taxonID	type	description	language	source
D026802BEE3EA27AFF01A123FD99FA77.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Lepisma pampeana Silvestri, 1902 by subsequent designation, see Paclt, 1967: 25.	en	Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew (2019): Species of Heterolepismatinae (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) Found on some Remote Eastern Australian Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 71 (4): 139-181, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1719
D026802BEE3EA272FF21A22DFE72F982.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. ♂ (HW 1.28) (K. 263961 in alcohol) LORD HOWE ISLAND: Rocky Run, 31.55 ° S 159.09 ° E, iv. 1942, Max Nicholls. Paratypes. 5 ♂♂ 8 ♀♀ 12 partial specimens and some fragments including allotype ♀ (HW 1.38) (K. 263962 in alcohol) same data as holotype; 1 ♀ (HW 1.25) (K. 541009 K. 541010 on two slides) same data as holotype; 1 ♀ (HW?) (K. 261040 K. 261041 on two slides) same data as holotype; 1 ♀ (HW 1.23) (K. 261311 on slide) same data as holotype; 1 ♂ (HW ??) (K. 261038, K. 261039 on two slides) same data as holotype; 1 partial specimen (HW 1.30) (K. 263963 in alcohol), same data as holotype (head, thorax and abdomen I – IV only); 1 ♀ (HW 1.21) (K. 377841 in alcohol) same data as holotype; 1 partial specimen (HW 1.23) (K. 377842 in alcohol) same data as holotype (head, thorax and abdominal segments I – III only); 1 ♂ (HW 1.10) (K. 377843 in alcohol) same data as holotype; 1 ♀ (HW 1.25) (K. 377844 in alcohol) same data as holotype; 1 partial specimen (HW 1.23) (K. 377845 in alcohol) same data as holotype (head, thorax and abdominal segments I – IV only); 1 ♂ (HW 0.90) (K. 377846 in alcohol) same data as holotype; 1 ♀ (HW 1.08) (K. 377847 in alcohol) same data as holotype; 1 ♂ (HW 1.00) (K. 377848 in alcohol) same data as holotype; 1 partial specimen (HW 1.00) (K. 377849 in alcohol) same data as holotype (head, thorax and abdominal segments I – III only); 1 ♀ (HW 1.13) (K. 377850 in alcohol) same data as holotype; 1 partial specimen (HW 1.18) (K. 377851 in alcohol) same data as holotype (head, thorax and abdominal segments I – III only); 1 partial specimen (HW 1.08) (K. 377852 in alcohol) same data as holotype (head, thorax and abdominal segments I – V only); 1 partial specimen (HW 1.15) (K. 377853 in alcohol) same data as holotype (head, thorax and abdominal segments I – IV only); 1 ♂ (HW 1.18) (K. 377854 in alcohol) same data as holotype; 1 partial specimen (HW?) (K. 377855 in alcohol) same data as holotype (thorax and abdominal segments I – VI only); 1 partial specimen (HW 1.00) (K. 377856 in alcohol) same data as holotype (head, thorax and abdominal segments I – III only); 1 partial specimen (HW 1.04) (K. 377857 in alcohol) same data as holotype (head, thorax and abdominal segments I – III only); 1 partial specimen (HW 1.03) (K. 377858 in alcohol) same data as holotype (head, thorax and abdominal segments I – IV only); 1 juvenile ♀ (HW 0.83) (K. 377859 in alcohol) same data as holotype; 1 partial specimen (HW 0.93) (K. 377860 in alcohol) same data as holotype (head, thorax and abdominal segments I – III only); fragments (K. 377861 in alcohol) same data as holotype. Additional Lord Howe Island material examined. 1 ♂ (HW 1.20) (K. 541011 K. 541012 on two slides) LORD HOWE ISLAND: Goat House walking track, 350 m from start, Intermediate Hill 31.554 ° S 159.080 ° E, 8. xii. 2000, G. Cassis, LHI / GC / L 12 d; 1 ♂ (HW 0.95) (K. 377862 in alcohol) same data as previous (in two pieces); 1 juvenile (HW 0.68) (K. 377865 in alcohol) LORD HOWE ISLAND: Point where walking trail first enters Erskine Valley from coast 31.574 ° S 159.072 ° E, 28. xi. 2000, LHIS 043 / 04 B. Non Lord Howe Island material examined. 1 ♂ (HW 1.11) (K. 261293 K. 261294 on two slides) NORFOLK ISLAND: Birdrock track, National Park, 29.01 ° S 167.94 ° E, 26. x. 2013, A. Wells, L. Mound LAM 5845; 1 juvenile (HW 0.59) (K. 377824 in alcohol) same data as previous; 1 ♀ (HW 1.13) (K. 377825 in alcohol) NORFOLK ISLAND (not further specified), 22 – 29. x. 1967, C. N. Smithers; 1 ♂ (HW 0.95) (K. 261290 K. 261291 on two slides) same data as previous; 1 ♂ (HW 0.93) (K. 377826 in alcohol) same data as previous; 1 damaged ♀ (most of head and pronotum broken off) (K. 261292 on one slide) same data as previous.	en	Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew (2019): Species of Heterolepismatinae (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) Found on some Remote Eastern Australian Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 71 (4): 139-181, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1719
D026802BEE3EA272FF21A22DFE72F982.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species can easily be distinguished from other described species of Heterolepisma with a glabrous anterior margin on the frons, a glabrous urosternite I, 1 + 1 single macrochaetae on urosternites II – VII, three pairs of styli in the female and two in the male (i. e. H. cooloola Smith et al., 2019, and also possibly the inadequately described H. kraepelini Silvestri, 1908) by its trapezoidal urotergite X, by the absence of a macrochaeta mediad of the anterior trichobothrium of the pronotum, by the absence of combs of two macrochaetae on the meso- and metanota, by the absence of a smaller secondary macrochaeta in the posterior combs of the nota and urotergites.	en	Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew (2019): Species of Heterolepismatinae (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) Found on some Remote Eastern Australian Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 71 (4): 139-181, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1719
D026802BEE3EA272FF21A22DFE72F982.taxon	description	Redescription Appearance: Medium sized silverfish, thorax about 15 % wider than abdomen which only tapers slightly posteriorly from about the fifth abdominal segment; appearance when live unknown. Body length: Maximum H + B 8.4 mm; HW 1.38 mm; thorax: length 2.7 mm or 0.33 H + B (range 0.30 – 0.39); width up to 2.1 mm with no great difference in length or width between the pro, meso- and metanota although the pronotum is the narrowest; most antennae lost, maximum preserved 0.7 H + B (about 0.5 H + B in the original description); terminal filaments also mostly lost (0.8 H + B in original description). Pigmentation: Pigment completely faded in all type material; the following description of pigmentation was made using specimen K. 541011 before it was dissected. Pigment pinkish / brown but can vary considerably between specimens. Flagellum of antennae evenly pale becoming slightly darker distally; pedicel and scape without pigment. Scape with pinkish pigment on external face. Terminal filaments annulated darker brown with the most distal annulus of each major division completely lacking pigment. Head with pigment around eyes and along sides of head to the antennae and among the peri-antennal macrochaetae. Clypeus, labrum and mandibles without pigment. Maxillary palp with light pink pigment along sides of ultimate article and similar but darker pigment on the penultimate article, less on the third article and very little on the first two articles. Labial palp largely without pigment. Legs with slight pigment on anterior “ shoulder ” of coxae, absent from trochanter, slight pigment on the posterior bulge and distal dorsal apex of femur, tibia with light pigment which is slightly stronger proximally and somewhat stronger again distally near dorsal margin, darkish pigment on first tarsal article only. Urotergite X with pigment in basal lateral region. Macrochaetae: Smooth, hyaline or slightly straw coloured, apically bifurcate with truncated tips to each bifurcation. Some macrochaetae on tibia, stout carrot-shaped. Scales: Quite broad, hyaline or with brown ribs, with numerous subparallel ribs that do not surpass the margin of the scale (Fig. 4). Scales found on top of head, protruding well forward over the margin in the medial region; round scales absent from clypeus and labrum as well as from all cephalic appendages and styli; present on all nota, all thoracic sterna, and coxae of legs but absent from remaining leg articles, present on all urotergites and urosternites. Lanceolate scales (Fig. 5) present on clypeus, femora, tibia, basal divisions of cerci and probably also on scape. Head: Wider than long (Fig. 6), without distinct bushes. Anterior margin of frons glabrous with small medial indented region, lateral margins anteriorly with a single row of strong macrochaetae which becomes about two macrochaetae wide near the anterior margin of the antenna; peri-antennal groups of three larger macrochaetae and several small setae or cilia; the marginal rows continue back to the level of the eyes and a single row of strong macrochaetae extend back above the eyes. Clypeus with numerous setae and cilia, the setae being longer and stronger in the proximal lateral parts, where lanceolate scales also occur. Labrum with several setae scattered over the proximal third and a row of six fine setae medially near the distal margin. — Antennae with scape much longer than pedicel (Fig. 7), scape with a subapical rosette of strong setae, the sides and ventral face with numerous smaller setae and probably some lanceolate scales; pedicel also with subapical rosette of strong setae but also several cilia and small setae in a row proximal to the larger setae. First annulus of flagellum with a subapical ring of setae and some short trichobothria; subsequent annuli similar but becoming slightly longer, dividing into two annuli by the eighth interval and into four annuli by the about the twelfth interval. Most distal surviving intervals of almost complete antenna (Fig. 8) divided into repeated patterns of eight annuli, each with two rosettes of fine setae; rod-like basiconic sensilla (Type B of Adel, 1984) present distally in the distal annulus of each interval. — Mandibles (Figs 9, 10) typical for Heterolepismatinae with well- developed molar and incisor areas; a group of about 9 – 12 strong and short or thin and longer, apically bifurcated setae distally adjacent to the molar region and a bush of about 40 macrochaetae externally. — Maxilla (Fig. 11) with two thick apically bifurcate macrochaetae externally proximal to the palp; lacinia typical for genus, with three strong teeth, one set further back than the other two, followed by about seven lamellate processes and a row of eight or nine thin setae, galea with one slightly stronger seta proximally but otherwise with only short fine cilia or setulae (Fig. 12); apical article of maxillary palp (Fig. 13) 4.1 times longer than wide (range 3.7 – 4.6) and 1.2 times longer than the penultimate article (range 1.1 – 1.4), the ultimate article apparently with three (or four on K. 541011) branched papillae, ultimate and penultimate articles with fine setae only, third article with subapical rosette of somewhat stronger setae one of which is quite strong, second article with subapical rosette of stronger setae as well as several somewhat stronger setae on the ventral face, basal articles with rosette of short thicker setae. — Labium (Fig. 14) wider than long, postmentum with setae scattered irregularly across the anterior third and a group of setae in the posterior corners, three or four of which may be quite robust, prementum with transverse and oblique groups of stronger setae and with short setulae distally; apical article of labial palp almost as wide as long (L / W 0.8 – 1.1) with five compact papillae of similar size arranged in a broad three plus two arrangement, outer margin with one basiconic sensillum (type C) and at least one basiconic sensillum (type B); covered with numerous fine short setae, those proximal and medial longer than those distal and / or lateral; penultimate article without particularly stronger setae. Thorax: Pronotum (Fig. 15) with setal collar of short macrochaetae, some small setulae and longer cilia; macrochaetae and setae of lateral margins of Lord Howe Island specimens lost, but the specimen from Norfolk Island (K. 261293, K. 261294) (see below) has several quite long macrochaetae along the margins of all nota, as well as setulae and long cilia; all macrochaetae are single. Anterior trichobothrium about half way along the margin and not associated with any macrochaeta (Fig. 16). The posterior trichobothrium mediad of a large submarginal macrochaeta (Fig. 17). Both trichobothria with two or three setulae posterior to them. Posterior margin with 1 + 1 single macrochaetae each associated with two cilia (Fig. 18). — Mesonotum (Figs 19, 20) with similar lateral chaetotaxy to pronotum except there are many more setulae along the margins; the anterior trichobothrial area not associated with any macrochaetae and about ¾ the distance along the margin, the posterior area as in the pronotum; 1 + 1 posterior macrochaetae as in pronotum. — Metanotum (Figs 21, 22) similar to mesonotum (the macrochaeta is missing from the right posterior trichobothrial area of K. 541011 but present on all other specimens). Presternum narrow, with transverse row of strong macrochaetae, setae and cilia (Fig. 23). All thoracic sterna with hyaline scales. — Prothoracic sternum (Fig. 23) parabolic, about as long as wide at its base (L / W = 0.99, range 0.85 – 1.10), posterior one third of lateral margins with marginal setae, 1 + 1 submarginal combs each of three or four macrochaetae; apex