identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
B192F18E7F505054ABCDE458AE76A8D4.text	B192F18E7F505054ABCDE458AE76A8D4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parapenaeopsis amicus V. C. Nguyen 1971	<div><p>Parapenaeopsis amicus V. C. Nguyên, 1971</p><p>Figs 1 c, 2 c, 3 c, 4 c, 5 c, 7 d</p><p>Parapenaeopsis amicus V. C. Nguyên 1971: 46, fig. 1 (type locality: West Tonkin Gulf); Hsu and Chan 2023: 222, figs 1, 6 a.</p><p>Parapenaeopsis sinica Liu and Wang 1986: 214 (nomen nudum), 1987: 527, fig. 4. (type locality: Wailuo, Guangdong, China); Liu and Zhong 1988: 212, fig. 131, pl. 3: 4, 5: 6.</p><p>Kishinouyepenaeopsis amicus – De Grave and Fransen 2011: 215.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Taiwan • [NTOU M 02365]: Yilan County, Dasi fishing port, commercial trawler, 17 Jul. 1984, 1 ♀, cl 26.6 mm • [NTOU M 02366]: Hsinchu City, Nanliao fishing port, commercial trawler, 4 Jul. 1984, 1 ♀, cl 31.1 mm • [NTOU M 02367]: Changhua County, Wenzi fishing port, commercial trawler, 5 Aug. 2021, 16 ♂♂, cl 17.5–22.3 mm, 18 ♀♀, cl 18.4–25.0 mm • [NTOU M 02368]: Yunlin County, Mailiao, Jul. 2009, 12 ♂♂, cl 11.4–17.6 mm, 18 ♀♀, cl 13.0– 22.5 mm • [NTOU M 02369]: Yunlin County, Mailiao, 18 May 2010, 2 ♂♂, cl 23.0– 24.3 mm, 1 ♀, cl 28.4 mm • [NTOU M 02418]: Chiayi County, Budai fishing port, commercial trawler, 26 May 1974, 3 ♂♂, cl 15.6–26.9 mm, 1 ♀, cl 30.5 mm • [NTOU M 02370]: Chiayi County, Budai fishing port, commercial trawler, 20 Jan. 1995, 4 ♂♂, cl 18.1–21.5 mm, 2 ♀♀, cl 18.4–20.1 mm • [NTOU M 02371]: Chiayi County, Budai fishing port, commercial trawler, 5 Feb. 2000, 20 ♂♂, cl 15.1–22.7 mm, 20 ♀♀, cl 15.3–23.4 mm • [NTOU M 00762]: Chiayi County, Budai fishing port, commercial trawler, 2 Jul. 2002, 8 ♂♂, cl 26.5–29.2 mm, 10 ♀♀, cl 22.5–33.2 mm • [NTOU M 02372]: Chiayi County, Budai fishing port, commercial trawler, 8 Feb. 2021, 21 ♂♂, cl 22.2–26.0 mm, 21 ♀♀, cl 23.1–31.1 mm • [NTOU M 02417]: Chiayi County, Budai fishing port, commercial trawler, 12 Dec. 2021, 2 ♀♀, cl 26.3–29.5 mm • [NTOU M 02373]: Kaohsiung City; 10 Mar. 1975, 1 ♂, cl 24.4 mm, 1 ♀, cl 29.2 mm • [NTOU M 02374]: Pingtung County, Donggang fishing port, commercial trawler, 5 Mar. 2021, 2 ♂♂, cl 24.5–25.0 mm, 1 ♀, cl 28.4 mm • [NTOU M 02375]: Penghu County, Third fishing port, commercial trawler, Jun. – Aug. 2013, 3 ♀♀, cl 24.1–36.6 mm .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Rostrum horizontal straight with tip recurved upwards, armed with 7–9 (avg. 7.8, n = 20, excluding epigastric tooth) teeth along dorsal border except near tip, extending to around tip of second segment of antennular peduncle. Postrostral carina with posterior 1 / 4 broadened and obscure, often with weak median pit, extending posteriorly to 0.77–0.89 (avg. 0.85, n = 20) of carapace length. Longitudinal suture short, extending posteriorly to about level of epigastric tooth. Pereiopods I and II bearing basial spines and epipods, pereiopod III lacking basial spine. Abdominal somites I and II without dorsal carina. Telson lacking movable lateral spinules. Males with endopod of pleopod II normal in shape, sword-like as exopod; petasma with distolateral projections elongated and horn-like, tip of horn distinctly protruded on both sides (outer protrusion often larger) and hammer-like. Female thelycum with anterior plate shovel-like to semicircular (more often), 0.59–0.73 (avg. 0.65, n = 10) as long as wide, surface sunken with distinct median longitudinal furrow extending to posterior plate; posterior plate with median part also sunken, lateral parts as 2 large semicircular processes; tuft of setae behind posterior plate short and thin.</p><p>Coloration.</p><p>(Fig. 7 c) Similar to P. cornuta except tuft of short setae behind thelycum colorless. Color photograph of this species given in Hsu and Chan (2023).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Known with certainty from Vietnam to southern China and Taiwan, intertidal to about 50 m deep (Liu and Wang 1987; Liu and Zhong 1988).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Although the general appearance of P. amicus is very similar to the other members of the “ P. cornuta ” species group, it can be readily distinguished by the shape of genitalia. For males, P. amicus is unique in having a normal pleopod II endopod (Fig. 4 c; v. s. greatly modified and boot-like, Figs 4 a, b, d). In females, the tuft of setae behind the thelycum is thin and short (Fig. 5 c; v. s. thick and long, Figs 5 a, b, d). Efforts to locate the types of P. amicus were unsuccessful (personal communication from Tran Anh Duc). As both P. amicus, described from Vietnam (V. C. Nguyên 1971: fig. 1 B), and P. sinica Liu &amp; Wang, 1987, described from southern China (Liu and Wang 1987: fig. 4 e; Liu and Zhong 1988: fig. 131–5), have the characteristic short and thin setae behind the thelycum, they are determined to be synonyms.