identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
D3733E0E73090E49FC119DDF7B7715C7.text	D3733E0E73090E49FC119DDF7B7715C7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Perca argentea Linnaeus. The 1758	<div><p>Perca argentea Linnaeus</p> <p>Perca argentea Linnaeus (1758: 294), one of 29 species described in the genus Perca by Linnaeus (1758), was briefly diagnosed as having the dorsal fins joined, caudal fin forked, nostrils tubular, D. XII,10. A. III,8. P. 12. V. I,5. C. 17. No type locality was given.</p> <p>Between the 10 th (1758) and the 12 th (1766) editions of Systema Naturae, Linnaeus published the second volume of the Museum Adolphi Frederici (Linnaeus, 1764) containing the description of two new species and additional details for a number of species previously named and described in the 1758 edition. The second volume of Museum Adolphi Frederici was already prepared along with the first, but financial difficulties delayed the publication (Fernholm &amp; Wheeler, 1983), and consequently Linnaeus (1758) has references to and diagnoses of species that were described more fully only in Linnaeus (1764). In Linnaeus (1764) nine species were listed in the genus Perca, among them Perca argentea Linnaeus (1764: 86), already formally described in Linnaeus (1758: 294). Linnaeus (1764) provided the following morphological details in addition to the 1758 diagnosis: “preopercle finely serrate, opercle with a strong spine; teeth in jaws pointed; six branchiostegal rays; body shape very similar to that of Cyprinus auratus; dorsal profile rounded anteriorly; a black blotch on the spinous portion of dorsal fin.” Four species of Perca in the 1758 edition of Systema Naturae, argentea, scriba, mediterranea, and vittata, were described without locality. Linnaeus (1764) added “Habitat in America” for all four of these; none are valid localities for these species. Perca scriba (now Serranus scriba) and P. mediterranea (now Symphodus mediterraneus) are from the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean (Tortonese, 1973); P. vittata (valid as Plectorhinchus vittatus) is from the Indo-Pacific (Randall &amp; Johnson, 2000). As indicated below, the locality given by Linnaeus for of P. argentea is also erroneous.</p> <p>After its description, P. argentea was listed in several encyclopedic compilations of world fishes between the end of eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth. A brief summary of the most important entries follows. All</p> <p>cited “America” as type locality if such information was given.</p> <p>A full account of P. argentea appeared first in Müller (1774: 243).</p> <p>Bonnaterre (1788: 135) described P. argentea as “La ciliée” and gave a detailed account based on Museum Adolphi Frederici.</p> <p>Gmelin (1789: 1322) listed P. argentea and cited Linnaeus (1764). He provided only a short description, including finray counts, the shape of nostrils, and the presence of a black spot on the spinous portion of the dorsal fin.</p> <p>Walbaum (1792: 336) reproduced the complete description of P. argentea given by Linnaeus (1764), and added to the diagnosis the presence of two longitudinal dark stripes. He did not mention the locality and regarded it as the same specimen described and figured by Seba (1759: 77, pl. XXVII, Fig. 13), of which Walbaum reported only the diagnosis (silvery; two longitudinal stripes; caudal fin forked). The specimen considered to be identical to P. argentea was described by Seba as follows (translated from the Latin): dorsal profile convex, jaws equal; scales on body thin, silvery, adherent, slightly rough; body completely silvery except for the presence of two longitudinal pale, barely visible, reddish stripes; dorsal fin notched with 11 spines and 10–11 soft rays, anal fin with 3 spines and 8–9 soft rays, ventral fin with one spine and 5 soft rays, pectorals pale and oblong; preopercle, opercle, and lacrimal serrate; total length about two inches.</p> <p>Bloch &amp; Schneider (1801: 92) listed P. argentea among doubtful species of the genus Perca; they reported Linnaeus’ short description (1766). However, Linnaeus’ species name appears a second time under Holocentrus, as H. argenteus on p. 321.