taxonID	type	description	language	source
A7BED778649053818E0454CF1C6F4865.taxon	description	Figs 5, 7	en	Zhang, Jianshuang, Yu, Hao, Lin, Yucheng (2023): Simonia gen. nov., a new spider genus (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from Southeast Asia. ZooKeys 1185: 277-294, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120
A7BED778649053818E0454CF1C6F4865.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name is a patronym after Mr. Helmut Steiner (Hessen, Germany), collector of the type series.	en	Zhang, Jianshuang, Yu, Hao, Lin, Yucheng (2023): Simonia gen. nov., a new spider genus (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from Southeast Asia. ZooKeys 1185: 277-294, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120
A7BED778649053818E0454CF1C6F4865.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The females of S. steineri sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from other congeners by the following characters: 1) dorsum of abdomen uniformly coloured (vs with pattern) (cf. Fig. 5 A and Figs 4 C, 6 A); 2) spermathecae separated from anterior margin of epigynal plate by more than 1.5 x diameters of spermathecal head (vs nearly touching anterior margin) (cf. Fig. 5 E and Figs 4 G, 6 E); and 3) spermathecae hammer-shaped, spermathecal heads globular, spermathecal stalks straight (vs spermathecae not hammer-shaped, spermathecal heads bean-shaped, spermathecal stalks slightly curved) (cf. Fig. 5 E and Figs 4 G, 6 E).	en	Zhang, Jianshuang, Yu, Hao, Lin, Yucheng (2023): Simonia gen. nov., a new spider genus (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from Southeast Asia. ZooKeys 1185: 277-294, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120
A7BED778649053818E0454CF1C6F4865.taxon	description	Description. Female (Fig. 5 A, B): Carapace, uniformly brown except a V-shaped dark brownish band along cervical groove; cervical groove and radial grooves indistinct. AER distinctly recurved, PER almost straight in dorsal view. Sternum deep brown. Mouthparts proximally reddish brown, distally light brown, inner margins white. Legs uniformly yellowish. Abdomen round, marginally clothed with sparse long setae, uniformly yellowish white, without any markings or distinct pattern. Measurements: Total length 2.12. Carapace 1.03 long, 0.86 wide. Clypeus 0.21 high. Sternum 0.55 long, 0.52 wide. Abdomen 1.46 long, 1.37 wide. Length of legs: I 3.12 (0.98, 0.32, 0.93, 0.58, 0.31); II 3.03 (0.92, 0.28, 0.81, 0.69, 0.33); III 2.42 (0.73, 0.27, 0.58, 0.63, 0.21); IV 2.93 (0.89, 0.32, 0.77, 0.64, 0.31). Epigyne (Fig. 5 E-G). Epigynal plate c. 1.2 x wider than long, anteriorly concaved by c. 140 °, copulatory bursae distinctly visible through integument. Scape (Sc) shaped like an acute triangle, relatively large, about 1 / 4 length of epigynal plate. Spermathecae (Sp) hammer-shaped, with globular-shaped heads (SH) and columnar stalk (SS); anterior surface of spermathecae separated from anterior margin of epigynal plate by more than 1.5 x diameters of spermathecal head; spermathecal stalks straight, extending obliquely, separated by about 3 - 4 x diameters of stalks. Bursae (CB) subglobular.	en	Zhang, Jianshuang, Yu, Hao, Lin, Yucheng (2023): Simonia gen. nov., a new spider genus (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from Southeast Asia. ZooKeys 1185: 277-294, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120
A7BED778649053818E0454CF1C6F4865.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the type locality, Guesthouse cave, Huapan Province, Laos (Fig. 7).	en	Zhang, Jianshuang, Yu, Hao, Lin, Yucheng (2023): Simonia gen. nov., a new spider genus (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from Southeast Asia. ZooKeys 1185: 277-294, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120
