taxonID	type	description	language	source
CE59AB25EB094504FE751ADB0D08586A.taxon	materials_examined	Type species	en	Marı, Tovar-Herna, a Ana, ndez, Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2008): Caruncle in Megalomma Johansson, 1925 (Polychaeta: Sabellidae) and the description of a new species from the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Journal of Natural History 42 (29 - 30): 1951-1973, DOI: 10.1080/00222930802140186, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930802140186
CE59AB25EB094504FE751ADB0D08586A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Medium- to large-sized species with numerous radioles; radiolar skeleton with up to 16 rows of cells; dorsalmost pair of radioles notably longer than the remaining radioles. Palmate membrane and radiolar flanges absent. Outer surface of radioles rounded. One or more pairs of radioles each with a single, sessile, compound eye situated along the inner radiole margin near the distal end. Dorsal lips triangular, radiolar appendages present, indicated by longitudinal ridge or ‘‘ mid-rib’ ’ along entire length; distinct blood vessel and hyaline cartilage extending through length of appendages, without a branchial skeleton extension; dorsal pinnular appendages present or absent. Ventral lips and parallel lamella present. Caruncle can be present. Posterior peristomial ring collar present. Interramal eyespots can be present. Inferior thoracic notochaetae arranged in two or more transverse rows; they can be short, broadly hooded chaetae, near spatulate or long faintly hooded. Abdominal neurochaetal fascicles with two transverse rows of elongate, narrowly hooded chaetae. Thoracic uncini avicular; numerous, very small equal-sized teeth above the main fang; breast well developed; handles of medium length. Companion chaetae with very thin, tear-drop-shaped distal ends situated perpendicular to shaft. Abdominal uncini similar to thoracic ones, but with shorter handles. Remarks Johansson (1925) recognized that Branchiomma köllikeri Claparède, 1869, did not correspond to Branchiomma Kölliker, 1858, and proposed Megalomma as a replacement name (nomen novum) for a junior homonym. Thus, he stated (Johansson 1925: p. 9 – 10): ‘‘ Als Kölliker sie aufs neue 1853 erwähnte, benannte er sie Branchiomma dalyelli. Der Gattungsname Branchiomma muss somit für diese Art festgestellt werden. Als Claparède 1869 für seine Art Köllikeri die Gattung Branchiomma bildete, war der Name schon präokkupiert. Die Gattung Branchiomma Claparède muss also einen neuen Namen erhalten. Ich schlage Megalomma vor, welcher Name wie Branchiomma auf die grossen zusammengesetzten Augen dieser Gattung hindeutet, doch ohne ihren Charakter als Branchialaugen hervorzuheben – die ‘‘ Kiemen’ ’ sind ja doch keine Kiemen … ’’. This can be translated as: Kölliker newly proposed Branchiomma dalyelli in 1853. Consequently, the generic name Branchiomma must apply to this species. When Claparède used Branchiomma for his species Köllikeri in 1869, the generic name was already in use. Therefore, the genus Branchiomma Claparède must receive a replacement name. I propose Megalomma, which, like the name Branchiomma, indicates the big compound eyes of this genus but without their character as branchial eyes, – the ‘‘ gills’ ’ are not gills … Later, Johansson in his magnificent monograph (Johansson 1927) gave a diagnosis for Megalomma that he had named previously. Some authors have attributed the author / year as Johansson 1927 (Hartman 1959; Perkins 1984; Fitzhugh 1989; Knight-Jones 1997; Tovar-Herna « ndez and Salazar-Vallejo 2006); however, the new name first published in 1925, as an indication, must be regarded as valid (ICZN 1999, Article 