</p> <p>Lacepède (1802: 205) and Sonnini (1802: 169) reported P. argentea in Lutjanus.</p> <p>Shaw (1803: 438) listed the species as Sparus argenteus, and included a short diagnosis. He cited as the source of his information Linnaeus (1764) and Gmelin (1789).</p> <p>No mention of P. argentea was given by Cuvier &amp; Valenciennes (1828, 1829), and they did not include Perca argentea Cuvier et al. (1827: 6). Incidentally, Cuvier had erroneously identified the aforementioned specimen figured by Seba (1759: 77, pl. 27, Fig. 13) as Holocentrus marginatus Bloch [an incorrect subsequent spelling of Epinephelus marginalis Bloch, 1793]. This conclusion was repeated by Cuvier &amp; Valenciennes (1828: 301), where he misprinted the figure number as 3 instead of 13. Parenti &amp; Desoutter (2007) recently identified this specimen as Terapon theraps (Cuvier, 1829).</p> <p>Günther (1859) did not include a species account for Perca argentea, but mentioned the name in passing in his brief</p> <p>description of Therapon cinereus, based on a specimen from India.</p> <p>Jordan &amp; Evermann (1896–1900) did not list P. argentea in their comprehensive, four-volume Fishes of North and Middle America.</p> <p>Although P. argentea clearly belongs to the speciose assemblage of lower percoid fishes, its precise identity was never resolved, and it was not included in Fernholm &amp; Wheeler’s (1983) catalogue of the Linnaean types in NRM. Based on the species accounts given in the Museum Adolphi Frederici and in the 12 th edition of Systema Naturae, specifically the black-striped silvery body with a black blotch on the spinous portion of the dorsal fin, P. argentea is most likely a member of the Terapontidae, an Indo-Pacific family of perciform fishes found in coastal marine and brackish habitats, with some species occurring in freshwater. Using the key to species in the revision of the Terapontidae (Vari, 1978), and based on the colour pattern and the presence of a strong opercular spine, we conclude that P. argentea represents a species of the genus Terapon. In particular, as explained below, it is considered a senior synonym of Terapon theraps (Cuvier, 1829). Although the black blotch on the spinous dorsal fin is not diagnostic for T. theraps, the species is also characterised by the presence of two dark longitudinal stripes on body, which, however, are less evident in young specimens and may be barely visible in preserved specimens (Fig. 1). Interestingly, Therapon cinereus Cuvier, 1829, which was described as having the body silvery without apparent stripes, but with a black spot on spinous dorsal, has been regarded as a synonym of T. theraps (Vari, 1978).</p> <p>No type material was known for P. argentea until Eschmeyer (1998). Type material, if extant, should be present in the collection of King Adolf Fredrik now present in the Swedish Museum of Natural History, where it was transferred in 1801. Collection registers maintained at the NRM can be used to trace specimens to Adolf Fredrik’s collection, but not all of the species in Linnaeus (1754, 1764) are present in those records. Nonetheless, specimens judged by conservation condition and of very old date, apparently 18 th century, and compatible with descriptions in Seba (1759), a major source of the King’s exotic specimens, and/or with Linnaeus’s descriptions of reptiles and fishes in Linnaeus (1749, 1754, 1758, 1764), are present in the collections of NRM and the Museum of Evolution in Uppsala. In NRM, there are two old specimens labelled as Perca argentea, without further information, and which both are referable to Terapon. One of them (NRM 4295) has been catalogued, on undocumented grounds, as holotype of P. argentea (Figs. 2, 3). Although dark stripes are no longer visible, the specimen is well preserved. Its accession history is incomplete, but the condition is similar to that of other old specimens in the Adolf Fredrik collection, and it is definitely an 18 th century specimen. It also represents a species that should be present in the Adolf