taxonID	type	description	language	source
D26C4539FFBEFFA67AEE5A62FBB14948.taxon	description	Female. Length 7 – 9 mm. Black, shiny, without metallic reflection, sometimes faintly metallic violet on abdomen (Figs. 1 A – D). Ventral half of clypeus and labrum often yellowish to brownish. Mandible apically reddish. Basal two to three antennomeres often slightly brownish. Palpi yellow to pale brown. Pronotum yellowish white to brown on posterior corner. Postspiracular sclerite white or pale brown to black. Median mesoscutal lobe sometimes yellowish posterolaterally. Mesoscutellum predominantly or mostly yellowish white. Legs white to yellow on apices of coxae to trochantelli, apices of femora, fore and middle tibiae, wide basal part of hind tibia and tarsi; hind tibia dark brown to black on apical fourth, usually slightly and narrowly pale at apex; fore and middle tibiae and tarsi each apically slightly darkened; spurs brown. Wings hyaline; veins largely brown to black; in fore wing, vein C except for apex yellow, vein R 1 basal to stigma partly yellowish, and stigma somewhat pale apically. Seventh and eighth abdominal terga each laterally with yellowish white spot (Fig. 1 D), sometimes sixth abdominal tergum laterally narrowly yellowish white. Cercus black. Setae largely whitish. Head and thorax shiny, with punctures predominantly distinct and dense; on dorsum of head (Figs. 3 B, D), punctures fine and predominantly separated, and interspaces predominantly wider than punctures; on mesoscutum (Fig. 4 A), punctures fine, those on posterior part of median lobe somewhat vague, mostly separated and about as large as those on lateral lobe, and interspaces on posterior part of median lobe mostly wider than punctures; interspaces on center of mesoscutellum largely not linear-shaped; on mesepisternum (Fig. 4 B), punctures predominantly contiguous, but interspaces predominantly not linear-shaped. Clypeus with wide ventromedial part nearly smooth or faintly punctured. Labrum smooth. Abdomen shiny; first tergum (Fig. 5 A) punctured on narrow medial part to medial third, or not; second to fifth terga dorsally nearly smooth; sixth tergum to apex faintly punctured; ventral surface somewhat dull and weakly punctured. Postocellar area weakly or moderately convex (Figs. 3 A, B), with lateral furrow distinct on anterior two-thirds and anterior furrow medially blunt widely, and often with weak median furrow. Distances between eye and hind ocellus, between hind ocelli, and between hind ocellus and posterior margin of head 0.9 – 1.1: 1.0: 0.9 – 1.3; distances between eye and hind ocellus and between hind ocellus and posterior margin of head 0.8 – 1.0: 1.0. Distance between torulus and eye 1.5 – 1.8 × distance between toruli. Width of malar space 0.1 – 0.4 × width of front ocellus, 0.3 – 0.6 × length of second antennomere. Clypeus with ventral margin roundly concave. Antenna (Fig. 6 A) with 21 – 23 antennomeres; length of second antennomere 0.5 – 0.8 × width of front ocellus; length of ramus of third antennomere 2.7 – 4.1 × length of third antennomere. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 4 A) dorsally flattened widely, rarely slightly convex, sometimes with weak median furrow. Hind leg (Fig. 7 A) with length of inner tibial spur 1.1 – 1.4 × length of first tarsomere (exclusive of pulvillar pad), 1.7 – 2.1 × breadth of tibia; length of first tarsomere 1.3 – 1.8 × breadth of tibia; second and third tarsomeres combined 0.8 – 1.0 × first in length. Sawsheath in dorsal view narrow, not tapering apically, with inner margin concave, and apex much wider than cercus (Figs. 8 A, D), in lateral view slightly roundly convex apically (Figs. 8 B, E), and in posterior view with scopa vertically elongate (Figs. 8 C, F). Lance in lateral view with dorsal margin slightly concave at middle (Fig. 9 B); apices of lances asymmetrical, either left or right one longer than another (Fig. 9 A). Lancet (Figs. 10 A – E) with 10 – 11 annuli, widest at second annulus, and length from apex to ventral end of basal row of spines 2.7 – 2.8 × maximum width; spines relatively long; border of first and second annuli ventrally weakly but distinctly convex angularly; serrula of second annulus (Figs. 10 F – L) apically narrowly truncate, rarely nearly rounded, with anterior slope much shorter than posterior slope; serrula of third annulus with anterior slope slightly concave. Male [condition of lectotype in brackets]. Length 6.5 – 8.5 [7] mm. Coloration as in female except for mesoscutum, mesoscutellum and abdomen always entirely black (Figs. 1 E, F). [Ventral half of clypeus dark brown; labrum brown; basal two antennomeres very slightly pale; posterior corner of pronotum yellowish white; postspiracular sclerite brown.] Structure as in female except for usual sexual differences. Punctures more distinct (Figs. 3 D, 4 C, D); on dorsum of head, punctures somewhat larger, predominantly separated or contiguous [contiguous], and interspaces predominantly narrower or wider than punctures [narrower]; on mesepisternum, interspaces partly or moderately linear-shaped (Fig. 4 D), rarely mostly so as in Fig. 4 H [moderately]. [First abdominal tergum with punctures on about medial third (Fig. 5 B).] Postocellar area with lateral furrow distinct on anterior half (Fig. 3 D); weak median furrow rarely present [present]. Distances between eye and hind ocellus, between hind ocelli, and between hind