between the combs straight and glabrous with scales extending beyond the margin. — Mesosternum (Figs 24) a little longer than wide (L / W 1.07, range 1.04 – 1.11), similar to prosternum with straight or slightly concave distal glabrous region between the setae, with 1 + 1 submarginal combs of about five macrochaetae as well as some strong marginal setae, some cilia and one or two setulae along the posterior fifth of the margin. — Metasternum (Fig. 25) apically rounded, much wider than long (L / W 0.72, range 0.69 – 0.75), with submarginal rows of four or five macrochaetae as well as some marginal setae (some of which are quite robust) and cilia in the posterolateral corners; the gap between the combs about six times the average length of each comb (range 4.7 – 7.8). Legs (Figs 23 – 25) becoming progressively longer and more slender (length tibia PII / PI 1.10 – 1.34; tibia PIII / PI 1.56 – 1.98), tibia L / W ratio of legs PI 3.0 (range 2.5 – 3.6), PII 3.5, (range 3.1 – 4.5), PIII 4.4 (range 3.3 – 5.3); tarsi L / W ratio PI 6.0 (range 5.2 – 6.6), PII 7.9 (range 6.9 – 8.9), PIII 10.1 (range 8.9 – 11.3). Precoxa of PI with lateral comb of three strong macrochaetae. Coxa of PI with strong macrochaetae in about two rows along the external margin; inner margin with about five stout macrochaetae distally over the articulation and another two strong longer setae subdistally near long thin setae on the dorsal face. Trochanter with several fine setae as well as one stronger seta. Femur ventrally with several macrochaetae along the posterior margin and another about two thirds the distance along the anterior margin, distal anterior corner with two apically bifurcate macrochaetae, most of ventral face and anterior margin covered with lanceolate scales with setae restricted to the proximal posterior quarter. Tibia with a very strong carrot-shaped macrochaeta distally as well as a few smaller strong setae along the ventral margin, dorsal or outer margin with one or two macrochaetae about midway along the margin and another usually about ¾ the distance along the margin; apical spur large and distinctly hooked and bearing a few small setae; ventral face of tibia mostly covered with lanceolate scales. Tarsi of four articles, the basal tarsal article of PI about equal in length to the remaining articles together, bearing some stronger setae below; second and third articles short and subequal, suture between third and fourth articles weak. Pretarsus with two long curved lateral claws and a much shorter straight medial claw. PII (Fig. 24) and PIII (Fig. 25) similar to PI except lacking comb on the precoxa. The relative length of the basal tarsal article is progressively only a little longer, being about 56 % of the total length on PIII. Abdomen: Urotergite I (Fig. 26) with 2 + 2 small combs, each lateral comb of two macrochaetae associated with a cilium, two small marginal setae and a setula, each sublateral comb of a single macrochaeta associated with a cilium and a small but stout marginal seta; urotergites II – VII with 3 + 3 combs (Figs 27 – 30) as shown in table 3, each lateral comb associated with 2 – 3 cilia, 1 – 2 marginal setae and 0 – 3 setulae, each submedial comb associated with 1 – 3 cilia, 1 – 2 marginal setae and 0 – 2 setulae, each submedial comb of a single macrochaetae associated with two cilia and 0 – 1 setulae; urotergite VIII with 2 + 2 combs similar to those on the preceding segments, lacking the sublateral comb; urotergite IX (Figs 31, 32) without combs but with 1 – 2 marginal setae, a cilium and 0 – 2 setulae in each infralateral corner. Urotergite X (Fig. 33) straight and glabrous across the posterior margin, L / W 0.38 – 0.48, with 1 + 1 stronger macrochaetae in each posterolateral corner and several strong macrochaetae some cilia and setulae along most of each lateral margin. Urosternite I glabrous, urosternites II – VIII with 1 + 1 lateral combs each of a single macrochaeta each associated with a cilium laterad and posterior to the macrochaeta and usually with a setula closer to the margin (Figs 34 – 36). Slender styli present on VIII and IX in male and VII to IX in female; each stylus with several robust macrochaetae apically. Styli IX (Fig. 37) (excluding the apical macrochaetae) a little more than two times the length of the internal process. Coxite IX of male IX (Fig. 37) similar to female, inner process 3.1 – 3.4 times longer than outer process (2.5 – 2.8 times on K. 261294 from Norfolk Island), and 1.4 times longer than wide at its base (1.1 – 1.2 times on K. 261294 from Norfolk Island), bearing short parameres which have several short thin setae distributed over their surface (Fig. 38). Penis typical (Fig. 37) with numerous glandular setae apically, each set on a protuberance. Coxite IX of ♀ (Fig. 40), the internal process acute apically, about four times longer than the external process (range 3.8 – 4.3) and 1.7 times (range 1.7 – 1.8) longer than wide at its base, external and internal margins of internal process and external margin of outer process round with a few moderately strong insertions. — Ovipositor long about twice HW (range 1.7 – 2.3) surpassing the end of the inner process of coxite IX by about three times the length of the inner process, composed of about 40 divisions (range 34 – 42) and surpassing the apices of styli IX by about the length of the stylus on the specimen from Norfolk Island (K. 261292). Distal divisions of gonapophyses (Fig. 41) with only short fine setae and setulae. Cerci (Figs 39) with four basal divisions shorter than wide then progressively longer with a single rosette of setae, macrochaetae and trichobothria becoming increasingly stronger and longer distally, fifth and sixth divisions with two rosettes, the more proximal with short trichobothria, smaller seta and what appear to be lanceolate scales, macrochaetae restricted to the most distal rosette; seventh division with three rosettes, the probable lanceolate scales restricted to the two basal rosettes; eighth division with four rosettes, the apparent lanceolate scales restricted to the first and third rosettes; eleventh division with eight rosettes, apparent lanceolate scales possibly restricted to the most basal rosette. — Median dorsal appendage (Fig. 39) as illustrated. Habitat. The type series was collected under bark of “ Kilinogue ” trees. Other LHI specimens were collected from a rotting log and the Norfolk Island specimen was collected by beating a dead branch. Presumably this species lives under bark or within other cavities on trees.	en	Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew (2019): Species of Heterolepismatinae (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) Found on some Remote Eastern Australian Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 71 (4): 139-181, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1719
D026802BEE3EA272FF21A22DFE72F982.taxon	discussion	Remarks Contrary to earlier opinion (e. g., Smith, 2014), H. howense is not a close relative of H. sclerophyllum regardless of its similar arrangement of styli, a character which should no longer be considered as a strong indicator of relationship. A specimen from Lord Howe Island mentioned by Smith, 2014 (K. 261088 K. 261089) has now been shown to belong to H. milledgei sp. nov. described below. Heterolepisma howense appears to be closer to H. cooloola from the southern Queensland coastal forests, with which it shares the glabrous anterior margin to the frons, lanceolate scales on the femora and tibia and the arrangement of styli. Unpublished molecular data indicate there are several, as yet undescribed, species in the cooloola group along the eastern seaboard of Queensland suggesting north-eastern Australia may have been the origin of the colonising ancestor. In addition to the characters given in the diagnosis to distinguish this species from H. cooloola, morphometric analysis also identified several measurements as potentially useful to separate the species, i. e. very little or no overlap in the range of measurements. These data need to be expanded to include more specimens from a wider geographical spread. No consistent morphological difference could be found between the specimens collected on Norfolk Island and Lord Howe Island. It is also possible that the presence of this species on both islands (almost 900 km apart) is due to the activities of man. Ships regularly sailed between these islands in the 1800 s (e. g., Nicholls, 2006) and possibly even earlier (Anderson and White, 2001). If they were carrying wood collected on one or other island (e. g., as firewood) then silverfish may have been transported along with it. Heterolepisma howense may have been a Norfolk Island endemic or vice versa.	en	Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew (2019): Species of Heterolepismatinae (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) Found on some Remote Eastern Australian Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 71 (4): 139-181, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1719
D026802BEE36A26DFF0AA255FAD3FEDB.taxon	description	Figs 42 – 85	en	Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew (2019): Species of Heterolepismatinae (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) Found on some Remote Eastern Australian Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 71 (4): 139-181, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1719
D026802BEE36A26DFF0AA255FAD3FEDB.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. ♂ (HW 1.43) (AM K. 541007 K. 541008 on two slides) LORD HOWE ISLAND: Stevens Reserve 31.52 ° S 159.07 ° E 15 m asl, 25. ii. 2001, Graham Milledge. Paratypes. 1 ♂ (HW 1.25) (K. 377823 in alcohol) same data as holotype; 1 ♀ (HW 1.03) (K. 261088 K. 261089 on two slides) LORD HOWE ISLAND: eastern slope of Phillip Point (north head) 31.522 ° S 159.041 ° E, 1. xii. 2000, CBCR Australian Museum; 1 ♀ (HW 1.18) (K. 261256 K. 261257 on two slides) LORD HOWE ISLAND: Blackburn Island 31.534 ° S 159.060 ° E, 18. ii. 2017, C. Reid; 1 ♂ (HW 1.25) (K. 541013 K. 541014 on two slides) LORD HOWE ISLAND: Junction of Kim’s Lookout trail and North Beach trail 31.519 ° S 159.050 ° E, 18 – 27. ii. 2001, LHIS 010 / 04; 1 ♀ (HW 1.10) (K. 377863 (shared) in alcohol) LORD HOWE ISLAND: Western slope of Malabar Ridge S. of Kims Trail, 31.516 ° S 159.059 ° E, 24 November 2000, LHIS 007 / L; 1 juvenile (HW 0.75) (K. 377863 (shared) in alcohol) same data as previous; 1 juvenile (HW 0.73) (K. 377864 in alcohol) LORD HOWE ISLAND: Eastern slope of Dawson’s Point ridge near top, 31.516 ° S 159.049 ° E, 24. xi. 2000, LHIS 008 L; 1 ♀ (HW 1.28) (K. 377866 in alcohol) LORD HOWE ISLAND: Western slope of Dawson’s Point Ridge, off North Beach trail, 31.083 ° S 159.048 ° E, 24. xi – 1. xii. 2000, LHIS 12 / 03; 1 partial specimen (HW 1.18) (K. 377867 (shared) in alcohol) LORD HOWE ISLAND: Junction of Kim’s Lookout trail and North Beach trail, S 31.519 ° E 159.050 °, 18 – 27. ii. 2001, LHIS 010 / 02, (head, thorax and abdominal segments I – III); 1 partial specimen (HW 0.93) (K. 377867 (shared) in alcohol) same data as previous, (head, thorax and abdominal segments I – V); 1 ♂ (HW 0.95) K. 261258 on one slide) LORD HOWE ISLAND: Balls Pyramid, base of “ Pillars of Porteus ” 31.757 ° S 159.255 ° E, 26. iii. 2017, F. Koehler (specimen probably subadult as styli VIII are only about half the expected size); 1 juvenile ♂ (HW 0.68) (K. 261349 on one slide) LORD HOWE ISLAND: Balls Pyramid, rock platform at southern tip “ Base Camp ” 31.7575 ° S 159.2550 ° E, 26. iii. 2017, F. Koehler; 1 juvenile ♂ (HW 0.73) (K. 377869 in 100 % ethanol), same data as previous; 1 juvenile ♀ (HW 0.70) (K. 377827 in 80 % ethanol) same data as previous; 1 juvenile (HW 0.63) (K. 377870 in 100 % ethanol) same data as previous.	en	Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew (2019): Species of Heterolepismatinae (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) Found on some Remote Eastern Australian Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 71 (4): 139-181, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1719
D026802BEE36A26DFF0AA255FAD3FEDB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from most other described species of Heterolepisma by a combination of features including the presence of macrochaetae along the anterior margin of the frons, the absence of a medial comb on urosternite I, the presence of only 1 + 1 macrochaetae on urosternites II – VIII and the number of styli (three pairs in the ♀ and two pairs in the ♂). It differs from the closely related H. sclerophyllum species group most obviously in the shorter urotergite X (L / W at its base of 0.36 – 0.47 vs 0.43 – 0.73) and its truncate trapezoidal shape (versus rounded).	en	Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew (2019): Species of Heterolepismatinae (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) Found on some Remote Eastern Australian Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 71 (4): 139-181, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1719
