taxonID	type	description	language	source
D3733E0E73090E49FC119DDF7B7715C7.taxon	description	After its description, P. argentea was listed in several encyclopedic compilations of world fishes between the end of eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth. A brief summary of the most important entries follows. All cited “ America ” as type locality if such information was given. A full account of P. argentea appeared first in Müller (1774: 243). Bonnaterre (1788: 135) described P. argentea as “ La ciliée ” and gave a detailed account based on Museum Adolphi Frederici. Gmelin (1789: 1322) listed P. argentea and cited Linnaeus (1764). He provided only a short description, including finray counts, the shape of nostrils, and the presence of a black spot on the spinous portion of the dorsal fin. Walbaum (1792: 336) reproduced the complete description of P. argentea given by Linnaeus (1764), and added to the diagnosis the presence of two longitudinal dark stripes. He did not mention the locality and regarded it as the same specimen described and figured by Seba (1759: 77, pl. XXVII, Fig. 13), of which Walbaum reported only the diagnosis (silvery; two longitudinal stripes; caudal fin forked). The specimen considered to be identical to P. argentea was described by Seba as follows (translated from the Latin): dorsal profile convex, jaws equal; scales on body thin, silvery, adherent, slightly rough; body completely silvery except for the presence of two longitudinal pale, barely visible, reddish stripes; dorsal fin notched with 11 spines and 10 – 11 soft rays, anal fin with 3 spines and 8 – 9 soft rays, ventral fin with one spine and 5 soft rays, pectorals pale and oblong; preopercle, opercle, and lacrimal serrate; total length about two inches. Bloch & Schneider (1801: 92) listed P. argentea among doubtful species of the genus Perca; they reported Linnaeus’ short description (1766). However, Linnaeus’ species name appears a second time under Holocentrus, as H. argenteus on p. 321. Lacepède (1802: 205) and Sonnini (1802: 169) reported P. argentea in Lutjanus. Shaw (1803: 438) listed the species as Sparus argenteus, and included a short diagnosis. He cited as the source of his information Linnaeus (1764) and Gmelin (1789). No mention of P. argentea was given by Cuvier & Valenciennes (1828, 1829), and they did not include Perca argentea Cuvier et al. (1827: 6). Incidentally, Cuvier had erroneously identified the aforementioned specimen figured by Seba (1759: 77, pl. 27, Fig. 13) as Holocentrus marginatus Bloch [an incorrect subsequent spelling of Epinephelus marginalis Bloch, 1793]. This conclusion was repeated by Cuvier & Valenciennes (1828: 301), where he misprinted the figure number as 3 instead of 13. Parenti & Desoutter (2007) recently identified this specimen as Terapon theraps (Cuvier, 1829). Günther (1859) did not include a species account for Perca argentea, but mentioned the name in passing in his brief description of Therapon cinereus, based on a specimen from India. Jordan & Evermann (1896 – 1900) did not list P. argentea in their comprehensive, four-volume Fishes of North and Middle America.	en	Parenti, Paolo, Kullander, Sven, Randall, John E. (2013): Taxonomic And Nomenclatural Status Of Perca Argentea Linnaeus, 1758, Perca Vaila Osbeck, 1770, And Perca Indica Gronow In Gray, 1854 (Osteichthyes, Terapontidae And Moronidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 61 (1): 303-310, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5351900
D3733E0E73090E49FC119DDF7B7715C7.taxon	description	Specimens of T. theraps can be easily distinguished from the other two species of the genus, T. puta Cuvier, 1829 and T. jarbua (Forsskål, 1775) by having fewer lateral-line scales (46 – 56 vs more than 70). The newly recognised holotype of P. argentea (NRM 4295) has 56 lateral-line scales. The status of Perca argentea Linnaeus as a senior synonym of the long-accepted name T. theraps Cuvier, is mandated by Article 23.9 (“ reversal of precedence ”) of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999: 27). The two conditions that require the younger synonym to be recognised as the valid name are fulfilled: to our knowledge, Perca argentea has not