ocellus and posterior margin of head 0.8 – 1.1: 1.0: 0.8 – 1.0 [0.8: 1.0: 0.8]; distances between eye and hind ocellus and between hind ocellus and posterior margin of head 1.0 – 1.2: 1.0 [1.1: 1.0]. Distance between torulus and eye 1.3 – 1.6 [1.5] × distance between toruli. Width of malar space 0.4 – 0.6 [0.6] × width of front ocellus, 0.6 – 1.1 [0.8] × length of second antennomere. Antenna (Fig. 6 B) with 21 – 23 [21] antennomeres, 1.0 – 1.1 [1.0] × as long as head width; length of second antennomere 0.4 – 0.8 [0.8] × width of front ocellus; ramus of third antennomere very long. Hind leg (Fig. 7 B) with length of inner tibial spur 1.1 – 1.4 [1.1] × length of first tarsomere, 1.7 – 2.2 [2.0] × breadth of tibia, length of first tarsomere 1.3 – 1.8 [1.8] × breadth of tibia, and second and third tarsomeres combined 0.8 – 1.0 [0.9] × first in length. [Mesoscutellum dorsally slightly convex, without median furrow (Fig. 4 C).] Genitalia with valviceps in dorsal view laterally convex weakly and roundly on apical half, and laterally convex narrowly at apex (Figs. 13 A, C – E), and in lateral view sinuate and gradually widened toward apex, with dorsal margin weakly convex near apex and ventral margin angularly convex near apex (Figs. 14 A – D).	en	Hara, Hideho, Smith, David R. (2012): Nesodiprion orientalis sp. nov., N. japonicus, and N. biremis, with a key to species of Nesodiprion (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae). Zootaxa 3503: 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209562
D26C4539FFBEFFA67AEE5A62FBB14948.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Lectotype (here designated): 3, with “ 25. 7. 14, [Gifu] (in Japanese letters), 3 ” written on cardboard and a label “ Japan, Mitsukuri ” (USNM). The lectotype was originally mounted on a pale brown cardboard as in Fig. 1 A as stated by Marlatt (1898), but it was removed and directly pinned for this study (Figs. 1 E, F). Paralectotypes (USNM): 13, labeled as in lectotype; 1 Ƥ, do., but with additional label “ Ƥ Type No. 3839, U. S. N. M. ”; 13, labeled as in lectotype, with additional labels “ HymSlide 198 - 201 ”, “ trophi mounted ”, “ genitalia mounted ” and “ wing mounted ”; 23, labeled as in lectotype, but “ 25. 7. 15 ” on cardboard; 23, labeled as in lectotype, but “ 25. 7. 20 ” on cardboard; 13, labeled as in lectotype, but “ 23. 0. 0 0, [Gifu, near pine, sawfly] (in Japanese letters) ” on cardboard and with additional label “ 3 Type No. 3839, U. S. N. M. ”. Marlatt (1898) described this species from two females and nine males from “ Gifu ”, but did not designate a holotype. In the preface, he wrote “ based on material presented by Dr. K. Mitsukuri ” and “ All of the specimens are mounted on large flat cards, with wings and legs beautifully spread ”. We located one female and eight male syntypes in USNM. They are mounted on or bear the same cardboards (the data written are partly different, except for [Gifu], as stated above; one male has been already removed from the cardboard), and bear the same labels “ Japan, Mitsukuri ”. Therefore, they are safely considered the syntypes, although only one female and one male have the type labels. We designate a male syntype without the type label as the lectotype, because the female of N. japonicus is often indistinguishable from that of N. kagaensis (see under Comparative notes), and the male syntype with the type label is not in good condition (most of the legs are missing). Other material examined. JAPAN ― Hokkaido: 2 Ƥ 53, Mori, VIII. 1971, Host Pinus strobus, K. Kamijo (HFRI, NSMT). Honshu ― Fukushima Pref.: 13, “ Wakamatsu ”, 30. V. 1951, Y. K. (KU). Kanagawa Pref.: 7 Ƥ 43, Zu, 28. VII. 1973, Y. Hasegawa (NSMT, SDEI). Gifu Pref.: 1 Ƥ 33, “ Katayama ”, 2 - 5. IX. 1920, Takeuchi (OPU). Ishikawa Pref.: 13, Kanazawa, Kakuma, 14. VII. 1996, M. Eguchi (NSMT). Kyoto Pref.: 13, Kyoto, 20. IV. 1927, Takeuchi (OPU); 13, do., 10. IX. 1932 (OPU); 13, do., 25. X. 1932 (OPU); 4 Ƥ 13, Kyoto, Kitashirakawa, VII. 1942, M. Tokunaga (OPU). Hyogo Pref.: 13, Sasayama, 3. V. 1961, T. Naito (KU); 33, Rokko, 12. X. 1977, N. H. (KU). Shikoku ― Kochi Pref.: 3 Ƥ, Kochi, 16. VI. 1952, Takeuchi, J. Wada (OPU). Satsunan Islands: 13, Yakushima, Hinokuni, 27 - 30. III. 1971, K. Yamagishi (KU); 1 Ƥ 13 in copula, Amami-oshima, Naze, 19. V. 1955, Takeuchi, S. Ito (OPU). Ryukyu Islands: 23, Okinawa-jima, Kunigami, 18. VI. 2003, G. A. Show (NSMT); 23, do., Naha, 1. III. 1928, Host Pinus luchuensis, H. Yashiro (OPU) (cited by Takeuchi, 1940); 13, Iriomote-jima, Ohara, 22. XI. 1960, K. Yasumatsu (KU). KOREA ― Kangwan-do: 13, Tokchom-kogae, 510 m, nr. Chuncheon, 4. VI. 1991, A. Shinohara (NSMT); 1 Ƥ, Chuncheon, Nam-myeon, Hudong-li, 17. VIII. – 5. IX. 2003, Tripotin (USNM); 1 Ƥ 23, do., but Magog-li, 70 m, 11. VII. – 7. VIII. 2004 (USNM, NSMT); 1 Ƥ, do., but Seokdong, Pohyeonsa, 31. VII. – 28. VIII. 2005, Tripotin (NSMT). Jeollabuk-do: 13, Iksan, Geumma-myeon, Miluk-san, 12 – 18. VII. 2004, C. L. Young (USNM). TAIWAN: 5 Ƥ 53, “ Formosa: 1973, ex pine ” (USNM, NSMT); 2 Ƥ 13, Taipei, 3. VIII. 1928, K. Sibata (OPU). USA: 1 Ƥ 13, “ on Pine from Japan, from Alex. Craw., S. Francisco, Calif, April 3, 1902 ” (USNM).	en	Hara, Hideho, Smith, David R. (2012): Nesodiprion orientalis sp. nov., N. japonicus, and N. biremis, with a key to species of Nesodiprion (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae). Zootaxa 3503: 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209562