12.2.3). Hartman (1959: p. 549) regarded Branchiomma köllikeri Claparède, 1869 as a junior synonym of Amphitrite vesiculosum Montagu, 1815, and she incorrectly included the latter as type species for Megalomma. However, the name of a type species remains unchanged even when it is a junior synonym or homonym, or a suppressed name, and the name of a type species should be cited by its original binomen (ICZN 1999, Article 67.1.2, Recommendation 67 B). The present definition primarily follows Fitzhugh (2003) except for the following: the type species has inferior thoracic chaetae long and slender, with hooded area, including tip, about 10 times longer than broad and only faintly hooded, whereas on most other species they are shorter and broadly hooded, nearly spatulate, such as described by Perkins (1984). In the modification provided here, we include these variations on inferior thoracic chaetae and also point out that the dorsalmost pair of radioles is notably longer than the remaining radioles; radioles are supported by up to 16 skeletal cells; a caruncle and interramal eyespost can be present. All species of Megalomma have subdistal eyes, at least in the dorsalmost radiolar pair; usually this pair of eyes is prominent and whenever other eyes are present, this pair is the largest; one of the features provided here in the emendation points out that the dorsalmost pair of radioles is notably longer than the remaining radioles. Most original descriptions in Megalomma refer to the size and shape of the subdistal eyes (spiralled, flattened, globular) combined with the length of the radiolar tips; but only a few have detailed the length of the dorsalmost radiolar pair: M. acrophthalmos (Grube 1878); M. claparedii (Gravier 1908 a); M. lobiferum (Ehlers 1887); M. pacifica Johansson 1927; M. perkinsi Tovar-Herna « ndez and Salazar-Vallejo 2006; M. quadrioculatum (Willey 1905) and M. suspiciens (Ehlers 1904). For others, the enlarged radiolar pair has been illustrated though not described: M. bioculatum (Ehlers 1887, Pl. 53, Figure 1); M. miyukiae Nishi 1998 (Figure 1); M. quadrioculatum (Willey 1905: Pl. 7, Figure 168) and M. vigilans (Claparède 1870: Pl. 14, Figure 3). Furthermore, the epithelium surrounding the compound eye of the dorsalmost radiolar pair in M. coloratum (Chamberlin 1919) and M. circumspectum (Moore 1923) from the Mexican Pacific is very thick; this character should be examined in the other species of Megalomma. All radioles, including the dorsalmost radiolar pair, are supported by 12 – 16 skeletal cells in cross-section (Figures 3 A – C, see also Brunotte 1888, Pl. 1, Figure 24) and their internal construction is identical to that in other sabellin genera: a blood vessel, a coelomic chamber, a pair of nerves, radiolar and pinnular skeleton, muscle, cartilage matrix, ciliated epithelium and cuticle (Evenkamp 1931; Orrhage 1980; Bick and Randel 2005; Tovar-Herna « ndez and Sosa-Rodrı « guez 2006). Personal observations on M. lobiferum and M. heterops Perkins, 1984, in aquaria and in natural coral reef habitats from several localities in the Mexican Caribbean Sea, suggest that the dorsalmost radiolar pair and their eyes have a ‘‘ periscope’ ’ role and are always erect. When these worms are disturbed they have a rapid withdrawal reaction; later the tip of the dorsalmost radiolar pair lean out the mouth of the tube, then this pair becomes completely extended, and finally the whole branchial crown is exposed again. Both the enlarged size and the thick epithelium of the dorsalmost pair can probably be explained by the fact that this pair in particular needs to provide support for the large eyes, and rigidity and flexibility to facilitate a rapid withdrawal reaction. These