distinct basal narrowing. Branches of gnathos infused, distinct, long, slender, almost parallel-sided, strongly bent at a middle and swollen there. Valva narrowed and tapered apically; costa bears near the apex a short pyramidal process situated almost on the same vertical line with small papilla-like harpe. Both valvae are symmetrical. Aedeagus short, strongly curved at a middle under right angle, with broadened funnel-shaped caudal end, with short bag-shaped vesica bearing irregular curved spine-like cornuti situated in an inaccurate row.</p><p>Diagnosis. A characteristic species with dark ground colour and contrasting pattern. No similar species is known. The genitalic structures of the new species are also different from other Andraca with shape of valva, uncus and aedeagus being characteristic. The only species of the genus known from Java.</p><p>Bionomics. Flight period falling on February-July, develops probably few generations per year. Inhabits altitudes from 1.000 to 1.625 m. Preimaginal stages and host plants unknown.</p><p>Distribution. Endemic to Java.</p><p>Comments. In some collections I have seen this species attributed to jaspidea Warren (TL: Java); I could not find the type of the species but jaspidea was established as Oreta in the Drepanidae .</p><p>PLATE 3. Male genitalia. 23. Andraca bipunctata Walker, 1865, ď, Lectotype, Darjeeling, coll. Atkinson (ZMHU). 24. Andraca bipunctata Walker, 1865, ď, Holotype of Andraca angulata Kishida, 1993, Nepal, Kathmandu, Godavari (NSMT), from Kishida, 1993. 25.. Andraca bipunctata Walker, 1865, ď, Thailand, Changwat Nan, 5 km N of Bo Luang (MWM). 26. Andraca bipunctata Walker, 1865, ď, China, Yunnan, Dabingshan (MWM).</p><p>PLATE 4. Male genitalia. 27. Andraca trilochoides Moore, 1865, ď Holotype, Darjiling (BMNH). 28. Andraca trilochoides roepkei Bryk, 1944, ď, N. Vietnam, Fan-si-pan Mts, Sa-Pa (MWM). 29. Andraca draco Zolotuhin, sp. nov., ď, Paratype, Indonesia, Java, Mt. Pangrange (MWM). 30. Andraca draco Zolotuhin, sp. nov., ď, Paratype, the same data (MWM).</p><p>PLATE 5. Male genitalia. 31. Andraca lawa Zolotuhin, sp. nov., ď, Paratype, S. Palawan, Mt. Lolwagan, Brooke (MWM). 32. Andraca paradisea Zolotuhin, sp. nov., ď, Paratype, Philippines, Mindanao, Prov. Bukidnon, Mt. Dalongdong (MWM). 33. Andraca chrysocollis Zolotuhin, sp. nov., ď, Paratype, Philippines, Luzon, Quezon Forest National Park (MWM). 34. Andraca nobilorum Zolotuhin, sp. nov., ď, China, Guangxi, Dayao Shan, Jingxiu (MWM).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C83987BAAE47FFC9FF13CF07AC926FA8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zolotuhin, Vadim V.	Zolotuhin, Vadim V. (2012): Taxonomic remarks on Andraca Walker, 1865 (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) with descriptions of five new species. Zootaxa 3262: 22-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209755
C83987BAAE4CFFC6FF13C9CCACF06F66.text	C83987BAAE4CFFC6FF13C9CCACF06F66.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andraca lawa Zolotuhin	<div><p>Andraca lawa Zolotuhin, sp. nov.</p><p>Figs. 19, 20</p><p>Type material. Holotype: ď, Palawan, Mt. Mantalingajan, 600–800 m, 2–12.VII 2000, leg. D. Mohagan (MWM). Paratypes: ď, Ψ, Palawan, Mt. Magcasaw, Mainit, Brooke’s Point, 600–900 m, 3–6.X 1996, leg. Bal; 4 ďď, Palawan, Mt. Mantalingajan, 600–800 m, 2–12.VII 2000, leg. D. Mohagan; 2 ďď, S. Palawan, Mt. Lolwagan, Brooke’s Point, 600–900 m, 15–26.XI 1998, leg. D. Mohagan (GU 8766) (all in MWM). ď, S. Palawan, Mt. Mantalingajan, 1.700 m, 1.VIII 2000, coll. Treadaway (SMFL); ď, S. Palawan, Mt. Gantung, 1.300 m, III 2002, coll. Treadaway (SMFL).