</p><p>Besides the pleopod II endopod in males and tuft of setae behind the thelycum in females, P. amicus can also be separated from the other species of the group by some subtle differences in the genitalia (Table 2). The tip of the horn-like petasma has both sides distinctly protruded and hammer-like in P. amicus (Fig. 3 c), but only with the outer side protruded in P. cornuta (Fig. 3 a) and P. maxillipedo (Fig. 3 b) or both sides not protruded in P. incisa (Fig. 3 d). In P. amicus, the thelycum has a median longitudinal furrow, the anterior plate is relatively short (0.59–0.73, avg. 0.65 as long as wide), and the posterior plate medially sunken (Fig. 5 c). For the other species of the “ P. cornuta ” group, the thelycum (Figs 5 a, b, d) generally lacks a median longitudinal furrow (but is occasionally present in P. cornuta), the anterior plates are usually longer (0.74–1.17 as long as wide), and the median parts of the posterior plates are flattened (in P. incisa, Fig. 5 d) to more or less protruding into a boss [low in P. cornuta (Fig. 5 a) and high in P. maxillipedo (Fig. 5 b)]. However, the characteristic shape of the genitalia is generally less developed in juveniles and young specimens. These subtle differences in genitalia are hence sometimes not useful to separate small individuals of this species group.</p><p>It is also found that the rostrum is relatively shorter, not reaching the tip of the antennular peduncle, in P. amicus (Fig. 1 c) and P. maxillipedo (fig. 1 b). In P. cornuta (Fig. 1 a) and P. incisa (Fig. 1 d), the rostrum is often extending to or even overreaching the tip of the antennular peduncle. Other differences previously proposed to distinguish P. amicus from the other species of the “ P. cornuta ” group [such as the number of rostral teeth, postrostral carina length, the presence of a median pit on postrostral carina, and setae on the branchiocardiac groove (Liu and Wang 1987; Liu and Zhong 1988; V. C. Nguyên 1971)] are found to be rather variable, with many overlappings.</p><p>Molecular analysis also indicates that P. amicus is more distant from the other species of the “ P. cornuta ” group (Figs 8, 9, Table 1). However, the body color of P. amicus (Fig. 7 d) is very similar to P. cornuta (Figs 7 a, b) and very likely also with P. incisa (see Hsu and Chan 2023; Liu and Zhong 1988), rendering it difficult to determine its exact distribution from literature. At present, it can only be confirmed that P. amicus is distributed from Vietnam to eastern Guangdong in southern China and Taiwan (Hsu and Chan 2023; Liu and Wang 1987; Liu and Zhong 1988). Whether P. amicus has a wider geographical distribution will need re-examination of the material reported as “ P. cornuta ” in the various localities from India to Australia. For example, a recent study found that P. amicus is actually much more abundant than P. cornuta in Taiwan (Hsu and Chan 2023).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B192F18E7F505054ABCDE458AE76A8D4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Chan, Tin-Yam;Yang, Chien-Hui;Kumar, Appukttannair Biju;Hurzaid, Amirah	Chan, Tin-Yam, Yang, Chien-Hui, Kumar, Appukttannair Biju, Hurzaid, Amirah (2025): On the commercial shrimps of the “ Parapenaeopsis cornuta (Kishinouye, 1900) ” species group (Crustacea, Decapoda, Penaeidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (2): 609-625, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.145722
875D8967AE47501CA650CDA15CC03307.text	875D8967AE47501CA650CDA15CC03307.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parapenaeopsis cornuta (Kishinouye 1900)	<div><p>Parapenaeopsis cornuta (Kishinouye, 1900)</p><p>Figs 1 a, 2 a, 3 a, 4 a, 5 a, 6 a, 7 a, b</p><p>Penaeus cornutus Kishinouye 1900: 23, unnumbered text fig., p 1. 7 - figs 9, 9 A (type locality: Ariake, Japan).</p><p>Parapenaeopsis cornutus – Kubo 1949: 374 (? in part – Taiwanese material), figs 7 Z, 10 B, 22 I, 32 C, D, 47 N, 63 A, B, 75 F, L, 78 L, 135 C, 136 A, B.</p><p>Parapenaeopsis cornuta – Hayashi 1986: 67, fig. 26; 1992: 105, fig. 57 a-c; Liu and Wang 1987: 524, fig. 2; Liu and Zhong 1988: 208, fig. 129, pl. 6: 5; Hsu and Chan 2023: 224, figs 2, 6 b.</p><p>Kishinouyepenaeopsis cornuta – Sakai and Shinomiya 2011: 499, figs 3 A, B, 4 F; De Grave and Fransen 2011: 216.