48EC40E792B955EEBAB9F42461E334FA.taxon	description	Figs 6, 7	en	Zhang, Jianshuang, Yu, Hao, Lin, Yucheng (2023): Simonia gen. nov., a new spider genus (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from Southeast Asia. ZooKeys 1185: 277-294, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120
48EC40E792B955EEBAB9F42461E334FA.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name is derived from the type locality; noun in apposition.	en	Zhang, Jianshuang, Yu, Hao, Lin, Yucheng (2023): Simonia gen. nov., a new spider genus (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from Southeast Asia. ZooKeys 1185: 277-294, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120
48EC40E792B955EEBAB9F42461E334FA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The female of the new species resembles those of S. youyiensis in having similar habitus and general appearance of the epigyne (cf. Fig. 6 and Fig. 4 C-G), but can be easily distinguished by 1) anterior margin of epigynal plate concaved c. 120 ° (vs c. 140 °) (cf. Fig. 6 C, D and Fig. 4 E, F), 2) spermathecae shaped like the whole hind leg of a frog, consisting of head, stalk and base (vs comma-shaped, only with head and stalk) (cf. Fig. 6 E and Fig. 4 G), and 3) bursae egg-shaped (vs spherical) (cf. Fig. 6 E and Fig. 4 G).	en	Zhang, Jianshuang, Yu, Hao, Lin, Yucheng (2023): Simonia gen. nov., a new spider genus (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from Southeast Asia. ZooKeys 1185: 277-294, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120
48EC40E792B955EEBAB9F42461E334FA.taxon	description	Description. Female (Fig. 6 A, B): Carapace brownish posteriorly, distinctly darker anteriorly and marginally, with distinct pattern on pars cephalica consisting of pair of dark lateral bands and Ψ-shaped markings behind posterior eyes, markings starting from behind PME and PLE almost reaching dark fovea. AER distinctly recurved, PER distinctly recurved in dorsal view. Sternum uniformly black. Mouthparts coloured as sternum. Legs uniformly yellowish white. Abdomen round, covered with sparse long setae; dorsum basically black, centrally with 2 pairs of muscular depressions, anteriorly with pair of large, nearly fan-shaped patches, posteriorly with pair of √ - shaped band; venter slightly darker than dorsum, without distinct pattern. Measurements: Total length 2.28. Carapace 0.96 long, 0.88 wide. Clypeus 0.22 high. Sternum 0.48 long, 0.50 wide. Abdomen 1.56 long, 1.28 wide. Length of legs: I 2.71 (1.02, 0.33, 0.57, 0.51, 0.28); II 2.42 (0.83, 0.27, 0.52, 0.49, 0.31); III 1.74 (0.48, 0.21, 0.41, 0.41, 0.23); IV 2.29 (0.91, 0.27, 0.42, 0.41, 0.28). Epigyne (Fig. 6 E-G). Epigynal plate c. 1.2 x wider than long, anteriorly concaved by c. 120 °. Scape (Sc) spoon-shaped, small, about 1 / 6 length of epigynal plate. Spermathecae (Sp) shaped like the whole hind leg of a frog, with bean-shaped head (SH), conical stalk (SS) and distinctly narrowed base (SB); anterior surface of spermathecae touching anterior margin of epigynal plate; spermathecal stalks and bases extending obliquely, widely separated by c. 1 / 2 width of epigynal plate. Bursae (CB) egg-shaped.	en	Zhang, Jianshuang, Yu, Hao, Lin, Yucheng (2023): Simonia gen. nov., a new spider genus (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from Southeast Asia. ZooKeys 1185: 277-294, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120
48EC40E792B955EEBAB9F42461E334FA.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the type locality, West Sumatra, Indonesia (Fig. 7).	en	Zhang, Jianshuang, Yu, Hao, Lin, Yucheng (2023): Simonia gen. nov., a new spider genus (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from Southeast Asia. ZooKeys 1185: 277-294, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120
00C66505BCF85CFB825CC345C05BB383.taxon	description	Figs 1, 2, 3, 4, 7	en	Zhang, Jianshuang, Yu, Hao, Lin, Yucheng (2023): Simonia gen. nov., a new spider genus (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from Southeast Asia. ZooKeys 1185: 277-294, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120