Fredrik collection, and is compatible with the description provided by Linnaeus (1764). The specimen is absent from the catalogue of the museum of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (presently the Swedish Museum of Natural History) prepared in 1800 by its curator Conrad Quensel, so it certain that it was not present at NRM up till 1800. After the King’s collection had been acquired, Quensel’s successor, Olof Swartz, made an inventory of the Academy’s collection completed in 1809, with 338 fish specimens, annotating specimens from the King’s collection. There is no entry in Swartz’s catalogue that can be identified as Perca argentea. The oldest label attached to NRM 4295 was made by Swartz’s successor, Johan Wilhelm Dalman within his active period 1824–1828 and reads Perca Holocentrus. This name could refer to Perca holocentrus Euphrasén (1795), a replacement name for Holocentrus jogo Bloch, but based on a West Indies specimen. No specimens from Euphrasén’s West Indies collection are known to exist in the NRM collection, and it is uncertain from where Dalman may have obtained the name. A much younger label from the curatorship of Fredrik Adam Smitt in the late 1900s identifies the specimen as Therapon argenteus C.V. and coming from the old collection; this name probably based on Günther’s (1859: 283) description of what is now Mesopristes argenteus (Cuvier, 1829), which is not the same species as Perca argentea Linnaeus. The absence of the species from Quensel’s inventory suggests strongly that NRM 4295 was not present in the Academy’s old, and relatively small collection. The absence from the 1809 inventory is not conclusive. Swartz was instructed to specially mark specimens from the King’s collection (Fernholm &amp; Wheeler, 1983), but he most likely would not have done so with specimens lacking labels. Dalman lists 22 objects as being without labels, although he may have meant undetermined. In between 1809 and 1828, the Academy acquired also a large private collection containing exotic fishes (Fernholm &amp; Wheeler, 1983), but it was kept separate from the King’s collection and Dalman does not list from that collection any specimens that could represent a Terapon. Based on circumstantial evidence, NRM 4295 is therefore considered to represent type material of Perca argentea. As explained by Fernholm &amp; Wheeler (1983), very few specimens are missing from the Adolf Fredrik collection, but the documentation of specimens can range from a complete set of labels dating back to the original repository at Drottningholm, to estimated age and accordance with Linnaeus’s description and/or figure (e.g., Mediannikov et al., 2012).</p> <p>Specimens of T. theraps can be easily distinguished from the other two species of the genus, T. puta Cuvier, 1829 and T. jarbua (Forsskål, 1775) by having fewer lateral-line scales (46–56 vs more than 70). The newly recognised holotype of P. argentea (NRM 4295) has 56 lateral-line scales.</p> <p>The status of Perca argentea Linnaeus as a senior synonym of the long-accepted name T. theraps Cuvier, is mandated by Article 23.9 (“reversal of precedence”) of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999: 27). The two conditions that require the younger synonym to be recognised as the valid name are fulfilled: to our knowledge, Perca argentea has not been used as a valid name since 1899 (Art. 23.9.1.1), and Terapon theraps (occasionally as Therapon theraps) has been used as valid name in at least 25 publications by at least 10 authors in a time span of 10 years within the last 50 years (Art. 23.9.1.2). The following list of 25 publications have cited the name Terapon theraps: Menasveta (1981); Ahmad (1983); Talwar &amp; Kacker (1984); Bianchi (1985); Heemstra (1986); Kailola (1987); Vasanth &amp; Reddy (1987); Ahmad &amp; Lal Dhar (1987); Allen &amp; Steene (1988); Russell &amp; Houston (1989); Paxton et al. (1989); Kuiter (1992); Ali et al., (1993); Fouda &amp; Hermosa (1993); Senta et al. (1993); Blaber et al. (1994); Goren &amp; Dor (1994); Randall (1995); Randall et al. (1997); Johnson (1999); Ni &amp; Kwok (1999); Vari (1978, 2000); Sadovy &amp; Cornish (2000); and Hutchins (2001). Therefore, the validity of Terapon theraps Cuvier is maintained.