</p><p>Description. Wingspan males 39–48 mm, a single female known 60 mm, forewing length— 21–27 in males and 32 in a female. In males, ground colour and wing pattern is very similar to A. apodecta Swinhoe, 1907, but wing shape is very characteristic. Fore wings with acutely sharpened tops and hind wings distinctly acute in Cu-zone. Except this, the outer margin is not festooned but smooth. Fore wings reddish-brown with narrow slightly concave transversal lines, small, point-like, blackish distal dot, distinct yellow external spots in M-zone and with bluish suffusion, more deep in medial field on the wing. Hind wing slightly lighter, with posmedia deeply lunate in anal field.Female larger as pointed out above, with outer margin of both wings not acute or only slightly so. Its ground colour lighter, oblique grey fascia coming from apex and pointed apically by bluish-grey scales is typical; other pattern elements vague and presented mainly as indistinct shadows. Male genitalia (Fig. 31). Uncus is oar-shaped, with semicircular apical cut and with distinct basal narrowing. Branches of gnathos infused, distinct, long, slender, almost parallel-sided, strongly bent at a middle and weakly swollen there. Valva narrowed and rounded apically; costa concave, bears near the apex a distinct pyramidal process situated a bit inside and therefore closed with distinct papilla-like harpe. Both valvae are symmetrical. Aedeagus short, strongly curved at basal third, with weakly broadened caudal end, with short bag-shaped vesica bearing short but strong thorn-like cornuti situated in a single row.</p><p>Diagnosis. In external characters can be easily recognized from related species by fore wings with acutely sharpened tops and hind wings distinctly acute. In doubtful cases, genitalic preparation is useful, the shape of aedeagus and vesica with short strong cornuti being characteristic. The only species of Andraca known so far from Palawan.</p><p>Bionomics. Flight period March, July, August, October and November; develops probably two or more generations per year. Inhabits altitudes from 600 to 1700 m. Immature stages and host plants unknown.</p><p>Distribution. Apparently endemic to Palawan.</p><p>Comments. The name has a toponymic origin as “Pa-LAWA-n”.</p><p>Subgenus Chrypathemola Zolotuhin, subgen. nov. in Andraca Walker, 1865</p><p>Type species: Andraca apodecta Swinhoe, 1907, The Annales and Magazine of natural History (7) 19: 49, here designated.</p><p>Diagnosis. Species of smaller and middle size. Both wings are usually of light reddish-brown or bright-yellow coloration depending of species with darker pattern and sometimes with silver shadows near by apex; external field usually of the same coloration that ground colour. Outer margin of forewing usually smooth, rounded, rarely scalloped or slightly angled. In male genitalia shape of uncus is characteristic: short and broad without basal narrowing, conical and very massive basad, pointed apically. In others characters similar to the members of the nominate subgenus. Eight species are included, 3 of them are described as new ones. The subgenus ranges to China including Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi, Mindanao and Luzon. All members of this group seem to be multivoltine. The name of the subgenus is an anagram of the initial letters of names of all species included. The highly modified shape of uncus is an autapomorphy of this subgenus. Although the new name is introduced at a subgeneric rank, it may prove to warrant generic status.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C83987BAAE4CFFC6FF13C9CCACF06F66	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zolotuhin, Vadim V.	Zolotuhin, Vadim V. (2012): Taxonomic remarks on Andraca Walker, 1865 (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) with descriptions of five new species. Zootaxa 3262: 22-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209755