functions are possibly combined with hydrostatic mechanisms, and the giant axons in coordination with muscular contractions as has been shown in other sabellins (Kryvi 1971; Mellon et al. 1980; Koechlin 1981). The third character included in the generic emendation corresponds to the caruncle. This structure was recorded or illustrated for seven species: M. lobiferum (Ehlers 1887) from Florida, M. suspiciens (Ehlers 1904, Figure 2) from New Zealand, M. quadrioculatum (Willey 1905, Pl. 7, Figure 168) from Sri Lanka (Ceylon), and a species of Megalomma (as Branchiomma and possibly M. vesiculosum) from L’E « tang de Thau, southern France (Brunotte 1888, Pl. 1, Figure 31, Pl. 2, Figure 35). Recently, Tovar-Herna « ndez and Salazar-Vallejo (2006) recorded the presence of a caruncle in topotypes of M. pigmentum Reish, 1963 (described from San Quintı « n Bay, Baja, CA); and a species referred as Megalomma sp. 1 (from Venezuela). The new species described below from the Eastern Tropical Pacific also has a caruncle; it is covered with four ciliated bands. Interramal eyespots have only been recorded for Megalomma nechamae Knight- Jones, 1997, M. suspiciens, and the new species described below. These segmental ocelli have only otherwise been recorded for species in the genera Branchiomma, Pseudobranchiomma and Bispira (Fitzhugh 1989). The presence of a caruncle, the long dorsalmost radiolar pair, the high number of radiolar skeletal cells and the interramal eyespots has prompted this modification of the definition of the genus. These new features should be taken into account in new taxonomic studies because they could provide additional information for analysis of phylogenetic relationships.	en	Marı, Tovar-Herna, a Ana, ndez, Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2008): Caruncle in Megalomma Johansson, 1925 (Polychaeta: Sabellidae) and the description of a new species from the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Journal of Natural History 42 (29 - 30): 1951-1973, DOI: 10.1080/00222930802140186, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930802140186
CE59AB25EB054502FE291C5F0EA05DDF.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Type material. (LACM – AHF POLY 2196, holotype ♀) Mexican Pacific, Guerrero, Acapulco, Punta Manzanillo, Coll. S. I. Salazar, 4 August 1988, 1 m. Non-type material. (UMAR – POLY) Mexican Pacific, Oaxaca, Huatulco, El Maguey, Coll. S. Rodrı « guez, 4 July 2007 (one ♀); Puerto A « ngel, Aguete, Coll. G. Cancino, 25 August 2006, 1.5 m (one); Puerto A « ngel, La Boquilla, Coll. J – B, G – N, 23 April 2005 (one). Additional material. Megalomma pigmentum Reish, 1963 (ECOSUR) Mexican Pacific, Bahı « a San Quintı « n, Coll. L. E. Caldero « n, 8 December 1981. Megalomma sp. 1 Tovar-Herna « ndez and Salazar-Vallejo, 2006 (USNM 57945) Venezuela, Bahı « a de Mochima, Cumana «, Coll. Edwards, 22 June 1971, 6 – 10 m, in calcareous sand (seven). Megalomma lobiferum (Ehlers, 1887) (ECOSUR) Mexican Caribbean, I. view, (F) anterior abdominal segments, lateral view, (G) thoracic chaetigers, (H) posterior abdomen, ventral view, (I) oocytes in posterior abdomen, (J) caruncle, dorsal view, (K) base of the dorsal lip, transverse section, (L) base of the right branchial lobe, transverse section, (M) base of the dorsalmost radiole, transverse section, (N) base of a lateral radiole, transverse section, (O, P) tips of the dorsalmost radioles, (Q) tip of a lateral radiole, (R) tip of a ventral radiole, (S) tip of the ventralmost radiole. (A – D, H, J, M – O, R, S) Holotype LACM-AHF; (E – G, I, K, L, P, Q) UMAR-POLY, Huatulco. Scale bars: (A) 20 mm, (B, C, H, I) 5 mm, (D) 10 mm, (E, F) 2.5 mm, (G, J) 1.25 mm, (K, L) 1.3 mm, (M – S) 0.15 