D26C4539FFBEFFA67AEE5A62FBB14948.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Japan: Hokkaido (Yogo 1965), Honshu (type locality), Shikoku (Matsushita 1943; Togashi 1974), Kyushu (Yano 1916), Yaku-shima (new record), Amami-oshima (Sato 1981), Okinawa-jima (Takeuchi 1940) and Iriomote-jima (Abe & Togashi 1989); Korea (Kim 1963); Taiwan (Mitono 1936). Although we have not examined specimens of the authors cited above except for those of Okinawa-jima by Takeuchi (1940), we were able to examine other specimens from these areas except for Kyushu. Rohwer (1910) reported that this species “ came to the port of San Francisco on a Japanese pine in 1902 ” and “ has been introduced into United States through San Francisco, California ”, and Takeuchi (1940) wrote that this species was “ introduced into North America ”. Rohwer’s report is based on a female and a male labeled “ on Pine from Japan, from Alex. Craw., S. Francisco, Calif, April 3, 1902 ” (USNM). These are quarantine interceptions at U. S. ports-of-entry and do not indicate establishment. Nesodiprion japonicus has never been collected in North America. Host plants. Pinaceae: Cedrus deodara (Okutani 1959, 1967); Larix kaempferi (Yano 1916; Okutani 1959, 1967); Pinus densiflora (Yano, 1916; Okutani 1967), P. koraiensis (Sato 1981), P. leiophylla (Furuno 1976), P. luchuensis (Matsushita 1943), P. massoniana (Mitono 1936), P. palustris (Okutani 1967), P. radiata (Sato 1981), P. strobus (Yogo 1965; Okutani 1967), P. taeda (Okutani 1967), P. thunbergii (Yano 1916), P. wallichiana (Furuno 1976), “ slash pine (P. caribaea) ” (Yie et al. 1966 a). We have only examined specimens reared on P. luchuensis and P. strobus. Other host plants need confirmation (see under Remarks). Life history. Adults have been collected in the field from late April to late October in Kyoto Prefecture, Honshu and from early March to late November in the Ryukyu Islands. The sawfly is probably multivoltine in the temperate and subtropical regions. Previous studies need confirmation (see under Remarks). Comparative notes. The three species treated here, N. japonicus, N. biremis and N. orientalis, and one Japanese species, N. kagaensis, are similar to each other in having the following combination of characters: Head, thorax and abdomen mostly black; legs black, with trochanters and their adjacent areas white to brown, distinctly pale, and apices of femora, wide basal area of hind tibia and most of tarsi white to yellow; distances between eye and hind ocellus and between hind ocelli 0.8 – 1.3: 1.0; malar space narrower than front ocellus; hind tarsus with second and third tarsomeres combined 0.8 – 1.1 × first in length; in female, seventh and eighth abdominal terga usually each with white to yellowish brown lateral spot, third antennomere with ramus more than 1.5 × length of third antennomere, and sawsheath in dorsal view narrow and apically incised. Four Chinese species, N. yananicus, N. zhejiangensis, N. huanglongshanicus and N. degenicus, are probably similar to the above four species, because N. yananicus, N. zhejiangensis and N. huanglongshanicus were described as resembling N. japonicus and N. degenicus as closely allied to N. yananicus; however, their characters were insufficiently detailed (see Xiao et al. 1981, 1984, 1985, 1992; Zhu et al. 1983), and we have not examined any specimens safely identifiable with these species except for the lancet and penis valve of N. degenicus. Nesodiprion japonicus is separated from N. biremis and N. orientalis by the fine punctures on the posterior part of the mesoscutum (Figs. 4 A, C), and punctures on the median mesoscutal lobe about as large as those on the lateral mesoscutal lobe (in N. biremis and N. orientalis, the punctures large (Figs. 4 E, G, I, K), and the punctures on the median lobe larger than those on the lateral lobe). For more comparisons, see under the latter two species. Nesodiprion japonicus is quite similar to N. kagaensis, and the main distinguishing characters are in the penis valves. The valviceps in dorsal view is laterally weakly and roundly convex and in lateral view is dorsally convex near the apex in N. japonicus (Figs. 13 A – E, 14 A – D), while in dorsal view more strongly and nearly angularly so and in lateral view dorsally almost straight near the apex in N. kagaensis (Figs. 16 F, G). Their females are often not distinguishable except when females are safely or tentatively identifiable with either species, namely collected together with certain males in copulation, whose progeny were reared, or considered as being collected together with certain males. In such females, the mesoscutellum is always predominantly pale in N. japonicus, while predominantly pale to dark or entirely dark in N. kagaensis, and the seventh and eighth abdominal terga each are always laterally distinctly pale in N. japonicus, while pale or absent in N. kagaensis. The malar space width is 0.1 – 0.4 × the front ocellus width in N. japonicus, whereas 0.3 – 0.7 × in N. kagaensis. Thus, pale females having a very narrow malar space (0.1 – 0.2 × the front ocellus in width) are N. japonicus, pale females having a moderate malar space (0.3 – 0.4 ×) are not identifiable, and pale females having a wide malar space (0.5 × or more) and dark females are N. kagaensis. The holotype of N. kagaensis (examined, deposited in NSMT) is a female, with