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Japan • [CBM ZC 3280]: Tosa Bay, Katsura-hama Beach, commercial trawler, 10–20 m, 28 Nov. 1996, 3 ♂♂, cl 15.6–17.4 mm, 1 ♀, cl 19.0 mm • [NTOU M 02640]: Aichi, Minami-Chita, Toyohama fishing port, commercial trawler, 18 m, 31 Oct. 2024, 1 ♂, cl 20.7 mm • [NTOU M 02641]: Aichi, Nishio, Isshiki fishing port, commercial trawler, 22.5 m, 14 Dec. 2024, 1 ♂, cl 14.3 mm, 3 ♀♀, cl 21.5–24.6 mm .</p><p>Taiwan • [NTOU M 02355]: Yilan County, Dasi fishing port, commercial trawler, 10 Mar. 1985, 2 ♂♂, cl 14.5–18.4 mm • [NTOU M 02356]: Yilan County, Dasi fishing port, commercial trawler, 5 Aug. 1982, 1 ♂, cl 22.9 mm, 1 ♀, cl 28.9 mm • [NTOU M 02357]: Keelung City, commercial trawler, 12 Oct. 1990, 1 ♂, cl 14.5 mm • [NTOU M 02358]: Changhua County, Wenzi fishing port, commercial trawler, 5 Aug. 2021, 3 ♂♂, cl 16.6–17.4 mm, 39 ♀♀, cl 17.2–22.0 mm • [NTOU M 02359]: Chiayi County, Budai fishing port, commercial trawler, 26 May 1974, 2 ♀♀, cl 18.0– 18.7 mm • [NTOU M 02360]: Chiayi County, Budai fishing port, commercial trawler, 20 Jan. 1995, 1 ♀, cl 18.2 mm • [NTOU M 02485]: Chiayi County, Budai fishing port, commercial trawler, 2 Jul. 2002, 1 ♀, cl 13.6 mm • [NTOU M 02361]: Kaohsiung City, Singda fishing port, commercial trawler, 24 Jul. 1984, 2 ♀♀, cl 16.1–17.0 mm • [NTOU M 02362]: Kaohsiung City, Kaohsiung port, station 4, 1 Mar. 1994, 2 ♂♂, both cl 18.1 mm • [NTOU M 02363]: Kaohsiung City, Cijin, 25 Mar. 1996, 4 ♂♂, cl 18.6–19.5 mm, 7 ♀♀, cl 19.1–23.1 mm • [NTOU M 02364]: Pingtung County, Donggang fishing port, commercial trawler, 28 Jul. 1985, 2 ♂♂, cl 15.1–16.8 mm, 2 ♀♀, cl 19.2–19.3 mm • [NTOU M 02419]: No specific data, 2 ♀♀, cl 21.1–21.2 mm • [NTOU M 02486]: No specific data, 2 ♂♂, cl 19.0– 19.2 mm, 2 ♀♀, cl 23.1–23.4 mm • [NTOU M 02487]: No specific data, 1 ♂, cl 18.3 mm, 3 ♀♀, cl 16.2–22.8 mm .</p><p>Southern China • [MBM 155050]: Fujian, Xiamen fish market, 05 F- 16, 3 Sep. 2005, 2 ♂♂, cl 18.1–18.7 mm, 2 ♀♀, cl 19.4–22.3 mm • [MBM 155083]: Guangdong, Yangjiang, Zhapo, Dajiao hill, 54 - K 187 B, 18 Nov. 1954, 2 ♂♂, cl. 14.3–17.7 mm, 2 ♀♀, cl 15.7–16.8 mm • [MBM 155080]: Hainan, Boao, stn 3, 8 Nov. 1990, 2 ♀♀, cl 12.0– 16.3 mm • [MBM 155074]: Hainan, Sanya bay, stn 3, CJ 97 C- 164, 3–4 m, Nov. 1997, 1 ♀, cl 18.1 mm .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Rostrum more or less horizontal, straight, extending to distal segment of antennular peduncle and often reaching tip of antennular peduncle, armed with 6–8 (avg. 7.0, n = 27) dorsal teeth (excluding epigastric tooth), tip devoid of tooth and slightly curved upwards. Postrostral carina generally having a weak median pit and with posterior 1 / 4 broadened and obscure, extending posteriorly to 0.72–0.92 (avg. 0.85, n = 30) of carapace length. Longitudinal suture short and extending to about level of epigastric tooth. Pereiopods I and II with basial spines and epipods. Pereiopod III generally lacking basial spine, rarely a minute to small basial spine present only in males. Abdominal somites I and II lacking dorsal carina. Telson without lateral movable spinules. Males with endopod of pleopod II strongly modified into boot-like shape, distal margin straight or more often distinctly concave medially, anterodistal part bearing tuft of dense long stiff setae extending beyond distal margin; petasma lacking distomedian projection but with distolateral projections strongly elongated and horn-like, tip of horn distinctly protruded at outer side. Female thelycum with anterior plate mostly semi-quadrate to sometimes semi-circular and 0.74–0.95 (avg. 0.85, n = 16) as long as wide, anterior margin with median part occasionally slightly protruded, surface slightly sunken and rarely with median longitudinal furrow; posterior plate with weak median ovate boss, lateral parts as large semicircular process; tuft of setae behind posterior plate long and thick.</p><p>Coloration.</p><p>(Fig. 7 a, b) Body generally greenish to bluish gray and densely covered with dark green dots. Antennal flagellae and abdomen slightly banded. Tip of rostrum dark brown to reddish brown. Eyes black gray. Uropods of tail fan dark green to dark red and with yellowish margins. Thoracic appendages pinkish white. Pleopods with rami reddish. Tuft of long setae behind thelycum bluish. Color photographs verified belonging to this species are provided by Hayashi (1986: fig. 26) and Hsu and Chan (2023: fig. 6 b).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Known with certainty from Japan to Taiwan and southern China, intertidal to 32 m deep (Liu and Zhong 1988). Perhaps more widely distributed west to India and south to northern Australia (see Remarks).