D026802BEE36A26DFF0AA255FAD3FEDB.taxon	description	Description Appearance: Medium sized silverfish (Fig. 42), thorax about 15 % wider than abdomen which only tapers slightly posteriorly from about the fifth abdominal segment; appearance when live unknown. Body length: H + B 10.1 mm; HW 1.43 mm; thorax: length up to 3.2 mm or 0.31 H + B (range 0.29 – 0.32); width up to 2.13 mm with no great difference in length or width between the nota although the mesonotum is the widest and the pronotum the narrowest; antennae not complete> 5.2 mm or> 0.54 H + B; terminal filaments all damaged,> 4.0 mm or> 0.43 H + B. Pigmentation: Pigment brownish, quite variable between specimens, with the specimen from Blackburn Island being much darker than the holotype, while others show intermediate levels of pigmentation, the variability perhaps due to the maturity of the specimen and the duration in alcohol. Flagellum of antennae evenly pale becoming slightly darker distally; pedicel and scape without pigment. Terminal filaments annulated darker brown with only the most distal part of each major division from just below the rosette of major macrochaetae to the suture with the next division devoid of pigment. Head with very small area of pigment around eyes only. Clypeus, labrum and mandibles without pigment. Maxillary palp without pigment except for slightly shaded penultimate article. Labium and labial palp largely without pigment except for small amount along the outer margin of the penultimate article. Legs without pigment except for dorsal face of the tibia and the first tarsal article of PIII where light pigment is fairly evenly distributed and a small amount on the tibia distally of PII. Urotergite X with light pigment, darkest proximally and becoming lighter distally. Coxites IX around stylus insertion and both pair of styli with very dark pigment in one specimen (K. 541014), only styli IX pigmented in another specimen (K. 541014), weaker in the holotype and almost absent in K. 261258. Ovipositor without pigment. Macrochaetae: Typical for the Heterolepismatinae, smooth, hyaline or slightly straw coloured, apically bifurcate with truncated tips to each bifurcation. Some macrochaetae on tibia, stout carrot-shaped. Scales: Quite broad, hyaline or with ribs browner distally, with numerous subparallel ribs that do not surpass the margin of the scale (Fig. 43). Scales found on top of head, absent from clypeus and labrum as well as all cephalic appendages; present on all nota, all thoracic sterna, and coxae of legs but absent from remaining leg articles, present on all urotergites and urosternites, absent from styli and terminal filaments. Lanceolate scales not seen. Head: Wider than long (Fig. 44). Frons with complete row of strong macrochaetae along the anterior margin which join laterally with the rows of macrochaetae along the lateral margins, running back towards and above the eyes, these rows quite dense about 2 – 4 macrochaetae wide, periantennal groups of about six macrochaetae and smaller setae, contiguous with the lateral marginal row. Clypeus with 1 + 1 long rows of macrochaetae (ca. seven or more in adult specimens) proximally and another transverse row of thinner but still well-developed setae a little distal of the middle, two of these setae on each side are long, trichobothria-like; area between these two rows well populated with setae, many of which are quite long. Labrum with transverse proximal band of cilia followed by a band of setae in proximal half, distal half with the usual row of six fine setae. — Antennae with scape longer than pedicel (Fig. 45), each with a subapical rosette of small macrochaetae and setae, as well as some cilia; ventral and lateral faces of scape, and to a lesser extent also the pedicel, with many setae and some cilia. First annulus or interval of flagellum with a subapical rosette of a few setae; subsequent six annuli with a single rosette of small setae, trichobothria and some cilia, the sutures between the annuli difficult to see in the holotype, eighth to tenth intervals divided into two annuli, each with a rosette similar to the previous, eleventh and twelfth intervals divided into two annuli but the apical annulus has two rosettes, following interval still divided into two annuli but each has two rosettes, the most distal surviving interval in the holotype (probably about mid-antenna) with four annuli per interval, each with two rosettes, the trichobothria restricted to the most distal rosette, in paratype K. 261256 the antenna is much more intact (three quarters?), each apical interval is divided into eight annuli with trichobothria still restricted to the most distal annulus, with a small basiconic sensillum (type B) at least on the fourth annulus of each interval and possibly also on the most distal annulus, as well as two basiconic sensilla type C, one on the second and the other on the fourth annulus (Fig. 46). — Mandibles (Figs 47, 48) typical for Heterolepismatinae with well-developed molar and incisor areas, a group of about 7 – 15 short apically bifurcated setae distally adjacent to the molar region and a bush of about 50 – 60 long macrochaetae externally. — Maxilla (Fig. 49) with three thick apically bifurcate macrochaetae externally proximal to the palp; lacinia short and wide, with three strong teeth, one set further back than the other two, followed by about seven lamellate processes and a row of 7 – 11 setae, galea with 0 – 5 stronger setae proximally but otherwise with only short fine cilia or setulae; apical article of maxillary palp 4.6 times longer than wide (range 4.3 – 4.7) and 1.3 times longer than the penultimate article (range 1.1 – 1.5), the ultimate article with three branched papillae, those in the male larger and more elaborate than those in the female; all articles of palp covered with fine setae, penultimate article with a few somewhat stronger setae subapically, first, second and third articles with incomplete subapical rosettes of stronger setae. — Labium (Fig. 50) wider than long, postmentum with several quite strong setae in each posterolateral corner, quite long simple setae in band about two wide across the anterior quarter, prementum with transverse and oblique groups of strong often slightly apically bifurcate setae and with short setulae distally; apical article of labial palp, 1.2 times longer than wide (range L / W 1.1 – 1.3) with five papillae arranged in a cluster arrangement with the three larger papillae in a curved line around the posterior two smaller papillae; outer margin with at least two basiconic sensilla (one type C, one type B); penultimate article with three stronger setae medially, second article with several stronger setae on the inner face and subdistally, basal article with several short strong setae in an oblique line on the anterior face. Thorax: Pronotum (Fig. 51) with well-developed setal collar about three or four macrochaetae wide and some long cilia scattered throughout collar; chaetotaxy of lateral margins largely lost, consisting of many marginal setae or macrochaetae as well as several submarginal macrochaetae and long cilia. Anterior trichobothrium a little further than halfway along the margin and occasionally associated with a marginal macrochaeta but more often not, otherwise without any special chaetotaxy other than sometimes a couple of setulae (Fig. 52, 54). The posterior trichobothrium mediad of two submarginal macrochaetae with some two or three setulae and long cilia (Fig. 53, 54). Posterior margin with 1 + 1 submedian combs of two macrochaetae each associated with one or two setulae perhaps two cilia or setulae anterior to the comb (Fig. 55). — Mesonotum (Fig. 56) with similar lateral chaetotaxy to pronotum except two or three of the submarginal macrochaetae are arranged as combs of two macrochaetae; both trichobothrial areas are more posterior (Fig. 57), the anterior trichobothrium about 80 % along the margin and located between a macrochaeta and the margin and the posterior area as in the pronotum, in one example (right side only of K. 261088) there are two macrochaetae mediad of the trichobothrium; 2 + 2 posterior macrochaetae as in pronotum. — Metanotum (Figs 58, 59) similar to mesonotum. Presternum narrow, with transverse band of strong mostly apically bifurcate macrochaetae one or two wide plus small setae and cilia (Fig. 60). All thoracic sterna with hyaline scales. — Prothoracic sternum (Figs 60, 61) cordiform, about as long as wide at base (L / W range 0.84 – 1.05), posterior two fifths of lateral margins with long thin setae and cilia, 1 + 1 quite variable combs of 2 – 9 macrochaetae subparallel to the margin subdistally. — Mesosternum (Fig. 62) semi-elliptical, a little longer than wide (range L / W 1.02 – 1.15) with 1 + 1 subdistal combs of five, six or seven macrochaetae as well as several marginal setae, cilia and setulae. — Metasternum (Fig. 63) apically rounded or straight for a distance between the combs, wider than long (range L / W 0.73 – 0.76) with 1 + 1 subapical combs, each of 3 – 7 macrochaetae, the lateral margins adjacent to each comb with setae, cilia and setulae, the gap between the combs about four times the average width of the combs (range 2.8 – 4.9). Legs (Figs 60, 62, 64) becoming progressively longer and more slender (mean tibia length PII / PI 1.3 (range 1.23 – 1.31), PIII / PI 1.70 (range 1.63 – 1.75), mean tarsus length PII / PI 1.1 (range 1.00 – 1.25), PIII / PI 1.50 (range 1.37 – 1.55), tibia L / W ratio of legs PI 3.1 (range 2.5 – 3.6), PII 3.6 (range 3.5 – 3.7), PIII 4.0 (range 3.8 – 4.2); tarsi L / W ratio PI 6.2 (range 6.1 – 6.3), PII 6.3 (range 5.9 – 6.8), PIII 9.2 (range 8.5 – 9.8). Precoxa of PI with comb of about six macrochaetae. Coxa of PI with combs of one or two macrochaetae in the anterolateral corner, many scattered macrochaetae as well as some cilia and setulae along the outer margin, becoming more numerous distally; inner margin with seven macrochaetae distally over the articulation and another one or two strong macrochaetae subdistally, as well as a seta subdistally and a long thin seta on the dorsal face. Trochanter with several long setae, three or four thicker than the rest. Femur ventrally with several strong macrochaetae along the posterior margin and two subdistally over the articulation, numerous thin setae, some quite long scattered over the ventral and dorsal surfaces. Tibia with a strong carrot-shaped macrochaeta distally as long as apical spur and another two subequally spaced along the ventral margin, as well as several longer macrochaetae along the entire length of the ventral margin, dorsal or outer margin with one short pointed macrochaeta or two macrochaetae just distad of the middle and another subdistally; surface covered in long fine setae; apical spur bearing several small setae. Tarsi of four articles, the basal tarsal article about as long as the following articles together on PI, PII and PIII; all articles bearing numerous long thin setae, including longer stronger setae on the ventral surfaces, suture between third and fourth articles weak. Pretarsus with two long curved lateral claws and a straight medial claw. PII and PIII similar to PI. Abdomen: Urotergite I with 2 + 2 combs, the lateral combs of 2 – 3 macrochaetae each associated with 1 – 2 cilia, two marginal setae and two setulae, the sublateral combs of two macrochaetae each associated with 1 – 2 cilia, a marginal seta and a setula (Fig. 65); urotergites II – VII with 3 + 3 combs, the number of macrochaetae per comb is shown in table 5, each lateral comb associated with one to four cilia, two marginal setae and sometimes a setula (Figs 66 – 70); urotergite VIII with 2 + 2 combs, lacking the sublateral comb (only one large seta in submedial comb on urosternite VIII in specimen K. 541014); urotergite IX without combs but with 0 – 2 cilia and 2 – 4 small marginal setae or setulae in each infralateral corner (Fig. 71). Urotergite X (Fig. 72) short, trapezoidal (L / W 0.39, range 0.36 – 0.47) with glabrous posterior margin between one or two submarginal macrochaetae in the posterolateral corners, lateral margins with several macrochaetae, setae and some cilia along entire length. Urosternite I glabrous; urosternites II – VII with 1 + 1 macrochaetae each associated with a cilium laterad of the insertion, a small seta and one or two setulae between the macrochaeta and the margin (Figs 73, 74) (macrochaeta missing on one side of urosternite VII in K. 541014 but cilium and seta still present); urosternite VII in female with straight posterior margin and a macrochaeta mediad of each stylus insertion and a cilium laterad of the stylus insertion, and two or three setulae on each side; urosternite VIII in the male entire (Fig. 75), its posterior margin slightly convex, its chaetotaxy similar to urosternite VII in the female (Fig. 76). Three pairs of styli in the females VII – IX (Fig. 77) and two in the male (VIII – IX). Coxites IX of ♂ with acute inner process about 1.2 times longer than wide at its base (range 1.11 – 1.24) and about 2.8 times longer than the external process (range 2.63 – 3.31) reaching to just under half the length of the stylus, both inner and outer processes with several macrochaetae / setae along their margins emerging from both the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the processes close to or on the margin. Parameres (Figs 78, 79) a little longer than wide, with about twenty fine setae and some cilia. Penis typical for genus with numerous glandular setae apically, each set on a protuberance. Coxite IX of ♀ (Fig. 80), the internal process acute apically, about twice as long as the external process and 1.3 times as long as broad at its base, not reaching to half the length of the stylus; external and internal margins of internal process and external margin and apex of