the mesoscutellum mostly black, the abdomen entirely black, and the malar space 0.6 × the width of the front ocellus (Togashi 1998). Nesodiprion kagaensis will be detailed in a separate paper. According to the original descriptions of N. yananicus, N. zhejiangensis, N. huanglongshanicus and N. degenicus (Xiao et al. 1981, 1984, 1985), N. yananicus has the head and thorax shiny, the head, pronotum and mesoscutellum with coarse punctures, and the median and lateral mesoscutal lobes with small and uniform punctures; N. zhejiangensis has the head and thorax moderately shiny with dense and coarse punctures; N. huanglongshanicus has the head and thorax moderately shiny, the head, pronotum and mesoscutellum with coarse and somewhat sparse punctures, and the median and lateral mesoscutal lobes with somewhat small and uniform punctures; and N. degenicus has the head and thorax with “ bluish purplish reflection ” and dense punctures and the mesoscutellum and “ [front-lateral mesoscutal lobe] ” (in Chinese) with somewhat sparse punctures. Therefore, N. japonicus is apparently similar to N. yananicus in lacking metallic reflection on the head and thorax and the fine punctures on the mesoscutum. Concerning the body color of N. yananicus, Xiao et al. (1981) only wrote that the body is black, but the seventh and eighth abdominal terga are each laterally with a pale yellow white mark, and did not refer to color of the pronotum, mesoscutellum and legs. Later, Xiao et al. (1984) wrote that the female and male pronotums are black. We suppose the color of N. yananicus is generally similar to that of N. japonicus, because the authors wrote N. yananicus resembling N. japonicus, while they did not use color for separating these two species (cf. Xiao et al. 1981). The males are easily separable by the penis valve. The valviceps in lateral view is sinuate and gradually widened toward the apex in N. japonicus (Figs. 14 A – D), whereas the valviceps is distinctly constricted at the apical third in N. yananicus as in Fig. 16 E (Xiao et al. 1981: fig. 1; Xiao et al. 1985: fig. 15). In the female, the lancet of N. japonicus is wide, with the length from the apex to the ventral end of the basal row of spines 2.7 – 2.8 × the maximum width (Figs. 10 A – E), while the lancet of N. yananicus is narrow, with the length 3.5 – 3.7 × the maximum width (Xiao et al. 1981: fig. 4; Xiao et al. 1985: fig. 35). Xiao et al. (1981) distinguished the female of N. yananicus from that of N. japonicus by the smaller serrulae of the second and third annuli and the parallel third “ annulus ” (= probably the row of spines) and fourth “ annulus ”. However, these serrulae are somewhat variable in size, and these rows are almost parallel in N. japonicus (Figs. 10 A – E).	en	Hara, Hideho, Smith, David R. (2012): Nesodiprion orientalis sp. nov., N. japonicus, and N. biremis, with a key to species of Nesodiprion (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae). Zootaxa 3503: 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209562
D26C4539FFBEFFA67AEE5A62FBB14948.taxon	discussion	Remarks. “ Nesodiprion japonicus ” has long been known as an important pest of pines in Japan, Korea and Taiwan. Its pest status has been recognized for more than 100 years in Japan (Matsumura 1899, “ Lophyrus japonicus ”; Sasaki 1900, “ Lophyrus pallida! ”). Many studies on the sawfly have been accumulated in these countries (e. g., Matsumura 1899; Sasaki 1900; Niijima 1913; Mitono 1936; Matsushita 1943; Okutani 1959; Inoue 1960; Kim 1963; Yie et al. 1966 a, 1966 b, 1967; Yie & Hsu 1967; Sato 1981; Lee & Kim 1994; Lee & Chung 1997). However, it is probable that previous studies confused two or more species. Sato (1981) gave the most detailed study on biology and damage of “ N. japonica ” in Japan, based on a population severely infesting manmade forests of Pinus strobus in Iwate Prefecture, Honshu from 1966 to 1974. We examined specimens from his study kept in FFPRIH and HFRI, and have recognized that all the males (n = 10) are N. kagaensis (the females of these two species are often indistinguishable as stated above). Okutani (1959) described the larva of “ N. japonica ” in detail, and all males (n = 2) of Nesodiprion reared before 1959 in KU where his material has been deposited are N. kagaensis. In Korea, two species, N. japonicus and N. biremis, have been recorded (Kim 1963 and Zombori 1978, respectively). In Taiwan, we have found two Nesodiprion species associated with Pinus, N. japonicus and N. sp. (? huanglongshanicus) (see under Materials and Methods), although the former has been known as the only representative of the genus in the area. Reliable characters to separate these four species have not been detailed until this study. Previous studies on “ N. japonicus ” in these countries must be confirmed.	en	Hara, Hideho, Smith, David R. (2012): Nesodiprion orientalis sp. nov., N. japonicus, and N. biremis, with a key to species of Nesodiprion (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae). Zootaxa 3503: 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209562