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>For those distinguishing characters found in this study to be useful in separating the species of the “ P. cornuta ” group (Figs 1 – 6, Table 2), topotypic material of P. cornuta from Japan has the pereiopod III generally lacking a basial spine; postrostral carina with the posterior part faded and extending to a position with a distinct distance from the posterior margin of the carapace; male pleopod II with endopod boot-like and having the distal margin straight or medially concave; petasma with tip of horn distinctly protruded only at the outer side; thelycum with anterior plate generally semi-quadrate and slightly shorter than width; posterior plate bearing a weak median ovate boss and a tuft of long setae behind it. Specimens with the above characteristics from Japan [CBM ZC 3280, NTOU M 02641], Taiwan [NTOU M 02358], and southern China [MBM 155074] have 99.3–100 % similarity in the barcoding mtCOI gene (615 bp, Table 1) and can be safely considered as belonging to the same species. Of the 100 specimens (including 27 males) examined, only two males from Japan [CBM ZC 3280] and Taiwan [NTOU M 02356] have their pereiopods III bearing small basial spines (on both sides). As the median boss at the posterior plate of the thelycum is weak in this species, this boss is sometimes rather rudimentary in small females.</p><p>Although P. cornuta can be readily separated from the other species of the “ P. cornuta ” species group by a combination of characters (Table 2), it does not have a unique and conspicuous distinguishing character. Its number of rostral teeth, shape of the postrostral carina, pereiopod III lacking an basial spine and even body coloration are nearly identical with P. amicus and P. incisa (exact coloration still unknown). The petasma and boot-like endopod of the pleopod II in males, as well as the shape of the anterior plate of the thelycum and the tuft of hairs (including color of hairs) behind the thelycum, are almost the same between P. cornuta and P. maxillipedo (Figs 3 a, b, 4 a, b, 5 a, b). Only the median boss at the posterior plate of the thelycum is relatively lower (Fig. 5 a) than that of P. maxillipedo (Fig. 5 b), while the median part of the posterior plate is flattened or sunken in P. incisa (Fig. 5 d) and P. amicus (Fig. 5 c), respectively. Nevertheless, the characteristic shape of the thelycum is generally underdeveloped in small females of penaeids. Therefore, the posterior plate of the thelycum is very similar amongst small females of P. cornuta, P. maxillipedo, and P. incisa .</p><p>The lack of a unique, conspicuous character to distinguish P. cornuta from the other species of the “ P. cornuta ” group renders the verification of the distribution records of this species very difficult. The original description of P. cornuta (Kishinouye 1900) also has not mentioned nor illustrated clearly the present distinguishing characters used for separating the species of the “ P. cornuta ” group. The whereabouts of the type of P. cornuta is not known, and it is not in the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo (personal communication from Tohru Naruse) or the University of Tokyo (where Kishinouye studied, personal communication from Tomoyuki Komai). Nevertheless, there is no report nor evidence that there is more than one species of the “ P. cornuta ” group present in Japan (see Hayashi 1986, 1992; Kubo 1949). Thus, the Japanese specimens examined in this work can be treated as typical P. cornuta .</p><p>It has been considered that P. cornuta is widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific from Japan to India and tropical Australia (see Chan 1998; Holthuis 1980, 1984; Pérez Farfante and Kensley 1997). Other than its records from Taiwan and southern China confirmed by the present material examined, reports of this species from other areas need verification. For example, there is the possibility that the photographs assigned to “ P. cornuta ” from Thailand (Chaitiamvong and Supongpan 1992: pl. 44) and Australia (Grey et al. 1983: fig. 39) may actually represent P. amicus or P. incisa as some molecular analyses (Hurzaid et al. 2020; Fakhruddin et al. 2024) have already suggested that P. incisa is likely at least ranging to the Strait of Malacca or even to Bangladesh (see “ Discussion ” below).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/875D8967AE47501CA650CDA15CC03307	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Chan, Tin-Yam;Yang, Chien-Hui;Kumar, Appukttannair Biju;Hurzaid, Amirah	Chan, Tin-Yam, Yang, Chien-Hui, Kumar, Appukttannair Biju, Hurzaid, Amirah (2025): On the commercial shrimps of the “ Parapenaeopsis cornuta (Kishinouye, 1900) ” species group (Crustacea, Decapoda, Penaeidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (2): 609-625, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.145722