outer process with many moderately strong setae directed both up and down. — Ovipositor (Fig. 80), very long and thin (up to 2.1 HW), surpassing the apex of stylus IX by about the length of the stylus (excluding terminal macrochaetae), composed of 39 – 42 divisions. Distal divisions of gonapophyses VIII and IX with only short fine setae and setulae (Figs 81, 82). Cerci (Figs 83, 84) with five basal divisions short with no more than a single rosette of setae and trichobothria, sixth and seventh divisions each with two rosettes of setae, cilia and trichobothria and macrochaetae in the apical rosette of the seventh, subsequent divisions with three then four rosettes with macrochaetae confined to the most apical division, eight rosettes per divisions from about the thirteenth, the divisions progressively longer; most apical surviving division (about 16 th in holotype) with ten rosettes per division. — Median dorsal appendage (Figs 83, 85) with glabrous first division, the following division either has two rosettes or the suture between the rosettes is too faint to see, the following two divisions with a single rosette of setae and trichobothria, the next two divisions with two rosettes and the following divisions with four rosettes; most apical surviving division (about 16 th in holotype) with ten rosettes per division (Fig. 85). Balls Pyramid variant: Both Balls Pyramid specimens dissected and mounted had only one macrochaeta in each submedial comb of the urotergites. While the possibility that this is due to their small size cannot be excluded (HW <1.03), this seems unlikely as the submedial combs of the nota in both specimens have two macrochaetae. It would appear that this could represent a morphological difference between the populations on Lord Howe Island and Balls Pyramid suggesting a fairly long period of separation. Both populations however shared identical 28 S sequences and are therefore considered here as belonging to a single species (see discussion below). Juvenile stages: In the small juvenile ♂ (K. 261349) from Balls Pyramid there were no combs of two macrochaetae on the lateral margins of the meso- and metanota and only one pair of styli were developed. These observations are consistent with growth characteristics of the genus. Habitat. Specimens were reported as collected by fogging a Banyan Fig, in leaf litter in closed rainforest (Drypetes / Cryptocarya) or (Cleistocalyx / Chionanthus), from litter in broad megaphyllous closed sclerophyll forest- (Howea belmoryana habitat), under rocks / logs, beating Lagunaria / Cassinia, and in a pitfall trap. This suggests it dwells in leaf litter accumulations, probably in areas either protected from rain or which dry out quickly, as is the case with H. sclerophyllum). Heterolepisma howense on the other hand seems to live under bark or within other cavities on trees. A similar separation of species has been seen by the first author on the Australian mainland where H. sclerophyllum is almost always collected from leaf litter accumulations and only rarely from the bark of trees while a sympatric undescribed species in the H. highlandi group was only ever taken from bark.	en	Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew (2019): Species of Heterolepismatinae (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) Found on some Remote Eastern Australian Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 71 (4): 139-181, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1719
D026802BEE36A26DFF0AA255FAD3FEDB.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for the collector of the type specimen Dr Graham Milledge, an arachnologist at the AMS.	en	Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew (2019): Species of Heterolepismatinae (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) Found on some Remote Eastern Australian Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 71 (4): 139-181, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1719
D026802BEE36A26DFF0AA255FAD3FEDB.taxon	discussion	Remarks This new species is closely related to H. sclerophyllum. Comparison of morphometric data failed to find a character (other than the L / W ratio of urotergite X) that clearly separated H. milledgei sp. nov. from H. sclerophyllum. It is possible that a difference exists in the number of ovipositor divisions (for most genotypes except that of the Megalong genotype) and the ratio of stylus VIII / IX, however data for H. milledgei sp. nov. is limited. There also appears to be a difference in the width of the gap between the combs on the metathoracic sternite (3.16 – 4.92 vs 1.66 – 3.72) except for the Glenbrook genotype (2.38 – 4.11). Heterolepisma milledgei sp. nov. also appears to have denser setae but an objective measure that encompasses the range of instars and the quality of preservation is currently lacking. The very limited data available suggest that there are fewer setulae in the trichobothrial areas but the number of setulae in the sclerophyllum complex needs to be re-examined. Molecular data presented in Smith et al., 2019 found that distances of 0.9 – 1.8 % or greater in 28 S, and 7.2 – 14 % in COI were associated with morphologically distinct species. We were able to obtain similar molecular data (Fig. 3) for three specimens here considered to belong to H. milledgei sp. nov., a subadult male and a juvenile from Balls Pyramid and a female from Blackburn Island (a small atoll within the main Lagoon of Lord Howe Island). The distance between H. milledgei sp. nov. and H. sclerophyllum for the 28 S gene was 1.3 % and 18.4 – 25.2 % for COI. We consider this degree of difference, associated with a consistent morphological difference (trapezoidal urotergite X) as sufficient for H. milledgei sp. nov. to be considered as a species distinct from H. sclerophyllum. While distances of 6.9 – 8.1 % were found for the COI gene between the Balls Pyramid and Blackburn Island specimens, as well as a difference in the number of macrochaetae in the submedial combs on the abdominal tergites, the two populations had identical 28 S sequences. We therefore consider them to belong to the same species, but the differences in morphology and COI sequences suggest that these two populations have been isolated from each other for some considerable time and that they derived from a progenitor near to or the same as H. sclerophyllum from the eastern coast of mainland Australia. Smith (2014) mentioned a specimen of H. howense from Lord Howe Island (K. 261088 K. 261089) that he compared to the newly described H. sclerophyllum. Hardly considering that there could be two species of Heterolepisma on Lord Howe Island he believed, due to the arrangement of styli and the shape of urotergite X, that the specimen belonged to the inadequately described H. howense, however, the redescription of H. howense above, now makes it clear that this specimen is not H. howense but belongs to H. milledgei sp. nov ..	en	Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew (2019): Species of Heterolepismatinae (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) Found on some Remote Eastern Australian Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 71 (4): 139-181, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1719
D026802BEE29A267FCAFA584FDEAFC7F.taxon	description	Figs 86 – 126	en	Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew (2019): Species of Heterolepismatinae (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) Found on some Remote Eastern Australian Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 71 (4): 139-181, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1719
D026802BEE29A267FCAFA584FDEAFC7F.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. ♀ (HW 1.20) (AM K. 261254 K. 261255 on two slides) LORD HOWE ISLAND: Balls Pyramid, rock platform at southern tip “ Base Camp ”, 31.7575 ° S 159.2550 ° E, 26. iii. 2017, F. Koehler.	en	Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew (2019): Species of Heterolepismatinae (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) Found on some Remote Eastern Australian Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 71 (4): 139-181, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1719
D026802BEE29A267FCAFA584FDEAFC7F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from many species of Heterolepisma by the absence of macrochaetae along the anterior margin of the frons, by the presence of lanceolate scales on the clypeus, femora, tibia and terminal filaments and the presence of a medial comb on urosternite I. Within the remaining group of several species that definitely have these characters (H. bisetosum, H. parvum, H. heraldense sp. nov. and H. serranoi) and others that probably have these characters (H. exacta, H. japonicum, H. mossambicense, H. primafrum and H. rouxi), H. pyramidum sp. nov. can be distinguished from all by a combination of the number of macrochaetae in the posterior combs of the nota (one rather than two), the absence of a macrochaeta associated with the anterior trichobothrial area of the pronotum, the composition of the urosternal combs being of greater than a single macrochaeta, the arrangement of styli (three pair in the ♀ and only two pair in the ♂) and the lesser number of combs on urotergite I (2 + 2 vs 3 + 3).	en	Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew (2019): Species of Heterolepismatinae (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) Found on some Remote Eastern Australian Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 71 (4): 139-181, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1719
D026802BEE29A267FCAFA584FDEAFC7F.taxon	description	Description Appearance: Medium sized silverfish, thorax about 15 % wider than abdomen which only tapers slightly posteriorly from about the fifth abdominal segment; appearance when live unknown (Fig. 86). Body length: H + B 8.9 mm; HW 1.20 mm; thorax: length 2.5 mm or 0.28 H + B; width up to 1.85 mm, widest at the mesonotum, pronotum and mesonotum slightly longer than the metanotum; antennae almost complete at 5.3 mm or 0.59 H + B; cerci and median dorsal appendage almost complete at 5.2 mm and 5.9 mm (0.58 and 0.67 H + B) respectively. Pigmentation: Pigment brownish. Flagellum of antennae evenly light brown becoming slightly darker distally; pedicel and H. milledgei sp. nov. Number of specimens within parentheses. without pigment, scape with small patch of pigment above as well as on its insertion pedestal. Terminal filaments annulated darker brown with only the portion of each major division distad of the rosette of larger macrochaetae unpigmented (e. g., the distal end of every eighth subdivision distally). Head with pigment around eyes and along lateral margins to the level of the perpendicular band of macrochaetae. Maxillary palp with light pigment on distal article, penultimate article and third article with even pigmentation, but much less on the second article. Ultimate article of labial palp with light pigment along lateral margins, penultimate article more pigmented, especially laterally and a small amount of pigment on external margin of second article. Precoxae with pigment and dark scales, coxae with light pigment only along lateral margins, trochanter without pigment, femur with small area of pigment distally on the leading edge as well as along the posterior margin, tibia with pigment over much of surface but darker on the dorsal margin, first tarsal article pigmented. Urotergite X and coxites IX pigmented. Styli IX with light pigment distributed evenly. Ovipositor white or perhaps slightly yellowish. Macrochaetae: Smooth, hyaline to straw-coloured to moderate brown, apically bifurcate with truncated tips to each bifurcation (Fig. 87). Some macrochaetae on tibia, stout carrot-shaped (Fig. 88). Scales: Quite broad, brown with numerous subparallel ribs that do not surpass the margin of the scale (Fig. 89). Scales found on top of head, some, either side of the tiny medial setae protruding well beyond the anterior margin; scales absent from clypeus and labrum as well as all cephalic appendages; dark scales present on all nota and abdominal tergites, clear scales on all thoracic and abdominal sterna, and coxae of legs, absent from styli. Lanceolate scales present on all femora and tibia; other leg articles without scales; lanceolate scales also present on basal third of the terminal filaments (except basal few divisions). Head: Wider than long (Fig. 90), without distinct bushes. Anterior margin without macrochaetae except for four tiny setae in the middle; strong macrochaetae along lateral margins with peri-antennal groups of about seven macrochaetae which are contiguous laterally with the rows of macrochaetae along the margin, the marginal macrochaetae continue along the sides of the head behind the antennae with a line of four or five macrochaetae lying above the eyes. Clypeus with some longer macrochaetae and several setae extending across the face. Labrum with many setae across the proximal half and a line of six thinner setae anteriorly. — Scape quite short with a subdistal line of setae and smaller setae over the dorsal anterior face, pedicel (Fig. 91) short, also with a subapical rosette of small macrochaetae with setae scattered over the surface medially; first annulus of flagellum apparently glabrous, subsequent annuli with a rosette of small setae and some short trichobothria, the divisions between the annuli difficult