00C66505BCF85CFB825CC345C05BB383.taxon	materials_examined	Other material examined. China: 1 ♂ 12 ♀ (IZCAS), Guangxi Prov., Baise City, Pingguo Co., Liming Vill., Ganmoyan Cave, 23 ° 48.330 ' N, 107 ° 31.526 ' E, 22. IX. 2015, J. Wu and Z. Chen leg.; 1 ♂ 7 ♀ (NHMSU), Guangxi Prov., Hechi City, Donglan Co., Sanshi Town, Gongping Vill., a nameless cave, 24 ° 21.347 ' N, 107 ° 23.190 ' E, 368 m, 9. II. 2015, Y. Li and Z. Chen leg. Laos: 3 ♂ 17 ♀ (NHMSU), Bolikhamsai Prov., Lak Sao City, Transiten, Lang Cave, 18 ° 23.318 ' N, 104 ° 32.675 ' E, 318 m, VIII. 2012, P. Jaeger leg. Vietnam: 1 ♂ 3 ♀ (IZCAS), Phu Tho Prov., Thanh Son Dist., Xuan Son Commune, Xuan Son National Park, Lang Cave, 21 ° 06.600 ' N, 104 ° 57.600 ' E, 375 m, 26. X. 2012, H. Zhao and Z. Chen leg.	en	Zhang, Jianshuang, Yu, Hao, Lin, Yucheng (2023): Simonia gen. nov., a new spider genus (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from Southeast Asia. ZooKeys 1185: 277-294, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120
00C66505BCF85CFB825CC345C05BB383.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Females of S. youyiensis are most similar to those of S. sumatra sp. nov. by having similar habitus and general shape of the vulva. Simonia youyiensis differs from S. sumatra sp. nov. in 1) anterior margin of the epigynal plate slightly concaved (c. 140 °) (vs concaved c. 120 °) (cf. Fig. 4 E, F and Fig. 6 C, D), 2) spermathecae comma-shaped (vs spermathecae shaped like the whole hind leg of a frog) (cf. Fig. 4 G and Fig. 6 E), and 3) bursae spherical (vs egg-shaped) (cf. Fig. 4 G and Fig. 6 E).	en	Zhang, Jianshuang, Yu, Hao, Lin, Yucheng (2023): Simonia gen. nov., a new spider genus (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from Southeast Asia. ZooKeys 1185: 277-294, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120
00C66505BCF85CFB825CC345C05BB383.taxon	description	Description. Male (Fig. 4 A, B): Carapace brown, slightly darker in ocular region, without distinct pattern; cervical groove and radial grooves indistinct. AER distinctly recurved, PER slightly procurved. Sternum yellowish brown. Mouthparts reddish brown. Legs uniformly yellowish. Abdomen round, dorsum basically light brown, with 3 pairs of black diagonal bands on sides, forming 3 V-shaped stripes; venter centrally with black trapezoidal speckle, marginally with several discontinuous streaks. Measurements: Total length 1.62. Carapace 0.83 long, 0.81 wide. Clypeus 0.21 high. Sternum 0.52 long, 0.49 wide. Abdomen 1.14 long, 1.08 wide. Length of legs: I 3.32 (1.01, 0.39, 0.88, 0.63, 0.41); II 2.51 (0.81, 0.32, 0.58, 0.51, 0.29); III 1.84 (0.52, 0.21, 0.38, 0.41, 0.32); IV 2.22 (0.49, 0.32, 0.52, 0.58, 0.31). Palp (Figs 1 - 3): Femur unmodified. Patella round and small, nearly as long as tibia, dorsally bears strong and long macroseta slightly longer than tibia. Tibia cup-shaped, about 1 / 6 - 1 / 5 length of cymbium, with several sparse setae. Cymbium (Cy) broad, navicular, c. 2.1 x longer than wide, dorsally clothed with dense setae, basolaterally with lobe (CL) and row of longitudinally arranged setae (SCy) along suture between cymbium and lobe. Cymbial lobe represented by small and semi-transparent sheet, just like outline of thumb. Paracymbium (Pc) L-shaped, about 1 / 5 - 1 / 4 length of cymbium, with sharp and spine-like tip. Tegulum (Te) capacious and inflated, c. 1.5 x longer than wide, surface with countless delicate texture; sperm duct (SD) indistinct and sinuate. Subtegulum (ST) located prolaterally to tegulum, represented by large and surface smooth tubercle, slightly longer than 1 / 2 length of tegulum. Median apophysis (MA) small, about 2 / 5 length of tegulum, shaped like tadpole, consisting of relatively wide head (distal part) and narrow tail (proximal part); distal process blunt, apex round and rough, with many tiny