mm. Contoy, Punta Sur, Coll. S. I. Salazar, 2 March 2001 (one). Veracruz, I. Verde, Coll. S. I. Salazar, 5 August 1985 (one). Panama, Fuerte Sherman, Colo « n, Coll. S. I. Salazar, 2 June 2002, 30 ° C, 30 ups (one). Description (Based on holotype; variation of non-type material in parentheses) Colour, body shape and size. Branchial crown, dorsal lips and ventral lappets purple; caruncle with purple helicoidal bands; body cream-coloured. Radioles purple with two white bands distributed over outer and lateral radiole margins and adjacent pinnules, bands located about three-quarters of the way along crown, each band occupies a space of 20 – 22 pairs of pinnules. Radiolar tips white (Figure 1 A). Thoracic and abdominal segments with interramal purple eyespots (ie): large in thorax (Figures 1 E, G, 2 C) then decreasing towards posterior abdomen (Figures 1 F, 2 D). Total branchial crown length 22 mm (18). Body depressed, total thoraxabdomen length 93 mm (54 – 82 mm), maximum width 11 mm (8 – 10 mm) throughout most of thorax. Tube rigid, covered with fine sand grains, tube wall thickness 3 mm, diameter 13 mm. Branchial crown. Branchial lobes semi-circular. Forty-two pairs of radioles (32). Outer surfaces of radioles rounded (Figures 1 M, N, 2 H, I). Radiolar skeleton axis composed of 12 – 16 rows of cells (Figures 1 M, N, 2 J, K). Sub-distal compound eyes present in all radioles. Dorsalmost pair of radioles erect, rigid with rachis notably thick in lateral view (Figures 1 K – M, 2 G); eyes distinctly larger, spirally arranged around radioles (Figures 1 O, P, 2 G); radiolar tips short filiform; tip of the dorsalmost radiolar pair with a thick epithelium near the compound eye. Second to fifth dorsalmost pairs of radioles erect, turgid with medium-sized filiform radiolar tips (Figures 1 D, 2 H), rounded eyes distinctly smaller than dorsalmost ones (Figures 1 Q, 2 H). Lateral and ventral radioles with subspherical small eyes, tips long, filiform (Figures 1 R, S, 2 I). Pinnules long along basal third-quarter of radiolar length, then decreasing gradually towards the compound eye. Dorsalmost pair of radioles with proximal pinnules twice as long as distal pinnules. Dorsal lips (dl) erect, triangular about one-quarter the length of the branchial crown, with radiolar appendages (ra) and two long lateral lamellae (dlll) (Figure 2 E) but without branchial skeleton. Instead, the dorsal lips supported with hyaline cartilage (hc) (Figure 1 K). Ventral lips about one-quarter as long as dorsal lips, broadly rounded. Ventral parallel lamellae short, completely concealed by ventral collar margin. Caruncle (ca) long, erect, triangular, placed above the mouth, between dorsal lips (Figures 1 J, 2 E, F). radiole, (J) third ventral radiole, transverse section, (K) dorsalmost radiole, transverse section, (L) thoracic uncinus from second segment, (M) abdominal uncini from segment 10, (N) elongate narrowly hooded chaeta from collar, (O, P) superior narrowly hooded thoracic chaetae, (Q – S) inferior thoracic chaetae broadly hooded, (T, U) companion chaetae, (V, W) elongate, narrowly hooded abdominal chaetae, (X) oocytes. (A – X) Holotype LACM-AHF. Scale bars: (A – E) 5 mm, (C, D) 4 mm, (E) 2.5 mm, (F) 1.25 mm, (G – K) 0.15 mm, (L – N, P – W) 0.18 mm, (O) 0.7 mm. Peristomium. Mid-dorsal collar margins not fused to faecal groove, forming a broad gap. Dorsal pocket (dp) well developed, ‘‘ U-shaped’ ’ (Figures 1 B, 2 A). Ventral margin of collar incised forming two subtriangular, ventral lappets slightly overlapped (Figures 1 C, 2 E). Ventral shield of collar rectangular, swollen (Figures 1 C, 2 B). Lateral collar margins as high as dorsal margins (Figure 2 C). Notopodia in chaetiger 1 composed of superior