to discern in the slide mounted material, the intervals split into two annuli by the 7 th interval, into four by the 12 th and into eight by the 17 th. Most distal surviving intervals (Fig. 92) divided into repeated patterns of eight annuli, each with two rosettes of setae, those basally long tapering, those distally thinner and almost parallel-sided, the apical article of each interval has at least one trichobothrium, the second and fourth annuli bear at least one long, sausage-shaped basiconic sensillum (Type C of Adel, 1984). — Mandibles (Figs 93, 94) typical for Heterolepismatinae with well-developed molar and incisor regions; a group of about six strong and short plus five thinner, apically bifurcated setae distally adjacent to the molar region and a bush of about 40 macrochaetae externally. — Maxilla (Fig. 95) with three apically bifurcate macrochaetae externally proximal to the palp; lacinia short and wide, with three strong teeth, one set further back than the other two, followed by about seven lamellate processes and a row of seven setae, galea with only short fine setulae (Fig. 96); apical article of maxillary palp (Fig. 97) 4.6 times longer than wide and 1.2 times longer than the penultimate article, the ultimate article with three branched papillae, other specialised sensilla (e. g., basiconic sensilla) not seen, last three articles of palp with fine setae only, two basal articles with subapical rosettes of thicker setae. — Labium (Fig. 98) wider than long, postmentum with setae scattered in band across entire width including several small setae along and near the anterolateral margins, prementum with transverse and oblique groups of strong setae and with short setulae distally; apical article of labial palp (Fig. 99), about as wide as long (L / W 0.95), with five papillae of the compact type arranged in a broad three plus two cluster arrangement, the distal three arranged in a curved line, a single basiconic sensillum (Type C) on the outer margin near the level of the papillae, covered with numerous fine short setae especially below; penultimate article with some stronger setae on the bulge medially; second article also with stronger setae along the inner margin and a subapical rosette; basal article with an apical line of stronger setae ventrally. Thorax: Pronotum (Fig. 100) with complete setal collar of short macrochaetae and some cilia; setae of lateral margins lost, but consisting of some marginal setae as well as cilia and two submarginal macrochaetae, one about one quarter the distance along the margin and the other about seven-eighths along the margin associated with the posterior trichobothrial area. Anterior trichobothrium a little further than half way along the margin, with two to four setulae posterior to the trichobothrium, not associated with a macrochaeta (Fig. 101). The posterior trichobothrium mediad of a submarginal macrochaeta and its cilium, with two or three setulae posterior to this group (Fig. 102). Posterior margin with 1 + 1 single macrochaetae each associated with two cilia (Fig. 103). — Mesonotum (Fig. 104) also with small setae along the margins as well as three combs each of two macrochaetae anterior to the anterior trichobothrial area, both trichobothrial areas (Fig. 105) are more posterior than on the pronotum, the anterior trichobothrium located about 5 / 6 the distance along the margin and not associated with any macrochaeta and the posterior area as in the pronotum; 1 + 1 posterior macrochaetae as in pronotum. — Metanotum (Figs 106, 107) similar to mesonotum. Presternum with transverse row of strong macrochaetae (Fig. 108) as well as some simple cilia. All thoracic sterna with hyaline scales. — Prothoracic sternum (Fig. 108) cordiform, slightly wider than long (L / W 0.91), 1 + 1 irregular combs of eight to nine bifurcate macrochaetae running subparallel to the margin, as well as some marginal setae and cilia in distal one quarter, short posterior margin between combs straight. — Mesosternum (Figs 109) sub-parabolic, as long as wide at its base, (L / W 1.01) with about eight macrochaetae forming an irregular submarginal row along the posterior quarter of the margin, short posterior margin between combs straight. — Metasternum (Fig. 110) wider than long (L / W 0.74), apically a little truncate, 1 + 1 apical combs of about five macrochaetae, the distance between the combs 2.3 times the average length of each comb (range 2.1 – 2.6), lateral margins with a few simple setae and cilia only adjacent to the combs. Legs (Figs 108, 110, 111) becoming progressively longer and more slender with the tibia of PII being 1.3 times longer than that of PI and the tibia of PIII being 1.8 times longer than that of PI, tibia L / W ratio of legs PI 2.9, PII 3.2, PIII 3.6; tarsi L / W ratio PI 5.3, PII 8.0, PIII 9.2. Precoxa of PI with lateral combs of four macrochaetae. — Coxa of PI (Fig. 108) without comb near the anterolateral corners, but many strong macrochaetae in approximately two rows along the external margin, becoming shorter distally; inner margin with five macrochaetae distally over the articulation and another seta subdistally near three long thin seta on the dorsal face. — Trochanter with small setae. — Femur ventrally with one large macrochaeta near the trochanter and three large bifurcate carrot-shaped macrochaetae plus two strong simple macrochaetae on the posterior bulge, distal anterior corner with two macrochaetae, lanceolate scales along the margin and extending onto the ventral face of the femur in the anterior half, rest of ventral surface with fine scattered setae. — Tibia with a few lanceolate scales on the ventral face proximally, rest of surface with setae, a strong carrot-shaped macrochaeta distally as well as a thinner pair subdistally, another pair midway along the margin and a smaller pair near the proximal end of the posterior margin, distal end of tibia with a row of stronger setae, anterior margin with two stout macrochaetae about one third and two thirds along the margin, as well as smaller setae; apical spine with several setae, some quite strong. — Tarsi of four articles, the basal tarsal article of PI not quite as long as the remaining articles together, bearing some stronger setae below and many other smaller setae over the surface; second and third articles the shortest, each with two stronger setae ventrally. Pretarsus with two long curved lateral claws and a shorter straight medial claw. PII (Fig. 111) similar to PI except coxae with fewer macrochaetae along the outer margin, only becoming two macrochaetae wide in the distal half, with about seven stout setae over the articulation, the tibia with three stout macrochaetae along the dorsal margin and the first tarsal article is longer than the remaining three together, and PIII (Fig. 110) similar to PII but areas of lanceolate scales more extensive. Abdomen: Urotergite I with 2 + 2 combs, the lateral combs of two macrochaetae each associated with three marginal setae and a setula, the submedial combs with one or two marginal setae, 0 – 3 setulae and a cilium on the laterad end of each comb; urotergites II – VII (Fig. 112) with 3 + 3 small combs as shown in table 7, each lateral comb associated with 1 – 3 marginal setae, 1 – 3 setulae, usually a cilium at the mediad end of each comb and sometimes one between, and anterior to, the two most mediad macrochaetae, each sublateral comb with 0 – 2 marginal setae and 1 – 3 setulae, the submedial combs usually with a cilium on either side of the single macrochaeta and rarely a setula between the macrochaeta and the margin (Figs 113 – 115); urotergite VIII with 2 + 2 combs, lacking the sublateral comb; urotergite IX without combs but with two delicate marginal setae and two cilia in each infralateral corner (Fig. 116). Urotergite X (Fig. 117) short and distinctly trapezoidal (L / W about 0.35), with 1 + 1 macrochaetae in the posterolateral corners, each associated with cilia on each side and numerous setae along the margins. Urosternite I with a medial comb of three macrochaetae and two setulae on a non-protruding region (Figs 118, 119), urosternite II – VI (Figs 120, 121) with 1 + 1 lateral combs each of four or five macrochaetae and two marginal setulae plus a cilium at the laterad end of each comb, the distance between each comb is about nine times the average length of the combs on the segment (range 8.7 – 10.2), urosternite VII (Fig. 122) with styli, 1 + 1 combs each of two macrochaetae located mediad of each stylus, associated with two marginal setulae, laterad of the stylus is a cilium associated with two marginal setulae. Urosternite VIII in ♀ divided into separate coxites shaped as shown in figure 123, each bearing a small stylus which is apically armed with some strong setae, one or two macrochaetae mediad of the stylus insertion associated with a few small marginal setae, with two or three setae and a cilium on the outer side of the stylus. Styli present in three pairs, those on IX about twice as long as those on VIII which are just a little longer than those on VII. Coxite IX of ♀ (Fig. 123) with the internal process acute apically, about three times longer than the external process and 1.3 times as long as wide at its base, reaching to about one third the length of the stylus; external and internal margins of internal process and external margin with a few moderately strong setae, apex of outer process with three or four strong setae. — Ovipositor (Fig. 123) probably not yet fully developed as its only reaches the end of the styli (1.20 HW), composed of about 45 divisions (range 44 – 47). Distal divisions of gonapophyses difficult to see adequately in prepared material (Fig. 124) with only short fine setae and setulae. Cerci (Figs 125, 126) with basal divisions as long as wide (or perhaps it is several divisions with indistinguishable sutures), divisions two to four shorter than wide, fifth division as long as wide consisting of two annuli and first lanceolate scales seen, following division s consisting of four annuli eventually increasing to eight annuli with the setae, macrochaetae and trichobothria becoming increasingly stronger and longer, lanceolate scales not visible in distal two thirds of cerci and not seen on median dorsal appendage .. — Median dorsal appendage (Fig. 128) similar. Male: Unknown. Habitat. Collected on a remote rock pyramid, the remnant of an old volcanic cone.	en	Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew (2019): Species of Heterolepismatinae (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) Found on some Remote Eastern Australian Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 71 (4): 139-181, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1719
D026802BEE29A267FCAFA584FDEAFC7F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named after the dramatic appearance of the island from which this species was collected.	en	Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew (2019): Species of Heterolepismatinae (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) Found on some Remote Eastern Australian Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 71 (4): 139-181, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1719
D026802BEE29A267FCAFA584FDEAFC7F.taxon	discussion	Remarks Even though only a single subadult female specimen was available, the species is described as new because it has a clear morphological difference to the published description of its probable nearest neighbour (H. rouxi from New Caledonia) and good molecular sequence data are available for it. Heterolepisma rouxi is in need of redescription as characters such as the chaetotaxy of the anterior margin of the frons, the position of the trichobothrial areas of the nota and the presence or absence of lanceolate scales were not reported. Heterolepisma heraldense sp. nov., described below, while distinct from H. pyramidum sp. nov., may eventually be shown to be conspecific with H. rouxi when the latter species is redescribed according to current criteria. The character analysis places H. pyramidum sp. nov. in a clade with H. parvum, H. heraldense sp. nov. and H. serranoi which all have a glabrous anterior margin to the frons, lanceolate scales, a medial comb on urosternite I and sublateral combs on urosternites II-VII consisting of more than one macrochaeta. The limited molecular data available for H. parvum (28 S of three specimens) and one specimen of H. pyramidum sp. nov. offers no support for this arrangement (see supplementary data on Figshare).	en	Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew (2019): Species of Heterolepismatinae (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) Found on some Remote Eastern Australian Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 71 (4): 139-181, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1719
D026802BEE23A261FF4CA038FB1BFD84.taxon	description	Figs 127 – 168	en	Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew (2019): Species of Heterolepismatinae (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) Found on some Remote Eastern Australian Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 71 (4): 139-181, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1719