D26C4539FFB6FFA17AEE590BFE5D4D5C.taxon	description	Female [condition of lectotype in brackets]. Length 7.5 – 8.5 [8.5] mm. Black, shiny without metallic reflection [faintly violet on abdomen] (Figs. 2 A – D). Clypeus brown to black [brown], ventrally becoming paler. Labrum dark brown to black [dark brown]. Mandible apically reddish. Basal two antennomeres faintly or distinctly yellow to brown [distinctly yellow] (Figs. 2 A – D, 6 C, D). Palpi yellow to pale brown. Pronotum widely or narrowly yellowish white on posterior corner [widely] (Figs. 2 A – D). Postspiracular sclerite slightly pale or not [slightly pale]. Median mesoscutal lobe brownish or not [brownish]. Mesoscutellum mostly yellowish white or black and centrally slightly brownish [mostly yellowish white]. Mesepisternum centrally slightly brownish (Fig. 2 A) or not (Fig. 2 D) [slightly brownish]. Legs white to yellow on apices of coxae to trochantelli, apices of femora, fore and middle tibiae, wide basal part of hind tibia and tarsi; hind tibia dark brown to black on apical third to fourth [third], but narrowly brown at apex; fore and middle tibiae and tarsi each apically faintly brownish; spurs brown. Wings hyaline, apically very faintly blackish; veins largely brown to black; in fore wing, vein C except for apical part yellow, vein R 1 basal to stigma partly yellowish, and stigma pale apically. Sixth abdominal tergum laterally narrowly whitish or not [whitish]. Seventh and eighth abdominal terga each laterally with yellowish white spot. Cercus black. Setae largely whitish. Head and thorax weakly shiny, with punctures mostly dense and distinct (Figs. 3 F, 4 E, F); dorsum of head with punctures somewhat small, moderately or predominantly contiguous [predominantly], and interspaces mostly narrower than punctures; mesoscutum with punctures on posterior part of median lobe not so small, distinct or somewhat vague [distinct], largely contiguous, and larger than those on lateral mesoscutal lobe, and interspaces on posterior part of median lobe predominantly narrower than punctures; interspaces on mesoscutellum moderately or predominantly linear-shaped [moderately]; on mesepisternum, punctures mostly contiguous, and interspaces predominantly linear-shaped (Fig. 4 F). Clypeus with wide ventromedial part smooth or weakly punctured [smooth]. Labrum smooth. Abdomen shiny (Figs. 2 A, D); first tergum punctured on narrow medial part to medial third [medial third] (Figs. 5 D, E); second to fifth terga dorsally nearly smooth; sixth tergum to apex faintly punctured; ventral surface somewhat dull and weakly punctured. Postocellar area weakly convex (Figs. 3 E, F); lateral furrow distinct or weak, present on anterior third to half [distinct, present on anterior half]; anterior furrow rather sharp, medially narrowly inconspicuous; median furrow absent. Distances between eye and hind ocellus, between hind ocelli, and between hind ocellus and posterior margin of head 1.0 – 1.2: 1.0: 1.0 – 1.1 [1.0: 1.0: 1.0]; distances between eye and hind ocellus and between hind ocellus and posterior margin of head 1.0: 1.0 [1.0: 1.0]. Distance between torulus and eye 1.4 – 1.7 [1.7] × distance between toruli. Width of malar space 0.3 – 0.4 [0.3] × width of front ocellus, 0.3 – 0.4 [0.3] × length of second antennomere. Clypeus with ventral margin roundly concave. Antenna (Figs. 6 C, D) with 20 – 22 [22] antennomeres; length of second antennomere 0.9 – 1.1 [1.0] × width of front ocellus; length of ramus of third antennomere 1.5 – 2.2 [2.2] × length of third antennomere. Mesoscutellum dorsally slightly or distinctly convex roundly [slightly so], without median furrow (Fig. 4 E). Hind leg (Fig. 7 C) with length of inner tibial spur 1.2 – 1.4 [1.2] × length of first tarsomere (exclusive of pulvillar pad), 1.4 – 1.7 [1.4] × breadth of tibia; length of first tarsomere 1.1 – 1.3 [1.1] × breadth of tibia; second and third tarsomeres combined 1.0 [1.0] × first in length. Sawsheath in dorsal view narrow, not tapering apically, with inner margin concave and apex much wider than cercus (Figs. 8 G, J), in lateral view slightly roundly convex apically (Figs. 8 H, K), in posterior view with scopa vertically elongate (Figs. 8 I, L). Lance in lateral view with dorsal margin slightly concave at middle (Fig. 9 C); apices of lances asymmetrical, either left or right one longer than the other as in Fig. 9 A [right one longer]. Lancet (Figs. 11 A – E) with 10 – 12 [10] annuli, widest at second annulus, and length from apex to ventral end of basal row of spines 2.5 – 2.6 [2.6] × maximum width; spines relatively long; border of first and second annuli ventrally very slightly convex; serrula of second annulus (Figs. 11 F – L) apically narrowly or widely truncate, or nearly rounded [nearly narrowly truncate], with anterior slope shorter than posterior slope; serrula of third annulus with anterior slope nearly straight. Male. Length 6.5 – 7.5 mm. Coloration as in female (Figs. 2 E, F), but clypeus at most slightly pale ventrally, labrum black, sometimes widely brown ventrally, basal two antennomeres scarcely or slightly pale, thorax black except for posterior corner of pronotum narrowly white or brown, trochantelli widely brownish, hind tibia brown on apical third, and abdomen entirely black. Structure as in female except for usual sexual differences. Punctures more distinct (Figs. 3 H, 4 G, H); first abdominal tergum punctured on medial third to half (Fig. 5 F). Distances between eye and hind ocellus, between hind ocelli, and between hind ocellus and posterior margin of head 1.0: 1.0: 0.8 – 0.9; distances between eye and hind ocellus and between hind ocellus and posterior margin of head 1.1 – 1.2: 1.0. Distance between torulus and eye 1.2 – 1.6 × distance