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D3733E0E73090E49FC119DDF7B7715C7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Parenti, Paolo;Kullander, Sven;Randall, John E.	Parenti, Paolo, Kullander, Sven, Randall, John E. (2013): Taxonomic And Nomenclatural Status Of Perca Argentea Linnaeus, 1758, Perca Vaila Osbeck, 1770, And Perca Indica Gronow In Gray, 1854 (Osteichthyes, Terapontidae And Moronidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 61 (1): 303-310, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5351900
D3733E0E730A0E4EFBE998D17B711307.text	D3733E0E730A0E4EFBE998D17B711307.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Perca vaila OSBECK 1770	<div><p>Perca vaila Osbeck</p> <p>The name Perca vaila Osbeck (1770) is regarded as invalid in the Catalog of Fishes (Eschmeyer, 1998: 1735) on the basis of earlier synonymisations (Walbaum, 1792; Bloch &amp; Schneider, 1801; Bloch, 1792) as Dicentrarchus labrax, D. punctata, and Sciaena diacantha, respectively. The name is available from Osbeck (1770: 102), which contains descriptions of 12 new species of fishes, five of which were assigned to Perca (P. aculeata, P. dubia, P. obscura, P. ringens, and P. vaila). Perca vaila was described by a relatively large number of characters (see below) that lead us to conclude that it represents an older name for the species presently known as Dicentrarchus punctatus (Bloch, 1792). The original description states that it is based on species 6 of genus 127 listed in the ninth edition of Systema Naturae (Linnaeus, 1756) [Osbeck misprinted the generic number; in the ninth edition Perca is number 122, whereas it is 127 is in the sixth edition (1748)]. The name vaila is taken from Spanish and corresponds to the fish that Swedish sailors call Laxoren, as recognised by Artedi (1738: 41, species 7, Perca radiis dorsalis secundae tredecim…Labrax Graecorum). Osbeck’s description, in Latin, may be translated as follows: “Dorsal fins: the first with 9 spines, the second with 14 soft rays. Pectorals 15. Ventrals 6. Anal 14, of which the first 3 are spinous. Caudal fin forked with 20 rays. Body compressed (the general aspect of a salmon) with many small dots on the upper half and a little below the lateral line. Back dark. Belly white. One foot in length, but often less. Head small. Gape large, roundish. Tongue dark white, rough. Iris white. Three opercular leaflets at both sides, the middle one [read preopercle] finely serrate. Ventral and pectoral fins white, the other fins dark. To these some Oniscus specimens adhere.”</p> <p>To our knowledge, only three subsequent books listed the name Perca vaila. In his Genera Piscium, Walbaum (1792: 329) placed P. vaila in the synonymy of P. labrax, with a complete description, together with the correct reference. Bloch &amp; Schneider (1801: 85) included it in the synonymy of Sciaena punctata. Bloch (1792) regarded it as a variety of Perca diacantha (= Sciaena diacantha Bloch, 1792: 58) and listed P. labrax as a distinct species. The status of S. punctata, S. diacantha, and P. labrax was extensively reviewed by Cuvier &amp; Valenciennes (1828: 56), who regarded all three names as synonyms of Labrax lupus. He was followed in this decision by Günther (1859: 63). The generic name Labrax is preoccupied by Labrax Pallas, 1810 in the Hexagrammidae, and Dicentrarchus Gill, 1860 is therefore the valid generic name (Daget &amp; Smith, 1986: 299). According to Tortonese (1973: 357), Dicentrarchus contains two species, D. labrax (Linnaeus, 1758) and D. punctatus (Bloch, 1792), distinguished by the form of vomerine tooth path (crescent-shaped vs anchor-shaped, respectively), modal number of scales in the lateral line (70 vs 60, respectively), number of soft rays in the second dorsal fin (12–13 vs 11–14) and colour pattern (adults never spotted, young with some dark spots vs adults with many small black spots on back and sides). Both species inhabit the Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea. Based on the original description, Perca vaila Osbeck clearly represents an older name for Dicentrarchus punctatus. However, to our knowledge Perca vaila has not been used as a valid name since 1899 (Article 23.9.1.1), and D. punctatus has been used as valid in 25 or more publications by more 10 authors in the last 50 years (Article 23.9.1.2). Article 23.9.