D026802BEE23A261FF4CA038FB1BFD84.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. ♀ (HW 1.00) (AM K. 261309 on one slide) CORAL SEA TERRITORY: South West Herald Cay, 16.98 ° S 149.13 ° E, 17. v. 2007, R. Farrow. Paratypes. juvenile ♂ (HW 0.80) (K. 261310 on one slide) same data as holotype; juvenile ♀ (HW 0.70) (K. 377828 in alcohol) CORAL SEA TERRITORY: North East Herald Cay, 16.943 ° S 149.199 ° E, 16. v. 2007, P. Greenslade & R. Farrow.	en	Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew (2019): Species of Heterolepismatinae (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) Found on some Remote Eastern Australian Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 71 (4): 139-181, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1719
D026802BEE23A261FF4CA038FB1BFD84.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. As for H. pyramidum sp. nov., described above, from which it can easily be distinguished by its smaller size (6 mm for an apparently mature female vs almost 9 mm for an apparently subadult female), the posterior combs of the nota (but not the urotergites) which each consist of a larger macrochaeta and a sizable, but smaller, submarginal insertion (compared to just a single macrochaeta), the location of the anterior trichobothrial areas of the meso- and metanota about ¾ the distance along the margins (versus 5 / 6), the smaller number of combs of two macrochaetae on the lateral margins of the meso- and metanota (three and two versus two and one respectively), the shorter wider legs (e. g., femur PII L / W 1.8 versus 2.4 and tarsi PIII L / W 6.1 versus 9.2), the presence of 3 + 3 combs on urotergite I (versus 2 + 2) and the smaller number of divisions in the ovipositor (circa 37 versus circa 45). This species may however eventually prove to be a synonym of H. rouxi Silvestri, 1915 for which the original description is inadequate.	en	Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew (2019): Species of Heterolepismatinae (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) Found on some Remote Eastern Australian Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 71 (4): 139-181, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1719
D026802BEE23A261FF4CA038FB1BFD84.taxon	description	Description Appearance: Small to medium sized silverfish, thorax about 7 % wider than abdomen which only tapers slightly posteriorly from about the fifth abdominal segment (Fig. 127); appearance when live unknown. Body length: H + B 5.9 mm; HW 1.00 mm; thorax: length 1.9 mm or 0.32 H + B; width up to 1.45 mm, meso- and nota of same width with the pronotum just slightly narrower, pronotum longer than meso- and metanota; antennae incomplete at 4.1 mm or> 0.7 H + B; cerci and median dorsal appendage largely damaged at 1.9 mm and 0.7 mm (> 0.32 and> 0.12 H + B) respectively. Pigmentation: Pigment brownish. Flagellum of antennae evenly pale becoming slightly darker distally; pedicel and scape without pigment. Terminal filaments annulated darker brown with only the most distal portion of each major division from just below the rosette of major macrochaetae to the suture with the next division devoid of pigment. Head with very small area of pigment around eyes only. Clypeus, labrum and mandibles without pigment. Maxillary palp without pigment except for slightly darker penultimate article. Labium and labial palp largely without pigment except for small amount along the outer margin of the penultimate article. Legs without pigment except for dorsal face of the tibia and the first tarsal article where light pigment is fairly evenly distributed. Urotergite X with light pigment, darkest proximally and becoming lighter distally. Sternites including coxites IX and styli without obvious pigment. Ovipositor without pigment. Macrochaetae: Smooth, hyaline or slightly straw coloured, apically bifurcate with truncated tips to each bifurcation. Some macrochaetae on tibia, stout carrot-shaped. Scales: Quite broad, brown with numerous subparallel ribs that do not surpass the margin of the scale (Fig. 128). Scales found on top of head; scales absent from clypeus and labrum as well as all cephalic appendages; dark scales present on all nota and abdominal tergites, clear scales on all thoracic and abdominal sterna, and coxae of legs, absent from styli. Lanceolate scales present on all femora and tibia; other leg articles without scales; lanceolate scales not unambiguously observed on basal third of the terminal filaments. Head: Wider than long (Fig. 129), without distinct bushes. Anterior margin without macrochaetae except for two or three tiny setae in the middle; strong macrochaetae along lateral margins with peri-antennal groups of two or three larger macrochaetae as well as some cilia, only weakly connected with the one to two rows of macrochaetae along the margin, the marginal macrochaetae continue along the sides of the head behind the antennae with a line of four or five macrochaetae lying above the eyes. Clypeus with some longer macrochaetae in 1 + 1 rows of about three macrochaetae laterally and close to the frons as well as numerous setae across the face; lanceolate scales not observed. Labrum with many setae across the middle of the face a line of six thinner setae anteriorly. — Scape (Fig. 130) quite short with a subdistal line of setae and smaller setae over the dorsal anterior face, pedicel short, also with a subapical rosette of small macrochaetae with a few setae scattered over the surface medially; first annulus of flagellum with a subapical rosette of fine setae, subsequent annuli with a single rosette of setae, the divisions between the annuli difficult to discern in the slide mounted material, the intervals split into two annuli by the 7 – 9 th interval. Most distal surviving intervals (Fig. 131) divided into repeated patterns of four or possibly eight annuli, the basal interval with a single rosette of small fine setae, the second and third with two similar rosettes, the ultimate article of each interval with two rosettes of small setae and a further subapical rosette of fine, curved-tipped setae and one or two basiconic sensilla (type B). Trichobothria were rarely observed in the most apical rosettes of each interval making it difficult to determine the number of annuli per interval. — Mandibles (Fig. 132) aligned on slide so that the molar areas of both mandibles are difficult to discern but appear to be typical for Heterolepismatinae with well-developed molar and incisor areas; a group of about seven strong and short plus four thinner, apically bifurcated setae distally adjacent to the molar region and a bush of about 60 macrochaetae externally. — Maxilla (Figs 133, 134) with three apically bifurcate macrochaetae externally proximal to the palp; lacinia short with three strong teeth, one set further back than the other two, followed by about seven lamellate processes and a row of eight setae, galea with short fine setulae as well as two or three setae basally; apical article of maxillary palp (Fig. 135) only 2.9 times longer than wide (range 2.1 – 4.0) and 1.3 times longer than the penultimate article (range 1.1 – 1.5), the ultimate article with three branched papillae, other specialised sensilla (e. g., basiconic sensilla) not seen, last two articles of palp with fine setae only, two basal articles with subapical rosettes of thicker setae, third article also with rosette but setae not as thick as those on two basal articles. — Labium (Fig. 136) much wider than long, postmentum with fine setae along the lateral margins and longer slightly strong thin simple setae scattered in band across entire width anteriorly, prementum with transverse and oblique groups of strong simple setae and with short setulae distally; apical article of labial palp, about as wide as long (range L / W 0.95 – 1.12), covered with numerous fine short setae, with five papillae of the compact type arranged in a three plus two cluster arrangement, the distal three arranged in a curved line, a small single basiconic sensillum (type C) on the outer margin proximal to the level of the papillae; penultimate article with some longer but not much stronger setae on the bulge medially; second article also with similar setae; basal article with smaller setae only. Thorax: Pronotum (Fig. 137) with complete setal collar of short macrochaetae and some cilia; lateral margins with marginal setae as well as cilia and two submarginal macrochaetae, one about ¼ the distance along the margin and the other about ⅞ along the margin associated with the posterior trichobothrial area. Anterior trichobothrium a little further than half way along the margin with two or three setulae laterad and posterior to the trichobothrium, not associated with a macrochaeta (Fig. 138). The posterior trichobothrium mediad of a submarginal macrochaeta and its cilium, with two or three setulae posterior to this group (Fig. 138). Posterior margin with 1 + 1 combs composed of one larger macrochaeta insertion associated with two cilia and a smaller seta insertion posterior and mediad of the larger macrochaeta (Fig. 139). — Mesonotum (Fig. 140) also with small setae along the margins as well as two combs each of two macrochaetae anterior to the anterior trichobothrial area; the more medial macrochaeta only half the length of the outer macrochaeta. Both trichobothrial areas are more posterior than on the pronotum (Fig. 141), the anterior trichobothrium located about ¾ the distance along the margin not associated with any macrochaeta and the posterior area as in the pronotum; 1 + 1 posterior macrochaetae as in pronotum. — Metanotum (Figs 142, 143) similar to mesonotum but with only a single comb of two macrochaetae. Presternum with transverse row of setae and cilia across the entire width, the middle region with strong macrochaetae (Fig. 144). All thoracic sterna with hyaline round scales. — Prothoracic sternum (Fig. 144) cordiform with distinct concave margins in distal half as well as being longitudinally slightly concave, slightly wider than long (L / W 0.86), 1 + 1 irregular combs of six bifurcate macrochaetae running subparallel to the margin, as well as some marginal setae and cilia in distal three quarters. — Mesosternum (Figs 146) sub-parabolic as long as wide at its base, (L / W 1.03) with about six macrochaetae forming an irregular submarginal row along the posterior quarter of the margin, short straight posterior margin between combs. — Metasternum (Fig. 147) wider than long (L / W 0.80), apically round, 1 + 1 apical combs of five or six macrochaetae, the distance between the combs two to three times the average length of each comb (range 2.2 – 3.0), lateral margins with a few simple setae and cilia only adjacent to the combs. Legs (Figs 144 – 147), PI lost beyond trochanter in holotype but legs becoming progressively long tibia PI / PIII of juvenile paratypes 0.64, tarsi PI / PIII 0.76; tibia L / W ratio of legs PI 2.4 (range 2.3 – 2.6), PII 2.6 (range 2.3 – 2.8), PIII 3.3 (range 2.8 – 3.6); tarsi L / W ratio PI 5.3 (range 4.8 – 5.8), PII 5.1 (range 4.9 – 5.4), PIII 6.1 (range 5.6 – 6.3). Precoxa of PI with lateral combs of four macrochaetae. — Coxa of PI (Figs 144, 145) with ill-defined comb of two macrochaetae near the anterolateral corners, many strong macrochaetae in approximately two rows along the external margin, becoming shorter distally; inner margin with about five short macrochaetae distally over the articulation and another robust seta subdistally near three long thin seta on the dorsal face. — Trochanter with two or three stronger setae as well as small setae and setulae. — Femur quite broad (L / W 1.8 – 2.0) ventrally with two large macrochaetae near the trochanter and four large macrochaetae on the posterior bulge with two equally spaced macrochaetae between these groups, subdistal anterior corner with two macrochaetae; three or four longer, strong setae along the posterior margin distal of the posterior bulge; lanceolate scales along the margin and extending onto the ventral face of the femur in the anterior half, rest of ventral surface with fine scattered setae. — Tibia may have a few lanceolate scales on the ventral face proximally but the quality of the material available makes it difficult to be certain, rest of surface with setae, a strong carrot-shaped macrochaeta distally, another pair just beyond midway along the margin, the presence of a smaller pair near the proximal end of the posterior margin cannot be determined, anterior margin probably with one or two stout macrochaetae about one third along the margin and another pair two thirds along the margin, as well as smaller setae; apical spine with several setae. — Tarsi of four articles, the basal tarsal article of PI not quite as long as the remaining articles together, bearing some long, stronger setae below and many other smaller setae over the surface; second and third articles the shortest, each with two long, stronger setae ventrally. Pretarsus with two long curved lateral claws and a shorter straight medial claw. — PII (Fig. 146), coxa similar to PI except with fewer macrochaetae along the outer margin, only becoming two macrochaetae wide in the distal half, with about five stout setae over the articulation, trochanter with simple, but long setae. Femur short and wide (L / W 1.8) with about ten stout macrochaetae along the posterior margin as illustrated, lanceolate scales along the margin and extending onto the ventral face of the femur in the anterior half, rest of ventral surface with fine scattered setae. Tibia with a few lanceolate scales on the ventral face proximally, rest of surface with setae, with three stout macrochaetae along the dorsal