and scale-like tooth; proximal process triangular, gradually narrowing toward its apex, apex sharp. Conductor (Co) large and axe-shaped, aligned transversely on anterior part of bulb; almost all of conductor hyaline and with vein-shaped grains, except membranous distal margin. Embolic division nearly as long as conductor, hidden behind conductor, consisting of broad embolic lobe (EL), embolic terminal (ET), and at least 3 apophyses (EA); embolic terminal short, less than 1 / 2 length of embolic lobe, shaped like a torch, with cylindric stalk and multiramose apex; all embolic apophyses bristle-like and slender, slightly longer than embolic terminal; some apexes of embolic terminal and embolic apophyses overpass distal margin of conductor. Female. Somatic features as in Fig. 4 C, D and coloration distinctly lighter than in male. Measurements: Total length 2.40. Carapace 0.91 long, 0.90 wide. Clypeus 0.20 high. Sternum 0.53 long, 0.51 wide. Abdomen 1.56 long, 1.27 wide. Length of legs: I 3.81 (1.31, 0.42, 0.78, 0.89, 0.41); II 3.17 (0.87, 0.43, 0.81, 0.68, 0.38); III 2.03 (0.63, 0.28, 0.37, 0.44, 0.31); IV 2.32 (0.62, 0.31, 0.49, 0.57, 0.33). Epigyne (Fig. 4 E-G). Epigynal plate large, c. 1.4 x wider than long, anteriorly slightly concaved by c. 140 °, arrangement of various parts of vulva indistinctly visible through tegument. Scape (Sc) T-shaped, small, about 1 / 5 length of epigynal plate. Spermathecae (Sp) comma-shaped, with bean-shaped head (SH) and slightly curved stalk (SS); anterior surface of spermathecal heads touching anterior margin of epigynal plate; spermathecal stalks extending obliquely, separated by about 2 - 3 x diameters of stalks. Copulatory bursae (CB) spherical.	en	Zhang, Jianshuang, Yu, Hao, Lin, Yucheng (2023): Simonia gen. nov., a new spider genus (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from Southeast Asia. ZooKeys 1185: 277-294, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120
00C66505BCF85CFB825CC345C05BB383.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Guangxi), Laos, Vietnam (Fig. 7).	en	Zhang, Jianshuang, Yu, Hao, Lin, Yucheng (2023): Simonia gen. nov., a new spider genus (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from Southeast Asia. ZooKeys 1185: 277-294, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120
6EC9AD5550055CCE86EBCC3CB81E9F20.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The generic epithet is named after the French arachnologist Eugene Louis Simon, in recognition of his inception of Theridiosomatidae.	en	Zhang, Jianshuang, Yu, Hao, Lin, Yucheng (2023): Simonia gen. nov., a new spider genus (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from Southeast Asia. ZooKeys 1185: 277-294, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120
6EC9AD5550055CCE86EBCC3CB81E9F20.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Simonia gen. nov. resembles Sennin Suzuki, Hiramatsu & Tatsuta, 2022 in general shape of copulatory organs. Male palps of these two genera have similar embolic divisions with at least three bristle-like, sharp embolic apophyses; epigynes of both genera have similar spoon-shaped or equicrural triangular scape. Simonia gen. nov. can be distinguished from Sennin by a combination of following characters: cymbial outgrowth (cymbial apophysis) absent (vs present), conductor axe-shaped, almost hyaline and with vein-shaped grains (vs not axe-shaped, membranous, without vein-shaped grains), embolus long, extending to the distal part of embolic division, terminally torch-shaped, with a cylindric stalk and a multiramose apex (vs shorter and apex blunt, located at the proximal part of embolic division, embolic terminal absent), all embolic apophyses are not coiled (vs strongly curved or coiled), embolic division dorsally with large, hyaline lobe (vs embolic lobe absent) (cf. Figs 1 - 3 and Suzuki et al. 2022: figs 7, 9); epigynal plate surface distinctly wrinkled, with