44FAE3E338A95567A078FE8FEB4F012C.text	44FAE3E338A95567A078FE8FEB4F012C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parapenaeopsis incisa Wang & Liu	<div><p>Parapenaeopsis incisa Wang &amp; Liu in Liu &amp; Wang, 1987</p><p>Figs 1 d, 2 d, 3 d, 4 d, 5 d</p><p>Parapenaeopsis incisa Liu and Wang 1986: 214 (nomen nudum); 1987: 525, fig. 3. (type locality: Wailuo, Guangdong, China); Liu and Zhong 1988: 210, fig. 130.</p><p>Kishinouyepenaeopsis incisa – De Grave and Fransen 2011: 216.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Southern China • [MBM 155054]: Guangdong, Zhanjiang, Naozhou Island, 29 Jul. 1976, 1 ♀, cl 14.6 mm • [MBM 155041]: Hainan, Yinngehai, 55 - K 444, 7 Dec. 1955, 3 ♂♂, cl 14.5–14.8 mm, 3 ♀♀, cl 16.3–18.2 mm • [MBM 155057]: Hainan, Yinngehai, 57 - K 275, 26 Jun. 1957, 2 ♂♂, cl 12.9–14.4 mm, 2 ♀♀, cl 16.5–17.6 mm • [MBM 155044]: Hainan, Sanya, fish market, 90 C- 324, 25 Nov. 1990, 3 ♂♂, cl 13.2–14.9 mm, 3 ♀♀, cl 14.9–17.6 mm .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Rostrum more or less horizontal, straight, and with tip recurved upwards, bearing 6–8 (avg. 7.0, n = 14, excluding epigastric tooth) teeth along dorsal border except near tip, extending to distal antennular segment or just overreaching antennular peduncle. Postrostral carina with posterior 1 / 4 broadened and obscure, sometimes with weak median pit, extending posteriorly to 0.77–0.89 (avg. 0.84, n = 17) of carapace length. Longitudinal suture short, extending posteriorly to about level of epigastric tooth. Pereiopods I and II with basial spines and epipods, pereiopod III without basial spine. Abdominal somites I and II with dorsal carina absent. Telson lacking movable lateral spinules. Males with endopod of pleopod II strongly modified and boot-like; medial part of distal margin protruded and convex, but concealed by tuft of dense long stiff setae arising from anterodistal part of endopod; petasma horn-like with distolateral projections strongly elongated, tip of horn more or less bifurcated and without lateral protuberances on both sides. Female thelycum with anterior plate elongated rectangular and lateral margins more or less concave, 0.99–1.17 (avg. 1.09, n = 9) as long as wide, surface slightly sunken; posterior plate with median part completely flattened, lateral parts semicircular; tuft of setae behind posterior plate long and thick.</p><p>Coloration.</p><p>Not known, but likely similar to P. cornuta and P. amicus . The photograph of a fresh specimen from the Strait of Malacca, Malaysia, probably belongs to P. incisa (Fakhruddin et al. 2024: fig. 1; see Discussion); it has a color pattern very similar to P. cornuta and P. amicus, except with the body having more yellowish and greenish taints.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Known with certainty from around Hainan Island in the South China Sea, intertidal to about 30 m deep (Liu and Wang 1987; Liu and Zhong 1988). Probably also distributed to the Strait of Malacca off Malaysia and Bangladesh (Fakhruddin et al. 2024; see Discussion).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Parapenaeopsis incisa closely resembles P. cornuta and mainly differs in the shape of the genitalia. In males, the boot-like endopod of pleopod II has the median part of the distal margin protruded in P. incisa (Fig. 4 d) but is straight or concave in P. cornuta (Fig. 4 a). The tip of the horn-like petasma lacks a lateral protrusion in P. incisa (Fig. 3 d) but is distinctly protruded on the outer side in P. cornuta (Fig. 3 a). The thelycum of P. incisa has the anterior plate more or less rectangular and relatively long (0.99–1.17, avg. 1.09 as long as wide), while the median part of the posterior plate is completely flattened without any sign of elevation (Fig. 5 d). In P. cornuta, the thelycum has the anterior plate semi-quadrate and relatively short (0.74–0.95, avg. 0.85 as long as wide), and the posterior plate bears a weak median ovate boss (Fig. 5 a). These unique shapes of the genitalia are also useful in separating P. incisa from the other two species of the “ P. cornuta ” group (Table 2, Figs 3 – 5). Similar to the situation in P. amicus, other differences previously proposed to separate P. incisa from the other species of the “ P. cornuta ” group (Liu and Wang 1987; Liu and Zhong 1988) actually have many overlaps.