between toruli. Width of malar space 0.5 – 0.6 × width of front ocellus, 0.9 – 2.0 × length of second antennomere. Antenna with 20 – 26 antennomeres, 1.1 – 1.2 × as long as head width; length of second antennomere 0.3 – 0.6 × width of front ocellus; ramus of third antennomere very long. In hind leg (Fig. 7 D), length of inner tibial spur 1.2 × length of first tarsomere (exclusive of pulvillar pad), 1.4 – 1.7 × breadth of tibia; length of first tarsomere 1.2 – 1.3 × breadth of tibia; second and third tarsomeres combined 1.0 – 1.1 × first tarsomere in length. FIGURES 8 A – R. Sawsheath of Nesodiprion japonicus (A – F), N. biremis (G – L) and N. orientalis (M – R). A, D, G, J, M, P, Sawsheath and cercus, dorsal view; B, E, H, K, N, Q, sawsheath, lateral view; C, F, I, L, O, R, do., posterior view. A, C, Right sawsheath is removed. H, N, Q, Reversed images. N. japonicus: A – C, Amami-oshima; D – F, Honshu, Zu. N. biremis: G – I, Lectotype; J – L, Guizhou Prov., Chishui. N. orientalis: M – O, Paratype, Thailand, Bo Luang; P – R, do. Genitalia with valviceps in dorsal view laterally strongly convex on apical half, with sharp dorsal ridge basally connected with sharp lateral ridge (Figs. 13 F – I), in lateral view distinctly widened on apical half, with dorsal margin rather angularly convex and apex ventrally pointed (Fig. 14 E – G).	en	Hara, Hideho, Smith, David R. (2012): Nesodiprion orientalis sp. nov., N. japonicus, and N. biremis, with a key to species of Nesodiprion (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae). Zootaxa 3503: 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209562
D26C4539FFB6FFA17AEE590BFE5D4D5C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Lectotype (here designated): Ƥ, labeled “ Lophyrus biremis Kon., China ”, “ Hong Kong, China ”, “ Coll. Konow ”, “ Type ” and “ Holotypus ” (SDEI). Konow (1899) included information on intraspecific variation indicating the presence of more than one type specimen, but he did not state how many specimens he had. Only one type specimen is preserved in SDEI, and there is no information on other type specimens (S. M. Blank, 2011, personal communication). Oehlke and Wudowenz (1984) stated “ (?) Holotypus: Ƥ, China, Hongkong. DEI: Wahrscheinlich lag dem Autor nur ein Exemplar vor. Dieses ist vorhanden. ” Because Konow (1899) possibly had more than one specimen, and because he did not designate a holotype, we here designate the type specimen, labeled as above, in SDEI as the lectotype. Other material examined. CHINA ― Shandong Prov.: 1 Ƥ 13, Taian, 28. V. 1992, Host: Pinus sp., J. Hua (USNM). Zhejiang Prov.: 1 Ƥ 13, Anji, VIII. 1991, Host: Pinus sp., J. - j. Zheng (USNM). Jiangxi Prov.: 1 Ƥ, “ Kuling, Musée Heude ” and “ 24. 8. 35, O. PIEL, coll. ” (OPU). Guizhou Prov.: 1 Ƥ, Chishui, Jinsha, 20 - 23. IX. 2000, C. - r. Li (SDEI). Guangdong Prov.: 13, Ruyuan, 15. V. 2007, Z. - j., Li (SDEI). Hong Kong: 13, “ Hong Kong: N. T., Sai Kung Station, 25. XI. 1964 ” (BPBM); 13, do., but 7. V. 1965 (BPBM); 13, do., but 12. V. 1965 (BPBM).	en	Hara, Hideho, Smith, David R. (2012): Nesodiprion orientalis sp. nov., N. japonicus, and N. biremis, with a key to species of Nesodiprion (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae). Zootaxa 3503: 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209562
D26C4539FFB6FFA17AEE590BFE5D4D5C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China: Shandong Prov., Zhejiang Prov., Jiangxi Prov., Guizhou Prov., Guangdong Prov. and Hong Kong; Korea (Zombori 1978) (?). The record from Korea by Zombori (1978) needs confirmation; the characters he gave are not sufficient for species recognition. Host plant. Pinaceae: Pinus sp. Life history. Adults have been collected from early May to late November. Comparative notes. This species is similar to N. japonicus, N. orientalis and N. kagaensis, and probably to N. yananicus, N. zhejiangensis, N. huanglongshanicus and N. degenicus, as discussed under Comparative notes of N. japonicus, and is distinguished from them except for N. zhejiangensis and N. huanglongshanicus as follows. From N. japonicus and N. kagaensis [characters given in brackets]: On mesoscutum, punctures on posterior part of median lobe large, largely contiguous and larger than those on lateral lobe, and interspaces on posterior part of median lobe mostly narrower than punctures (Figs. 4 E, G) [punctures fine, mostly separated and about as large as those on lateral lobe, and interspaces mostly wider than punctures (Figs. 4 A, C)]; on hind leg, first tarsomere length (exclusive of pulvillar pad) 1.1 – 1.3 × tibia breadth (Figs. 7 C, D) [1.3 – 1.8 × (Figs. 7 A, B), 1.5 – 1.9 × respectively]; in female, ramus of third antennomere 1.5 – 2.1 × length of the third antennomere (Figs. 6 C, D) [2.3 – 4.1 × (Fig. 6 A), 1.9 – 2.9 × respectively]; in lancet, border of first and second annuli ventrally very slightly convex (Figs. 11 A – L) [distinctly and angularly convex (Figs. 10 A – L)]; in male, valviceps in lateral view not sinuate and apically suddenly widened (Figs. 14 E – G) [sinuate and apically gradually widened (Figs. 14 A – D, 16 G)]. From N. orientalis: Interspaces on mesoscutellum and mesepisternum moderately or predominantly linear-shaped (Figs. 4 E – H) [predominantly not linear-shaped (Figs. 4 I – L)]; in female, sawsheath in dorsal view relatively wide, with inner margin concave and apex wider than cercus (Figs. 8 G, J) [narrow, with inner margin not concave and apex about as wide as cercus (Figs. 8 M, P)]; in male, trochanters yellowish white (Fig. 2 F), and valviceps in dorsal view laterally strongly convex apically (Figs. 13 F – I) and in lateral view with dorsal convexity relatively obtuse (Figs. 14 E – G) [fore and middle or all trochanters widely brown (Fig. 2 K), and valviceps in dorsal view laterally weakly convex apically (Figs. 13 J – M) and in lateral view with dorsal convexity relatively acute (Figs. 14 H – J)].	en	Hara, Hideho, Smith, David R. (2012): Nesodiprion orientalis sp. nov., N. japonicus, and N. biremis, with a key to species of Nesodiprion (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae). Zootaxa 3503: 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209562