been used as a valid name since 1899 (Art. 23.9.1.1), and Terapon theraps (occasionally as Therapon theraps) has been used as valid name in at least 25 publications by at least 10 authors in a time span of 10 years within the last 50 years (Art. 23.9.1.2). The following list of 25 publications have cited the name Terapon theraps: Menasveta (1981); Ahmad (1983); Talwar & Kacker (1984); Bianchi (1985); Heemstra (1986); Kailola (1987); Vasanth & Reddy (1987); Ahmad & Lal Dhar (1987); Allen & Steene (1988); Russell & Houston (1989); Paxton et al. (1989); Kuiter (1992); Ali et al., (1993); Fouda & Hermosa (1993); Senta et al. (1993); Blaber et al. (1994); Goren & Dor (1994); Randall (1995); Randall et al. (1997); Johnson (1999); Ni & Kwok (1999); Vari (1978, 2000); Sadovy & Cornish (2000); and Hutchins (2001). Therefore, the validity of Terapon theraps Cuvier is maintained.	en	Parenti, Paolo, Kullander, Sven, Randall, John E. (2013): Taxonomic And Nomenclatural Status Of Perca Argentea Linnaeus, 1758, Perca Vaila Osbeck, 1770, And Perca Indica Gronow In Gray, 1854 (Osteichthyes, Terapontidae And Moronidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 61 (1): 303-310, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5351900
D3733E0E730A0E4EFBE998D17B711307.taxon	description	To our knowledge, only three subsequent books listed the name Perca vaila. In his Genera Piscium, Walbaum (1792: 329) placed P. vaila in the synonymy of P. labrax, with a complete description, together with the correct reference. Bloch & Schneider (1801: 85) included it in the synonymy of Sciaena punctata. Bloch (1792) regarded it as a variety of Perca diacantha (= Sciaena diacantha Bloch, 1792: 58) and listed P. labrax as a distinct species. The status of S. punctata, S. diacantha, and P. labrax was extensively reviewed by Cuvier & Valenciennes (1828: 56), who regarded all three names as synonyms of Labrax lupus. He was followed in this decision by Günther (1859: 63). The generic name Labrax is preoccupied by Labrax Pallas, 1810 in the Hexagrammidae, and Dicentrarchus Gill, 1860 is therefore the valid generic name (Daget & Smith, 1986: 299). According to Tortonese (1973: 357), Dicentrarchus contains two species, D. labrax (Linnaeus, 1758) and D. punctatus (Bloch, 1792), distinguished by the form of vomerine tooth path (crescent-shaped vs anchor-shaped, respectively), modal number of scales in the lateral line (70 vs 60, respectively), number of soft rays in the second dorsal fin (12 – 13 vs 11 – 14) and colour pattern (adults never spotted, young with some dark spots vs adults with many small black spots on back and sides). Both species inhabit the Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea. Based on the original description, Perca vaila Osbeck clearly represents an older name for Dicentrarchus punctatus. However, to our knowledge Perca vaila has not been used as a valid name since 1899 (Article 23.9.1.1), and D. punctatus has been used as valid in 25 or more publications by more 10 authors in the last 50 years (Article 23.9.1.2). Article 23.9.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature thus requires us to declare Perca vaila as a nomen oblitum, and Sciaena punctata as a nomen conservandum for the same species. The relevant conditions are met by the following 25 publications that cited the name D. punctatus: Tortonese (1973); Ben-Tuvia (1978); Drake et al. (1982); Oliver & Paperna (1984); Daget & Smith (1986); Bauchot (1987); Smith (1990); Drake & Arias (1991); Economidis (1991); Sola et al. (1993); Goren & Dor (1994); Poll & Gosse (1994); Pérez-Bote et al., (1995); Coad (1996); Allegrucci et al. (1997, 1999); Arruda (1997); Gonçalves et al. (1997); Kottelat (1997); Reshetnikov et al. (1997); Azeroual et al. (2000); Bilecenoglu et al. (2002); Bonhomme et al. (2002); El-Mor et al. (2002); Roe et al. (2002).	en	Parenti, Paolo, Kullander, Sven, Randall, John E. (2013): Taxonomic And Nomenclatural Status Of Perca Argentea Linnaeus, 1758, Perca Vaila Osbeck, 1770, And Perca Indica Gronow In Gray, 1854 (Osteichthyes, Terapontidae And Moronidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 61 (1): 303-310, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5351900