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature thus requires us to declare Perca vaila as a nomen oblitum, and Sciaena punctata as a nomen conservandum for the same species. The relevant conditions are met by the following 25 publications that cited the name D. punctatus: Tortonese (1973); Ben-Tuvia (1978); Drake et al. (1982); Oliver &amp; Paperna (1984); Daget &amp; Smith (1986); Bauchot (1987); Smith (1990); Drake &amp; Arias (1991); Economidis (1991); Sola et al. (1993); Goren &amp; Dor (1994); Poll &amp; Gosse (1994); Pérez-Bote et al., (1995); Coad (1996); Allegrucci et al. (1997, 1999); Arruda (1997); Gonçalves et al. (1997); Kottelat (1997); Reshetnikov et al. (1997); Azeroual et al. (2000); Bilecenoglu et al. (2002); Bonhomme et al. (2002); El-Mor et al. (2002); Roe et al. (2002).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D3733E0E730A0E4EFBE998D17B711307	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Parenti, Paolo;Kullander, Sven;Randall, John E.	Parenti, Paolo, Kullander, Sven, Randall, John E. (2013): Taxonomic And Nomenclatural Status Of Perca Argentea Linnaeus, 1758, Perca Vaila Osbeck, 1770, And Perca Indica Gronow In Gray, 1854 (Osteichthyes, Terapontidae And Moronidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 61 (1): 303-310, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5351900
D3733E0E730D0E4EFEB99B11789C1767.text	D3733E0E730D0E4EFEB99B11789C1767.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Perca indica Gronow	<div><p>Perca indica Gronow</p> <p>Perca indica Gronow (in Gray, 1854: 114) was described from India, but apparently was never reported in checklists of the area. The original diagnosis may be translated as follows: “ Perca having body and caudal fin with stripes; two approached dorsal fins; head scaleless, smooth; opercle scaled, spiniferous; caudal fin lunate. Habitat: India. Description: general aspect similar to the common perch; five inches of length; head scaleless, but with scales below the eye and on the opercle; upper margin of the preopercle uniformly serrate; opercle armed with a long strong spine; dorsal profile elevated anteriorly to the origin of the dorsal fin, after which it starts to decline. Two dorsal fins, very close to one another, so that they can certainly be said to be joined. Anterior fin more elevated, comb-like, armed with 11 spines; posterior lower, smooth, almost rectangular, with 11 rays. Pectoral fins short, lanceolate, inserted slightly below the midline, and formed by 14 rays. Ventral fins subthoracic, inserted slightly posterior to the pectorals, of which they are a little longer, formed by 6 rays, the first spinous. Anal fin placed under the soft dorsal and composed of 11 rays, the first 3 spinous, strong, roughly equal. Caudal fin forked. Scales rather large, ctenoid. Colour yellowish, brownish on the back; a dark stripe running straight from midline on head to caudal fin. Spinous portion of the dorsal fin marked with a black blotch. Five longitudinal, almost parallel, black, and quite large lines on caudal fin.” Based on this detailed description Perca indica is identified here as a new junior synonym of Terapon theraps (Cuvier in Cuvier &amp; Valenciennes, 1829).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D3733E0E730D0E4EFEB99B11789C1767	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Parenti, Paolo;Kullander, Sven;Randall, John E.	Parenti, Paolo, Kullander, Sven, Randall, John E. (2013): Taxonomic And Nomenclatural Status Of Perca Argentea Linnaeus, 1758, Perca Vaila Osbeck, 1770, And Perca Indica Gronow In Gray, 1854 (Osteichthyes, Terapontidae And Moronidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 61 (1): 303-310, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5351900