a distinctive transverse fold at midlength between anterior and posterior margins (vs surface slightly wrinkled, medially without the distinctive transverse fold), the anterior part of spermathecae fused (vs not fused, just only overlapped), copulatory duct indistinct, the course of the copulatory duct simple, forming a loop in the inside of copulatory bursa (vs distinct, and course more complex, with a coiled trajectory at the basal side of the spermathecae), copulatory bursa large, nearly as long as epigyne length (vs smaller or indistinct, barely longer than 1 / 2 length of epigynal plate) (cf. Figs 4 E-G, 5 C-E, 6 C-E and Suzuki et al. 2022: figs 8, 10).	en	Zhang, Jianshuang, Yu, Hao, Lin, Yucheng (2023): Simonia gen. nov., a new spider genus (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from Southeast Asia. ZooKeys 1185: 277-294, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120
6EC9AD5550055CCE86EBCC3CB81E9F20.taxon	description	Description. Small sized with body length 1.50 - 1.65 in males and 1.90 - 2.45 in females; carapace 0.83 - 0.96 long in males and 0.91 - 1.08 in females. Carapace nearly pyriform, in profile highest just behind ocular area, gradually sloping to pedicel, c. 1.35 - 1.45 times longer than high; carapace smooth, with long, sparse setae, yellow brown to dark brown, slightly darker anteriorly; cervical groove V-shaped, radial grooves and fovea indistinguishable. Sternum yellowish brown to dark, distinctly darker than carapace, clothed with dense setae, heart-shaped, anterior edge truncate, anterior and lateral margins with brown extensions fitting intercoxal concavities; posterior region strongly protruding between coxae IV. Female palp distally with erect, thin, dark bristles. Chelicerae slightly darker than carapace. Labium triangle shaped. Maxillae nearly trapezoidal, anterior edge straight, anterior and lateral margins slightly curved, slightly convergent posteriorly, with dense scopulae on inner margins. Legs long, uniformly coloured, slightly lighter than carapace, with darker femora and coxae I. Leg formula 1243. Abdomen ovoid, nearly as long as wide, abdominal colours and patterns variable; marginally clothed with sparse long setae, ventrally covered by fine short setae. Spinnerets brown. Male palp: same as in type species. Epigyne with small, hyaline scape (SC); epigynal plate surface distinctly wrinkled, with distinctive transverse fold (TF) at midlength between anterior and posterior margins; scape (SC) extending from posterior margin of epigynal plate, translucent; copulatory openings indistinct; copulatory duct (CD) indistinct, with simple course, forming loop in inside of copulatory bursa; spermathecae (Sp) consist of relatively large head (SS, anterior part) and slightly narrower stalk (SS, posterior part), and in addition with distinctly small base (SB, distal part) in S. sumatra sp. nov.; spermathecal heads fused, located centrally and juxtaposed; fertilization ducts (FD) acicular, membranous, located on basal surface of spermathecae; copulatory bursae (CB) represented spherical or oval sacs, large, nearly as long as epigyne length, surface hyaline, wrinkled and ribbed, bursae touching each other.	en	Zhang, Jianshuang, Yu, Hao, Lin, Yucheng (2023): Simonia gen. nov., a new spider genus (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from Southeast Asia. ZooKeys 1185: 277-294, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120
6EC9AD5550055CCE86EBCC3CB81E9F20.taxon	distribution	Composition and distribution. Simonia youyiensis (Zhao & Li, 2012) from Laos, Vietnam and Guangxi in China, S. steineri sp. nov. from Laos, and S. sumatra sp. nov. from Sumatra.	en	Zhang, Jianshuang, Yu, Hao, Lin, Yucheng (2023): Simonia gen. nov., a new spider genus (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from Southeast Asia. ZooKeys 1185: 277-294, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1185.104120