and inferior rows of elongate, narrowly hooded chaetae (Figure 2 N); superior group distinctly longer than inferior one. Thorax. Seven thoracic segments. Ventral thoracic shields well developed, swollen, rectangular (Figures 1 C, 2 E). Notopodial fascicles with a superior group of elongate, narrowly hooded chaetae (Figures 1 G, 2 O, P), and two inferior rows of short hooded chaetae (Figures 1 G, 2 Q – S). Pre- and post-chaetal lobes well developed. Neuropodial uncini with main fang surmounted by numerous rows of minute teeth, breast well developed, handles elongate (Figure 2 L), no longer than companion chaetal shaft. Companion chaetae with membranous, tear-drop shaped distal end, perpendicular to the slender shaft (Figures 2 T, U). Thoracic neuropodial tori longest on chaetiger 2, not contacting ventral shields (Figures 1 C, E, 2 B, C). Tori successively shorter on remaining thoracic chaetigers (Figures 1 E, 2 C). Abdomen. Abdominal segments: 127 (86 – 122). Abdominal shields well developed, swollen, rectangular, divided by the faecal groove. Abdominal neuropodia with two transverse rows of elongate, narrowly hooded chaetae (Figures 2 V, W); chaetae in posterior row longer than those in anterior row. Abdominal notopodia with avicular uncini, main fang surmounted by numerous rows of minute teeth; breast well developed; handles reduced, less than half as long as the handles of thoracic uncini (Figure 2 M). Tori slightly shorter than those of segment 7 (Figures 1 F, 2 D). Pygidium short, broadly rounded, without eyespots (Figure 1 H). Gametes. Holotype a mature female; no discrete ovaries were detected but early and fully developed oocytes were found free-floating in the coelom of the entire abdomen, apparently underwent vitellogenesis in the coelom (extraovarian oogenesis), as indicated by a change in shape (rounded and polygonal) (Figure 2 X), diameter (0.7 – 1.5 mm) and appearance of the cytoplasm. Remarks	en	Marı, Tovar-Herna, a Ana, ndez, Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2008): Caruncle in Megalomma Johansson, 1925 (Polychaeta: Sabellidae) and the description of a new species from the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Journal of Natural History 42 (29 - 30): 1951-1973, DOI: 10.1080/00222930802140186, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930802140186
CE59AB25EB054502FE291C5F0EA05DDF.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific name is derived from the Latin word for caruncula, meaning a fleshy outgrowth in the body, and refers to the presence of the caruncle.	en	Marı, Tovar-Herna, a Ana, ndez, Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2008): Caruncle in Megalomma Johansson, 1925 (Polychaeta: Sabellidae) and the description of a new species from the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Journal of Natural History 42 (29 - 30): 1951-1973, DOI: 10.1080/00222930802140186, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930802140186
CE59AB25EB054502FE291C5F0EA05DDF.taxon	description	Description of the caruncle and dorsal lips Material examined Megalomma lobiferum (Ehlers, 1887) (ECOSUR) Mexican Caribbean, Quintana Roo, Contoy, Punta Sur, Coll. S. I. Salazar, 2 March 2001 (one). Veracruz, I. Verde, Coll. S. I. Salazar, 5 August 1985 (one). Panama, Fuerte Sherman, Colo « n, Coll. S. I. Salazar, 2 June 2002, T 530, S 530 / 00 (one). (LACM – AHF, AF 00 – 59, Vc 0634) British Virgin Islands, Guana, Beef Island, Trellis Bay, Coll. K. Fitzhugh, 12 July 2000, tubes taken from coral rubble (two). (LACM – AHF, AF 00 – 59, Vc 0565) Beef Island, Trellis Bay, directly off airport, Coll. K. Fitzhugh, 12 July 2000 (one). (USNM 073019) Panama, Galeta reef, Coll. A. A. Reimer, April 1982 (six). Megalomma pigmentum Reish, 1963 (ECOSUR) Mexican Pacific, Bahı « a San Quintı « n, Coll. L. E. Caldero « n, 8 December 1981. Megalomma carunculata sp. nov. (LACM – AHF POLY 2196, holotype) Punta Manzanillo, Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexican Pacific, Coll. S. I. Salazar, 4 August 1988, 1 m. (UMAR – POLY) Mexican Pacific, Oaxaca, Huatulco, El Maguey, Coll. S. Rodrı « guez, 4 July 2007 (one); Puerto A « ngel, Aguete, Coll. G. Cancino, 25 August 2006, 1.5 m (one); Puerto A « ngel, La Boquilla, Coll. J – B, G – N, 23 April 2005 (one). Gross observations The caruncle (ca) is an erect, triangular lobe (Figures 1 J, 2 E – F), located dorsally above the mouth (mo), and between the dorsal lips (dl) (Figure 2 E). In fresh and old preserved material of M. lobiferum, M. carunculata sp. nov. and M. pigmentum the caruncle is purple, the length can be as long as the dorsal lips but never longer. The caruncle of M. lobiferum is covered by four ciliated bands that run longitudinally (Figure 3 A); there are one dorsal (db) (Figure 3 B), one ventral (vb) (Figure 3 C) and two lateral bands (lb): the right lateral band (rlb) (Figure 3 C) and the left lateral band (llb) (Figure 3 B). The cilia from the lateral bands are hypertrophied, wider distally, tongue-like, forming a ciliated curtain or membranella – possibly hypertrophied nuchal organs – (Figures 3 B, E, F). The dorsal band of cilia is an extension of those cilia present in the anterior peristomial ring (apr); and extends posteriorly towards the faecal groove (fg) (Figure 3 A). All bands are separated by non-ciliated narrow grooves (g) (Figure 3 C) and therefore they may not belong to the same type of sensory organs. Internal construction The caruncle of M. lobiferum is innervated directly from the cerebral ganglion (cg) (Figures 4 A, B, 5 B, C); and it is supported with hyaline cartilage constituted by a homogeneous eosinophilic matrix (cm) (Figures 4 C, 5 B, D). A blood vessel (bv) runs along the structure, covered by a broad coelomic chamber (co) and conjunctive tissue (Figure 4 C). Columnar epithelium (ce) is present at the base of the caruncle (Figure 4 B), and cubic epithelium (cue) with long ciliated cells (ci) towards the tip (Figures 4 D, 5 B). The anterior pair of nephridia (neph) crosses the coelomic cavity of the first thoracic chaetiger (I) and continues through a narrow intramuscular canal near the base of the caruncle but never reaching it or running through it (Figure 4 A). The dorsal lips (dl) of M. carunculata sp. nov., M. lobiferum and M. pigmentum have radiolar appendages (ra) forming two lateral lamellae; they are as long as onequarter the length of the branchial crown (Figure 2 E). The lips of M. lobiferum are vascularized by a plexus of small blood vessels (bv), running along the lip as a strongly branched network; each blood vessel is surrounded by coelomic chambers (Figures 5 A, E). These blood vessels are derived from the basal branchial blood vessels, which further back communicate with the dorsal vessel. The dorsal lips have hyaline cartilage, but there is no extension of the branchial skeleton. The hyaline cartilage is composed of abundant collagen fibres forming a net with dispersed chondrocytes. A columnar epithelium covers the dorsal lips and it is covered by cuticle (Figure 5 E).	en	Marı, Tovar-Herna, a Ana, ndez, Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2008): Caruncle in Megalomma Johansson, 1925 (Polychaeta: Sabellidae) and the description of a new species from the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Journal of Natural History 42 (29 - 30): 1951-1973, DOI: 10.1080/00222930802140186, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930802140186