D26C4539FFB1FFBB7AEE5D38FAE74D8F.taxon	description	Female. Length 6.5 – 7.0 mm. Black, shiny without metallic reflection, faintly violet on abdomen (Figs. 2 G, H). Clypeus and labrum slightly brownish. Mandible apically reddish. Antenna slightly brownish on basal two antennomeres or not. Palpi yellow. Pronotum narrowly whitish or brownish on posterior corner. Postspiracular sclerite not pale. Mesoscutellum black entirely or centrally brownish. Legs white to yellow on apices of coxae to trochanters except for fore trochanter widely brownish, apices of femora, fore and middle tibiae, wide basal part of hind tibia and tarsi; trochantelli widely brown; hind tibia dark brown to black on apical fourth, but narrowly brown at apex; apical tarsomeres each apically slightly brownish; spurs brown. Wings hyaline, apically faintly blackish; veins brown to black; in fore wing, vein C except for apical part yellow, vein R 1 basal to stigma partly yellowish, and stigma pale apically. Seventh and eighth abdominal terga each laterally with yellow or brown spot. Cercus black. Setae largely whitish. Head and thorax moderately shiny, with punctures largely dense and distinct; dorsum of head (Fig. 3 J) with punctures somewhat small, somewhat vague on postocellar area, and interspaces largely narrower than punctures; mesoscutum (Fig. 4 I) with punctures on posterior part of median lobe not so small, rather vague or inconspicuous on center of posterior part of lobe, predominantly contiguous and larger than those on lateral lobe, and interspaces on median lobe except for widely impunctate area if present, predominantly narrower than punctures; interspaces on mesoscutellum mostly not linear-shaped; on mesepisternum (Fig. 4 J), punctures predominantly contiguous, but largely not linear-shaped. Clypeus with wide ventromedial part nearly smooth. Labrum smooth. Abdomen shiny (Fig. 2 G); first tergum punctured on medial half (Figs. 5 G, H); second to fifth terga dorsally nearly smooth; sixth tergum to apex faintly punctured; ventral surface somewhat dull and weakly punctured. Postocellar area weakly convex (Figs. 3 I, J); lateral furrow distinct or weak, present on anterior third; anterior furrow rather sharp, medially narrowly inconspicuous; weak median furrow present. Distances between eye and hind ocellus, between hind ocelli, and between hind ocellus and posterior margin of head 1.0: 1.0: 1.0 – 1.1; distances between eye and hind ocellus and between hind ocellus and posterior margin of head 1.0 – 1.1: 1.0. Distance between torulus and eye 1.5 – 1.7 × distance between toruli. Width of malar space 0.5 – 0.6 × width of front ocellus, 0.6 – 0.8 × length of second antennomere. Clypeus with ventral margin roundly concave. Antenna (Fig. 6 E) with 20 antennomeres; length of second antennomere 0.7 – 0.8 × width of front ocellus; length of ramus of third antennomere 1.7 – 1.9 × length of third antennomere. Mesoscutellum dorsally slightly roundly convex (Fig. 4 I). On hind leg (Fig. 7 E), length of inner tibial spur 1.0 – 1.2 × length of first tarsomere (exclusive of pulvillar pad), 1.3 – 1.5 × breadth of tibia; length of first tarsomere 1.2 – 1.3 × breadth of tibia; second and third tarsomeres combined 1.0 × first tarsomere in length. Sawsheath in dorsal view very narrow, slightly tapering apically, with inner margin nearly straight and apex about as wide as cercus (Figs. 8 M, P), in lateral view slightly roundly convex apically (Figs. 8 N, Q), in posterior view with scopa very narrow (Figs. 8 O, R). Lance in lateral view with dorsal margin very slightly concave at middle (Fig. 9 D); apices of lances asymmetrical as in Fig. 9 A, either left or right one longer than the other. Lancet (Figs. 12 A – I) with 10 – 11 annuli, widest at second annulus, and length from apex to ventral end of basal row of spines 2.3 – 2.5 × maximum width; spines of basal rows relatively short; border of second and third annuli ventrally slightly convex; serrula of second annulus apically nearly truncate or broadly rounded, with anterior slope shorter than posterior slope; serrula of third annulus with anterior slope nearly straight. Male [condition of holotype in brackets]. Length 6.0 mm. Coloration as in female, but mesoscutellum and abdomen entirely black (Figs. 2 I, J), and all or fore and middle [all] trochanters and all trochantelli largely brown to dark brown (Fig. 2 K), and apical dark area of hind tibia basally black and apically widely brown. [Basal two antennomeres not pale. Pronotum narrowly yellowish on posterior corner.] Structure as in female except for sexual differences. Posterior part of median mesoscutal