</p><p>Although morphologically P. incisa is most similar to P. cornuta, the high genetic differences (COI sequence divergence 15.0–17.5 %, Table 1) of P. incisa from the other species of the “ P. cornuta ” group well support its specific status. As P. incisa can only be satisfactorily distinguished from the other species of the “ P. cornuta ” group mainly by subtle differences in genitalia (Table 2), careful examination of the material reported as “ P. cornuta ” from various localities is necessary to determine the exact distribution of P. incisa .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/44FAE3E338A95567A078FE8FEB4F012C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Chan, Tin-Yam;Yang, Chien-Hui;Kumar, Appukttannair Biju;Hurzaid, Amirah	Chan, Tin-Yam, Yang, Chien-Hui, Kumar, Appukttannair Biju, Hurzaid, Amirah (2025): On the commercial shrimps of the “ Parapenaeopsis cornuta (Kishinouye, 1900) ” species group (Crustacea, Decapoda, Penaeidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (2): 609-625, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.145722
BCF08593C1DC592186153B017E54396E.text	BCF08593C1DC592186153B017E54396E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parapenaeopsis maxillipedo Alcock 1906	<div><p>Parapenaeopsis maxillipedo Alcock, 1906</p><p>Figs 1 b, 2 b, 3 b, 4 b, 5 b, 6 b, 7 c</p><p>Parapenaeopsis maxillipedo Alcock 1906: 40, pl. VIII – fig. 24, 24 a – b (type-locality: Bombay and Madras, India and Arakan, Myanmar); Holthuis 1984: PEN Para 8, 4 unnumbered figs; De Bruin et al. 1995: 32, 3 unnumbered figs; Chan 1998: 944, 3 unnumbered figs.</p><p>Parapenaeopsis (Kishinouyepenaeopsis) maxillipedo – Psomadakis et al. 2019: 39, 4 unnumbered figs.</p><p>Kishinouyepenaeopsis maxillipedo – De Grave and Fransen 2011: 216.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>India • [NTOU M 02625]: Tamil Nadu, Tuticorin fishing harbor, commercial trawler, 18 Mar. 2017, 2 ♂♂, cl 14.4–16.0 mm, 3 ♀♀, cl 11.4–22.3 mm • [NTOU M 02626]: Tamil Nadu, Tuticorin fishing harbor, commercial trawler, 22 Mar. 2017, 1 ♂, cl 11.9 mm, 1 ♀, cl 19.0 mm • [NTOU M 02627]: Tamil Nadu, Tuticorin fishing harbor, commercial trawler, 22 Mar. 2017, 1 ♂, cl 12.1 mm, 1 ♀, cl 15.4 mm • [NTOU M 02628]: Muttom, Jeppiaar fishing harbor, commercial trawler, Sep. 2018, 2 ♂♂, cl 13.9–14.0 mm . Malaysia • [USM_INV 1006]: Strait of Malacca, Pantai Remis, Perak, 10 Aug. 2023, 1 ♂, cl 18.6 mm • [USM_INV 1009]: Strait of Malacca, Pantai Remis, Perak, 10 Aug. 2023, 1 ♂, cl 22.5 mm • [USM_INV 1010]: Strait of Malacca, Pantai Remis, Perak, 10 Aug. 2023, 1 ♂, cl 18.9 mm • [USM_INV 1011]: Strait of Malacca, Pantai Remis, Perak, 10 Aug. 2023, 1 ♀, cl 26.8 mm • [USM_INV 1012]: Strait of Malacca, Pantai Remis, Perak, 10 Aug. 2023, 1 ♀, cl 25.7 mm .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Rostrum generally straight and horizontal, reaching between base and middle of distal antennular peduncle segment, bearing 8–10 (avg. 8.9, n = 15) dorsal teeth (excluding epigastric tooth), tip without tooth, and slightly curved upwards. Postrostral carina distinct and similar width along entire length but often with a weak median pit, almost reaching posterior margin of carapace and being 0.91–0.97 (avg. 0.96, n = 16) of carapace length. Longitudinal suture short and extending to about level of epigastric tooth. Pereiopods I and II bearing basial spines and epipods. Pereiopod III generally armed with distinct basial spine. Abdominal somites I and II without dorsal carina. Telson without movable lateral spinules. Males with endopod of pleopod II strongly modified into boot-like shape, distal margin straight or slightly concave medially, median part of distal margin concealed by tuft of dense long stiff setae arose from anterodistal part of endopod; petasma horn-like with distolateral projections strongly elongated, tip of horn bearing distinct protuberance only at outer side. Female thelycum, anterior plate generally semi-quadrate or sometimes semi-circular, 0.79–1.03 (avg. 0.91, n = 7) as long as wide, surface slightly sunken and lacking median longitudinal furrow; posterior plate with distinct and often high median ovate boss, lateral parts semicircular; tuft of setae behind posterior plate long and thick.</p><p>Coloration.