C83987BAAE4CFFC7FF13CE34AEDC6D37.text	C83987BAAE4CFFC7FF13CE34AEDC6D37.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andraca paradisea Zolotuhin	<div><p>Andraca paradisea Zolotuhin, sp. nov.</p><p>Figs. 17, 18</p><p>Type material. Holotype: ď, Philippines, Mindanao, Prov. Bukidnon, Mt. Dalongdong, Talakag, 40 km NW Maramag, 1200 m, 9–17.IX 1999 (MWM). Paratypes: ď, Philippines, Mindanao, Prov. Bukidnon, Mt. Dalongdong, Talakag, 40 km NW Maramag, 1200 m, 9–17.IX 1999 (GU 8765); ď, the same, 15–16.I 1999, leg. Dr. R. Brechlin; ď, the same, 1300m, 2–7.XI 1999, leg. Dr. R. Brechlin. 3 ďď, Philippines, Mindanao, Prov. Bukidnon, Mt. Dalongdong, Talakag, 40–45 km NW Maramag, 1200 m, 1–3.X 1988, 800– 1200 m, 7°53’N, 124°40’E, leg. Cerny &amp; Schintlmeister. 2 ďď, Philippines, Mindanao, Prov. Bukidnon, Mt. Kitanglad, S–Seite, Intavas, Primärurwald, 1650 m, 5.VIII 1993, 8°07’N, 124°55’E, leg. A. Schintlmeister &amp; V.Siniaev. ď, Philippines, Mindanao, Prov. Bukidnon, Mt. Kitanglad, S-Seite, Intavas, Primärurwald, 1200 m, 2.VIII 1993, 8°07’N, 124°55’E, leg. A. Schintlmeister &amp; V.Siniaev. 5 ďď, Philippines, Mindanao, Prov. Bukidnon, Mt. Kitanglad, S-Seite, Intavas, Primärurwald, 2200 m, 15.VIII–15.IX 1993, 8°07’N, 124°55’E, leg. V. Siniaev. 42 ďď, Ψ, Philippines, Mindanao, Prov. Davao del Sur, Mt. Apo, SE-route via Kapatagan, 10–12.VII 1996, 1570 m, im prim. Wald, leg. Dr. R. Brechlin. 9 ďď, Ψ, Philippines, Mindanao, Mt. Apo, SE-route via Kapatagan, 8.VII 1996, 2230 m, leg. Dr. R. Brechlin. ď, Philippines, Mindanao, Mt. Apo, Westflanke, Sekundärwald, 6°57’N, 125°16’E, leg. Siniaev &amp; Schintlmeister (all in MWM); ď, Mindanao, Bukidnon, Mt. Caliasan, 1.400 m, 8.II 2000, coll. Treadaway (SMFL). 2 ďď, Mindanao, Davao, Mt. Apo, 2000 m, 2. III. 1990, coll. Treadaway (SMFL); 1 ď, Mindanao, S. Mindanao, S. Cotabato, Mt. Matutum, 15. VI. 1996, coll. Treadaway (SMFL).</p><p>Description. Wingspan males 34–41 mm, females 46–48 mm, forewing length— 18–21 in males and 25.5– 26 in females. In males, wings with smooth outer margin, forewings with pointed apex, with indistinct or without any cut under the top. Ground colour of both wings chestnut, with darker triangular shadows in external fields of the fore wings. Dark brown wavy transversal fasciae are typical. Discal spot very small, point-like, blackish, in some specimens missing. Hind wings with lighter basal and medial zones. Distinct suffusion of the bluish scales through the fore wings is very typical giving for the moth very peculiar, contrast coloration. Flagellum white, end part of the antenna covered with reddish-brown scales. Females lighter, with more distinct pointed apices of the fore wings, dull yellow, with distinct reddish-brown transversal fasciae and vague discal dot. No bluish scales typical; very few of them can be found as a border of external line. Male genitalia (Fig. 32). Uncus is short triangular, a bit flattened, without basal narrowing. Branches of gnathos infused, distinct, but short and rather wide. Valva narrowed and tapered apically; costa bears near the apex a very short up to almost undeveloped pyramidal process situated almost on the same vertical line with protruded papilla-like harpe. Both valvae are symmetrical. Aedeagus short, strongly curved at a middle under right angle, with broadened funnel-shaped caudal end, with short bagshaped vesica bearing very small thorn-shaped cornuti situated in a row.</p><p>Diagnosis. Similar to A. apodecta Swinhoe, 1907 in external characters but distinguished easily by lighter coloration with distinct suffusion of bluish scales. Male genitalia are also characteristic, with the presence of cornuti on the vesica. The only species of the genus native to Mindanao.</p><p>Bionomics. Flight period July to mid January; probably with two generations per year. Inhabits altitudes from 800 to 2400 m. Preimaginal stages and host plants unknown.</p><p>Distribution. Philippines. So far only from Mindanao,. possibly endemic.</p><p>Comments. The species is the brightest coloured one among all its congeners, and therefore the name alludes to the Bird-of-Paradise.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C83987BAAE4CFFC7FF13CE34AEDC6D37	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zolotuhin, Vadim V.	Zolotuhin, Vadim V. (2012): Taxonomic remarks on Andraca Walker, 1865 (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) with descriptions of five new species. Zootaxa 3262: 22-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209755