lobe with punctures distinct (Fig. 4 K). Distances between eye and hind ocellus, between hind ocelli, and between hind ocellus and posterior margin of head 0.9 – 1.0: 1.0: 0.7 – 0.8 [1.0: 1.0: 0.7]; distances between eye and hind ocellus and between hind ocellus and posterior margin of head 1.2 – 1.3: 1.0 [1.3: 1.0]. Distance between torulus and eye 1.5 × distance between toruli. Width of malar space 0.5 – 0.6 [0.6] × width of front ocellus, 0.8 × length of second antennomere. Antenna with 21 antennomeres, about 1.0 × head width; length of second antennomere 0.6 – 0.7 [0.7] × width of front ocellus; ramus of third antennomere very long (Figs. 2 I, J). Hind tarsus somewhat narrower (Fig. 7 F); length of inner tibial spur 1.2 – 1.3 [1.3] × length of first tarsomere (exclusive of pulvillar pad), 1.5 – 1.6 [1.5] × breadth of tibia; length of first tarsomere 1.3 – 1.4 [1.3] × breadth of tibia; second and third tarsomeres combined 1.0 – 1.1 [1.1] × first in length. Genitalia with valviceps in dorsal view laterally angularly convex on apical half and dorsally with sharp ridge basally curved laterally (Figs. 13 J – M), in lateral view distinctly widened apically, with acute dorsal convexity and apex somewhat angulated ventrally (Figs. 14 H – J). Cocoon. Length 6.5 – 7 mm. Light brown (Fig. 2 L).	en	Hara, Hideho, Smith, David R. (2012): Nesodiprion orientalis sp. nov., N. japonicus, and N. biremis, with a key to species of Nesodiprion (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae). Zootaxa 3503: 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209562
D26C4539FFB1FFBB7AEE5D38FAE74D8F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: 3, labeled “ Pine Res. Proj., 98 ° 17 ʹE 18 ° 07 ʹS [sic, error for N, see Beaver & Laosunthorn 1974, 1975], 0 243 R. A. B ” and “ on Pinus kesiya / merkusii ” (USNM). Paratypes: 1 Ƥ, “ Bo Luang 1100 m, THAILAND 0 227, 18 ° 09 ʹN 98 ° 21 ʹE, reared from larva on Pinus sp., Em. 29. V. 72 ” (USNM); 2 Ƥ, “ Bo Luang 1100 m, THAILAND 0 351, 18 ° 09 ʹN 98 ° 21 ʹE ”, “ 22. XI. 72, R. A. Beaver ” and “ cocoon on Pinus kesiya ” (USNM, NSMT); 13, labeled “ 98 ° 17 ʹE 18 ° 07 ʹS [sic, error for N], 0 241, T-D. Pine Res. C., Em. 23. iii. 72, R. B ” and “ La coll. 3. iii. 72, on Pinus merkusii / kesiya ” (USNM). Other material ― CHINA: 1 pair of penis valves, “ X 88 - 008 3, Nesodiprion biremis (Konow), Anning, Yunnan, 1988. VI. 10., 1850 M, [Xu Zhenghui] ” and “ Host: Pinus yunnanensis, Anning Co., Hot springs, 24.9 ° N, 102.4 ° E ” (USNM); 1 pair of lancets, do., but “ Ƥ ” (USNM); 1 pair of penis valve, “ Nesodiprion biremis (Konow), Luchun Co., 23.0 ° N, 102.4 ° E, Yunnan Prov., Host: Pinus yunnanensis ” and “ 1700 M, 1988. XI. 1. Adult, Xu Zhenghui ” (USNM); 1 pair of lancets, “ Nesodiprion biremis (Konow), Luchun Co. 1700 M, 23.0 ° N, 102 ° E, Yunnan Prov., 1988. XI. 1. Xu Zhenghui ” and “ 1700 M, 1988. XI. 1. Adult, Xu Zhenghui ” (USNM).	en	Hara, Hideho, Smith, David R. (2012): Nesodiprion orientalis sp. nov., N. japonicus, and N. biremis, with a key to species of Nesodiprion (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae). Zootaxa 3503: 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209562
D26C4539FFB1FFBB7AEE5D38FAE74D8F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China: Yunnan Prov. (Xiao et al. 1984); Thailand (Smith 1974); Indonesia: Sumatra (Nair & Sumardi 2000, “ N. biremis ”) (?). We have not examined specimens from Sumatra. Nair (2007) referred to a pine sawfly in Sumatra as “ Nesodiprion nr. biremis ”. The record from Sumatra requires confirmation. Host plants. Pinaceae: Pinus caribaea, P. elliottii, P. m e r k u s i i, P. oocarpa, P. patula and P. t a e d a (Beaver & Laosunthorn 1975), P. kesiya (Smith 1974; Beaver & Laosunthorn 1975), and P. yunnanensis (Xiao et al. 1984). Immature stages and life history. Beaver & Laosunthorn (1975) briefly described immature stages as follows: Egg milky white when laid; larva greenish in first two instars; larval body becoming yellower, with black dots in later instars; cocoon 7 – 12 mm long in female, 5 – 8 mm in male. According to Beaver & Laosunthorn (1974, 1975), the life history in Thailand is summarized as follows: Larvae are found all year; there are probably five or six generations per year, which broadly overlap; eggs are laid within fairly young or mature needles, singly or in a row; larvae have normally five feeding instars and a sixth nonfeeding instar in both sexes; larvae are generally less gregarious, feeding on needles, leaving central parts in early instars, on the whole needles in third and later instars; in later instars, when disturbed, larvae raise the head and thorax from the needle and regurgitate a drop of resinous fluid; soon after the last molt, larvae search for a suitable site to spin their cocoons; cocoons are made among bases of living needles close to the stem; a life cycle takes at least six weeks at 25 – 30 ° C. Comparative notes. This species is similar to N. japonicus, N. biremis and N. kagaensis, and probably to N. yananicus, N. zhejiangensis, N. huanglongshanicus and N. degenicus as discussed under Comparative notes of N.	en	Hara, Hideho, Smith, David R. (2012): Nesodiprion orientalis sp. nov., N. japonicus, and N. biremis, with a key to species of Nesodiprion (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae). Zootaxa 3503: 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209562