margin and about five along the ventral margin. Tarsi quite short with long setae on the ventral surface, pretarsi with two long curved lateral claws and a shorter straight medial claw. — PIII (Fig. 147) similar to PII, femur short and wide (L / W 1.6 – 1.7), the first tarsal article being almost two thirds the total length of the tarsus. Tibia with long thin trichobothrium-like seta arising from the dorsal margin just forward of the most proximal dorsal macrochaeta (only seen in paratype K. 261310), the hair being almost twice the width of the tibia in length. Abdomen: Urotergites I – VII (Figs 148, 151) with 3 + 3 combs as shown in Table 8, although the submedial comb is absent on one side of urotergite I in the male paratype (K. 261310), the lateral combs (Figs 149, 152) consisting of 1 – 3 macrochaetae each associated with 2 – 3 cilia, 1 – 2 marginal setae and 1 – 2 setulae, the sublateral combs (Figs 149, 153) of 1 – 3 macrochaetae each associated with 0 – 2 cilia, 1 – 2 marginal setae and 1 – 2 setulae, the submedial combs (Figs 150, 154) with two cilia and a marginal seta; urotergite VIII with 2 + 2 combs, lacking the sublateral comb; urotergite IX (Figs 155, 156) without combs but with three small marginal setae in each infralateral corner. Urotergite X (Fig. 157) short and distinctly trapezoidal (L / W about 0.46), with 1 + 1 macrochaetae in the posterolateral corners and several setae along the margins. Urosternite I with a medial comb of two macrochaetae associated with a cilium at each end and a marginal seta and setula on a non-protruding region (Figs 158, 159); urosternites II – VI (Figs 160, 161) with 1 + 1 lateral combs each of two to four macrochaetae and with a cilium at each end of the comb, one or two marginal setae and 1 – 2 setulae, the distance between each comb is about twelve times the average length of the combs on the segment (range 10 – 14), urosternite VII (Fig 162) in ♀ with styli, 1 + 1 combs each of two or three macrochaetae located mediad of each stylus associated with a marginal seta and 2 – 3 marginal setulae, laterad of the stylus is a cilium associated with two marginal setulae. Urosternite VIII in ♀ divided into separate coxites shaped as shown in figure 163, each bearing a small stylus, 2 – 3 macrochaetae mediad of the stylus insertion associated with a few small marginal setae, with two or three setae and a cilium on the outer side of the stylus. Styli present in three pairs, those on IX about 1.5 times the length of those on VII. Coxite IX of ♀ (Fig. 163) with apically acute internal process, about four times longer than the external process in the adult and 1.5 times as long as wide at its base, reaching to about one quarter length of the stylus; external and internal margins of internal with a few moderately strong setae, apex of round outer process with three or four strong setae. — Ovipositor appears fully developed surpassing the end of the stylus by about the length of the stylus (1.9 HW), composed of about 37 divisions. Distal divisions of gonapophyses (Fig. 164) with only short fine setae and setulae. Cerci (Fig. 165) with basal divisions wider than long, divisions two to four with a single rosette of setae cilia and some trichobothria, fifth and sixth divisions each with two rosettes, the basal rosette of finer setae and trichobothria, following divisions consisting of three then four rosettes; most distal surviving divisions (probably only one third the length of the cercus) composed of four annuli each with two rosettes of setae, with large macrochaetae restricted to the most distal rosette. — Median dorsal appendage (Fig. 166) not well preserved; only about seven divisions remaining, most setae quite long and thin, macrochaetae restricted to the most distal rosette of each division. Lanceolate scales not observed on the terminal filaments. Male: Based on specimen K. 261310 which may be subadult: As for female but styli present only on segments VIII and IX, coxites IX (Fig. 167) with acute inner process about as long as wide at its base (range 0.95 – 1.04) and 1.8 – 2.7 times longer than the external process, reaching to just under half the length of the stylus; both processes also with several strong setae mostly apically emerging from both the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the processes close to or on the margin. Parameres a little shorter than wide, with only about ten short fine setae (Figs 167, 168). Penis typical for genus with numerous glandular setae apically, each set on a protuberance. Habitat. The specimens were collected from both low coral cays that form the Herald Group. The specimen from NE Cay (K. 377828) was extracted from Abutilon [fam. Malvaceae] leaf litter using a Tullgren funnel. The specimens from the SW Cay were labelled “ HC S bark ”.	en	Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew (2019): Species of Heterolepismatinae (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) Found on some Remote Eastern Australian Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 71 (4): 139-181, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1719
D026802BEE23A261FF4CA038FB1BFD84.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species named heraldense referring to the type locality.	en	Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew (2019): Species of Heterolepismatinae (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) Found on some Remote Eastern Australian Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 71 (4): 139-181, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1719
D026802BEE23A261FF4CA038FB1BFD84.taxon	discussion	Remarks Silvestri’s 1915 description of the New Caledonian species H. rouxi, while diagnostically useful at the time it was written, is today inadequate. It lacks not only higher level details such as the chaetotaxy of the anterior margin of the frons and the presence or absence of lanceolate scales but also many smaller details such as the number of divisions in the ovipositor and the chaetotaxy of the lateral margins of the nota which could well reveal differences. Heterolepisma heraldense sp. nov. may eventually prove to be conspecific with H. rouxi although the illustrated urotergite X in the latter appears more rounded in the male. New Caledonia is some 1600 km south east of the Herald Cays.	en	Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew (2019): Species of Heterolepismatinae (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) Found on some Remote Eastern Australian Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 71 (4): 139-181, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1719
D026802BEE25A25EFC3AA652FECBFC8F.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Maritisma coralinium sp. nov.	en	Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew (2019): Species of Heterolepismatinae (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) Found on some Remote Eastern Australian Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 71 (4): 139-181, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1719
D026802BEE25A25EFC3AA652FECBFC8F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Medium-sized silverfish. Body shape as in Fig. 169. Pigment apparently absent or very limited e. g., around eyes. Macrochaetae smooth with apical bifurcations. Scales multiradiate, rounded with ribs not very close together; lanceolate or triangular scales apparently absent. Antennae possibly with rod-like basiconic sensilla. Chaetotaxy of frons consisting of a row of macrochaetae along anterior margin joining laterally with rows along the sides of the head which run back along the margin and up over the eyes, peri-antennal groups weak. Clypeus with longer macrochaetae laterally and across the face proximally, with small setae medially. Labrum with many macrochaetae distributed across the proximal half and some smaller setae in the anterior half. Eyes of about 12 ommatidia. Apical article of labial palp broad with 3 + 2 papillae of the aufgelöst type (individual subunits of each papilla not packed closely together), those more distal very long. Pronotum with narrow setal collar which is largely interrupted medially. Thoracic nota with marginal setae and a few submarginal combs each of just a single or two macrochaetae; each lateral margin with two open trichobothrial areas, each anterior trichobothrial area of the pronotum with a macrochaeta laterad of the trichobothrium; posterior margin with 1 + 1 combs each of a single macrochaeta. Thoracic sternites free, sub-parabolic with submarginal macrochaetae along the more distal lateral regions. Legs typical for the Heterolepismatinae; tarsi with four articles, pretarsi with two claws and a medial empodial claw. Urotergites I – VII with 3 + 3 small combs, urotergite VIII with 2 + 2 combs, urotergite IX with 1 + 1 sublateral setulae. Urotergite X very short, rounded with a few macrochaetae along each lateral margin. Urosternite I with medial comb, urosternites II – VIII with 1 + 1 long combs, each macrochaeta of all combs distinctly spaced apart from adjacent macrochaetae. Coxites IX of both sexes typical for the Heterolepismatinae, with large, prominent parameres. One pair of styli only (IX). Ovipositor of female simple.	en	Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew (2019): Species of Heterolepismatinae (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) Found on some Remote Eastern Australian Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 71 (4): 139-181, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1719
D026802BEE25A25EFC3AA652FECBFC8F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The genus name derives from the Latin word “ maritimus ” referring the proximity of known collection sites to the ocean combined with the suffix - isma, used for many silverfish. It is treated as grammatically neuter.	en	Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew (2019): Species of Heterolepismatinae (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) Found on some Remote Eastern Australian Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 71 (4): 139-181, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1719
D026802BEE25A25EFC3AA652FECBFC8F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. When initially examined by the first author, the specimen did not immediately appear to belong to the Heterolepismatinae, however with due consideration, most characters were generally in agreement with those associated with the Heterolepismatinae. Molecular data could not be obtained for this species due to the length of time the specimens had been in 70 % ethanol. The character analysis places M. coralinium sp. nov. closest to the H. stilivarians group predominantly because both share the presence of macrochaetae rather than setae on the labrum, however the species share little else in common. The stilivarians group is currently under revision and the available molecular data places it quite distant from the remaining Australian species of Heterolepisma for which molecular data is available. The new genus can easily be distinguished from all described Heterolepismatinae (except H. dispar – see below) by the following combination of characters: the presence of chaetotaxy on the anterior margin of the frons, the absence of branched papillae on the ultimate article of the maxillary palp, the presence of 3 + 3 combs on urotergite I, the presence of a medial comb on urosternite I, the very long 1 + 1 combs of eight or more spaced macrochaetae on urosternites II – VI, the number of pairs of styli (one pair in both sexes), the wide ultimate article of the labial palp and the much shorter urotergite X.	en	Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew (2019): Species of Heterolepismatinae (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) Found on some Remote Eastern Australian Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 71 (4): 139-181, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1719
D026802BEE1AA25BFEF9A1CEFD71F857.taxon	description	Figs 169 – 207	en	Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew (2019): Species of Heterolepismatinae (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) Found on some Remote Eastern Australian Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 71 (4): 139-181, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1719
D026802BEE1AA25BFEF9A1CEFD71F857.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype ♂ (HW 1.14) (AM K. 261124 K. 261125 on two slides) CORAL SEA TERRITORY: Herald Cay (unspecified), Great Barrier Reef, 17.0 ° S 149.2 ° E, 7 September 1967. Paratype. juvenile ♀ (HW 0.84) (K. 261252 K. 261253 on two slides) CORAL SEA TERRITORY: North East Herald, 22. vi. 1997, A. Anderson.	en	Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew (2019): Species of Heterolepismatinae (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) Found on some Remote Eastern Australian Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 71 (4): 139-181, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1719