C83987BAAE4DFFC4FF13CC92AB22698D.text	C83987BAAE4DFFC4FF13CC92AB22698D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andraca chrysocollis Zolotuhin	<div><p>Andraca chrysocollis Zolotuhin, sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 13</p><p>Type material. Holotype: ď, Philippines, Northern Luzon, Ifugao, Banaue vic., 20 km N Lagawe, Sekundärwald/Reisfelder, 16°54’N, 121°06’E, 22.IX–16.X 1988, 1200 m, leg. Cerny &amp; Schintlmeister (MWM). Paratypes: ď, Philippines, Northern Luzon, Ifugao, Banaue vic., 20 km N Lagawe, Sekundärwald/Reisfelder, 16°54’N, 121°06’E, 22.IX–16.X 1988, 1200 m, leg. Cerny &amp; Schintlmeister (MWM); ď, Philippines, Luzon, Quezon Forest National Park, Flachlandurwald, 14°01’N, 122°11’E, without date, 250 m, leg. Cerny &amp; Schintlmeister (GU 9002 - MWM). ď, Philippines, Luzon, Mountain Prov., Mt. Bontoc, 7–15.IV 2002 (CMSW). ď, Philippines, N. Luzon, CAR border Abra / Kalinga, E of Malibcong Basiwag, 17°33’N, 120°59’E, 1600 m, 16–17.I 2007, leg. JH Lourence (Jan Lourence). 2 ďď, N. Luzon, Ifugao, Banaue, 1200 m, 12. XII, 1988, coll. Treadaway (SMFL); 1 m, N. Luzon, Ifugao, Banaue, 1200 m, 27. I. 1989, coll. Treadaway (SMFL).</p><p>Description. Wingspan males 39–42 mm, fore wing length— 20–22 mm. Very similar in wing shapes, ground colour and wing pattern on A. apodecta but pattern more vague, bluish scales mainly in basal part of the forewing. Discal spot very small, dark grey, pointed with a few bluish scales. Bright yellow coloration of collar (patagiae) is typical. Female is still unknown. Male genitalia (Fig. 33). Uncus is short but strong triangular to pyramidal. Branches of gnathos infused, distinct, but short and rather wide at a middle. Valva narrowed and tapered apically; both costal process and harpe are minute. Both valvae are symmetrical. Aedeagus slender, elongated, without distinct caudal widening; vesica tubular without cornuti.</p><p>Diagnosis. In external characters can be easily recognized from related species by bright yellow collar. In doubtful cases, genitalic preparation is useful, the absence of cornuti on vesica is characteristic (but also absent in A. apodecta). The only species of Andraca known so far from Luzon.</p><p>Bionomics. Flight period April and September-October but probably develops few generations per year. Inhabits altitudes from 250 to 1200 m. Female, preimaginal stages and food plants are unknown.</p><p>Distribution. Apparently endemic to Luzon.</p><p>Comments. The name refers to the bright yellow coloration of the collar of moths.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C83987BAAE4DFFC4FF13CC92AB22698D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zolotuhin, Vadim V.	Zolotuhin, Vadim V. (2012): Taxonomic remarks on Andraca Walker, 1865 (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) with descriptions of five new species. Zootaxa 3262: 22-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209755
C83987BAAE4EFFC4FF13CB78AE5C6DD3.text	C83987BAAE4EFFC4FF13CB78AE5C6DD3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andraca (Chrypathemola) nobilorum Zolotuhin	<div><p>Andraca (Chrypathemola) nobilorum Zolotuhin, sp. nov.</p><p>Figs. 21, 22</p><p>Type material. Holotype: ď, Central Vietnam, Prov. Kon Tum, Distr. Kom Plong, Mang Canh, 1250 m, 1–10.VI 2006, leg. V. Zolotuhin (MWM).</p><p>Description. Wingspan males 38–39 mm, fore wing length 22 mm. Ground colour is sandy yellow, wing pattern lunate, transverse, black, with dark grey apical spot, prominent submarginal spots in Cu-area and large basal spot in the fore wing; external field is darkened. Discal dot small dark grey; fine bluish suffusion is visible around the dark pattern elements. Costal zone of the hind wing is paler. Female is unknown. Male genitalia (fig. 34). Uncus is elongated pyramid-shaped. Branches of gnathos infused, distinct, long, strongly bent at a middle and a bit swollen at curvation. Valva short, broadened basally, generally weakly sclerotized; costa bears near the apex a minute papilla-shaped process; no harpe presented. Both valvae are symmetrical. Aedeagus short, with widened apical half and wide opening of vesica: vesica short, with 3 compact groups of heavy sclerotized spine-like cornuti.