</p><p>(Fig. 7 b) Body greenish yellow and covered with dense yellowish to dark green dots. Eyes black gray. Antennal flagellae pinkish to yellowish and alternated with dark bands. Rostrum with tip reddish to dark reddish brown, bases of rostral teeth sometimes black and continuous as thick black line. Thoracic appendages whitish to pinkish white and greenish yellow. Abdomen with dense dark green dots arranged as distinct transverse bands, last somite (or somite VI) bearing a large black or brown posterolateral spot anteriorly accompanied with thick white margin. Uropods of tailfan reddish to dark red and with yellowish green margins or distal parts yellowish green. Pleopods pale white to pale yellow or reddish, outer parts of peduncles sometimes whitish. Tuft of long setae behind thelycum bluish. Color photograph belonging to this species given in Chaitiamvong and Supongpan (1992: pl. 43).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Known with certainties from India to Thailand and Strait of Malacca, shallow water less than 30 m deep (Chan 1998). Perhaps more widely distributed eastwards to the Philippines and northern Australia (see Remarks).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The relationships between P. maxillipedo and P. cornuta are extremely confusing in literature. Parapenaeopsis maxillipedo was suspected to belong to the same species as P. cornuta in the original description (Alcock 1906), and some authors also suspected or considered these two names to be synonyms (e. g., Dall 1957; Dall and Rothlisberg 1990; De Man 1911; Hall 1961). Other workers, however, considered that P. maxillipedo is a distinct species or subspecies (e. g., Chaitiamvong and Supongpan 1992; Chan 1998; Chanda 2016 b; Holthuis 1980, 1984; Kubo 1949; Liu and Wang 1987; Liu and Zhong 1988; Motoh and Buri 1984; Muthu 1968; Racek and Dall 1965; Racek and Yaldwyn 1971) and proposed many characters to separate it from P. cornuta . Careful comparisons and molecular analyses of materials assigned to P. maxillipedo and P. cornuta in this work reveal that there are large nucleotide divergences (13.5–16.0 %, Table 1) between these two species and they can be separated by the following characters.</p><p>As commented on by many workers (Chan 1998; Chanda 2016 b; Dall 1957; De Man 1911; Hall 1961; Holthuis 1984; Kubo 1949; Liu and Wang 1987; Liu and Zhong 1988; Motoh and Buri 1984; Muthu 1968; Racek and Dall 1965; Racek and Yaldwyn 1971), the pereiopod III generally bears a distinct basial spine in P. maxillipedo (Fig. 6 b) but lacks a basial spine in P. cornuta (Fig. 6 a). Nevertheless, as pointed out by Kubo (1949) as well as Racek and Dall (1965), there are variations in this character. Of the 16 specimens (including nine males and seven females) of P. maxillipedo examined in this work, a male [NTOU M 02625] and a female [NTOU M 02627] from India lack a basial spine at the pereiopod III on both sides. Another female [NTOU M 02625], also from India, only has a small basial spine at the pereiopod III. On the other hand, only two (both males) of the 100 specimens (including 27 males) examined in P. cornuta have small ischial spines present on the pereiopods III. The rostrum is generally shorter (maximum extending to the middle of the distal antennular segment) but armed with more teeth (8–10, avg. 8.9) in P. maxillipedo (Fig. 1 b). The rostrum of P. cornuta (Fig. 1 a) is relatively longer (maximum reaching tip of antennular peduncle) and bears fewer teeth (6–8, avg. 7.0). The postrostral carina is distinct along the entire length and almost reaches the posterior margin of the carapace (postrostral carina / cl: 0.91–0.97, avg. 0.96) in P. maxillipedo (Figs 1 b, 2 b), but it is faded and broadened at posterior 1 / 4 and terminates with a distinct distance from the posterior carapace (postrostral carina / cl: 0.72–0.92, avg. 0.85) in P. cornuta (Figs 1 a, 2 a). The median boss at the posterior plate of the thelycum is strongly elevated in P. maxillipedo (Fig. 5 b) but weak in P. cornuta (Fig. 5 a). However, as the development of the thelycum is related to size, the median bosses in some juveniles of P. maxillipedo are sometimes low and rather similar to that of P. cornuta . The most distinct difference between P. maxillipedo and P. cornuta is body coloration. Some of the Indian specimens and all Malaysian specimens of P. maxillipedo examined in this study are accompanied by color photographs showing the same color pattern. The abdomen is distinctly banded and bears a large dark spot with an anterior thick white margin on the lateral surfaces of the last somite in P. maxillipedo (Fig. 7 c). In P. cornuta, the bandings on the abdomen are obscure, and there is no large spot on the last abdominal somite (Figs 7 a, b; see also Hayashi 1986; Hsu and Chan 2023).