D026802BEE1AA25BFEF9A1CEFD71F857.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species can easily be distinguished from H. dispar in having one fewer pair of styli in the female and 2 + 2 combs on urotergite VIII (apparently 3 + 3 combs in H. dispar which would be very unusual), the shape of the thoracic sternites (apparently somewhat pointed in H. dispar), the much shorter penultimate article of the maxillary palp relative to the ultimate article (subequal in H. dispar).	en	Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew (2019): Species of Heterolepismatinae (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) Found on some Remote Eastern Australian Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 71 (4): 139-181, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1719
D026802BEE1AA25BFEF9A1CEFD71F857.taxon	description	Description Appearance: Medium sized silverfish, thorax not wider than abdomen (Fig. 169) which only tapers slightly posteriorly from about the fourth abdominal segment; appearance when live unknown. Body length: H + B 5.7 mm; HW 1.14 mm; thorax: length 1.8 mm or 0.32 H + B; width up to 1.5 mm with no great difference between the pro, meso- and metanota although the metanotum is the widest and the pronotum the narrowest, pronotum slightly longer than meso- or mesonota; antennae not complete 4.0 mm or> 0.70 H + B; terminal filaments almost completely lost. Pigmentation: Without pigment, possibly because of long time in alcohol. Paratype (K. 261252) has some reddishbrown pigment around the eyes but otherwise appears to be without pigment. Macrochaetae: Smooth, hyaline, apically bifurcate with truncated tips to each bifurcation (Fig. 170). Some macrochaetae on tibia, stout carrot-shaped. Some macrochaetae on tibia and tarsi appear slightly twisted, which is considered an artefact of the mounting medium as (e. g., Smith et al., 2012). Scales: Quite broad, hyaline, with unusually widely spaced subparallel ribs that do not surpass the margin of the scale (Fig. 171). Scales found on top of head, absent from clypeus and labrum as well as all cephalic appendages; present on all nota, all thoracic sterna, and the coxae but absent from remaining leg articles, present on all urotergites and urosternites, absent from styli and terminal filaments. Lanceolate and triangular scales not seen. Head: Wider than long (Fig. 172), without distinct bushes. Frons projected forwards slightly in anterior corners; anterior margin with about 3 + 3 macrochaetae (lacking distinct medial gap) which join laterally with the rows of macrochaetae along the margin, running back to the eyes, with just a couple of macrochaetae above the eyes; peri-antennal groups illdefined, of two macrochaetae located more mesad than the margin macrochaetae. Clypeus with longer macrochaetae laterally and across the face proximally, with small setae medially. Labrum (Fig. 172) with many macrochaetae distributed across the proximal half and some smaller setae in the anterior half. — Scape and pedicel of antennae (Fig. 173) both comparatively short, each with a subapical rosette of small macrochaetae and setae. First annulus of flagellum with very few setae; subsequent annuli with a rosette of small setae and some very short trichobothria, the divisions between the annuli difficult to discern in the slide mounted material. Most distal surviving intervals (probably about mid-antenna) (Fig. 174) divided into repeated patterns of four annuli, each with two rosettes of fine setae, rod-like basiconic sensilla may or may not be present (a vague impression of a basiconic sensilla was seen in the distal annulus of two intervals but were not seen with any confidence). — Mandibles short and robust (Figs 175, 176) but otherwise of a form typical for the Heterolepismatinae with well-developed molar and incisor areas; a group of about nine strong and short or thin and longer, apically bifurcated setae distally adjacent to the molar region and a bush of about 20 macrochaetae externally. — Maxilla (Figs 177, 178) with several thick apically bifurcate macrochaetae externally proximal to the palp; lacinia short and wide, with three strong teeth, one set further back than the other two, followed by about seven lamellate processes and a row of five to seven setae, galea with one stronger seta proximally but otherwise with only short fine cilia or setulae; apical article of maxillary palp (Fig. 179) 4.6 times longer than wide (range 4.3 – 5.0) and 1.9 times longer than the penultimate article (range 1.4 – 2.3), the ultimate article without branched papillae but with a single sausage-shaped basiconic sensillum type C near the apex (although on the juvenile paratype K. 377828 this sensillum looks more like a basiconic sensillum type B), last three articles of palp with fine setae only, two basal articles with subapical rosettes of slightly thicker setae. — Labium (Fig. 180) wider than long, postmentum with setae scattered irregularly across the anterior third, prementum with transverse and oblique groups of strong setae and with short setulae distally; apical article of labial palp, much wider than long (L / W 0.61), especially medially, with five papillae of the aufgelöst type arranged in a three plus two arrangement, the distal three being much larger than the other two, no other sensilla seen; covered with numerous fine short setae, those proximal and medial longer than those distal and / or lateral; penultimate article with three stronger setae medially. Thorax: Pronotum (Fig. 181) with weak setal collar of short macrochaetae and some small setulae and cilia, chaetotaxy largely absent in medial region; setae of lateral margins lost, but consisting of marginal setae as well as setulae and two submarginal macrochaetae, one about one quarter the distance along the margin and the other about three quarters along the margin associated with the posterior trichobothrial area; on the left side there are two submarginal macrochaetae, the more mediad being smaller. Anterior trichobothrium about half way along the margin mediad of a marginal macrochaeta but otherwise without any special chaetotaxy (Fig. 182). The posterior trichobothrium mediad of a submarginal and a marginal macrochaeta with some two or three setulae posterior to this group (Fig. 183). Posterior margin with 1 + 1 single macrochaetae (absent on left side in holotype) each associated with two cilia (Fig. 184). — Mesonotum (Fig. 185) with similar lateral chaetotaxy to pronotum except two of the submarginal macrochaetae form combs of two at least on the right side (left side damaged); both trichobothrial areas are more posterior (Fig. 186) than on the pronotum, the anterior about ⅔ along the margin, not associated with any macrochaetae; 1 + 1 posterior macrochaetae as in pronotum. — Metanotum (Fig. 187) similar to mesonotum except the trichobothrial areas even more posterior (Fig. 188). Presternum narrow, with transverse row of strong macrochaetae (Fig. 189). All thoracic sterna with hyaline scales. — Prothoracic sternum (Fig. 189) subparabolic, about as wide at base as long (L / W 1.03), posterior two thirds of lateral margins with submarginal macrochaetae, often grouped into pairs. — Mesosternum (Fig. 190) sub-parabolic (L / W 1.13) with about 12 macrochaetae submarginally along the posterior third of the margin. — Metasternum (Fig. 193) apically rounded, about 1.25 times wider than long (L / W 0.81), distal third of lateral margins with submarginal rows of macrochaetae as well as some marginal setae and cilia, the small gap between the combs relative to the average length of each comb 0.62. Legs (Figs 189, 191, 192, 194) becoming progressively longer and more slender with the tibia PI / PIII of 0.58 and the tarsi of PI / PIII of 0.69; tibia L / W ratio of legs of holotype PI 2.6, PII 3.1, PIII 4.2; tarsi L / W ratio PI 7.7, PII 8.9, PIII 11.8. Coxa of PI with comb of three strong macrochaetae near the anterolateral corners followed by many strong macrochaetae along the external margin, becoming more numerous distally; inner margin with three macrochaetae distally over the articulation and another seta subdistally near a long thin seta on the dorsal face. Trochanter with several setae. Femur ventrally with some macrochaetae along the posterior margin and another subdistally on the midline of the ventral face, distal anterior corner with one (?) macrochaeta, otherwise no obvious chaetotaxy along the ventral face of the distal end, ventral surface of femur with long setae. Tibia with a strong carrot-shaped macrochaeta distally as well as a few smaller strong setae, ventral margin with two short macrochaetae near the middle and another near the proximal end, dorsal or outer margin with one short pointed macrochaeta about one quarter the distance along the margin and another three quarters along; apical spur distinctly hooked (Fig. 191) and bearing two small setae; face of tibia also with setae. Tarsi of four articles, the basal tarsal article of PI longer than remaining articles together, bearing some stronger setae below; second article particularly short with two long setae, suture between third and fourth articles weak. Pretarsus with two long curved lateral claws and a much shorter straight medial claw. PII and PIII similar to PI except lacking the anterolateral comb on the coxae and with fewer macrochaetae in the posterolateral region; the relative length of the basal tarsal article is progressively longer, being about 63 % of the total length on PIII. Tibia of both PII and PIII with more numerous stout macrochaetae along much of the length of the posterior margin Abdomen: Urotergites I – VII with 3 + 3 small combs (Fig. 195), number of macrochaetae per comb as shown in Table 9, each lateral comb associated with two to three cilia near the insertions and zero to four setulae nearer the margins, each sublateral comb associated with one to four cilia and zero to two setulae, each submedial comb of only one macrochaeta with a cilium on each side (Figs 196 – 198); urotergite VIII with 2 + 2 combs, lacking the sublateral comb; urotergite IX without combs but with three setulae in each infralateral corner (Fig. 199). Urotergite X (possibly slightly damaged in holotype) (Fig. 200) does not project posteriorly (L / W about 0.2) but is very similar to that of the juvenile female paratype (L / W 0.23, range 0.19 – 0.26); four or five macrochaetae on each side as well as some setulae (Fig. 201). Urosternite I (Figs 202, 203) with comb of eight macrochaetae and one setula medially on slightly protruding region, urosternite II with 1 + 1 lateral combs each of eight macrochaetae (right comb missing on deformed part of posterior margin in holotype) and two marginal setulae, urosternites III – VIII (juvenile ♀ with combs of 2 – 3 macrochaetae on coxites VIII) with 1 + 1 lateral combs of four to twelve macrochaetae associated with a cilium at the laterad end and two to five setulae mostly located on the margin or between the comb and the margin but occasionally between the insertion points of the macrochaetae (Figs 204, 205). The distance between the lateral combs 1.5 – 2.1 times the width of these combs. The spacing between the macrochaetae of the combs is always quite wide. Each coxite IX of ♂ short (Fig. 206), the internal process acute apically, a little wider at its base than long (L / W 0.8) and about 2.2 – 3.1 times longer than the external process; external and internal margins of internal process and external margin of outer process with some setae, with a few near the apex of the inner process fairly strong. Penis typical with numerous glandular setae apically, each set on a protuberance. Parameres almost as large as the inner processes with about 40 thin setae. Only one pair of styli (Fig. 206) present (IX); each stylus with line of stronger setae along the length of the ventral margin. Styli IX in male holotype (excluding the apical macrochaetae) about two and a half times the length of the internal process. Cerci in holotype largely damaged with the two remaining basal divisions lacking scales. In juvenile female paratype, the divisions are shorter than wide until the fifth division, the sixth division is divided into two annuli with larger macrochaetae only in the distal annulus, the seventh division is divided into three annuli, the eighth into four with trichobothria subdistally in the second and larger macrochaetae subdistally in the ultimate annuli (missing beyond here). The median dorsal appendage is similarly organised with shorter divisions basally and the fourth about as long as wide, the fifth and sixth are divided into two annuli and the seventh and eighth into four and the ninth into at least six annuli (broken beyond here). Female: Known only from juvenile specimen (Fig. 207). Habitat. Collected on a remote coral cay, over 300 km from the mainland of Australia, where many birds roost but there is no specific data on collection site on the label of the holotype. Paratype collected in rotten wood and leaf litter of Pisonia [Nyctaginaceae].	en	Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew (2019): Species of Heterolepismatinae (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) Found on some Remote Eastern Australian Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 71 (4): 139-181, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1719
D026802BEE1AA25BFEF9A1CEFD71F857.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named from the Latin noun for coral.	en	Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew (2019): Species of Heterolepismatinae (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) Found on some Remote Eastern Australian Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 71 (4): 139-181, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1719