</p><p>Diagnosis. Externally the species resembles the palest specimens of Pseudandraca flavamaculata (Yang, 1995) but larger, always without dark shadows typical for the latter; male genitalia are diagnostic with quiller (or harpe) is always absent. Presence of prominent black basal spot is also characteristic.</p><p>Bionomics. Both specimens known were collected in mountain forests at 1200 and 1250 m in April and June.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from Central Vietnam (Kon Tum) and south-eastern China (Guangxi).</p><p>Comments. The name derives from “ nobilorum ” (from “nobilis”) meaning “a noble” in Latin. I know of one additional male specimen attributed to the species from China, Guangxi, Dayao Shan, Jingxiu, 100 km SE of Liuzhou, 23°45’N, 109°45’E, 1200 m, which was collected in April 2005 by V. Siniaev (in coll. MWM). It differs insignificantly from the male of the Vietnamese population but has a distance more than 2% in the cytochrome-c oxidase subunit 1 gene (COI, 5’, 658 b.p.). Until additional materials from China are obtained, I consider it to be this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C83987BAAE4EFFC4FF13CB78AE5C6DD3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zolotuhin, Vadim V.	Zolotuhin, Vadim V. (2012): Taxonomic remarks on Andraca Walker, 1865 (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) with descriptions of five new species. Zootaxa 3262: 22-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209755
C83987BAAE4FFFC2FF13CD56ABA9695E.text	C83987BAAE4FFFC2FF13CD56ABA9695E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andraca Walker 1865	<div><p>Andraca Walker, 1865</p><p>Subgenus Andraca s. str.</p><p>Andraca (Andraca) bipunctata Walker, 1865</p><p>= Andraca angulata Kishida, 1993, syn. nov.</p><p>Andraca (Andraca) trilochoides Moore, 1865 A. trilochoides trilochoides Moore, 1865</p><p>A. trilochoides roepkei Bryk, 1944</p><p>= Andraca henosa Chu et Wang, 1993, syn. corr. Andraca (Andraca) stueningi Zolotuhin &amp; Witt, 2009 Andraca (Andraca) draco Zolotuhin, sp. nov. Andraca (Andraca) lawa Zolotuhin, sp. nov.</p><p>Subgenus Chrypathemola Zolotuhin, subgen. nov. Andraca (Chrypathemola) apodecta Swinhoe, 1907 Andraca (Chrypathemola) paradisea Zolotuhin, sp. nov. Andraca (Chrypathemola) chrysocollis Zolotuhin, sp. nov. Andraca (Chrypathemola) theae (Matsumura, 1909) Andraca (Chrypathemola) olivacea Matsumura, 1927 A. olivacea olivacea Matsumura, 1927</p><p>A. olivacea olivacens Mell, 1958, comb. et stat. nov. = Andraca hedra Chu &amp; Wang, 1993</p><p>Andraca (? Chrypathemola) ravida (Yang, 1995), comb. nov. (status of the species is doubtful; types</p><p>cann’t be found).</p><p>Andraca (Chrypathemola) melli Zolotuhin &amp; Witt, 2009 Andraca (Chrypathemola) nobilorum Zolotuhin, sp. nov.</p><p>Pseudandraca Miyata, 1970</p><p>Pseudandraca gracilis (Butler, 1885)</p><p>Pseudandraca flavamaculata (Yang, 1995)</p><p>P. flavamaculata flavamaculata (Yang, 1995)</p><p>P. flavamaculata nabesan (Kishida &amp; Owada, 2000)</p><p>Note that the recently described Andraca gongshanensis Wang X., Zeng &amp; Wang M. (2011), from China, is in my opinion likely only a subspecies of A. olivacea if not a synonym of subspecies olivacens. In addition, the status of Andraca (? Chrypathemola) ravida (Yang, 1995) is also doubtful, as the types cannot be located.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C83987BAAE4FFFC2FF13CD56ABA9695E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zolotuhin, Vadim V.	Zolotuhin, Vadim V. (2012): Taxonomic remarks on Andraca Walker, 1865 (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) with descriptions of five new species. Zootaxa 3262: 22-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209755