</p><p>Although P. cornuta has been reported from India (Chanda 2016 b; Muthu 1968), the original description of P. maxillipedo described from India and Myanmar clearly mentioned that this species has more rostral teeth (8–10 excluding epigastric tooth), a postrostral carina as “ … continued right up to the posterior border of the carapace, is sharp and particularly prominent …., ” the pereiopod III bearing a big basial spine, and the middle of the posterior plate of the thelycum with “ … a globous tubercle … ” (Alcock 1906). The present Indian specimens with characteristics described in the previous paragraph fit well with the original description of P. maxillipedo and can be considered as typical of this species. As the basial spine is occasionally absent or small at the pereiopod III in P. maxillipedo, the records of P. cornuta from India based only on males (Chanda 2016 b; Muthu 1968) become doubtful. Even those Indian records of P. cornuta represent a species different from P. maxillipedo; there are possibilities that they may be P. amicus or P. incisa because these two species also lack a basial spine at the pereiopod III, and the latter species has recently been suggested to occur off Bangladesh (Fakhruddin et al. 2024).</p><p>Actually, most of the characters used in separating P. maxillipedo from P. cornuta can also be applied to distinguish it from P. amicus or P. incisa (Table 2). Parapenaeopsis maxillipedo is unique in the “ P. cornuta ” species group as it has the postrostral carina distinct along the entire length (Fig. 2 b) and likely also in its coloration (Fig. 7 c, P. incisa still without information on coloration but probably similar to P. cornuta and P. amicus). Moreover, P. maxillipedo differs from the other species of the “ P. cornuta ” group by generally having more rostral teeth (Fig. 1 b), longer postrostral carina (Figs 1 b, 2 b), bearing a large basial spine at the pereiopod III (Fig. 6 b), and posterior plate of thelycum having a high median boss (Fig. 5 b). Nevertheless, the petasma and endopod of pleopod II in males are almost identical between P. maxillipedo and P. cornuta (Figs 3 a, b, 4 a, b). The thelycum of these two species is also rather similar, but with the median boss at the posterior plate more developed and the anterior plate somewhat more elongated (0.79–1.03, avg. 0.91 as long as wide) in P. maxillipedo (Fig. 5 b; vs. 0.74–0.95, avg. 0.85 as long as wide in P. cornuta, Fig. 5 a).</p><p>Although P. maxillipedo has been reported from India to the Philippines and tropical Australia (see Chan 1998; Holthuis 1980, 1984; Pérez Farfante and Kensley 1997), the present study is only able to verify its distribution in India, Thailand, and Malaysia. Materials of this species from India and Malaysia are here examined. The color photograph of P. maxillipedo from Thailand given by Chaitiamvong and Supongpan (1992: pl. 43) shows the characteristic large back spot on the last abdominal somite of this species. The drawings of P. maxillipedo in the FAO species identification guides for the Western Indian Ocean (Holthuis 1984), Sri Lanka (De Bruin et al. 1995), Myanmar (Psomadakis et al. 2019), Western Central Pacific (Chan 1998) also showed clearly the characteristic large dark spot with an anterior thick white margin on the last abdominal somite. On the other hand, the Philippine material reported as “ P. maxillipedo ” by Motoh and Buri (1984) was described as the basial spine at the pereiopod III sometimes small in females and the bands on the abdomen wider, but the characteristic large dark spot at the last abdominal somite was absent in their illustrated line-drawing (Motoh and Buri 1984: fig. 71). The Australian material reported as “ P. cornuta maxillipedo ” by Racek and Dall (1965) was also described as having the basial spine at the pereiopod III much reduced, like in some females from New Guinea (see also Racek and Yaldwyn 1971). Re-examination of the Philippines, New Guinea, and Australian material will be necessary to understand the exact eastern geographical range of P. maxillipedo .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BCF08593C1DC592186153B017E54396E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Chan, Tin-Yam;Yang, Chien-Hui;Kumar, Appukttannair Biju;Hurzaid, Amirah	Chan, Tin-Yam, Yang, Chien-Hui, Kumar, Appukttannair Biju, Hurzaid, Amirah (2025): On the commercial shrimps of the “ Parapenaeopsis cornuta (Kishinouye, 1900) ” species group (Crustacea, Decapoda, Penaeidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (2): 609-625, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.145722
